Linear Equations in Two Variables: Quick Reference Sheets, STD X 1

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Quick Reference Sheets, STD X

Linear Equations in Two Variables


The general form of a linear equation in two variables x and y is ax + by + c = 0, here
a 6= 0, b 6= 0
Solution of such equations by Determinants method
ax + by = e
cx + dy = f
(i) x =

Dx
D


a
1. D =
c

e
2. Dx =
f

a
3. Dy =
c

(ii) y =

b
d

b
d

e
f

Dy
D

where

= adbc
= edb f
= a f ec

HCF and LCM of Polynomials


An algebraic expression of the type a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an1 x n1 + an x n is called a
polynomial if
(i) a0 , a1 , a2 an1 , an are real numbers.
(ii) n is an integer which 0.
Test for divisibility
1. Test for ( x 1):
( x 1) is a factor of polynomial in x if sum (addition) of all the coefficient of the
polynomial is zero
2. Test for ( x + 1):
( x + 1) is a factor of polynomial in x if sum (addition) of all the coefficient in even
power of x is equal to sum (addition) of all the coefficient in odd power of x
Relationship between HCF & LCM
If there are two polynomial say p( x ) and q( x ) then
LCM of { p( x ) and q( x )}

HCF of { p( x ) and q( x )} = p( x ) q( x )

Rational Algebraic Expressions


We know that a number of the form
p( x )
qx

m
n

where n 6= 0 is called a rational number.

An expression of the form


where p( x ), q( x ) are polynomials and q( x ) 6= 0, is called
rational expression or rational algebraic expression
Suppose p( x ), q( x ) and r ( x ) are the polynomials and q( x ) 6= 0, r ( x ) 6= 0 then
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p( x ) r ( x ) p( x )
=
q( x ) r ( x ) q( x )


p( x )
p( x ) p( x )
p( x )
(ii)
=
=
=
q( x )
q( x )
q( x )
q( x )
(i)

Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions


(When denominators are equal)

Let

p( x ) r ( x )
&
be any two rational expressions then:
q( x ) q( x )
1.

p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) + r ( x )
+
=
q( x ) q( x )
q( x )

2.

p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) r ( x )
=
q( x ) q( x )
q( x )

Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions


(When denominators are unequal)

Let

p( x ) r ( x )
&
be any two rational expressions then:
q( x ) s( x )
1.

p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) s( x ) + r ( x ) q( x )
+
=
q( x ) s( x )
q( x ) s( x )

2.

p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) s( x ) r ( x ) q( x )

=
q( x ) s( x )
q( x ) s( x )

Multiplication of Rational Expressions


If ba and dc are two rational numbers, then we we know that their product is given by
similarly, if

p( x )
q( x )

and

r(x)
s( x )

a
b

c
d

ac
bd

are the two rational expression there product is given by


p( x ) r ( x )
p( x ) r ( x )

=
q( x )
s( x )
q( x ) s( x )

Division of Rational Expression


p( x ) r ( x )
Let
,
be the two rational expressions such that r ( x ) 6= is non-zero rational expression
q( x ) s( x )
then we have
p( x ) r ( x )
p( x ) s( x )
p( x ) s( x )

=
q( x )
s( x )
q( x )
r(x)
q( x ) r ( x )

Quadratic Equations
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a , b , c are real number and
a 6= 0
Solution by perfect square method
1. Make sure the coefficient of variable with index 2 is 1 (eg. 5x2 4x 2 = 0, here the
coefficient is 5 for x2 hence first we shall divide both side by 5)
2
2. Find the 3rd term with formula Third term= 12 coefficient of x
3. Add third term on both the side

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Quick Reference Sheets, STD X

Solution by formula method


Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation, where where a , b , c are real numbers and a 6= 0
then solution by formula method is given by

b b2 4ac
x=
2a
Case1: b2 4ac = 0 i.e b2 = 4ac
x=
Case2: b2 4ac > 0

b
2a

x=

b
, both the roots are equal
2a

i.e b2 > 4ac then the equation has two distinct roots

b + b2 4ac
b b2 4ac
x=
, x=
2a
2a

Case3: b2 4ac < 0 then


have any real roots

b2 4ac is not a real number and hence quadratic equation cannot

Imp. Result
1.

x2

1
+ 2 =
x

1
=
x2

2. x2 +

1
x+
x

2

1
x

2

2
+2

Arithmetic Progressions(AP)
General form of the AP
t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . .
(i) t is the first term
(ii) d is common difference
nth term of an AP t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . . is given by
t n = t + ( n 1) d
1)
2)
3)
4)

tn is nth term
t is the first term
n is the number of terms in an AP
d is the common difference between the successive terms of an AP

Sum of the first n terms of an AP


Let a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . be an AP with n number of terms
a denote first term.
tn denote last term of AP.
d denotes the common difference.
Let us denote sum up to n terms by Sn , we have
1. Sn =

n
( a + tn )
2

2. tn = a + (n 1)d
Sn =

i
nh
2a + (n 1)d
2

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Quick Reference Sheets, STD X

