A.

9
Lip-synching (lip synchronization) this is a terminology for
matching and creating the illusion that you are singing a prerecorded song whilst just moving your lips with the harmony. Lipsynching may be used in different ways and techniques regarding
live performances and audio-visual recordings such as music videos.
Lip-synching is used in music videos and live performances to create
a vocal effect that the artists have substantial and amazing singing
abilities whilst performing unique and excellent music videos, which
represents the narrative of the song. Although lip-synching may be
used frequently in many music videos and live performances, it is
used throughout the live performance on the Saturday night live
show by famous and talented singer Ashlee Simpson. She was lipsynching to cover deficiencies in their voice at live performances.
Therefore she lips synching to avoid singing out of tune. An example
of lip-synching within music videos is Katy Perrys fireworks. Within
this music videos the lead singer, consistently matched her lips with
the soundtrack and harmony to create the illusion that she is
actually singing. This was done to reduce and minimalize the singing
errors, which can be done by singing, live.
Katy Perrys music
video of the song
Fireworks

Ashlee
Simpsons live
performance at
the Saturday

Cutting to the beat is a video editing technique done by

eliminating and reducing certain areas of the song. This is then done
to create rhythm and momentum in the beat, which allows the song

to sound pleasurable and have some flow. The areas of the song,
which is cut, are the extra pieces of rhythmic sounds, which is not
needed or pieces of sound that decreases and slows down the pace
of the song. An example of this video technique being used within
music videos is in the artists song and music video, kanye west
gold-digger. I know this because elements of the sound and beat
was cropped and sped up when the chorus was starting to kick in.
this was then done to carry on the momentum and speed of the
song whilst maintaining the rhythmic sound and beat.
Kanye
wests
music
video,
golddigger

Visual effects are the processes by which imagery is created

and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shot. It is
consistently used in music videos and films. Visual effects are used
to emphasize or illustrate emotion. It is also used to create extra or
additional pieces of imagery that enhances and creates inspiration
in the viewer. Visual effects are heavily used in music videos such as
jar of hearts. I know this because when the artist comes near the
screen the lenses of the camera becomes blurred and covered with
smoke. These visual effects then create imagery and enhance
inference as the smoke and burled lens could illustrate a toxic soul
and being, as nothing is cleansed or pleasant around her. The
manipulated shots, which are taken out of context to create
imagery, are visual effects.

Christian
perris music
video jar of
hearts.

Reverse shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character

is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then
the other character is shown looking back at the first character. This
is usually used in movies and music videos. This editing technique
is done to enhance a sense of location and allow the viewers to
understand the different perspectives and perceptions within a
conversation. This is simply done by camera angles moving across
the upper shoulder of each character or actor. An example of this
being used in movies is the wolf of Wall Street. I know this because
when the main actor, Jordan Belfort is having lunch with one of the
highest stockbrokers. The camera consistently and quickly moves
into a reverse shot to allow the viewers to almost feel as if they
were in the conversation and at the location of the scene.
Lunch scene in
the film wolf of
Wall Street

Multi image is the now largely obsolete practice and business of

using 35 mm slides projected by single or multiple slide projectors
onto one or more screens in synchronization with an audio voiceover or music track. This piece of editing creates a defect of sight in
which one object is perceived as many images. The reason why the
use of this technique can vary, one of the main reasons why this
editing technique is applied to music videos or films is to squeeze
and force all the clips created into one averaged sized clip. An
example of this being used in a music video is Eminems song
without me. I know this because several and multiple images and
clips of the artist dressed in different costumes have been squeezed
into one music video. This has been used to emphasise the many
different inspirations that Eminem has taken to create such a
masterpiece.

