Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

HVAC Tools,
Equipment,
and
Service
Information

Refrigeration and general HVAC system service

requires specialized tools as well as common hand and
air-operated tools. This chapter covers all the specialized
tools and test equipment needed to service modern HVAC
systems. Studying the tools in this chapter and becoming
familiar with their purposes and use will assist you when
the service chapters call for their use. Make a special effort
to understand the types of service literature. Almost no part
of a modern vehicle can be serviced without the proper
service information.

remove contaminated or unknown blend refrigerants from the

air conditioning system, reducing the chance for cross-contaminating a service machine. In shops that perform a large
volume of air conditioning work, technicians often have their
own gauge manifolds as part of their toolset.
All gauge manifolds have the same basic parts,
although there are some variations among manufacturers.
The major parts of a common gauge manifold are shown
in Figure 3-1. Refer to this gure as you read the following
paragraphs.

Diagnostic and Test Equipment

The manifold body is made of brass or aluminum.

Passages are drilled in the body to connect the other
manifold parts. Some manifold bodies have a sight glass
to observe the ow of refrigerant. Hand valves are used
to control the ow of refrigerant through the passages of
the manifold body. A cross-section of the manifold body
and hand valves is shown in Figure 3-2. Note the internal
passages are arranged so the gauges can read refrigeration
system pressures when the valves are closed.
The hand valves used on R-12 and R-134a gauge manifolds are usually arranged in the same way, or on a slant or
in front of the manifold. These different arrangements make
manifold identication easier. Valve wheels for the high and
low sides are identied by color. The low side handwheel is
made of blue plastic or has a blue decal in its center. The high
side handwheel is made of red plastic or has a red decal.

The following equipment must be obtained to perform

any refrigeration or other HVAC system diagnosis. This
equipment is also used to perform some HVAC service and
replacement.

Gauge Manifolds
Gauge manifolds are the most basic of all refrigeration system tools. The gauge manifold is used as both
a diagnosis and a service tool. The technician must have
R-134a and R-12 manifolds to service modern vehicles. Many
shops with refrigerant service machines also have one or more
gauge manifolds to make pressure checks when the machine
is being used on another vehicle. Manifold gauges are used to

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify HVAC system diagnostic and test equipment.
Identify types of refrigeration system service equipment.
Explain the concept of dedicated refrigeration system service equipment.
Identify engine cooling system test and service tools and equipment.
Identify HVAC control system service tools.
Identify HVAC and cooling system service information.

Manifold Body and Hand Valves

Hook shaft

Compound gauge
(low pressure)

Pressure
gauge

Technicial Terms
Gauge manifolds

Halide ame detector

Vacuum gauge

Blowgun

Manifold body

Soap solution

Snap ring pliers

Hand valves

Refrigerant identier

Spanners

Closed ushing
systems

Factory manual

Test light

Pressure test ttings

Evacuation pumps

General manual

Hose cutters

Specialized manuals

Manifold hoses

Non-powered test
light

Vacuum

Temperature gauges

Powered test light

Mechanical
temperature gauge

Multimeters

Electronic
temperature gauge

Ohmmeter

Analog
Digital

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Crimping tools

Inches of mercury
(Hg)

Barb tting

Micron

Beadlock tting

Charging scale

Orice tube tool

Charging station

Technical service
bulletins (TSB)

Oil injectors

Air purging
equipment

Data link connector

Electronic leak
detector

Oscilloscopes

Recovery/recycling
equipment

Belt tension gauge

Dedicated machines

Antifreeze tester

Dye

Vacuum pump

Combination machines

Test strips

Leak detectors

Combustion leak
tester

39

Pressure tester

Schematics
Troubleshooting
charts

Telephone hotline
Compact disc-read
only memory
(CD-ROM)

Low side
handwheel

Manifold
body

Manifold
sight glass

High side
handwheel

Figure 3-1. The refrigerant pressure gauge manifold is the universal tool for HVAC service. Gauge
manifolds should be carefully handled to maintain their calibration. (TIF Instruments)

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

O-rings (2)

Stem seal

41

All gauge manifolds have high and low pressure

gauges. A few older gauge manifolds have three gauges.
The third gauge was used to measure compressor output.
Older high side gauges are calibrated from 0-500 psi
(3445 kPa). Newer high side gauges may be calibrated from
0-250 psi (1723 kPa). Low side gauges are calibrated from
0 to 100-250 psi (689-1723 kPa). In addition to the pressure scale, low side gauges have a provision for measuring
0-29.9 of vacuum (approximately 50 microns). Vacuum
measurements are explained later in this chapter.

