1997 - Veletsos Et Al - Dynamics of Solid Containing Tanks

BNL- 52526
UC- 406
DYNAMICS OF SOLID-CONTAININGTANKS
A. S. Veletsos, A. H. Younan and K. Bandyopadhyay
January 1997
Prepared for
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Portions of this document mag be illegible

in electronic image products. Images are
produced from the best avaih&le original
dOr?umf!llt,
':
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United
States Government Pieither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, make any w m t y , expressor implied, or assumesany legal liability or responsiiiIity for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, appar a i q product, or process disdosed, or represents &at its use would not infringe privately
owned rights.Reference herein to any speciiic commercial product, process, or sern'ce by
trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or orhenvise does not n d y constitute or
imply its endorsement, recommendation, or hvoring by the United States Government or
any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the UNted States Government or any agency thereof.
ABSTRACT
Making use of a relatively simple, approximate but reliable method of analysis, a study is
made of the responses to horizontal base shaking of vertical, circular cylindrical tanksthat
are filled with a uniform viscoelastic material. The method of analysis is described, and
comprehensive numerical data are presented that elucidate the underlying response
mechanisms and the effects and relative importance of the various parameters involved. In
addition to the characteristics of the ground motion and a dimensionless measure of the
tank wall flexibility relative to the contained medium, the parameters examined include
the ratio of tank-height to tank-radius and the physical properties of the contained
material. Both harmonic and earthquake-induced ground motions are considered. The
response quantities investigated are the dynamic wall pressures, the critical forces in the
tank wall, and the forces exerted on the foundation. Part A of the report deals with rigid
tanks while the effects of tank wall flexibility are examined in Part B. A brief account is
also given in the latter part of the interrelationship of the critical responses of solidcontaining tanks and those induced in tanks storing a liquid of the same mass density.
iii
-.-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Page
...............................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................
LISTOFFl[GURES ..........................................................
LISTOFTABLES ..........................................................
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................
ABSTRACT
i...
u
v
vii
xi
xiii
xv
PART A RIGID TANKS
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2 SYSTEMCONSIDERED ................................................
...............................................
3.1 Governing Equations and Assumptions .................................
3.2 Harmonic Response ................................................
3.3 Transient Response ................................................
.WALL PRESSURES AND FORCES .......................................
4.1 StaticEffects .....................................................
4.2 Harmonic Effects ..................................................
3 h4ETHOD OF ANfiYSIS
>
4.3 SeismicEffects ....................................................
5 FOUNDATIONFORCES
................................................
A2-1
A3-1
A3-1
A3-3
A3-7
A41
A41
A42
A43
A5-1
6 FINALCOMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
7 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................
A7-1
8 APPENDM: UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF CONTAINED SOLID ......... A8-1
9 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
PART B.FLEXIBLE TANKS
......................................................
B1-1
B2-1
SYSTEM CONSIDERED ................................................
METHOD OFANLYSIS ...............................................
B3-1
B3-1
3.3 Transient Excitation ................................................
B3-5
B4-1
CRITICAL RESPONSES OF SYSTEM .....................................
4.1 StaticEffects .....................................................
B4-1
B4-2
B4-3
4.3 Seismic Response ..................................................
4.4 Relative Effects of Normal and Shearing Stresses ............... : ......... B4-4
B4-4
4.5 Contribution of Higher Modes of Vibration ..............................
B4-5
4.6 Overturning Base Moment ............................................
B4-5
47 Effect of Wall Inertia ...............................................
B5-1
FOUNDATIONFORCES ................................................
1 INTRODUCTION
2
3
6 INTERRELATIONSHIPOF RESPONSES OF SOLID- AND LIQUID-CONTAINING
TANKS ..............................................................
.......................................................
REFERENCES .........................................................
7 CONCLUSIONS
B7-1
B8-1
vi
.
.
B6-1
..
..
/.-.3:
. . . . ..
..-7
- ~ -.
.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
PART A. RIGID TANKS
.....................................................
A2-2
4.1 Heightwise Variations of 'Static' Values of Normal and Circumferential Stresses

Induced on Tanks with Different Aspect Ratios; v = 1/3. .....................
A49
2.1
System considered
4.2 Effect of Slenderness Ratio, H/R, on Maximum Static Values of Normal Pressure
and of Circumferential Shearing Stress Induced at Top of Tank,v = 1/3. ....... A 4 1 0
4.3 Effect of Slenderness Ratio, H/R, on Static Value of Base Shear in Tank Wall and
on Associated Effective Height; v = 1/3 ..................................
A 4 11
4.4 Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Frequency Response Curves for Base Shear
in Wall of Systems with Rough Interface; v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1 ................. A 4 1 2
4.5 Frequency Response Curves for Amplification Factors of Base Shear in Wall of
Systems with Different Aspect Ratios Computed Using Only First and All Terms
in Series; Rough Interface, v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1. ............................
.
A413
4.6 Maximum Amplification Factor for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically Excited
Systems; v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1 ...........................................
A414
4.7 Distributions of Inertia Forces for First Two Horizontal Natural Modes of Vibration
of Material in Tanks with Rough and Smooth Wall Interfaces; v = 1/3. ......... A415
4.8
Normalized Values of Base Shear in Systems with Different Aspect Ratios Subjected
to El Centro Ground Motion Record; Rough Wall Interface, v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1 ... A 4 1 6
4.9 Absolute Maximum and Average Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of
Systems Subjected to El Centro Ground Motion Record; v = 1/3 , 8 = 0.1 ;
Average Taken over Period Range fiom'Tll = 0.1 to 0.5 sec. ................... A417
4.10 Normalized Effective Heights of Systems Subjected to El Centro Ground Motion
Record; Rough Wall Interface, v = 113 , 6 = 0.1 ..........................
vii
A418
4.1 1 Fraction of Total Base Shear in Wall of Systems with Rough Interface Induced
by Normal Wall Pressures; Systems with v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1 Subjected
to El Centro Ground Motion Record. .....................................
A4-19
PART B. FLEXIBLE TANKS
4.1 Normalized Values of Base Shear for Statically Excited Systems with Different
Wall Flexibilities and Slenderness Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3. .............. B4-8
4.2
Normalized Values of Effective Height for Statically Excited Systems with Different
Wall Flexibilities and Slenderness Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3. .............. B4-9
4.3
Heightwise Variations of Static Values of Normal Wall Pressures Induced in Tanks

of Different Flexibilities and Slenderness Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3. ....... B4-10
4.4 Frequency Response Curves for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically Excited Tanks
withDifferent WallFlexibilities; H/R = 1 , m, = 0 , 6, = 0.04, v = 1/3
and6 = 0.1.. .......................................................
B4-11
4.5 Fundamental Natural Period of Tanks of Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall
Flexibilities; m, = 0 and v = 1/3. ....................................
4.6
Maximum Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically Excited

Tankswith Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities; m, = 0 ,
6, = 0.04 & 0 . 0 8 , ~= 1/3 a n d 6 = 0.1. ...............................
.B4-12
B4-13
4.7 Normalized Values of Absolute Maximum Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically
Excited Tanks with Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities;

m, = 0 , 6, = 0.04, v = 113 and 6 = 0.1. ............................ B4-14
4.8
Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different Slenderness
Ratios and Wall Flexibilities Subjected to El Centro Record; m, = 0 ,
6, = 0.04, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1. ......................................
.B4-15
Average Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different
Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities Subjected to El Centro Record;
m, = 0 , 6, = 0.04, v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1 ;AF averaged over period
range T11= 0.1 to 0.5 sec. ..............................................
B4-16
4.10 Average Value of Maximum Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different
Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities Subjected to El Centro Record;
m, = 0 , 6, = 0.04 , v = 1/3 , 6 = 0.1 ;base shear averaged
over period range Tll = 0.1 to 0.5 sec. ....................................
B4-17
4.9
viii
4.1 1 Portion of Total Base Shear Induced by Normal Wall Pressures in Tanks Subjected
toElCentroRecord; m, = 0 , 6 , = 0.04, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1. .......... B4-18
4.12 Maximum Values of Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different Hexibilities
Computed Using One and Many Vertical Modes of Vibration; Systems with
H/R = 1 , m, = 0 , 6, = 0.04, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1 subjected
to El Centro Record. ..................................................
B4-19
4.13 Normalized Effective Heights of Tanks of Different Wall Flexibilities Subjected

to El Centro Record; H/R = 1 , m, = 0 , 6 , = 0.04, v = 1/3
and 6 = 0.1. ........................................................
B4-20
4.14 Effective Wall Mass for Statically Excited Tanks of Different Slenderness Ratios
and Wall Flexibilities; 6, = 0.04, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1. ................... B4-21
6.1 Normalized Values of Effective Mass and Effective Height for Solid- and
Liquid-ContainingRigid Tanks; m, = 0 , solid with v = 1/3. ................ B6-4
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
PART A. RIGID TANKS
4.1 Static Values of Top Stresses, Base Shears and Effective Heights for Systems
with Different Slenderness Ratios and Interface Conditions; v = 1/3 ............ A4-7
4.2
VaIues of Factors ym , a, and Bm in Expressions for Natural Frequencies and

