SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ DR.

MADHURI HOODA & ANKUR TYAGI (3058-3064)

PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF GENDER AND

RESIDEDNTIAL BACKGROUND
Madhuri Hooda1, Ph. D. & Ankur Tyagi2

Abstract
Relationship is that very connections that joins two or more people with each others. Among all the
relations, parent child relation is the most important and natural relation. In this paper the
investigator investigated the effect of parent child relationship on gender and residential background.
A sample of 400 students of Haryana state was considered for collecting the data sing Parent Child
Relationship Scale developed by Late Nalini Rai(2011).findings revealed that gender has significant
effect on parent child relationship whether residential background has no significant effect on parent
child relationship.

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The term parent-child relationship refers to the unique and enduring bond between a
caregiver and his or her child. To understand the parent-child relationship, we must look at
the ways that parents and children interact with one another physically, emotionally, and
socially.( study. com). The term parent child relationship refers to the unique and enduring
bond between caregiver and his/her child. The parent child relationship is defined as
combination of behaviour expectations, emotions and feelings which are unique to a
particular parent and a particular child's development.
Children learn so many skills, habits and verbal communication at home. Many moral values,
traditions and ethics are learnt at home which form a base for later social life of the children.
Family is a kind of mini society which is connected with other social institutions among
which school is the closer one where children receive formal education. In child's
achievements, parents and school have equal weight age. Moreover, so many personality
traits are acquired in the family, parents are the main members. Parents function as center of
affection and protection for children which are necessary for proper nurturing of children, if
deprived of both of the fundamental needs, they may develop some disorders during their
adolescence or youth stage while interacting with other people, they may lack self-confidence
and self esteem which affects academic achievement. Duty of parents does not end with the
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sending children to school. Although school's role in students' academic achievement cannot
be denied, but simultaneously parents' have equal role in their academic achievement.
Healthy parents-child relationships may encourage academic activities. Parents may
supervise and help their children in their studies by spending their time with children when
they do their studies, they can establish a report with children, children may feel some
difficulties while doing home work, parents can help them and provoke to solve problems.
Parent's assistance may contribute to their academic achievement. Parent child relationship is
positively correlated with academic achievement of the students. (Mo yun and Singh
Kusum,2008; Madana. M Guilford,1997). Sudy of Kalra,R and Pyari, A.(2004) also
supports that achievement of the students having favorable family climate as better than the
group of students having unfavorable family climate. It is observed that parents have better
parent child relation with the boys as compare to girls.(Chauhan, Seema,2013). On the other
hand study done by Rai, Subhana,2013 revealed the impact of family climate and parental
encouragement on academic. It was found that parental encouragement supported more to
females as compare to males. Female adolescents had higher parental encouragement. Female
adolescents had better family climate as compared to boys. Yadav, U. (2013) was found that
there exists significant difference in mean achievement scores of high parental
encouragement group and low parental encouragement group of boys, girls and total students
but no significant difference is shown in mean achievement scores of similar (high and low)
parental encouragement groups of boys and girls. After review the previous literature the
researcher investigated the effect of gender and residential background on parent child
relation of adolescent students of Haryana State.
Objectives of the study
1. To study Parent-Child Relationship of senior secondary students.
2. To find out main and interaction effect of gender and residential background on Parents
Child Relationship of senior secondary students.
Hypothesis of the study:
1. There will be no significant effect of gender on Parents Child Relationship of senior
secondary students.
2. There will be no significant effect of residential background on Parents Child
Relationship of senior secondary students.
3. There will be no significant interaction effect of gender and residential background on
Parents Child Relationship of senior secondary students.

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Research design
To study the main and interaction effect of gender and region on parents child relationship 2
x 2 factorial design was employed.
Population and Sample of the study
Students of Xth class of Haryana state studying in session 2014-15 comprised the population
of the study. Stratified multistage random sampling was used in selecting the units for the
study. In the First stage 4 districts from the four division of Haryana were selected. Sonepat
was selected from Rohtak division, Sirsa was selected from Hisar division, Gurgaon was
selected from Gurgaon Division and Panckula was selected from Ambala division.
In order to attain a reasonable stratification, 10 schools whereas 5 schools from rural area and
5 schools from urban area were randomly selected as is presented in the diagram below :
Sample of the Study
Samples

Sonepat

Sirsa

Gurgaon

Panchkul
a

10
Schools

10
Schools

10
Schools

10
Schools

5 Urban

5 Rural

5 Urban

5 Rural

5 Urban

5 Rural

5 Urban

5 Rural

Measuring Instrument
Parent child relationship scale developed by Nalini Rao (2007) was used to collect the data.
Variables:
Independent variable: Parent child relation
Demographic variables: gender and residential background.
Statistical techniques used:
Descriptive Statistic Mean, SD and percentage were worked out to describe the nature of
the data. 2 way ANOVA was employed to see the effect of gender and residential background
on Parent child relationship.
Analysis and Interpretations
Obtained data was analysed by using appropriate techniques. Results and findings are
presented in following tables and graph
Distribution of Parent Child Relationship in Various Groups of Data:
Concern objective of the study:
O1.To study Parents Child Relationship of Senior Secondary Students.

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In the light of above objective, following data has been analyzed as given in the Table 1
which provides a clear picture about the prevailing of Parents Child Relationship scores in
various groups of the sample.
Table 1 Mean and S.D. of various groups of data on Parent Child Relationship
Variables
Gender
Locality
Gender
Locality

Group

Mean

S.D.