R-134a and R-12 Gauges

Figure 3-2. This cross-section of a gauge manifold shows the
internal passages that allow the manifold to be used to check
pressure, add and remove refrigerant, and many other functions.
(Robinair)

There are no major differences between R-134a and

R-12 gauges. The internal operation of each type of gauge
is the same. The difference is the calibration of each gauge,
and the markings on the gauge faces. R-134a and R-12
gauge manifolds cannot be interchanged.

Gauges

Manifold Hoses

The gauges used with a refrigeration gauge manifold

are either analog (indicator needle), which resemble other
pressure gauges, or digital. See Figure 3-3. In an analog
gauge, the position of the needle in relation to the numbers
on the gauge face indicates the pressure or vacuum in the
refrigeration system. Digital gauges provide a numerical
reading indicating system pressure or vacuum.

Manifold hoses are tubes of high strength nylon or fabric cord covered by neoprene rubber. Most hoses are rated
to withstand 500 psi (3445 kPa) pressures. At each end of
the hose is a connector that allows it to be attached to the
gauge manifold and the refrigeration system. Hoses used
with a gauge manifold have connectors designed to match
the refrigerant being measured by the gauges. Compare the

42

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

R-134a and R-12 hose connectors in Figure 3-4. These

hoses can be replaced if damaged or worn, however,
they are not interchangeable. Most hoses are colored
blue for the low side and red for high. The center hose is
usually yellow.

Flexible

Hose Fittings and Adapters

Many gauge manifolds are equipped with tting adapters, shutoff valves, and other features. These are attached to
the hoses. Typical valves are used to isolate refrigerant present in the hoses. This keeps refrigerant loss to a minimum.
R-12 refrigeration systems made since 1986 have different size service ttings to prevent the technician from
accidentally crossing the high and low side connections.
Adapters are used to allow the same gauge manifold to
be used on these refrigeration systems. See Figure 3-5.
Adapters are not needed on R-134a systems since they use
standardized ttings.

Attaching and Reading Gauges

To attach and read the gauge manifold, rst make sure
the hand valves are closed. Then remove the refrigeration
service tting caps and attach the hoses. Remember the
blue hose attaches to the low side of the system, and the
red hose is connected to the high side.
R-134a and R-12 hose connectors have different
ttings, and therefore, different attachment methods. R-12
ttings are threaded. The hose connector is also threaded
and is screwed onto the tting. R-134a ttings are somewhat similar to those used on air hoses. The hose connector is a quick disconnect with an isolation valve. Once the

Straight
45 Degree

90 Degree

Figure 3-5. Some R-12 systems made in the 1980s and early
1990s require special adapters. These adapters are usually
needed to access the high side of the refrigeration system. (Ford)

connectors are installed, open the hose isolation valves

as needed. Do not open the hand valves on the manifold
body.
Once the hoses are in place, you can read the static
pressures. Static pressures are the pressures in the refrigeration system when the system is not operating. If the system
has been off for 30 minutes or more, the high and low side
pressures should be almost the same (within a few pounds
or kPa). Other uses for the gauge manifold will be covered
in the chapters where they apply.

Temperature Gauges
Temperature gauges are used to test the temperature
of the air exiting the HVAC system vents and to check the
temperature of the engine coolant. The two main types of
temperature gauges are mechanical and electronic. They
are discussed in the following paragraphs.
A

B
Figure 3-3. Digital manifold gauges are available. They give accurate pressure readings, however, they do
not provide some of the diagnostic advantages of analog gauges.