Vibration Modes of Contained Material; v = 1/3 ............................
A4-8
PART B. I?LEXIBLE TANKS
4.1 Static Values of Top Radial Pressure est( 1),Base Shear (Q&, and of
Effective Height h; Systems with massless walls and v = 113 .................. B4-6
4.2 Fundamental Natural Period T,, of Solid-Containing Tanks; Systems
with massless walls and v = 1/3. ........................................
xi
B4-7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The study reported here is motivated by the need for improved understanding of the response to
earthquakes of cylindrical tanks in nuclear facilities storing high-level radioactive wastes. The study
complements those reported previously in Brookhaven National Laboratory reports 52378, 52417,
52420 and 52454.
In previous studies of this problem, the waste was modeled as a homogeneous or layered inviscid
liquid. Although the mechanical properties of these wastes cannot accurately be defined at this time,
their representation as ideal liquids may not generally be appropriate, and it is desirable to consider
other idehizations.
In the present study, the waste is modeled as a uniform viscoelastic solid that is free at its upper
surface and is bonded to a non-deformable base undergoing a uniform horizontal motion. The tank is
presumed to be vertical and of circular cross section, and the interface of the tank wall and the
contained material may be either smooth or rough. The objectives of the paper are: (1) To present a
simple, approximate, yet reliable method of analysis for this system; and (2) through the study of
comprehensive numerical solutions, to elucidate the underlying response mechanisms and the effects
and relative importance of the various parameters involved. Part A of the report deals with rigid tanks,
while Part B addresses the effects of wall flexibility on the assumption that the tank responds as a
cantilever shear beam with no change in its cross section.
In addition to the characteristics of the ground motion, the parameters governing the response of the
system are the ratio of tank-height to tank-radius, the physical properties of the contained material,
and a dimensionless measure of the flexibility of the wall relative to that of the contained material.
The response quantities examined are the dynamic wall pressures, the base shear and base moment in
the wall, and the shear and moment exerted on the tank foundation. Both harmonic and earthquakeinduced ground motions are considered. Special attention is paid to the effects of low-frequency,
essentially static excitations. A maximum dynamic effect is then expressed as the product of the
corresponding 'static' effect and an appropriate amplification or deamplification factor.
Following are the principal conclusions of the study:
1. For rigid, slender tanks with height-to-radius ratios H/Rgreater than about 3, the inertia forces for
xiii
all of the contained material are transmitted to the wall by horizontal extensional action, and
practically the entire contained mass may be considered to be effective. With decreasing W R ,a
progressively larger portion of the inertia forces gets transferred by horizontal shearing action to
the base, and the portion of the retained mass that contributes to the wall forces is reduced significantly.
2. For a system of a specified H/R,the dynamic amplification factor depends importantly on the
fundamental natural period of the contained material. This dependence is similar to, but by no
means identical to, that obtained for a similarly excited, viscously damped single-degree-of-freedom oscillator. Specifically, for low-natural-period, stiff materials, the amplification factor, is
unity. With increasing flexibility or period of.the contained material, the amplification factor
increases and after attaining a nearly horizontal plateau, which for broad-banded earthquake
ground motions may be of the order of 1.25 to 2.5, it decreases, reaching values less than unity.
The larger amplification factors are attained for the slender tanks and for materials with low
damping.
3. By decreasing the horizontal extensional stiffness of the retained material relative to its shearing
stiffness, the flexibility of the wall reduces the proportion of the inertia forces transmitted to it by
extensional action and increases the proportion transmitted to the base by horizontal shearing
action. The flexibility of the wall also decreases the effective damping of the retained medium,
and this reduction tends to increase the amplification factor of the dynamic response. With the
exception of rather tall, slender systems with low to moderate wall flexibilities, for which both
the shearing capacity and effective damping of the retained material are quite low, the net effect
of wall flexibility is a reduction in peak response. This result is in sharp contrast with that
obtained for liquid-containing tanks, for which the effect of wall flexibility is to increase rather
that decrease the response.
4.
For rigid tanks, the critical responses of solid-containing systems are generally substantially
larger than those of liquid-containing systems of the same mass density, but for flexible tanks,
particularly broad tanks of high wall flexibility, the opposite is likely to be true.
The comprehensive numerical data presented and the analysis of these data provide not only valuable
insights into the effects and relative importance of the numerous parameters involved, but also a
conceptual framework for the analysis and interpretation of the solutions for more involved systems as
well.
XiV
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was carried out at Rice University in cooperation with Brookhaven National
Laboratory (BIVL). The authors are grateful to the Department of Energy Progxm
Directors and staff members John Tseng, James Antizzo, Dinesh Gupta, Kenneth Lang,
David Pepson and Owen Thompson for supporting the study, and to Dr. Moms Reich of
BNL for his understanding project management. Comments received from colleagues of
B W s Tank Seismic Experts Panel are also acknowledged with thanks.
xv
PART A. RIGID TANKS
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The study reported here is motivated by the need for improved understanding of the response to
earthquakes of cylindrical tanks in nuclear facilities storing high-level radioactive wastes. The
responses of these systems are normally evaluated on the assumption that the waste may be modeled
as an incompressible, inviscid liquid. Although the mechanical properties of these wastes cannot
accurately be defined at this time, their representation as ideal liquids may not generally be
appropriate, and it is desirable to consider other idealizations.
In this paper, the waste is modeled as a uniform viscoelastic solid that is free at its upper surface and is
bonded to a non-deformable base undergoing a uniform horizontal motion. The tank is presumed to be
vertical, of circular cross section and rigid, and the interface of the tank wall and the contained
material may be either smooth or rough. The objectives of the paper are: (a) To present a simple,
approximate, yet reliable method of analysis for this system; and (b) through the study of
comprehensive numerical solutions, to elucidate the underlying response mechanisms and the effects
and relative importance of the various parameters involved. The effects of wall flexibility, which may
be quite important for realistic tanks, are examined in Part B of the report.
In addition to the characteristics of the ground motion, the parameters governing the response of the
system are the ratio of tank-height to tank-radius and the physical properties of the contained material.
The response quantities examined are the dynamic wall pressures, the base shear and base moment in
the wall, and the shear and moment exerted on the tank foundation. Both harmonic and earthquakeinduced ground motions are considered. Special attention is paid to the effects of low-frequency,
essentially static excitations. A maximum dynamic effect is then expressed as the product of the
corresponding static effect and an appropriate amplification or deamplification factor.
The information presented is also applicable to the evaluation of the dynamic response of grainstorage tanks. As far as it can be determined, the most comprehensive study of the latter problem is
the one reported by Rotter and Hull (1989). Mthough of great value, however, this study was limited
to the static effects of the rigid-body inertia forces and did not provide for the true dynamic aspects of
the problem.
AI-1
SECTION 2
SYSTEM CONSIDERED
The system examined is shown in Fig. 2.1. It is a vertical, rigid, circular cylindrical tank of radius R
that is filled to a height H with a homogeneous, linear viscoelastic solid. The tank is presumed to be
fixed to a rigid base undergoing a space-invariant, uniform horizontal motion. The acceleration of the
ground motion at any time t is denoted by x,(t) and its maximum value by X, . The contained
medium is considered to be free at its upper surface and bonded to its base. The interface conditions
along the cylindrical boundary are identified later. Points on the tank or in the contained medium are
defined by the cylindrical coordinate system, r, 0, z, the origin of which is taken at the center of the
tank base, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
The properties of the medium are defined by its mass density p , shear modulus of elasticity G
Poisson's ratio v , and the damping factor 6 which is considered to be frequency-independent and
the same for both shearing and axial deformations. The latter factor is the same as the tan6 factor
used by the senior author and his associates in studies of foundation dynamics and soil-structure
interaction (e.g., Veletsos and Verbic, 1973; Veletsos and Dotson, 1988), and twice as large as the
percentage of critical damping used by other authors in related studies (e.g., Roesset et al. 1973; Pais
and Kausel, 1988).
A2-1
Fig. 2.1 System Considered
A2-2
SECTION 3 ,
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
3.1 Governing Equations and Assumptions
The method of analysis employed is similar to that used by Veletsos and Younan (1994a) for the
evaluation of the dynamic soil pressures induced by horizontal base shaking on a cylinder embedded
in a viscoelastic stratum. It assumes that, for the horizontal excitation considered, no vertical normal
stresses develop anywhere in the medium, i.e. (T, = 0. It further assumes that the horizontal
variations of the vertical displacements are negligibly small, so that the radial and circumferential
components of the shearing stresses on the top and bottom faces of an infinitesimal element, T,, and
T,e, may be expressed as
,z,
G* aU
--
H J?l
where u and v are the radial and circumferential components of the displacement relative to the
moving base of an arbitrary point of the contained material defined by the dimensionless position
coordinates 5 = r/R and q = z/H ,and G* = the complex-valued shear modulus for the material.
This modulus is related to the corresponding real-valued modulus G by
(3)
G* = G ( l +i6)
where i = A.The radial and circumferential normal stress components or and

shearing stress component T,, are related to u and v by
where
A3-1
(TO
, and the
vo =
J1
1-v
(7)
The sign convention for stresses and displacements is that used in theory of elasticity. Specifically,
displacements are positive when directed along the positive direction of the corresponding coordinate
axis; normal stresses are positive when they induce tension; and the positive directions of the shearing
stresses are as indicated in the inset diagrams of Fig. 2.1. The equations of motion for the medium in
the radial and circumferential directions may then be expressed as
-[- a t
=P R ~
- Xsinj
G" a t 2
(9)
These equations differ from those reported in Veletsos and Younan (1994a) in that the factor yf,
replaces the factor yr, ,the difference stemming from the use of the simplified relations defined by (1)
,and (2).
Equations (8) and (9) are solved subject to the boundary conditions
'
of which the first set expresses the condition of complete bonding or rough interface between the
medium and the base, and the second set expresses the vanishing of @ehorizontal shearing stresses at
the upper surface. At the interface of the medium and the curved boundary, there is presumed to exist
complete continuity in radial displacements, i.e.
which, by virtue of the approximation involved in (l), also implies the absence of any vertical
shearing stresses z, .Two different interface conditions are considered for the circumferential motion
in the horizontal plane: a rough interface, for which
A3-2
and a smooth interface, for which
It should be noted that the equilibrium of vertical forces is not satisfied in this approach. For long
rectangular tanks (Veletsos et aL,1995), and for straight walls retaining a semi-infinite layer (Veietsos
and Younan, 1994b), it has been shown that this violation, as well as the other approximations referred
to, do not affect materially the magnitudes of the wall pressures and forces which are the quantities of
primary interest in this study. The same is expected to be true of the cylindrical system considered
here.
3.2 Harmonic Response

For a harmonic base motion of acceleration
in which o = its circular frequency, the resulting steady-state harmonic displacements u and v can be
expressed as
v(5, e, q, t) = ~ ( 5qlsine
,
eiot
(17)
where U and V are functions of the 5 and q coordinates. On expanding the unit functions associated
with the ground acceleration terms on the right-hand members of (8) and (9) in the form
the displacement amplitudes U and V may be expressed similarly as
where U, and V, are functions of the radial position coordinate 5. It should be noted that the
functions of q in (18), (19) and (20) represent the natural modes of vibration of the contained
material when it is considered to act as an unconstrained, vertical, cantilever shear-beam, and that
these functions satisfy the boundary conditions defined by (10) and (11).
On substituting (15) through (20) into (8) and (9), one obtains for each value of n a system of coupled
A3-3
ordinary differential equations in U, and V, . These equations may be decoupled by expressing U,

and V, in terms of the potential functions P, and S , used by Tajimi (1973) as
The solution of the resulting ordinary differential equations in P, and S , may then be expressed as
in which I, and K, are modified Bessel functions of the first order and first and second kind,
respectively; A,' through Di are integration constants that remain to be determined; a, and P, are
dimensionless factors given by
Pn
a, = -
YO
with
0, =
and v, =
(2n - 1)n: V,
2
H
= the shear wave velocity for the medium; and
It should be noted that 0, represents the nth circular natural frequency of the contained material
f
when it is considered to act as an unconstrained, cantilever shear-beam, and that U, represents the
maximum displacement amplitude of the shear-beam to the specified base motion. The superscriptfin
the latter symbol is used to emphasize the fact that the shear-beam displacement defines the far-field
action of the stratum. Additional detgls of the method of analysis may be found in Veletsos and
Younan (1994a).
On deleting from (23) and (24) the terms with the function K, which increase without bound as
A3-4
4 +0 ,and substituting the expressions for Pn and Sn into (21) and (22), one obtains
where Io = the modified Bessel function of the first kind and zero order; and the constants An and Bn
are related to A,' and B,' by
A,'
- - -- B,'
An
Bn
- -unf
The integration constants An and Bn may now be determined by satisfying the boundary conditions
defined by (12) and either (13) or (14). For the rough interface defined by (12) and (13),
and
whereas for the smooth interface defined by (12) and (14),
and
Dvnamic Wall Pressures and Shearing.Stresses