Male
Female
Urban
Rural
Urban Male
Urban Female
Rural Male
Rural Female

200
200
200
200

609.84
608.77
616.46
602.15
619.20
613.72
600.48
603.82

41.05
45.13
42.50
42.58
38.43
46.24
41.05
43.69

100
100
100
100

It is evident from Table 1 that the parents child relationships in male and female groups are
approximately same obtaining Mean 609.84 and 608.15 with S.D. 41.05 and S.D. 45.13
respectively which indicates that male and female subjects enjoy the equal relationship with
their parents. Further, the urban subject have scored better on Parent child relationship
(Mean 616.16) as compared to rural counterparts (Mean 602.15) which indicates that urban
subjects have better relationships as compared to rural subject with their parents.
Further it is observed from the above table that rural male have the lowest mean
score(600.48) on parent child relationship scale while urban male enjoys the highest
score(619.20) on parent child relationship scale. It can be depicted from the bar diagram
below:
Fig- 1 Mean and S.D. of various groups of data on Parent Child Relationship
Mean and S.D. of various groups of data
Mean

609.84 608.15 616.46 602.15

41.05

Male

45.13

42.5

Female Urban

42.58

Rural

S.D.

619.2

38.43

613.72 600.48 603.82

46.24

Urban Urban
Male Female

43.69

41.05

Rural
Male

Rural
Female

Effect of Gender and Residential Background on Parents Child Relationship:

Concerned objective
O2 :- To find out main and interaction effect of Gender and Residential Background on
Parents child relationship of senior secondary students.
In the light of the above said objective three hypotheses were formulated by the researcher:-

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H1 There will be no significant effect of Gender on parents child relationship of senior

secondary Students.
H2 There will be no significant effect of Residential Background on Parents Child
Relationship of senior secondary students.
H3 There will be no significant interaction effect of Gender and Residential Background on
Parents Child Relationship of senior secondary students.
To verify the concerned hypothesis the Two Way ANOVA table 2 has been analyzed and
interpreted as given below:Table No. 2 2x2 ANOVA summary for the effect of Gender and Residential Background
on Parent Child Relationship
Source

Dependent Variable : PCR score

Type III df
Mean Square
Sum of
Squares
114.49
1
114.49
20477.61 1
20477.61

Gender
Residential
Background
Gender
* 1944.81
Residential
Background

1944.81

Sig.

.063
11.290

No
.01

1.072

No

Effect of Gender on Parent Child Relationship

Above table 2 reveals that the calculated F value (.063) is less than the table value at both the
levels of significance i.e. .05 & .01 at of 1/399. Hence the null hypothesis, There will be no
significant effect of Gender on parents child relationship of senior secondary Students. is
retained. It indicates that Gender has no effect on PCR.
Effect of Residential Background on Parents child relationship
From the Table No.2 the F value (11.290) related to effect of Residential Background was
found significant at .01 level of significance (df 1/399). Thus, it rejects the null hypothesis
that

`There will be no significant effect of Residential Background on parent child

relationship of sr. secondary students'. Hence it may conclude that there exists are significant
effect of Residential Background on Parent Child relationship
Interaction effect of Gender and Residential Background on Parent Child Relationship:
It may be clearly observed through the table no. 2 that the interaction of Gender and
Residential Backgrounds is not significant at any level of significance i.e. .01 level and .05
level of significance (df 1/399) with f-value 1.072. Thus it retains the null hypothesis that
"There will be no significant interaction effect of Gender and Residential Background on
parent child relationship of Sr. Sec. Students". Hence it is accepted that a particular
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combination of Gender and Residential Background does not affect Parent Child
Relationship. This is further interpreted in Table 3:
Table 3 Interaction effect of Gender and Residential Background on Parent-Child
Relationship
Sub- groups /
Level
of
variables
Urban Male
Urban female
Rural Male
Rural Female

Mean

SD

100
100
100
100

619.20
613.72
600.48
603.82

38.438
46.242
41.053
43.659

F Value Level
of
Significance

1.072

No

Above table 3 reveals that the calculated F value (1.072), for the interaction effect of Gender
and Residential Background on Parent Child Relationship is lower than the table value.
Hence it is concluded that a particular combination of Gender and Residential Background
does not affect Parent Child Relationship. Though, there is little variations on the mean and
SD scores on Parent Child Relations as shown in Table 6 but it is not significant.
Main findings of the study:
Female subjects were found to obtain slightly higher score on parents-child relationship
scale.
No significant effect of residential background was found one parents child relationship in
the present study.
Urban subjects were found to obtain low score on parents child relationship scale when
compared to their rural counterparts, but difference was not significant.
Male/Female and urban/rural, all the groups were found to enjoy equal parents child
relationship.
Educational Implications
The present study has valuable implications for educationists, policy planners, curriculum
developers, teachers, parents and school authorities. Results of study can be utilized for
devising new models and strategies of teaching-learning. Teacher should create such
programs that enhance parental involvement. Such types of programmes may be organized
where the children and their parents may participate together. It boosts the parent child
relationship which improves the academic achievement of the students. Parents should
consult counselors for the adjustment problems of the students. In educational curriculum
also, provision of counselor for the guidance of the students should be there.

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References
MO Yun and Singh Kusum, (2008). Parents' Relationship and Involvement : Effects on Student's
School Engagement and Performance. RMLE online Vol. 31 No. 10.
Chauhan, Seema (2013). A Study of family relationship in relation to study habits and academic
achievement Ph.D. Thesis. Bundelkhand University.
Trivedi, Vineeta (1988) A study of the relationship of parental attitude, socio-economic background
and the feeling of security among the intermediate students and their academic achievement.
Ph.D. Edu. Uni. of Lucknow Vth survey of Ednal Survey Page No. 1927

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