Eminems song
without me

The 180 rule is a cinematography guideline that states that two

characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right
relationship to one another. When the camera passes over the
invisible axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the
line and the shot becomes what is called a reverse angle. This is
used to create realistic scene, which does not look like a pre- edited
piece of clip. Almost creating a present live video. Although this
piece of editing is widely used in the filming community, it is
frequently used in the movie wolf of Wall Street. I know this because
in a dialogue scene between the two characters, Jordan Belfort and
the main stockbroker, a straight line can be imagined running
between the two characters, and extending to infinity. If the camera
remains on one side of this line, the spatial relationship between the
two characters will be consistent from shot to shot.
A scene in
wolf of Wall
Street using
the 180%
degree rule

Chrome key is a special effects / post-production technique for

compositing (layering) two images or video streams together based
on colour hues. It is done to eradicate the background and only
show the object or individual nearest to the screen. The editing
technique relies on creating visual illusions and misconceptions on
the mixing of different colours. This piece of editing technique is
usually used to physically create a visual, which would not be
possible to do so with just props and machinery. It is used to turn
unrealistic scenes into reality, regarding visuals. An example of this
being used is in the movie titanic. As certain post production
techniques have been used to stimulate as if the boat was crashing.

This is the scene

were chrome key
effects have been
used to stimulate a
boat crashing and
sinking

cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by

inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always,
followed by a cut back to the first shot, when the cutaway avoids a
jump cut. The most common use of cutaway shots in dramatic films
is to adjust the pace of the main action, to conceal the deletion of
some unwanted part of the main shot, or to allow the joining of
parts of two versions of that shot. An example of this being used in a
film is in the titanic were cut away shots are used to emphasise the
dramatic collapse of the great, giant and massive boat. I know this
because when there is a sudden stop in the movement of the boat,
the camera quickly transitions into another shot type and
This is the first
shows the interior of the boat. Whilst highlighting the
wide shot of
reactions of the civilians inside.
the boat
sinking.

The shot type

then
immediately
cuts away into
another scene
inside the boat
where the boat
stats becoming
flooded

Parallel editing (cross cutting) is the technique of alternating two

or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different
locations. This is done to emphasis or dramatizes a build up of
tension or dilemma, which will later on become evident. An example
of this being used is in the movie, the silence of lamb. I know this
because whilst the Special Forces creep up on a criminal, many
other people continue there day to day life and buy there groceries.
This is then done to emphasize and signifies that although the
peoples day are going perfectly fine and normal, extreme situations
are taking place.
This is an
example of two
or more scenes
in a film, which
is happening
simultaneously
but at different
locations.
Matching on action refers to film editing and video editing
techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that
matches the first shot's action. A common example is a man
walking up to a door and reaching for the knob. This editing
technique is used to remove parts of the film, which does not fit the
narrative or action. This is also done to make the film look more
realistic and not pre edited as the consistent pauses and movement
within scenes in a film may give of an impression of an act rather
than real scenes. An example of this being used is in a music video
is in chief keefs, song Kobe. I know this because whilst the artist is
reciting his lyrics and opening the door at the same time, minimal
parts of the scene gets quickly cut of and chief keef ends up within
the vehicle. This was done to continuingly entertain the viewers
with the main parts of the song as the constant stop and start within

the music video may create the viewers to become bored quickly or
frustrated. Therefore this editing technique keeps the music video
precise.
Chief Keef music
video, Kobe

Montage is a technique in film editing in which a series of short

shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and
information. The reason why his piece of editing technique is used is
very similar to matching on action as this is used to make the film
sharp and precise to the narrative. Therefore certain actions needed
to be cut of to allow the viewers to stay focused on the narrative. An
example of this being used in a film is in the movie 300 as the film
uses montage to edit and condense many different fight scenes and
action into one clip.
This is the movie 300
which uses many
different montages
such as fast and slow
to condense all fight
scenes into one clip.

In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the

shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the cinematographer
instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting 'edit' is
therefore already complete when the film is developed. This piece of
editing technique is used to allow the editing to be more precise. It
is also used to reduce time spent on reanalyzing the film and editing
therefore creating efficacy. In camera editing has been used in films
such as breathless (1960) in camera edited by Alfred Hitchcock.

This film
(breathless) uses in
camera editing.