The dynamic components of the radial or normal pressures, or, and of the circumferential shearing
stresses, T~~ ,induced on the medium-wall interface may be expressed in forms analogous to (16) and
(17) as
A3-5
where o(q) and z(q) are complex-valued amplitudes that are functions of the q coordinate. On
substituting (35) and'(36) into (4) and (6), making use of (15) through (20) and (30) and (31), it is
found that
o(q) = -%pX,H
2
n
(37)
and
'
where gn and hn are dimensionless factors which, for a rough interface, are given by
g n = An a n ~ I ( a n ) p(Pn>~ l P n IO(P~)]
and
and for a smooth interface, they are given by
and
h, = 0
Base Shear and Base Moment
With the stress amplitudes along the wall-solid interface established, the amplitudes of the base shear
Qb and of the overturning base moment M, induced by these stresses are determined by integration
to be
Qb =
1 2;
'0 0
[z(q)sin20-o(q)cos20]Rd0Hdq
and
A3-6
M, =
j 1[z(q)sin28-o(q)cos28]Rde
1 2n
0 0
H2qdq
where m = 'II: pR2H = the total mass of the contained solid.

3.3 'Ikansient Response
The response of the system to an arbitrary transient excitation is evaluated from the harmonic
response by the Discrete Fourier Transform @FT) approach in combination with the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) algorithm. In the application of this procedure, the duration of the forcing function
should be increased by the addition of a sufficiently long band of zeros to eliminate the aliasing errors
that may be introduced. For the solutions presented here, the duration of the band was taken equal to
either the duration of the forcing function or 10 times the fundamental natural period of the system
considered, whichever was larger.
A3-7
SECTION 4
WALL PRESSURES AND FORCES

It is desirable to begin by examining the responses obtained for excitations the dominant frequencies
of which are small compared to the fundamental natural frequency of the stratum (i.e. for values of
+ 0). Such excitations and the resulting effects will be referred to as static, a term which should
not be confused with that normally used to represent the effects of gravity forces. The static effects are
identified with the subscript st. The maximum value of a dynamic effect is then expressed as the
product of the corresponding static effect and an appropriate amplification or deamplification factor.
4.1
Static Effects
As indicated by (35) and (36), the circumferential variation of the normal wall pressures induced by
either static or dynamic excitations is proportional to cos0 , whereas that of the circumferential
shearing stresses is proportional to sin 0 .Accordingly, the maximum numerical values of the normal
pressures occur at 8 = 0 and 180" ,and those of the shearing stresses occur at 0 = 90" and 270".
The heightwise variations of the static normal pressures and of the circumferential shearing stresses
exerted on the wall are shown in Fig. 4.1 normalized with respect to the maximum or top values.
Systems with both smooth and rough interfaces and several different values of the slenderness ratio
WR are considered, with Poisson's ratio for the contained material taken as v = 1/3. The same
value of v is used for all other solutions presented here.
It is observed that for the relatively broad, stubby systems with low values of WR, the stress
distributions increase from the base to the top approximately as a quarter-sine curve whereas for the
taller, more slender systems, the distribution is practically uniform.
The normalizing or top values of the stress amplitudes for systems with different slenderness ratios
WR are listed in Table 4.1,and they are also plotted in Fig. 4.2.These values are normalized with
respect to pX,R ,the maximum normal wall pressure computed on the assumption that the mediumwall interface is smooth and that the full inertia of.the contained material per unit of tank height is
transferred horizontally to the wall. Therefore, in comparing the stress values in tanks of different
proportions, the tank radii rather than the medium heights must be considered to be the same.
A41
Increasing the slenderness ratio WR increases the horizontal extensional stiff'ness of the contained
medium relative to its shearing stifmess, and this increases the capacity of the medium to transfer the
inertia forces horizontally to the wall. For the 'smooth interface, the normalized value of the normal
pressure increases from zero for H/R + 0 to unity for H/R + whereas for the rough interface, it
increases to a value of about 0.75, the difference between unity and 0.75 representing the normalized
value of the shearing stress amplitude. Being the stiffer of the two, the rough interface attracts a higher
proportion of the inertia forces than the smooth interface. However, because the rough interface resists
these forces by a combination of normal pressures and circumferential shearing stresses while the
smooth interface resists them entirely by normal pressures, the normal stresses for the rough interface
are actually lower than for the smooth.
09,
That the total wall force or base shear for the rough interface is indeed greater than for the smooth can
clearly be seen in Fig. 4.3, which compares the results obtained over a wide range of the slenderness
ratio H/R. The forces in this case are normalized with respect to mXg, the total inertia of the
contained medium when it is presumed to act as a rigid body. As would be expected, the effective or
participating fraction of the contained mass increases with increasing H/R ,reaching the full mass for
the very tall, slender tanks.The normalized values of the base shear (Qb),, and of the components
(Q,"),, and (Q,'),, contributed by the normal pressures and circumferential shearing stresses,
respectively, are also listed in Table 4.1.
The static value of the overturning base moment induced by the wall pressures, (Mb)st, may
conveniently be expressed as the product of the base shear and an appropriate height h. The latter
quantity, normalized with respect to the tank height H,is shown in Fig. 4.3 and is also listed in Table
4.1. For broad systems with low values of 34, for which the vertical distributions of the interfacial
wall stresses are approximately a quarter-sine, h/H = 0.599, a value close to the 2/n value obtained
for the sinusoidal variation. As WR increases, h/H decreases, reaching the limiting value of 0.5
corresponding to a uniform distribution.
Effects for Very Broad Svstems
For very broad systems with values of H/R + 0 , it is more instructive to express the interfacial
stresses in terms of pX,H rather than in terms of pX,R .The maximum normal wall pressure at the
top then reduces to
~ , , ( l )= 0.741v,pXgH = 1.406pXgH
(43)
and the corresponding circumferential shearing stress reduces to
~,.(l) = 0.741pXgH
(4-4)
Similarly, the base shear may more conveniently be expressed in terms of (xRH2) pX, rather than
mX, = (xR2H) pX, .The values for a rough and a smooth interface are then
A4-2
(QJS,
= 1.571npX,RH2
(45)
.-
and
(Qb),, = 1.029npX,RH2
respectively. The pressure defined by (43) is identical to that reported in Veletsos and Younan (1994b)
for the limiting case of a straight, rigid wall retaining a semi-infinite, uniform soil stratum.
4.2
Harmonic Effects
The steady-state amplitude of the total wall force or base shear in the wall of harmonically excited
systems, (Qb)max,is plotted in Fig. 4.4 as a function of the frequency ratio o/ol ,where o1 = the
fundamental circular frequency of the contained material when it is considered to respond as a
cantilever shear-beam. Systems with values of WR in the range between 0.3 and 3 are considered.
The tank in these solutions is presumed to be massless; the interface between the tank wall and the
contained material is considered to be rough; and Poisson's ratio and the damping factor for the
contained material are taken as 1/3 and 0.1, respectively. As before, the results are normalized with
respect to mXg .
As would be expected, the curves are undulatory in nature, the peaks corresponding to the natural
frequencies of the system. For broad systems with values of I-E/R of the order of 0.3 or less, the
highest resonant peak is attained at a frequency o c- o1, and the associated amplification factor
(defined as the ratio of the dynamic to the corresponding static responses) is relatively small. By
contrast, for the more slender systems with the higher values of WR ,both the frequencies and the
amplification factors of the fundamental resonant peaks are significantly higher, the larger
amplification factors reflecting a reduced damping capacity for these systems. As the tank radius R is
decreased, the waves in the medium must travel progressively shorter distances before they get
reflected by the rigid boundary; accordingly, they are not affected as much by material damping as
would be the case for the broader systems with the larger radii. As H/R + 0 , the amplification
factor tends approximately to 1/& ,a fact noted previously (Arias et uZ. 1981; Veletsos and Younan
1994b), and as H/R + 00 , it tends to the value applicable to a long, rigid cylinder containing a
viscoelastic solid. For the value of 6 = 0.1 considered here, these limiting values are 3.16 and 6.61,
respectively.
Within the framework of the approximations involved in the method of analysis considered, the radial
and circumferential displacements of the medium for the mth radial and the nth vertical natural mode
of vibration may be expressed as
A43
and Vm(c) are functions of the

where om, is the associated circular frequency, and U,(c)
dimensional coordinate 5, the detailed expressions for which are given in the Appendix. The
frequency a
, may be expressed in the form
where ym = a dimensionless factor which, in addition to the order of the horizontal mode of vibration,
depends on Poisson's ratio of the material v and the condition at the medium-wall interface; and o1,
as already noted, refers to the fundamental circular frequency of the contained material when it is
considered to respond as an unconstrained cantilever shear-beam. f i e first five values of ym for
systems with v = 1/3 and either a rough or a smooth interface are listed in Table 4.2. As an
illustration, it is noted that for a system with H/R = 1 and a rough interface, the first four values of
oml/olare 2.35, 3.57, 5.49 and 5.99. The first, second and fourth of these values practically
coincide with the abscissas of the peaks of the relevant frequency response curve in Fig. 4.4. This fact,
along the absence of any other peaks in the curve considered, indicate that the response of the system
is dominated by the natural modes corresponding to the fundamental vertical mode and to several
i
horizontal modes.
.'
The validity of the latter statement can more clearly be seen in Fig. 4.5,in which the frequency
'response cukes for the base shear in the tank wall presented previously in Fig. 4.4 using a sufficiently
large number of terms are compared with those computed considering the contribution of the first
term only. For improved clarity, the frequency scales in this case are normalized with respect to the
fundamental circular frequency of the system under consideration, o1 ,rather th& the corresponding
frequency o1 of the unconstrained medium. The excellent agreement 'between the two solution sets
suggests that the use of only the first term in the series should yield highly accurate results for broadbanded, transient ground motions as well.
Peak Amulification Factor
The variation with WR of the largest amplification factor for base shear in the tank wall is shown in
Fig. 4.6 for systems with material damping factors in the range between 6 = 0.05 and 0.20.
Poisson's ratio for the material is taken as 1/3, and both rough and smooth interface conditions are
examined. As previously indicated, the effective damping of systems with a specified 6 decreases
with increasing H/R ,and this reduction leads to a corresponding increase in the amplification factor.
It is worth noting that the amplification factors for systems with the smooth interface are, with minor
exceptions, lower than those for the rough-interface. This unexpected result is attributed to the fact
A44
that, whereas for the rough interface, the response of the system is dominated by the contribution of
the fundamental mode of vibration, for the smooth interface, the contribution of the second horizontal
mode is almost as important as that of the first. The inertia forces for these two modes of vibration of
a system with H/R = 1 are shown in Fig. 4.7.
4.3 Seismic Effects