Figure 3-4. Hose connectors vary by refrigerant type. AR-12

connectors. BR-134a connectors. Note the difference between
the two connectors.

Mechanical Temperature Gauge

The mechanical temperature gauge, Figure 3-6, relies
on an internal bimetal spring to register temperature differences. The bimetal spring is a coil of wire made of two
kinds of metal. Each metal expands at a different rate as
its temperature changes. Therefore, changes in temperature
cause the coil to tighten and loosen. The coil is attached
to the gauge pointer. Movement of the pointer against the
gauge face indicates the temperature.

Electronic Temperature Gauge

The electronic temperature gauge uses infrared waves
to measure temperature. Infrared waves are waves similar
to light waves, although they cannot be seen. Temperature

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

43

exact location of the leak as well as how severe it is. Leak

detectors are needed to accurately locate leaks. The various kinds of leak detectors are discussed in the following
sections.

Note: Chapter 15 contains more information

on the use of leak detectors.

Electronic Leak Detectors

Figure 3-6. The mechanical temperature gauge shown here is

useful for determining air temperatures at the outlet vents.

changes in an object cause the infrared waves given off

by the object to change. A sensor in the gauge reads the
change in infrared waves as a temperature change. Internal
circuitry converts sensor readings to digital temperature
readouts. See Figure 3-7.

Leak Detectors
Leaks in the refrigeration system will cause the system
to lose its refrigerant charge. Loss of refrigerant will cause
the system not to work properly and could also damage the
ozone layer. In many cases, it is difcult to determine the

Using an electronic leak detector is the most accurate way of locating leaks. Electronic detectors use a small
solid state sensor that can detect extremely small leaks. The
detector also has a probe used to draw refrigerant into the
sensor. The probe tip may contain a lter to catch oil and
debris. Most electronic leak detectors will make a ticking
noise which increases in frequency as the probe encounters
refrigerant. Large leaks raise the ticking to a high pitched
squeal. Many electronic leak detectors have an LED (light
emitting diode) display which indicates the leak rate. The
detector may use different color LEDs or may progressively
illuminate extra LEDs as the refrigerant concentration
increases. Some electronic leak detectors can automatically determine the type of refrigerant in the system.
A typical electronic leak detector, Figure 3-8, always
uses a small internal battery to power the unit. The detector will also have an on-off switch, and may contain a
range selector switch to allow for checking large and small
leaks.
To use an electronic leak detector, turn on the detector
switch. Adjust the sensitivity to produce an occasional ticking. Then pass the detector probe end under the suspected
refrigerant leak areas. Since refrigerant is heavier than air,
it will ow downward from a leak. If refrigerant is leaking, the detector rate of ticking will increase. Large leaks
will cause a high pitched squeal. When through using the
leak detector, turn the control switch to the off position and
replace the detector in its case.

44

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Dye
Dye is used to locate minute leaks. The dye is injected
into the refrigeration system and allowed to circulate for
a few minutes. Some of the dye will leak out along with
any refrigerant and stain the components at the site of
the leak.
Older refrigerant dyes were colored orange and were
contained in a small can resembling a one pound refrigerant can. The can was connected to the system low side
through the gauge manifold. With the system operating,
the dye was drawn into the system. After the dye circulated for a few minutes, the technician could look for the
presence of orange dye. Dye cans are still used in some
areas.
Modern dye injectors are designed to inject a uorescent dye directly into the refrigeration system, Figure 3-9A.
The injector is attached to one of the system service ports
and the handle is turned to force the dye into the system.
After the dye has circulated through the operating system
for a few minutes, the technician shines an ultraviolet light,
such as the one shown in Figure 3-9B, on the suspected
leak points. If any of the dye has leaked out, it will glow
under the ultraviolet light.

