Linear Equations in Two Variables: Quick Reference Sheets, STD X 1
Linear Equations in Two Variables: Quick Reference Sheets, STD X 1
Linear Equations in Two Variables: Quick Reference Sheets, STD X 1
Dx
D
a
1. D =
c
e
2. Dx =
f
a
3. Dy =
c
(ii) y =
b
d
b
d
e
f
Dy
D
where
= adbc
= edb f
= a f ec
HCF of { p( x ) and q( x )} = p( x ) q( x )
m
n
p( x ) r ( x ) p( x )
=
q( x ) r ( x ) q( x )
p( x )
p( x ) p( x )
p( x )
(ii)
=
=
=
q( x )
q( x )
q( x )
q( x )
(i)
Let
p( x ) r ( x )
&
be any two rational expressions then:
q( x ) q( x )
1.
p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) + r ( x )
+
=
q( x ) q( x )
q( x )
2.
p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) r ( x )
=
q( x ) q( x )
q( x )
Let
p( x ) r ( x )
&
be any two rational expressions then:
q( x ) s( x )
1.
p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) s( x ) + r ( x ) q( x )
+
=
q( x ) s( x )
q( x ) s( x )
2.
p( x ) r ( x ) p( x ) s( x ) r ( x ) q( x )
=
q( x ) s( x )
q( x ) s( x )
p( x )
q( x )
and
r(x)
s( x )
a
b
c
d
ac
bd
=
q( x )
s( x )
q( x ) s( x )
=
q( x )
s( x )
q( x )
r(x)
q( x ) r ( x )
Quadratic Equations
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a , b , c are real number and
a 6= 0
Solution by perfect square method
1. Make sure the coefficient of variable with index 2 is 1 (eg. 5x2 4x 2 = 0, here the
coefficient is 5 for x2 hence first we shall divide both side by 5)
2
2. Find the 3rd term with formula Third term= 12 coefficient of x
3. Add third term on both the side
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b b2 4ac
x=
2a
Case1: b2 4ac = 0 i.e b2 = 4ac
x=
Case2: b2 4ac > 0
b
2a
x=
b
, both the roots are equal
2a
i.e b2 > 4ac then the equation has two distinct roots
b + b2 4ac
b b2 4ac
x=
, x=
2a
2a
Imp. Result
1.
x2
1
+ 2 =
x
1
=
x2
2. x2 +
1
x+
x
2
1
x
2
2
+2
Arithmetic Progressions(AP)
General form of the AP
t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . .
(i) t is the first term
(ii) d is common difference
nth term of an AP t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . . is given by
t n = t + ( n 1) d
1)
2)
3)
4)
tn is nth term
t is the first term
n is the number of terms in an AP
d is the common difference between the successive terms of an AP
n
( a + tn )
2
2. tn = a + (n 1)d
Sn =
i
nh
2a + (n 1)d
2
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Probability
Probability of an event
probability of an event A, written as P( A), is defined as
of outcomes favorable to A
P( A) = Number
Total number of possible outcomes
probability of an impossible event is 0
probability of a sure event is 1.
Probability of any event will lie between 0 and 1.
In general for any event A, we have
1. P( A) = 1 P( A0 )
2. P( A) + P( A0 ) = 1
3. P( A) = 1 P( A)
Note: P( A0 ) denotes probability of not happening of an event A
Statistics
Mean of Raw Data
Mean of the values x1 , x2 , x3 . . . , xn is denoted by x and is given by
x1 + x2 + x3 + x n
1 n
= xi
n
n i =1
x =
d =
f i di
i =1
n
&
Mean = x = A + d
fi
i =1
1. Direct method x =
f i xi
i =1
n
fi
i =1
N
2
c. f .
h
f
Similarity
Ratio of the areas of two triangles
Let A1 and A2 be the areas, b1 , b2 be the bases and h1 , h2 be the heights of any two 40 s Then the
ratio of there area is given as
1.
A1
b h1
= 1
A2
b2 h2
2.
A1
b
= 1 , if heights of two 40 s are equal
A2
b2
3.
h
A1
= 1 , if bases of two 40 s are equal
A2
h2
Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle
sin
cosec
hypotenuse
opposite side of the angle
cos
sec
hypotenuse
adjacent side of the angle
tan
cot
M. of 6 s
Ratios of 6 s
30
45
sin
cos
1
2
1
2
tan
cosec
ND
1
2
3
2
1
3
sec
cot
ND
2
2
3
60
90
3
2
1
2
1
0
ND
2
3
ND
1
3
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Trigonometric Identities
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 = sec2
3. 1 + cot2 = cosec2
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
1. sin(90 ) = cos
2. cos(90 ) = sin
3. tan(90 ) = cot
4. cot(90 ) = tan
5. cosec(90 ) = sec
6. sec(90 ) = cosec
l 2 = h2 + r 2
r is the radius
r is the radius
Coordinate Geometry
1. Distance between any two points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 )
q
PQ = ( x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2
2. Distance between a point P( x, y) and origin O(0, 0)
q
q
2
2
PO = ( x 0) + (y 0) = x2 + y2
3. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )
internally in the ratio m : n are given by section formula
P
(1)
Special Case
(a) The mid-point of the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) divides
the line-segment in the ratio 1 : 1. Hence, putting m = 1 and n = 1 in equation (??)
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
P
,
(2)
m+n
m+n
4. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )
externally in the ratio m : n are given by
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
,
P
m+n
m+n
5. A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are the coordinates of the vertices of a 4 ABC and G ( x, y)
is the centroid of the triangle
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G
,
3
3
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email you the copies once they are ready.