The solid lines in Fig. 4.8(a) define the maximum values of the base shear in the wall of systems
subjected to the N-S component of the 1940 El Centro, California earthquake ground motion record.
The acceleration, velocity and displacement traces of this record are available in Veletsos and Tang
(1990) and are not reproduced here. The maximum value of the ground acceleration is Xg = 0.312 g,
where g = the gravitational acceleration, and the corresponding values of the velocity and
displacement are X, = 35.61 c d s e c (14.02 in/sec) and X, = 21.05 cm (8.29 in). As before, the
tank in these solutions is presumed to be massless, the tank-medium interface is presumed to be
rough, and Poissons ratio and the damping factor of the retained material are taken as v = 1/3 and
6 = 0.1. The results are plotted as a function of the fundamental period of the system,
TI, = 2no,, , where a,,is defined by (49), and they are normalized with respect to mXg , the
maximum value of the total inertia of the contained material when the latter is considered to act as a
rigid body. The same information expressed as amplification factors @e., normalized with respect to
the low-natural-period or static response of the system under consideration) is displayed in Fig.
4.8(b) .
As an indication of the range of T,, values that may be encountered in practice, it is noted that for
materials having shear-wave velocities in the range of 60 to 480 d s e c (197 and 1570 ft/sec) and tank
heights in the range of 6 to 15 m (20 to 49 ft), the fundamental period of the material idealized as an
unconstrained cantilever shear beam would be in the range of 0.05 to 1 sec. Depending on the
slenderness of the tank, WR ,the fundamental period of the system would then fall in the following
ranges:
.For H/R = 0.3, T,, z 0.04 to 0.84 sec.

.For H/R = 0.5, T,, 0.03 to 0.68 sec.
.For H/R = 1, T,, E 0.02 to 0.42 sec.
.For H/R = 3, T,, 0.01 to 0.15 sec.
.
The boundaries of these ranges are identified in Fig. 4.8(a) with dots.
The plots in Fig. 4.8 are similar to, but by no means the same as, the response spectra for similarly
excited, viscously damped single-degree-of-freedom systems. Specifically, for low-natural-period,
stiff materials, the maximum values of the dynamic base shear in the tank wall are equal to the static
values listed in Table 4.1, and the amplification factors are unity. With increasing flexibility of the
contained material, i.e., increasing natural period of the system, the dynamic effects increase, and
A45
after attaining nearly horizontal plateaus, they decrease to values that may be substantially lower than
the static effects. As already indicated, increasing WR decreases the damping capacity of the system
and increases the dynamic amplification factor.
Considering that the fundamental period of many practical, broad systems with values of H/R I 1
falls in the highly amplified region of the plots presented in Fig. 4.8, it is of special interest to examine
the largest values of the amplification factors. The variation with H/R of the absolute maximum
amplificationfactor for base shear in the tank wall is shown in Fig. 4.9 for systems with three different
values of the damping factor 6 . The solid lines are for systems with a rough medium-wall interface,
whereas the dashed lines are for a smooth interface. Also shown in Fig. 4.9 are the average values of
the amplification factors over the range of natural periods from 0.1 to 0.5 sec. As would be expected,
these factors are significantly smaller than those for the maximum resonant peak of the harmonically
excited systems considered in Fig. 4.6. Additionally, the results for the earthquake ground motion are
substantially less sensitive to variations in the slenderness ratio H/R than are those for the harmonic
excitation.
Overturning Base Wall Moment
Following the approach used for statically excited systems, the maximum value of the overturning
base moment induced by the wall pressures may be expressed as the product of the maximum total
wall force or base shear (Qb)maxand an appropriate height h. Normalized values of h for systems
with a rough interface subjected to the El Centro ground motion record are plotted in Fig. 4.10 as a
function of the fundamental period of the contained material T,, .It is observed that the results are
insensitive to variations in T, and may, therefore, be taken equal to those reported earlier for the lownatural-period, statically excited systems.
'
Relative Effects of Normal and Shearing:Stresses
The base shear in the tank wall of systems with a rough interface is contributed partly by normal
pressures and partly by circumferential shearing stresses. For the systems excited by the El Centro
record, the component of the maximum base shear contributed by the normal pressures, (Qz)max ,is
plotted in Fig. 4.1 1 as a fraction of the corresponding total shear, (
.A range of natural periods
T,, and three different values of the slenderness ratio H/R are considered. It is observed that the
ratio varies from about 64% for very broad tanks with values of H/R + 0 to about 90% for relatively
slender tanks with values of H/R = 3.
A46
;.
Table 4.1:
Static Values of Top Stresses, Base Whears andEffective Heights for Systems with
Different Slenderness Ratios and Interface Conditions; v = 1/3
Smooth Interface
Rough Interface
H
R
0.00
..406-
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.oo
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
5.00
10.00
0.365
0.463
0.540
0.598
0.640
0.671
0.693
0.709
0.731
0.740
0.744
0.746
0.745
0.744
0.740
0.740
H
H
H
0.5423 1.571R
R
0.7413 1.0290.162
0.190
0.209
0.222
0.230
0.236
0,240
0.243
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.248
0.247
0.246
0.245
0.240
0.269
0.343
0.404
0.452
0.491
0.521
0.545
0.565
0.602
0.626
0.644
0.657
0.675
0.687
0.710
0.726
0.122
0.146
0.163
0.176
0.186
0.194
0.200
0.205
0.214
0.220
0.224
0.227
0.231
0.234
0.240
0.243
0.391
0.489
0.567
0.628
0.677
0.715
0.745
0.770
0.816
0.846
0.868
0.884
0.906
0.921
0.950
0.969
(7)
H
H
1.029R
R
0.599
1.406-
0.595
0.593
0.590
0.587
0.583
0.580
0.576
0.573
0,565
0.559
0.553
0.548
0.540
0.535
0.524
0.515
0.377
0.492
0.593
0.677
0.745
0.800
0.842
0.876
0.931
0.962
0.977
0.986
0.993
0.993
0.990
0.980
0.276
0.361
0.438
0.503
0.559
0.605
0.644
0.677
0.738
0.781
0.812
0.835
0.868
0.889
0.932
0.962
0.599
0.598
0.598
0.597
0:595
0.593
0.591
0.588
0.585
0.579
0.573
0.567
0.562
0.553
0.547
0.531
0.519
Table 4.2:
Values of Factors ym , A, and Bm in Expressions for Natural Frequencies

and Vibration Modes of Contained Material;
I
1
3
4 ,
5
Rough Interface
1.9427
-3.1056
4.8982
5.3559
6.7603
0.599 1
0.1271
0.0737
0.5920
0.0183
v = 1/3.
0.2845
-0.4452
0.1932
-0.1262
0.1602
A48
Smooth Interface
1.3150 ,
2.0 125
3.8796
5.3259
5.7592
13.9875
0.3696
0.0178
0.3479
0.0 134
-7.1976
0.3604
-0.3079
0.0159
-0.2082
Lo
'0
-0
Lo
'0
co
d-
(0
-0
0
1.c
0.8
0.6
-------
Rough Interface
Smooth Interface
0.4
0.2
Fig. 4.2
H/R
Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Maximum Static Values of Normal Pressure

and of Circumferential Shearing Stress Induced at Top of Tank,v = 1/3.
A410
1.o
0.8
_______
0.2
Fig. 4.3
H/R
Rough Interface
Smooth Interface
Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Static Vdue of Base Shear in Tank

Wall and on Associated Effective Height; v = 1/3.
A411
m8,
3
2
1
0
Fig. 4.4
m/ml
Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Frequency Response Curves for Base Shear in Wall of Systems
with Rough Interface; v = 1/3,.6 = 0.1.
All Terms Considered
HIR = 0.5
HIR = 0.3
I
I
Fig. 4.5
HIR = 3
HIR = 1
4 0
3
O/Ol 1
O/Oll
Frequency Response Curves for Amplification Factors of Base Shear in Wall of

Systems with Different Aspect Ratios Computed Using Only First and All Terms in
Series; Rough Interface, v = 1/3,6 = 0.1.
A413
12
10
Rough Interface
_____.
Smooth Interface
0
Fig. 4.6
H/R
Maximum Amplification Factor for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically

Excited Systems; v = 1/3,S = 0.1.'
A414
. . . . e -
. ..... ..
e - . .
First
- * . -/-Mode
- :
. -
c
.
I
L.
........ ..
0
'*.a
.
'
e
(a) Rough
C'
Second
- ._-----..__
%-/-Mode
...
'*.
\. .
\...-Fig. 4.7
(b) Smooth
Distributions of Inertia Forces for First Two Horizontal Natural Modes of Vibration of
Material in Tanks with Rough and Smooth Wall Interfaces; v = 1/3.
A415
a,
4
4
rcl
0
m
T:
0
cu
0
0
cu
s
3
.C(
4
v-4
rn
A416
II
II
rr
c9
d-
>
v,
II
A417
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Fig. 4.10
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
Normalized Effective Heights of Systems Subjected to El Centro Ground