Probability
Probability of an event
probability of an event A, written as P( A), is defined as
of outcomes favorable to A
P( A) = Number
Total number of possible outcomes
probability of an impossible event is 0
probability of a sure event is 1.
Probability of any event will lie between 0 and 1.
In general for any event A, we have
1. P( A) = 1 P( A0 )
2. P( A) + P( A0 ) = 1
3. P( A) = 1 P( A)
Note: P( A0 ) denotes probability of not happening of an event A

Statistics
Mean of Raw Data
Mean of the values x1 , x2 , x3 . . . , xn is denoted by x and is given by
x1 + x2 + x3 + x n
1 n
= xi
n
n i =1

x =

Assumed Mean Method for Calculating the Mean


A is an arbitrary constant(usually A is chosen some where in the middle part of the given value)
A is also called assumed mean. di =The reduced value, di = xi A and is called deviation of xi
from A
n

d =

f i di

i =1
n

&

Mean = x = A + d

fi

i =1

Mean of Grouped Data


n

1. Direct method x =

f i xi

i =1
n

fi

i =1

2. Assumed mean method x = A + d


3. Step-deviation method x = A + h.d
(h is the width of the class intervals)
Median
Formula for computing Median from grouped data
Median = L +

N
2

c. f .
h
f

1) L is lower boundary of a median class


2) N is total frequency
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Quick Reference Sheets, STD X

3) c. f is cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class


4) f is frequency of the median class
5) h is width of the median class
Mode
Formula for computing Mode from grouped data


fm f1
Mode = L +
h
2 fm f1 f2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

L is lower boundary of a modal class


f m is frequency of the modal class
f 1 is frequency of the class coming before the modal class
f 2 is frequency of the class coming after the modal class
h is width of the modal class

Similarity
Ratio of the areas of two triangles
Let A1 and A2 be the areas, b1 , b2 be the bases and h1 , h2 be the heights of any two 40 s Then the
ratio of there area is given as
1.

A1
b h1
= 1
A2
b2 h2

2.

A1
b
= 1 , if heights of two 40 s are equal
A2
b2

3.

h
A1
= 1 , if bases of two 40 s are equal
A2
h2

Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle
sin

opposite side of the angle


hypotenuse

cosec

hypotenuse
opposite side of the angle

cos

adjacent side of the angle


hypotenuse

sec

hypotenuse
adjacent side of the angle

tan

opposite side of the angle


adjacent side of the angle

cot

adjacent side of the angle


opposite side of the angle

M. of 6 s
Ratios of 6 s

30

45

sin

cos

1
2
1
2

tan

cosec

ND

1
2
3
2
1
3

sec

cot

ND

2
2
3

60

90

3
2
1
2

1
0
ND

2
3

ND

1
3

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Trigonometric Identities
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 = sec2
3. 1 + cot2 = cosec2
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
1. sin(90 ) = cos
2. cos(90 ) = sin
3. tan(90 ) = cot
4. cot(90 ) = tan
5. cosec(90 ) = sec
6. sec(90 ) = cosec

Surface Areas & Volumes


1. Cuboid

l is the length, b is the breadth, h is the height

(a) Curved Surface Area = 2h(l + b)


(b) Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl )
(c) Volume = lbh
2. Cube

a is measure the side of the cube

(a) Curved Surface Area = 4a2


(b) Total Surface Area = 6a2
(c) Volume = a3
3. Right circular cylinder

r is radius of the base, h is the height

(a) Curved Surface Area = 2rh


(b) Total Surface Area = 2r (h + r )
(c) Volume = r2 h
4. Cone

r is radius of the base, h is the height, l is the slant height

(a) Curved Surface Area = rl


(b) Total Surface Area = 2r (l + r )
(c) Volume = 31 r2 h
(d) By Pythagoras theorem
5. Sphere

l 2 = h2 + r 2

r is the radius

(a) Surface Area = 4r2


(b) Volume = 43 r3
6. Hemisphere

r is the radius

(a) Surface Area = 2r2


(b) Volume = 32 r3
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Coordinate Geometry
1. Distance between any two points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 )
q
PQ = ( x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
2. Distance between a point P( x, y) and origin O(0, 0)
q
q
2
2
PO = ( x 0) + (y 0) = x2 + y2
3. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )
internally in the ratio m : n are given by section formula

P

mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1


,
m+n
m+n

(1)

Special Case
(a) The mid-point of the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) divides
the line-segment in the ratio 1 : 1. Hence, putting m = 1 and n = 1 in equation (??)


x1 + x2 y1 + y2
P
,
(2)
m+n
m+n
4. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )
externally in the ratio m : n are given by


mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
,
P
m+n
m+n
5. A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the coordinates of the vertices of a 4 ABC and G ( x, y)
is the centroid of the triangle


x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G
,
3
3

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