Halide Flame Detector

The halide ame detector is not as accurate as an
electronic detector. It will, however, detect relatively large
refrigerant leaks. The halide detector consists of a propane

Burner
Reaction
plate
Search
hose

Detector
unit
Valve
Propane
cylinder

Figure 3-10. The flame type leak detector, while seldom used
today, will detect most medium sized leaks. It must be used
carefully to prevent false readings and maintain shop safety.
(Ford)

cylinder attached to a burner, Figure 3-10. A sensing hose

draws refrigerant from the suspected leak area. A copper
reaction plate improves the combustion process between
the refrigerant, propane, and air.

Warning: Halide flame leak detectors are

very dangerous. They should only be used
if no other detection method is available. A
refrigerant identifier should be used before using a
halide detector to reduce the chance of fire or an
explosion.They should only be used with R-12 systems.

To use a halide leak detector, light the burner. After

a few minutes operation, the reaction plate will glow dull
red. Adjust the ame as necessary, then pass the free end of
the sensing hose under any suspected leak areas. If refrigerant is present, the ame will change color. Small leaks will
cause the ame to develop a greenish tint. A large leak will
cause the ame to turn bright blue.
When the leak detecting process is nished, tightly
close the propane valve and allow the tester to cool before
returning it to storage. The propane valve should be closed
tightly when the ame detector is not in use.

Soap Solution
B
Figure 3-7. An infrared temperature gauge gives an accurate
and almost instant temperature reading. (Raytek)

Figure 3-8. Electronic leak detectors are needed to find small

leaks on modern systems. Most detectors can locate both
R-134a and R-12 leaks.

Figure 3-9. ADyes are injected into the system using a device
such as the one shown here. BA black light will illuminate the
dye as it leaks out with the refrigerant.

The soap solution method will nd large leaks only,

and should not be relied on to locate small leaks or leaks in
inaccessible locations. It is primarily used to conrm what
appears to be an obvious leak. Soap solution is sometimes
the only detection method available if a system has been
lled with a refrigerant other than R-134a or R-12.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

A soap solution can be made by mixing a small

amount of dishwashing liquid or other soap with water.
The solution is then sprayed or poured on the suspected
leak area. Leaking refrigerant will form bubbles. The size of
the bubbles and how rapidly they form will increase with
the size of the leak. Slight foaming will occur at the site
of a small leak, while large bubbles will be seen at a serious leak. If large bubbles form at a rate faster than one per
second, the leak can be considered severe.

Refrigerant Identiers
To avoid contaminating the recycling equipment with
incorrect or contaminated refrigerant, many air conditioning specialists identify the refrigerant before beginning
service. A refrigerant identier, Figure 3-11, is used to
determine what kind of refrigerant is installed in a refrigeration system or storage container. Refrigerant identiers are usually designed to tell whether the refrigerant is
R-134a, R-12, or an unknown blend. Some refrigerant
identiers can also determine the percentage of each type
of refrigerant, and identify contaminated refrigerant.

45

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Ammeter

Note: Electrical values such as voltage and

resistance will be explained in more detail
in Chapter 4.

FLUKE 88

AUTOMATIVE METER

Test Lights
The test light is often used to check whether electricity is reaching a particular point in an electrical circuit, or
to detect a circuit not allowing current to ow. The nonpowered test light, Figure 3-12, can be used to probe
electrical circuits to determine whether voltage is present.
A powered test light resembles the non-powered light but
has an internal battery. The battery supplies an electrical
power source to determine whether a circuit is complete.
Test lights can be useful when working on various parts of
the HVAC electrical system, but must be used with care
when working on any electronic system. The test light has
the potential to severely damage electronic circuits. Avoid
using test lights unless specically instructed by the HVAC
system manufacturers service literature.

Figure 3-13. Multimeters contain several electrical testers, such

as voltmeters, ammeters, and ohmmeters. (Fluke)

The voltmeter section of the multimeter is connected

to read voltage from a circuit. To read the voltage at an
electrical connection, connect the leads to the positive side
of the circuit and a ground. If necessary, select the proper
voltage range, then observe the reading.
The voltmeter can also be connected to read the
voltage across a connection as current ows through it.
If the connection has high resistance, current will try to
ow through the meter, creating a voltage reading. Voltage
higher than the specied gure means the connection must
be cleaned or replaced.