Motion Record; Rough Wall Interface, v = 1/3,6 = 0.1.
A418
<.-
. .
0.9
0.8
0.7
Fig. 4.1 1
0.6
\--H/R
0.5
0.02
+0
I I I1111
I I I1111
Fraction of Total Base Shear in Wall of Systems with Rough Interface Induced
by Normal Wall Pressures; Systems with v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1 Subjected to El
Centro Ground Motion Record.
A419
SECTION 5
FOUNDATION FORCES
For the design of the tank foundation, one needs to know the total shear and total overturning moment
transmitted to it. The foundation shear is clearly equal to the sum of the base shear in the tank wall and
the shear at the base of the contained material. Similarly, the foundation moment equals the sum of the
base moments induced by the wall pressures and those acting on the tank base. Considering that the
method of analysis employed presumes the absence of any vertical dynamic pressures, the component
of the moment contributed by the base pressures cannot be computed. However, both the foundation
shear and the foundation moment M can be determined directly from the lateral inertia forces. In
particular, their static values are given by
..,
= -mXg
(50)
,.
1
Mst = --mX,H
(51)
Qst
and the maximum dynamic values are given by the products of their corresponding static values and
appropriate amplification factors. To a reasonable degree of approximation, the amplification factors
may be taken equal to those for the base shear in the tank wall. This approximation is considered to be .
adequate for both harmonic and transient excitations. With the foundation shear and the foundation
moment M established, the components contributed by the dynamic stresses at the tank base may, if
the base shear in the tank wall Qb,and from M the
desired, be determined by substracting from
base moment M, due to the wall pressures.
The instantaneous values of the foundation shear and overturning moment can more accurately be
computed from
..,
Q = - I p [ x g + u x ] dV
V
in which iix = the acceleration relative to the moving base of an arbitrary point of the contained material in the direction of the base motion (Le., along 8 = 0), and the integration is over the volume of
the contained material. For a harmonic excitation, (52) and (53) can be rewritten as
A5-1
Q=
-I I I [pX,-co2U,]d0
1
1 2x
0 0
R2cdcHdq eiot
(54)
where U, ,the amplitude of the horizontal displacement relative to the moving base, is given by
U, = Ucos0-Vsinf3
and U and V are the corresponding amplitudes of the radial and circumferential displacements,
which are defined by (19) and (20), respectively. On making use of (19), (20) and (56), and performing the indicated integrations, one obtains
where the integrations constants An and Bn are defined by (33a) and (33b) for a rough interface and
by (34a) and (34b) for a smooth interface.
With the harmonic response established, the response to an arbitrary transient excitation may be determined, as for all other response quantities considered, by Fourier transform techniques.
A5-2
SECTION 6
FINAL COMMENTS
Fundamental to the analysis presented has been the assumption that the material in the tank is bonded
to its base. This assumption is justified by the fact, that for realistic intensities of ground shaking, the
maximum shearing stress at the interface of the contained material and the tank base can be shown to
be lower than the corresponding shearing capacity.
Finally, the base shears and base moments presented in the preceding section represent exclusively the
effects of the normal pressures and circumferential shearing stresses induced by the inertia forces of
the contained material. To these effects, must also be added the effects of the tank wall inertia. For the
rigid tank considered, the latter effects, identified with a w superscript, are given simply by
Qr= -m,Xg
in which m, = the total mass of the tank wall.
A6-1
SECTION 7
CONCLUSIONS
Following are some of the more important conclusions of this study.
1. With the information that has been presented, the response to horizontal ground shaking of rigid
circular cylindrical tanks containing a viscoelastic material may be evaluated readily. The comprehensive numerical data included provide valuable insights not only into the magnitude and
distribution of the wall pressures and the magnitude of the critical forces, but also a valuable
framework for the interpretation of the results for the flexible tanks examined in Part B of the
report.
2. The maximum value of a dynamic effect is expressed as the product of the corresponding static
effect and an amplification factor. The static effects, which refer to those induced by uniform
lateral inertial forces equal in magnitude to the product of the mass density of the contained
material and the maximum ground acceleration, depend on the ratio of the material height H and
the tank radius R. For slender tanks with values of WR greater than about 3, the inertia forces for
all of the contained material are transmitted to the wall by horizontal extensional action, and
practically the entire contained mass may be considered to be effective. With decreasing WR, a
progressively larger portion of the inertia forces gets transferred by horizontal shearing action to
the base, and the portion of the retained mass that contributes to the wall forces is reduced significantly.
3. For a system of a specified WR, the dynamic amplification factor depends importantly on the
fundamental natural period of the contained material. This dependence is similar to, but by no
means identical to, that obtained for a similarly excited, viscously damped single-degree-of-fieedom oscillators. Specifically, for low-natural-period, stiff materials, the amplification factor is
unity. With increasing flexibility or period of the contained material, the amplification factor
increases and after attaining a nearly horizontal plateau, which for broad-banded earthquake
ground motions may be of the order of 1.25 to 2.5, it decreases, reaching values less than unity.
The larger amplification factors are attained for the slender tanks and for materials with low
damping.
4. Because of the assumption of vanishing vertical normal stresses that underlies the simplified
method of analysis employed, the component of the foundation moment contributed by the
dynamic pressures acting on the tank base cannot be evaluated. However, the total foundation
moment and shear may be determined directly from the inertia forces of the retained medium.
A7- 1
SECTION 8
APPENDIX: UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF CONTAINED SOLID
The natural modes of vibration considered here are those for which the radial displacements u vary in
the circumferential direction as cos 8 and the circumferential displacements v vary as sine .For the
excitation considered, these are the only modes that contribute to the response of the system. These
displacements may be expressed as
and the functions U(5) and V ( 5 ) may be determined by application of the decoupling technique
used in the body of the paper. The results are
where A and fB are constants of integration, and the dimensionless frequency parameters a and
are defined by specialized forms of (25) and (26) as
a = -P
wo
'=
(2n - 1)n R
2
**
On satisfying the boundary conditions defined by (12) and either (13) or (14), and setting the determinant of the coefficients of the resulting system of homogeneous equations in A and B equal to zero,
one obtains the characteristic equation of the system. The frequency o corresponding to the mth root
of the latter equation is denoted by om,,and the corresponding values of a , P , 2,B and functions
U(5) and "(5) are identified with the subscript m
A8-1
Inasmuch as the values of a

, corresponding to a given n are greater than a, ,the associated values
of a, and p, are imaginary, and it is convenient to rewrite a as iy and p as i v 0 y where y is a
real-valued number. On further noting that
where J, and J, are Bessel functions of the first type and zero and first order, respectively, the characteristic equation for a system with a rough interface becomes
and that for a smooth interface becomes
, are
With the roots ym and the corresponding values of a, determined, the natural frequencies a
determined from (65.)or (49), and the relative magnitudes of the constants A, and 93, in (63) or (64)
are determined from the expressions for the boundary conditions on U
, and V, .The values of A,
and 93, corresponding to the first five values of ym are listed in Table 4.2 normalized such that Urn
at 5 = 0 isunity.
A8-2
SECTION 9
REFERENCES
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Roesset, J. M., Whitman, R. V., and Dobry, R. (1973). Modal analysis for structures with foundation
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Rotter, J. M., and Hull, T. S. (1989). Wall loads is squat steel silos during earthquakes. Engineering
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Tajimi, H. (1969). Dynamic Analysis of a Structure Embedded in an Elastic Stratum, hoc. of 4th
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Veletsos, A. S., and Verbic, B. (1973). Vibration of viscoelastic foundations. Earthquake Eng. &
Struct. Dyn., 2 (l), pp. 87-102.
Veletsos, A. S., and Younan, A. H. (1994a). Dynamic soil pressures on rigid cylindrical vaults.
Earthquake Eng. & Struct. Dyn., 23 (6), pp. 645-669; also available as Report 52372,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.
Veletsos, A. S., and Younan, A. H. (1994b). Dynamic modeling and response of soil-wall systems.
J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 120 (12), pp. 2155-2179; also available as Report 52402, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.
PART B. FLEXIBLE TANKS
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The study reported here is an extension of that presented in Part A. It deals with the effects of wall
flexibility on the response to horizontal ground shaking of vertical, circular cylindrical tanks
containing a uniform viscoelastic solid. The analysis is implemented approximately considering the
tank wall to respond as a cantilever shear-beam with no change in its cross section.
The expressions for the critical responses of these systems are formulated, and comprehensive
numerical data are presented that elucidate the effects of the numerous parameters involved. The
principal parameters examined include the flexibility of the wall relative to that of the contained
material, the ratio of material height to tank radius, and the characteristics of the forcing function. In
addition to long-period, effectively static excitations, both harmonic motions of different frequencies
and an actual earthquake ground motion are considered.
The principal effects of wall flexibility may be anticipated from purely physical considerations. Since
the effective horizontal extensional stiffness of the retained material for a flexible tank is lower than
that for a rigid tank,the flexibility of the wall should reduce the portion of the inertia forces
transmitted to it by horizontal extensional action and increase the portion transmitted to the base by
shearing action. Additionally, the wall flexibility should decrease the natural frequency of the tanksolid system and modify its effective damping. Depending on the characteristics of the system and the
base motion, the latter changes may increase or decrease the critical responses from those obtained for
a rigid tank. The primary objective of the study is to quantify these changes over the full range of the
parameters involved. A secondary objective is to assess the relationship of these responses to those
obtained for tanks containing an inviscid liquid of the same mass density. The maximum values of the
critical responses are expressed as the products of those obtained under static conditions of loading
and appropriate amplification or deamplificationfactors.
As indicated in Part A, the only known previous study of solid-containingtanks is the one reported by
Rotter and Hull (1989), which dealt with long-period, effectively static excitations.
B1-1
SECTION 2
SYSTEM CONSIDERED
Except for considering the tank wall to be flexible, the system examined is the same as that studied in
Part A. It is a vertical, circular cylindrical tank of radius R that is filled to a height H with a
homogeneous, linear viscoelastic solid. The tank is presumed to be fixed to a rigid base undergoing a
space-invariant horizontal motion, the acceleration of which at any time t is x,(t) and its maximum
value is if,. The contained medium is considered to be free at its upper surface and bonded at the
base and along its cylindrical boundary.
The properties of the medium are defined by its mass density p ,Poissons ratio v ,and the complexvalued shear modulus G* = G(1 + i s ) , where G is the real-valued modulus, i = &.,and 6 is the
damping factor, which is twice as large as the coefficient of damping normalized with respect to its
critical value. The corresponding properties of the tank wall are denoted by p,, v,, and
G,* = G,( 1 + is,) ,and the wall is considered to be of uniform thickness t, .Points in the contained
medium are defined by the cylindrical coordinate system, r, 0, z, the origin of which is taken at the
center of the tank base, with 0 measured counterclockwise from the direction of the excitation.
B2-1
SECTION 3
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The method of analysis used is an extension of that described in Part A for rigid tanks and involves all
the previously noted assumptions and approximations. It is further assumed that the tank wall
responds as a cantilever shear-beam with no change in its cross section, and that there is complete
bonding between the contained medium and the wall. It follows that along its cylindrical boundary,
the radial and circumferential displacements of the medium relative to the moving base, u and v ,are
given by
and
VIg = 1
= - uw(q, t>sine
(2)
where 5 = r/R and q = z/H are dimensionless position coordinates, and u, = the,displacement
relative to the base of an arbitrary point of the wall in the direction of the excitation.
3.1 Harmonic Response

For a harmonic base motion for which the acceleration
zg(t) = XgeiWt
(3)
and o is its circular frequency, the steady-state values of the displacements u and v of an arbitrary
point in the contained medium may be expressed, as for a rigid tank,in the form
and the corresponding tank wall displacement, uw,may be expressed as
B3-1
where U: are constants that remain to be determined.