When contaminated or unfamiliar refrigerant has been

found, it must be stored in special containers pending its
disposal. Contaminated refrigerant containers are gray with
a yellow top. Contaminated refrigerant containers should
be shipped to a reclaiming facility for recycling or disposal.
Storage and recycling of contaminated and unfamiliar
refrigerant was discussed in Chapter 2. More information
on refrigerants is located in Chapter 6.

Electrical Test Equipment

The multimeter can usually check amperage (or amps).

The amp setting of the multimeter is called an ammeter.
Most multimeters have two separate ampere lead ports,
one for low amps and one that can usually measure up
to ten amps. For measuring greater amperage ows, many
modern ammeters can be equipped with an inductive
pickup. The pickup is clamped over the current carrying wire. The pickup reads the magnetic eld created by
current owing through the wire and converts it into an
amperage reading.

Oscilloscopes

Voltmeter

Disposing of Contaminated Refrigerant

The HVAC system contains many electrical components, wire harnesses, and electrical connectors that require
testing. The technician will frequently have to diagnose
electrical devices and wiring.

46

Oscilloscopes have been used in diagnosing gasoline

engines for years. With the addition of electronic controls
on HVAC systems, they can be used as a diagnostic tool to
check the waveform patterns from sensors and outputs. The
newer oscilloscopes are small, hand-held devices that can
be taken on road tests, Figure 3-14. With additional probes
and adapters, they can be used for a variety of diagnostic
tasks. The latest scopes have on-board memory functions,
which can be used to capture and store waveform patterns
for comparison to good patterns.

Belt Tension Gauges

If the compressor belt is loose, it may squeal when
the compressor clutch is engaged. If the belt is too tight, it
will quickly wear out and may damage the compressor and
clutch bearings, water pump, or the engine. To correctly

Ohmmeter
Figure 3-12. Non-powered test lights are useful for determining
if voltage is present in a circuit.

An ohmmeter can be used to check electrical resistance values. Ohmmeters can also be used to check for
complete circuits. To make an ohmmeter check, turn on the
multimeter and set it to ohms.

Multimeters
Multimeters, such as the one in Figure 3-13, are
devices for reading electrical values. Modern multimeters
can read all common electrical values (voltage, resistance,
and amperage). Many modern multimeters are able to read
voltage waveforms and provide other information. Modern
multimeters are digital types that display the electrical
reading as a number. Analog multimeters use a needle,
which moves against a calibrated background. Modern
multimeters contain the individual meters discussed in the
following paragraphs.

Figure 3-11. A refrigerant identifier should always be used

before recovering refrigerant.

Note: Only digital multimeters should be

used for air conditioning and other
automotive work. Make sure any meter or
test light has a minimum of 10 meg ohm impedance.

Caution: Electronic components can be

damaged by careless use of multimeters.
Always check the manufacturers literature
before testing any electronic part.

Most modern digital ohmmeters will select the correct

range automatically. Attach the leads to the wires or terminals to be tested. When checking wires or relay contacts for
continuity, the resistance should be at or near zero. Other
parts, such as motor or solenoid windings and temperature
sensors should have a specic amount of resistance. If the
reading is zero or innity, the part is defective. The resistance of temperature and sunload sensors should change
with changes in temperature or exposure.

Figure 3-14. Oscilloscopes can be used to diagnose problems

in computer circuits. (MAC Tools)

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

47

Vacuum Pumps/Gauges

Belt tension
gauge

The hand-held vacuum pump and vacuum gauge,

Figure 3-17, is used to apply and measure the effect of
vacuum on HVAC system diaphragms and control valves.
The pump assembly develops vacuum, which is measured
on the gauge. To use the gauge, remove the hose to the
vacuum operated device. Then operate the pump to apply
vacuum to the device. Observe the gauge. If vacuum cannot
be developed, or bleeds away rapidly, the unit is leaking.
Also check for operation of the related linkage as vacuum is
developed. If the linkage does not move when the vacuum
is increased, the linkage or the door is stuck.

48

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Snap Ring Pliers

Special size and shape snap ring pliers are sometimes needed to remove compressor pressure switches,
pulleys, and shaft seals. Some of these pliers are shown
in Figure 3-18. In many cases, standard or universal snap
ring pliers can also be used.

Hose Tools
In some cases, a refrigeration hose has to be manufactured. Sometimes the exact replacement hose is no longer
available. In other cases, making a hose is much cheaper
than obtaining an exact replacement. Making hoses requires
the use of hose cutters and crimping tools.

Compressor Service Tools

Compressor clutches and shaft seals cannot be
removed with conventional tools. Several tools are needed
to remove these and other compressor parts. They include
special pliers to remove internal snap rings and holders to
replace the seals and O-rings. See Figure 3-19.
If a replacement for an older compressor is not available, the original compressor may need to be overhauled
instead of replaced. To overhaul a compressor, special
internal service tools are needed.

Cutters
The refrigeration hoses should be cut accurately and
cleanly to make a good seal and to prevent hose debris
from entering the refrigeration system. Hose cutters are
necessary to make a clean, straight cut. Typical hose cutters
are shown in Figure 3-22.

Compressor Clutch Service Tools

Compressor clutch service often requires special tools
to hold the clutch in place while other tools are used.
These holding tools are sometimes called spanners. Other
tools are used to remove pulleys or clutch hubs from the
compressor. Additional tools may be needed to press new
clutch pulleys or clutch hubs onto the compressor or clutch
hub, as shown in Figure 3-20.

Figure 3-15. This belt tension gauge provides a direct reading

of belt tension. (Ford)

tighten the compressor drive belt, a belt tension gauge,

Figure 3-15, is needed. To use the belt tension gauge, use
the handle to push the center lever away from the two
side levers. Slide the tool between the belt and release the
handle. Then read the tension on the gauge.
Another type of belt tension gauge is shown in
Figure 3-16. This type of tension gauge measures belt tightness by measuring the belt deection under a certain pressure. To use this kind of tension gauge, turn the gauge sleeve
until the end of the sleeve is at the proper belt tightness
marked on the barrel. Then push the metal bar downward
until it lines up with the line on the lower end of the barrel.
Next place the gauge on a at section of belt and push
downward until the metal sleeve reaches zero. If the metal
bar is pushed above the gauge line, the belt is loose.

Pressure Test Equipment

Figure 3-17. The small manual vacuum pump and gauge is
used to produce a vacuum for checking vacuum operated
accessories such as air door vacuum diaphragms and vacuum
heater shutoff valves. It can also be used to check the operation
of vacuum switches.

HVAC System Service Tools

To save unnecessary work, it is best to pressure test

complex parts such as compressors after repairs are complete, but before the compressor is reinstalled. Special
pressure test ttings allow the technician to pressurize the
compressor on the bench. To prevent environmental damage, the compressor should be pressurized with nitrogen
or another inert gas. Figure 3-21A shows a typical pressure
tester using nitrogen. Nitrogen is supplied in large tanks
such as the one in the left of the photo. This tester can also
be used to test hoses. Hose testing adapters are shown in
Figure 3-21B.

Once the problem has been located, the HVAC system

must be repaired. Many repairs can be made with ordinary hand tools. Many service jobs require wrenches with
large jaw openings. These large size wrenches are used to
loosen the large ttings used on many refrigerant lines. A
few HVAC service jobs require special tools.

Compressor Service Tools

Figure 3-16. The belt tension gauge shown here is set to the
proper reading and then the belt is deflected.

Most shops prefer to replace entire compressors rather

than repair them. If a compressor is being repaired, the following tools may be needed to service the seals and internal
parts. Servicing older compressors may require additional
special tools. The technician should consult the proper
service information for information about these tools.

Figure 3-18. Snap ring pliers are needed to remove snap rings
from inaccessible locations.