On expanding the unit function associated with the ground acceleration terms in the equations of
motion defined by (8) and (9) of Part A in the form
substituting (4) and (5) into the latter equations and satisfying the boundary conditions defined by (1)
and (2), with u, expressed as in (6), the functions U, and Vn can be shown to be given by
~~
and
where I, and I, are modified Bessel functions of the first kind and zero and first order, respectively,
and the remaining quantities are the same as those in the corresponding expressions for rigid tanks.
Specifically, a, and p, are defined by (25) and (26) of Part A, and Uf, , An and B, by (29), (33a)
and (33b) of .the same part.
Wall Stresses and Associated Forces
The radial or normal pressures or and the circumferential shearing stresses

cylindrical wall may be expressed as
T,e
induced on the
where o(q) and ~ ( q )and the amplitudes of their components, (or), and (Tre)n,are complexvalued quantities. On noting that Uf, in (8) and (9) is independent of 6 , and that theterms
lav+U
5%
4
- and
-l&+v
@e 4
in the expressions for or and T,e [equations (4) and (6) in Part A] vanish along the medium-wall
interface, it should be clear that (or)n and (%,e),
may be determined from the corresponding terms
in the solution for rigid tanks simply by multiplying the nth term of the appropriate expression in the
latter solution by the reduction factor
B3-2
R, = 1-- u n
uf,
The sign convention for stresses is the same as that in Part A. Specifically, normal pressures are
considered positive when tensile, and the positive directions of the shearing stresses are shown by the
inset diagrams in Fig. 2.1 of Part A.The nth components of the total wall force and of the overturning
moment at a section immediately above the base may be determined similarly from the corresponding
components for rigid tanks.
The as yet undetermined reduction factors R, , and hence the values of U:/Un, f are computed by
considering the horizontal equilibrium of forces acting on a wall section of unit height. This requires
that
Fi(q) +F,(q) +Fc(q) = 0
(13)
where Fi = the wall inertia force, F, = the resisting shearing force, and F, = the force exerted by the
contained medium. These forces are given by
Fi = -2nRt,pw(iiw
+ Xg)
n
and
F, =
I (?:sin28 - ocos28)Rd0 e
2x
iwt
- xR(z - 0)eiwt
(16)
where a dot superscript denotes one differentiation with respect to time, and ,?,: represents the
horizontal shearing stress in the direction of the base motion. On substituting (14) through (16) into
(13), making use of (6) and of the expressions for the reduced versions of o(q) and ~ ( q,)the factor
R, is found to be given by
1+isw mW
1+i6 - d w m
where $, = @/on; on= the nth circular frequency of the contained material when it is considered to
act as an unconstrained, cantilever shear-beam, given by
VS
on = (2n - 1)n -
B3-3
v, = m
p = shear wave velocity of the retained material; mw/m = ratio of masses of the tank wall
and the contained material, given by
d, is a dimensionless measure of the wall flexibility, defined by
and
The quantities yfo , g, and h, in the latter expression are factors defined by (7),(39a) and (39b) of
Part A.
Effect of Wall Inertia
The inertia of the tank wall has a two-fold effect: (a) It modifies the magnitude and distribution of the
dynamic wall pressures and associated forces; and (b) it induces additional forces in the wall. The first
effect has duly been provided for in the evaluation of the reduction factors R, ,but the second has not
been included in the expressions for base shear and base moment referred to in the preceding section.
The instantaneous values of the base shear and base moment induced by the wall inertia, Q r ( t ) and
M r (t) ,are given by
1
Qr(t) = -2nRtWpwJ(Uw + Xg)Hdq

0
and
M:(t)
I(U+w
Xg)H qdq
= -2nRtWpw
which, on making use of (3), (6) and (12), reduce to
and
B3-4
(22a)
M:(t)
= --1 mwXgH
2
respectively. For a rigid tank,the reduction factors R, tend to unity; the terms that include these
factors vanish; and the amplitudes of the base shear and base moment reduce, as they should, to
mwXg and mwXgH/2 ,respectively.
3.2 'IkansientExcitation
The response to an arbitrary transient excitation may be evaluated from the harmonic response by the
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) approach as outlined in Part A.
B3-5
SECTION 4
CRITICAL RESPONSES OF SYSTEM

Following the approach used in the analysis of rigid tanks, consideration is first given to the response
of systems subjected to long-period, effectively static excitations. The maximum value of a critical
response to an arbitrary excitation may then be obtained by multiplying the corresponding static
value by an appropriate amplification or deamplification factor. Unless otherwise indicated, the mass
of the wall in the solutions presented is considered to be negligible compared to the mass of the
retained material, a condition normally satisfied in practice.
4.1
StaticEffects .
The static value of the base shear in the tank wall, (Q& ,is plotted in Fig. 4.1 as a function of the
relative flexibility factor d, for systems with different slenderness ratios, H/R. It should be recalled
that d, = 0 refers to rigid tanks. The results are normalized with respect to the product of the total
contained mass m and the maximum ground acceleration X, ,namely, the total inertia of the retained
material when it is considered to act as a rigid body. Poissons ratio for the contained material is taken
as V = 1/3.
It is observed from Fig. 4.1 that the base shear, and hence the proportion of the contained mass
contributing to this shear, is highly dependent on both the slenderness ratio H/R and the relative
flexibility factor d, . For rigid, tall tanks with values of WR of the order of 3 or more, the inertia
forces for all the retained material are effectively transmitted to the wall by horizontal shearing action,
and practically the entire mass of the tank content may be considered to contribute to the wall force.
With decreasing WRYa progressively larger portion of the inertia forces gets transferred by horizontal
shearing action to the base, and the effective portion of the retained mass is reduced.
The effect of wall flexibility is to reduce the horizontal extensional stiffness of the contained material
relative to its shearing stiffness, and this reduction, in turn, reduces the magnitudes of the resulting
pressures on and associated forces in the tank wall. The reduced response of the flexible tanks is in
sharp contrast to the well established behavior of liquid-containing tanks,for which the effect of wall
flexibility is to increase rather than decrease the impulsive components of the wall pressures and
forces which dominate the response of such systems. This matter is considered further in a later
section.
B4-1
As for rigid tanks, the static value of the overturning base moment,
,may be expressed as the
product of the total wall force or base shear and an appropriate height, h. The variation of the ratio
h/H for tanks with different values of d, and WR is shown in Fig. 4.2. Note that almost
independently of the relative flexibility factor d, , the effective height varies from 0.6H for broad
tanks with values of WR tending to zero to 0.5Hfor rather tall, slender tanks. This trend may be
appreciated better from Fig. 4.3 which shows the heightwise variations of the normal wall pressures,
oSt(q)
,for tanks of different proportions and flexibilities. It is observed that for broad tanks, these
pressures increase from base to top approximately as a quarter-sine wave, whereas for the rather
slender tanks, the distribution is practically uniform. The distributions of the corresponding horizontal
shearing stresses T J ~ ) are similar and are not shown. The top values of these stresses for systems
with different d, and H/R values are listed in part (a) of Table 4.1. Also listed in this table are
normalized values of the total wall force and its effective height.
4.2
Harmonic Response
The steady-state amplitude of the total wall force or base shear in the wall of harmonically excited
systems, (Qb)max,is plotted in Fig. 4.4 as a function of the frequency ratio o/ol for systems with
WR = 1. Four values of the wall flexibility factor d, in the range between zero and 3 are considered.
The remaining parameters for the systems are identified on the figure heading.
As would be expected, the peak values of these plots are attained at or close to the undamped natural
frequencies of the system considered, with the absolute maximum values occurring at the
fundamental frequency. Denoted by o1 ,the latter frequency is quite sensitive to the wall flexibility
factor. For highly flexible walls with values of d, + , this frequency is practically equal, as it
should be, to the natural frequency of the unconstrained medium o1;with decreasing wall flexibility,
the frequency increases; and as d, +0 ,it tends to the value for rigid tanks defined by equation (49)
of Part A.
The fundamental natural frequency and the associated-period of the system T,, = 2n/o,, also
depend on the slenderness ratio WR. This dependence'isshown in Fig. 415, in which the ratio T, ,/TI
is plotted as a function of the relative wall flexibility factor d, for different values of WR. Some of
the data are also listed in Table 4.2. Note that the effect on T,, of a change in d, is significantly
larger for slender tanks than for broad tanks. As a matter of fact, for the limiting case of H/R + 0 ,
the results are independent of d, -
In Fig. 4.6, the absolute maximum amplification factor for base shear, (AF)max,defined as the ratio
of the highest peak of a frequency response curve such as those displayed in Fig. 4.4 to the
corresponding response of the statically excited system, is plotted as a function of the wall flexibility
factor d, for different values of H/R. The left-hand part of the figure is for systems with a damping
factor for the tank wall 6, = 0.04 , whereas the right-hand part is for systems with 6 , = 0.08. All
B4-2
...
,
.
..
other parameters are identified on the figure heading. It is observed that the amplification factors are
generally quite large and sensitive to the values of H/R and d, involved. The larger factors are
obtained for the more slender and more flexib'le systems (larger values of H/Rand d, ), indicating
that their effective damping in this case is relatively low. System damping is contributed partly by the
tank wall and partly by the hysteretic action of the contained material. The latter source dominates the
response of broad tanks, while the wall damping dominates the response of slender tanks. This fact is
clearly demonstrated by the interrelationship of the solutions for the two values of wall damping
considered.
Further insight into the effect of wall flexibility may be gained from Fig. 4.7,where the information
on the maximum response of systems examined in Fig. 4.6 is replotted with the absolute maximum
value of the base shear amplitude, I(Qb)maxl,normalized with respect to the common factor mXg .
Note that for the combination of parameters represented by points to the right of the heavy dots, the
effect of wall flexibility is to reduce the response to levels that may be substantially lower than those
applicable to rigid tanks. This reduction, which is due to the increased capacity of the material in
flexible tanks to transfer the inertia forces by horizontal shearing action to the base, is, as already
noted, in sharp contrast to the response of liquid-containing tanks, for which the effect of wall
flexibility is to increase rather than decrease the response. Only for extremely slender tanks, for which
the horizontal shearing stiffness of the contained material relative to its extensional stiffness is
negligible as for a liquid, does the wall flexibility increase the response. For the range of parameters
normally encountered in practice, the dynamic forces for tanks storing a viscoelastic material can be
expected to decrease with increasing wall flexibility. Similar results, but with substantially lower
response levels, can also be expected for transient excitations.
4.3
Seismic Response
Figure 4.8 shows the amplification factor for the base shear, AE in the wall of systems subjected to the
N-S component of the 1940 El Centro, California earthquake ground motion record. Three values of
the slenderness ratio WR and three values of the wall flexibility factor d, are considered. The results
are plotted as a function of the fundamental natural period TI, = 27c/oI, of the system under
consideration, which may be determined from the information presented in Table 4.2. As before, the
tank wall in these solutions is presumed to be massless; Poisson's ratio and the damping factor of the
retained material are taken as v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1 ;and the damping factor for the wall is taken as
8, = 0.04.As could have been anticipated from the information for harmonically excited systems
presented in Fig. 4.6,the effect of wall flexibility is to reduce the effective damping of the system and
increase the amplification factor of response, the latter increase being most pronounced in the
practically important period range of 0.1 to 0.5 sec.
In Fig. 4.9,the average value of the amplification factor for base wall-shear within the period range
TI, from 0.1 to 0.5 sec is plotted as a function of the wall flexibility factor d, for four values of
B4-3
WR. The same information is also displayed in Fig. 4.10, with the corresponding value of the
maximum base shear normalized with respect to the common factor mXg . Except for the expected
differences in the levels of amplification factor and the associated response (note that the absolute
maximum value of the average amplification factor in this case is only 2.5), the interrelationship and
general trends of these plots are impressively similar to those for the harmonically excited systems
considered in Figs. 4.6 and 4.7. Specifically, for systems represented by points in Fig. 4.10 to the right
of the heavy dots, the effect of wall flexibility is to reduce the response below the level applicable to
rigid tanks. Only for very slender systems with moderate wall flexibility is the response of flexible
tanks, like that of liquid-containing tanks, likely to be higher than for the corresponding rigid tanks. It
should be noted, however, that .the maximum response of solid-containing rigid tanks is generally
si-snificantly higher than that of tanks containing a liquid of the same mass density. This matter is
addressed further in a later section.
4.4 Relative Effects of Normal and Shearing Stresses
For the bonded medium-wall interface considered, the baseshear in the tank wall is contributed partly
by normal and partly by circumferential stresses. In Fig. 4.11, the maximum value of the base wallshear contributed by the normal stresses, (Qgkax
, is plotted as a fraction of the corresponding total
shear, (Qbhax.
The results, which are again for the El Centro ground motion record, are plotted as a
function of the fundamental period T, of the system under consideration. Three values of H/R in the
range between 0.3 and 3.0 and two values of the wall flexibility factor are examined. For rigid tanks
(d, = 0), similar plots were presented in Part A. It is observed that within the range of parameters
considered, approximately 75 percent of the total base shear in the wall is contributed by the normal
pressures.
4.5
Contribution of Higher Modes of Vibration
It has been shown (Veletsos and Younan, 1997) that satisfactory approximations to the critical
responses of rigid tanks are obtained by considering in the governing series expressions only the terms
associated with the fundamental vertical mode of vibration of the contained medium. It should be
recalled that the contributions of all horizontal modes of vibration are duly provided for in the method
of analysis. For the flexible tanks examined here, it can similarly be shown that the dominant
contributorto each response quantity is the term associated with the fundamental mode of vibration of
the tank-medium system. This is demonstrated in Fig. 4.12 in which the exact values of the maximum
base shear induced by the El Centro ground ,motion record are compared with those computed
considering only the first term in the series. The results are plotted against the fundamental natural
period of the system T, for three values of the flexibility factor d, .It is observed that the agreement
between the two solution sets is indeed excellent for all practical purposes. It should be added,
however, that the assumption of shear-beam action for the tank wall which underlies the method of
anhysis is not expected to be as appropriate for tall tanks as for broad tanks.
B4-4
4.6 Overturning Base Moment

Considering that the response of the system is dominated by the contribution of the fundamental mode
of vibration and that the dynamic wall pressures for this mode increase approximately as a quartersine from zero at the base to a maximum at the top, and further recalling that the height to the centroid
of this distribution is h = (2/z)H,the maximum overturning moment across a section immediately
above the base may be taken as the product of the corresponding base shear and this value of h. For
systems with WR = 1 subjected to the El Centro ground motion, the exact values of h are shown in
Fig. 4.13.
4.7 Effect of Wall Inertia
In the numerical solutions presented so far, the wall mass was presumed to be negligible compared to
the participating mass of the retained medium. While the effect of the wall inertia may be evaluated
exactly from expressions presented in previous sections, the following simple, approximate procedure
would be adequate for all practical purposes.
The maximum base shear in the wall of a tank with mass, (Qbflx, may be related to that of the
by
massless Wall, (Qbhax,
(Qbc:x
(Qbhax
+moxg(AF)
(24)
where m, = the effective mass of the tank wall; and the amplification factor AF may be taken equal to
that for the massless tank.The value of mo normalized with respect to the total mass of the tank wall,
m, ,is plotted as a function of the wall flexibility factor d, in Fig. 4.14.For rigid tanks, the ratio is
naturally unity, but for flexible tanks, particularly for the more compliant systems with large values of
WR and d, , it may be substantially smaller. For the computation of the effect of the wall inertia on
the overturning base moment, the effectiveheight h may be taken equal to that for the massless tank..
B4-5
Table 4.1: Static Values of Top Radial Pressure est( 1) ,Base Shear
' ( Q b ) s t , and of Effective height h; Systems with massless walls
a n d v = 1/3.
~~
H/R
d,=O
d,=
0.5
d,=
1 ,d,=
1.5
d,=
d,=
(a) Values of -est( 1) / ~ X , R
0.30
0.50
0.80
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.366
0.541
0.672
0.710
0.732
0.742
0.746
0.748
0.749
0.749
0.293
0.398
0.466
0.483
0.492
0.495
0.496
0.497
0.497
0.497
0.245
0.315
0.356
0.365
0:370
0.372
0.372
0.373
0.372
0.372
0.210
0.260
0.288
0.294
0.297
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.298
0.183
0.222
0.24 1
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.146
0.170
0.182
0.185
0.186
0.186
0.186
0.186
0.186
0.186
(b) Values of -( Qb),t/mXg

0.30
0.50
0.80
1-00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.392
0.567
0.715
0.771
0.816
0.847
0.869
0.885
0.908
0.923
0.320
0.430
0.513
0.543
0.567
0.583
0.594
0.603
0.615
0.623
'
0.272
0.348
0.402
0.42 1
0.436
0.447,
0.454
0.459
0.467
0.472
0.236
0.293
0.33 1
0.345
0.355
0.362
0.367
0.371
0.376
0.380
0.209
0.253
0.282
0.292
0.300
0.305
0.309
0.3 12
0.315
0.318
0.170
0.199
0.2 17
0.224
0.229
0.232
0.234
0.236
0.238
0.240
0.576
0.565
0.552
0.546
0.539
0.534
0.530
0.527
0.523
0.519
0.570
0.558
0.546
0.539
0.534
0.529
0.526
0.523
0.519
0.517
(c) Values of h / H
0.30
0.50
0.80
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.595
0.590
0.580
0.573
0.565
0.558
0.552
0.547
0.540
0.534
0.589
0.582
0.570
0.562
.0.555
0.548
0.543
0.539
0.533
0.528
0.584
0.575
0.562
0.555
0.548
0.542
0.537
0.534
0.528
0.524
B4-6
0.580
0.570
0.557
0.550
0.543
0.538
0.533
0.530
0.525
0.521
Table 4.2: Fundamental Natural Period T I , of Solid-ContainingTanks;

Systems with massless walls and v = 1/3.
H/R
d,=O
d,=
0.5
d,=
d,=
1.5
d,=
d,=
Values of T,,/T,
0
0.30
0.50
0.80
1.oo
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
1.o
0.841
0.682
0.504
0.423
0.350
0.297
0.258
0.227
0.184
0.154
1.o
0.857
0.746
0.660
0.633
0.614
0.603
0.596
0.592
0.587
0.584
1.o
0.872
0.794
0.746
0.733
0.724
0.719
0.716
0.7 14
0.71 1
0.710
B4-7
1.o
0.884
0.828
0.798
0.790
0.785
0.782
0.780
0.779
0.777
0.776
1.0
0.895
0.853
0.832
0.827
0.823
0.821
0.820
0.819
0.8 18
0.8 18
1.0
0.912
0.886
0.874
0.871
0.870
0.868
0.868
0.867
0.867
0.867
I .
Figure 4.1 Normalized Values of Base Shear for StaticallyExcited Systems with Different Wall
Flexibilities and Slenderness Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3.
B4-8
0.6
x=O.3
I-
0.5
0.3
0.4
h
H
0.2
dW
Figure 4.2 Normalized Values of Effective Height for Statically Excited Systems with Different
Wall Flexibilities and Slenderness Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3.
B4-9
1.o
H
= 0.3
R
H
-= 1
R
H
-=3
R
0.8
0.6
77
0.4
W
=O\
0.2
Figure 4.3 Heightwise Variations of Static Values of Normal Wall Pressures Induced in Tanks of Different Flexibilities and Slenderness
Ratios; m, = 0 and v = 1/3.
.e
.C(
.C(
d
.C(
2
X
'Lo
s
3
.r(
3
\
3
r-l
rc
co
Lo
a
E
n
CU"
.B4-11
cv
T-
r-0
H
I .(
0.3
O.
Tl
0.6
0.4
0.2
dW
Figure 4.5 Fundamental Natural Period of Tanks of Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall
Flexibilities; m, = 0 and v = 1/3.
B4-12
16
12-
8.
r-L
4.
6W = 0.08
6W = 0.04
O*
0
dw
3 0
dW
Figure 4.6 Maximum Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically Excited Tanks with Different Slenderness Ratios and
Wall Flexibilities; m, = 0, 6, = 0.04& 0.08,v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1,
16
12
dW
Figure 4.7 Normalized Values of Absolute Maximum Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically
Excited Tanks with Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities;
m, = 0,6, = 0.04, v = 113 and 6 = 0.1
B4-14
M
4
h
I
-
cu
l
-
n
M
4
cu
m
II
0
0
3
U
dW
Fi-we 4.9 Average Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different
Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities Subjected to El Centro Record; m, = 0,
6, = 0.04, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1; AF averaged over period range TI1
= 0.1 to 0.5 sec.
B416
dW
Figure 4.10 Average Value of Maximum Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different Slenderness
Ratios and Wall Hexibilities Subjected to El Centro Record; m, = 0,6, = 0, v = 1/3
and 6 = 0.1; base shear averaged over period range T11=0.1 to 0.5 sec.
B4-17
0-
II
rn3
0-
II
E'
24
m
I1
*
*
Fu
-c3
9
0
2
El
.
r
a0
cu
9
.-E:
vl
3
vl
cu
vl
E4
T-
22
*
*
Fu
-c3
.
r
cu
0
0
B4-18
-All Terms Considered
- - - First Term Only Considered
1.5
mX,
0.5
0.02
I I I 1 1 1 1
0.1
I I I I111
Figure 4.12 Maximum Values of Base Shear in Wall of Tanks with Different Rexibilities
Computed Using One and Many Vertical Modes of Vibration; Systems with
/R= 1, m, = 0,6, = 0,v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1 subjected to El Centro Record.
B4-19
0.8
0.6
h
H
0.2
I I I1111
I I I1111
Figure 4.13 Normalized Effective Heights of Tanks of Different Wall Flexibilities Subjected to
El Centro Record; WR = 1, m, = 0,6, = 0,v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1.
0.25-
dW
Figure 4.14
Effective Wall Mass for Statically Excited Tanks of Different Slenderness Ratios
and Wall Flexibilities; 6 , = 0, v = 1/3 and 6 = 0.1.
.B4-21
SECTION 5
FOUNDATIONFORCES
As for rigid tanks, the maximum shearing force transmitted to the foundation of a flexible tank, ,
and the corresponding moment, M ,can most effectively be computed from the inertial forces acting
on the tank and the contained material. To a reasonable degree of approximation, these forces may be
expressed as
Mmax =
1
--(m
2
+ m,)XgH(AF)
(26)
where the amplification factor AF may be taken equal to that reported for the base shear in the tank
wall. More precise expressions may be determined by evaluating the integrals defined by equations
(54)and (55) of Part A and superimposing the effects of the wall inertia forces defined by (22b) and
(23b).
B5-1
SECTION 6
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF RESPONSES
OF SOLID- AND LIQUID-CONTAINING TANKS
In assessing the interrelationshipof the responses of tanks containing a solid or a liquid, it is important
that the following properties of the two materials be kept in mind:
1. Possessing no shearing resistance, an inviscid liquid transmits its horizontal inertia forces
directly to the wall. By contrast, a portion of the inertia forces for a solid-containing tank is transmitted by horizontal shearing action to the base.
2. With the liquid being for all practical purposes incompressible, the impulsive component of the
liquid mass acts as if it were rigidly attracted to the tank wall and experiences the same motion as
the wall. By contrast, a solid acts as a multi-degree-of-freedom elastic medium with its own natural frequencies and modes, and, depending on the relationship of its properties and the characteristics of the forcing function, it may amplify or deamplify the wall motion.
3. In a tank for which the upper surface of the contained liquid is rigidly capped, the entire mass of
the liquid acts impulsively as a rigidly attached body. However, for a liquid with a free upper surface, only a fraction of the contained mass acts impulsively; the remaining part, known as the
convective component, experiences rocking or sloshing motions. The convective component may
be quite substantial for broad, shallow tanks. There is, of course, no counterpart of this convective or sloshing action in a solid-containing tank.
c
For a liquid-containing rigid tank, the instantaneous value of the total wall force or base shear, Qb(t) ,
may be expressed as
where mi = the impulsive component of the contained mass, mcn = the nth convective component,
and Acn(t) = the instantaneous pseudoacceleration of the latter component. The sum of mi and all
mcn is equal to the total liquid mass m.
For representative earthquake ground motions and for tanks of the proportions normally encountered
in practice, the maximum values of the pseudoacceleration Acn(t) are substantially smaller than the
maximum ground acceleration Xg,with the result that the contribution of the convective components
is for most practical purposes negligible. Within.the bounds of this approximation, the maximum val-
B6-1
ues of the base shear for rigid tanks containing either a solid or liquid may be expressed as
where me = the effective mass of the contained material (mi for a liquid-containing tank), and AF =
an appropriate amplification or deamplification factor.
The values of me normalized with respect to the total contained mass rn are plotted in Fig. 6.1 as a
function of the slenderness ratio H/R for both liquid- and solid-containing tanks. The elastic solid in
these solutions is presumed to be bonded to the base and the tank wall, and its Poisson's ratio
v =1/3 . It is observed that the effective mass of a solid-containing tank is larger than that of the
same tank containing a liquid of the same total mass. Considering that a portion of the inertia forces
for the solid gets transferred by horizontal shearing action to the base and that a liquid does not possess such capacity, the 1,argereffective mass for the solid-containing system may be surprising. It must
be recalled, however, that only the impulsive component of the liquid mass is considered in this comparison and that there is no counterpart of the convective or sloshing component for a solid.
The normal and circumferential stresses induced by the solid on the wall increase from the base to the
top as indicated in Fig. 4.3,while the impulsive normal pressures induced by the liquid increase from
zero at the top to a maximum at the base. The normalized values of the height h to the centroid of
these pressures for the two materials are compared Fig. 6.1. The solid in these like all other solutions
presented is presumed to be bonded to the wall.
For an incompressible liquid, the amplification factor AF in (28) is unity, whereas for a compressible
elastic solid it may have the much larger values identified in Fig. 4.9 of Part A. Considering that the
effective mass me for a solid-containing system is also greater than for the liquid-containing system,
it should be clear that the dynamic wall pressures and associated forces induced by the solid may be
substantially larger that those induced by a liquid of the same density. This conclusion, however, is
limited to rigid tanks.
For flexible tanks, the interrelationship of the critical responses of solid- and liquid-containing systems is considerably more involved, and its precise definition requires further study. However, the following qualitative conclusions may be drawn by assuming, as it is reasonable to do, that (28) also
approximates the response of flexible tanks.
For liquid-containing flexible tanks, the effective mass me is effectively equal to or only somewhat
smaller than that for the corresponding rigid tanks, while the amplification factor AF may be substantially larger than the unit value applicable to rigid tanks. By contrast, for solid-containing flexible
tanks, not only is the effective mass significantly smaller than for the corresponding rigid tanks (see
Fig. 4.1), but the AF, as demonstrated in Fig. 4.8,is of the same order of magnitude or substantially
B6-2
higher than for the corresponding rigid tanks. Because of these opposing effects on the values of me
and AE the critical responses of the solid-containing systems may be higher than, equal to, or lower
than those induced in tanks of the same dimensions by liquids of the same density. The following
more specific predictions can also be made:
1. For tall, slender tanks with low to moderate wall flexibilities, the effective damping of the
retained material in a solid-containing tank is quite low and so is its ability to transmit the resulting inertial forces by horizontal shearing action to the base. The critical responses of such tanks
are not likely to be much different from those induced by a liquid of the same mass density.
2. For shallow, broad tanks of moderate to high wall flexibilities, on the other hand, both the effective damping and the shearing resistance of the retained medium in solid-containing tanks are
quite high, with the result that the critical responses of such tanks are likely to be smaller than
those of the corresponding liquid-containing tanks.
B6-3
1.o.
0.8 -
0.6
0.4
0.2 -
0.
-Solid
- - - Liquid
/
/
/
/
1
H/R
Figure 6.1 Normalized Values of Effective Mass and Effective Height for Solid- and LiquidContaining Rigid Tanks; m, = 0, solid with v = 1/3.
B6-4
SECTION 7
CONCLUSIONS
Following are some of the more important conclusions of this study.
1. The relatively simple method of analysis presented is believed to define with good accuracy the
effects of wall flexibility on the critical dynamic responses of horizontally excited, solid-containing cylindrical tanks. The method is expected to be particularly reliable for relatively broad systems with ratios of content-height to tank-radius of the order of unity or less.
2.
By decreasing the horizontal extensional stiffness of the retained material relative to its shearing
stiffness, the flexibility of the wall reduces the proportion of the inertia forces transmitted to it by
extensional action and increases the proportion transmitted to the base by horizontal shearing
action. The flexibility of the wall also decreases the effective damping of the retained medium,
and this reduction tends to increase the amplification factor of dynamic response. With the
exception of rather tall,slender systems with low to moderate wall flexibilities, for which both
the shearing capacity and effective damping of the retained material are quite low, the net effect
of wall flexibility is a reduction in peak response. This result is in sharp contrast with that
obtained for liquid-containing tanks, for which the effect of wall flexibility is to increase rather
than decrease the response.
3. For rigid tanks,the critical responses of solid-containing tanks are generally substantially larger
than those of in tanks storing a liquid of the same mass density, but for flexible tanks, particularly
broad tanks of high wall flexibility, the opposite is likely to be true.
4. The comprehensive numerical data presented and the analysis of these data provide not only
valuable insights into the effects and relative importance of the numerous parameters involved,
but also a conceptual framework for the analysis and interpretation of the solutions for more
involved systems as well.
B7-1
SECTION 8
REFERENCES
Rotter, J. M., and Hull, T. S. (1989). Wall loads is squat steel silos during earthquakes. Engineering
Structures, 11, 139-147.
B8-1

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BNL- 52526

A. S. Veletsos, A. H. Younan and K. Bandyopadhyay

OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Portions of this document mag be illegible

PART A RIGID TANKS

4.3 SeismicEffects ....................................................

PART B.FLEXIBLE TANKS

6 INTERRELATIONSHIPOF RESPONSES OF SOLID- AND LIQUID-CONTAINING

PART A. RIGID TANKS

4.1 Heightwise Variations of 'Static' Values of Normal and Circumferential Stresses

PART B. FLEXIBLE TANKS

Heightwise Variations of Static Values of Normal Wall Pressures Induced in Tanks

Maximum Amplification Factors for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically Excited

4.7 Normalized Values of Absolute Maximum Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically

Excited Tanks with Different Slenderness Ratios and Wall Flexibilities;

4.13 Normalized Effective Heights of Tanks of Different Wall Flexibilities Subjected

PART A. RIGID TANKS

VaIues of Factors ym , a, and Bm in Expressions for Natural Frequencies and

PART B. I?LEXIBLE TANKS

Following are the principal conclusions of the study:

PART A. RIGID TANKS

Fig. 2.1 System Considered

where i = A.The radial and circumferential normal stress components or and

and a smooth interface, for which

3.2 Harmonic Response

the displacement amplitudes U and V may be expressed similarly as

ordinary differential equations in U, and V, . These equations may be decoupled by expressing U,

= the shear wave velocity for the medium; and

whereas for the smooth interface defined by (12) and (14),

Dvnamic Wall Pressures and Shearing.Stresses

and for a smooth interface, they are given by

where m = 'II: pR2H = the total mass of the contained solid.

WALL PRESSURES AND FORCES

and the corresponding circumferential shearing stress reduces to

and Vm(c) are functions of the

4.3 Seismic Effects

.For H/R = 0.3, T,, z 0.04 to 0.84 sec.

Values of Factors ym , A, and Bm in Expressions for Natural Frequencies

Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Maximum Static Values of Normal Pressure

Effect of Slenderness Ratio, WR, on Static Vdue of Base Shear in Tank

All Terms Considered

Frequency Response Curves for Amplification Factors of Base Shear in Wall of

Maximum Amplification Factor for Base Shear in Wall of Harmonically

Normalized Effective Heights of Systems Subjected to El Centro Ground

in which m, = the total mass of the tank wall.

Inasmuch as the values of a

and that for a smooth interface becomes

PART B. FLEXIBLE TANKS

3.1 Harmonic Response

and the corresponding tank wall displacement, uw,may be expressed as

where U: are constants that remain to be determined.

The radial or normal pressures or and the circumferential shearing stresses

and the contained material, given by

d, is a dimensionless measure of the wall flexibility, defined by

Qr(t) = -2nRtWpwJ(Uw + Xg)Hdq

which, on making use of (3), (6) and (12), reduce to

CRITICAL RESPONSES OF SYSTEM

Contribution of Higher Modes of Vibration