Figure 3-19. Compressor shaft seal tools include special

snap ring pliers as well as O-ring and seal tools. ASeal
remover and protector. BO-ring installer. CCompressor
leak adapter.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

Crimping Tools
Crimping tools are made to crimp, or form, a tting
around a hose end. The major difference between types
of crimping tools is the size and shape of the collets. The
collets actually contact the tting and crimp it to the hose.
There are two common kinds of hose tting types, the
barb tting and the beadlock tting. A different crimping
machine is used to make each tting type. Each machine
and its related parts are dedicated and cannot be used to
make the other type of crimped tting.
Crimping tools can be operated by hand or by
hydraulic pressure. A typical hand operated crimping tool

49

50

withdraw the tube. To install the new orice tube, place it

on the tool, then insert the tool and tube into the evaporator
inlet. Slightly twist the tool to disengage it from the tube,
then withdraw the tool.

is shown in Figure 3-23. Hand crimping tools are inexpensive and can do a good job of making a crimped hose. The
hydraulic powered crimping tool, Figure 3-24, uses a small
hydraulic pump to create the pressure needed to operate
the hydraulic piston.
To use either type of crimping tool, select the proper
hose and hose ttings and lightly oil them. Then select the
proper collets and place them into the crimping machine.
Assemble the tting on the hose end and place the hose
and tting in the crimping machine. Operate the machine
to crimp the tting. After the crimping operation is complete, make sure the crimp was made properly.

Oil Injectors

B
A
Figure 3-21. ANitrogen should be used to check for leaks.
Nitrogen is an inert gas and will not harm the atmosphere.
BAdapters are used to check hoses for leaks.

Orice Tube Tools

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Many systems require an orice tube tool to remove

the orice tube from the evaporator inlet. A typical orice
tube tool is shown in Figure 3-25. To use the orice tube
removal tool, the refrigeration system must be discharged.
Once the refrigerant is removed, disconnect the tting at
the evaporator inlet and insert the orice tube tool. Slightly
turn the tool to engage the tangs of the tool and tube, then

Oil injectors are used to install lubricating oil in the

refrigeration system without discharging the system. There
are two kinds of oil injectors in common use. To use the
type shown in Figure 3-26A, ll it with the proper type of
compressor oil. Then with the HVAC system off, install the
injector service tting. Turn the forcing screw at the top of
the injector to force the oil into the system. Then remove
the injector from the tting.
Another type of oil injector, Figure 3-26B, is installed in
the hoses of the gauge manifold. To use this type of injector,
pour the proper type of oil into the reservoir. Then attach
the oil injector to one of the manifold hoses. Attach the
hoses to the refrigeration system and purge the hoses and
injector as necessary. Then start the engine and place the
HVAC system in maximum cooling. Allow the refrigeration
system pressures to stabilize. Next, slightly open the high
and low side valves. The difference in pressures will force
the oil into the low side of the refrigeration system. Allow
the system to operate long enough for all oil to enter the
system, then close the valves and remove the injector and
gauge manifold from the refrigeration system.

Refrigerant Service Equipment

The following section covers large shop equipment
used to service the refrigeration system. During air conditioner service, the refrigeration system may need to be
emptied of refrigerant, ushed of contaminants, placed
under a vacuum, and recharged.

E
F

Figure 3-20. Clutch holding tools are often needed to keep the compressor clutch from turning while
the center bolt or nut is removed. A Hub holding tool. BPulley puller. CHub and drive plate
remover and installer. DCompressor pulley puller. EHub and drive plate remover/installer.
FClutch hub installation tool. (Kent Moore)

Figure 3-22. Bench mounted hose cutters will make a clean

straight cut. Some technicians prefer to use a hand cutter.

Figure 3-23. Manual crimping tools can be used to make acceptable hose connections. However, most technicians prefer to use
power crimping tools to ensure a leak proof seal.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

51

equipment removes the refrigerant from a refrigeration

system and stores it for reuse. When the refrigerant is
needed, the equipment recycles (reinstalls) it into the same
or another vehicle refrigeration system.
Most recovery and recycling machines also clean
and dehumidify refrigerant for immediate reuse. The
refrigerant may be stored in a standard 30 pound cylinder or in a separate charging tank. Most machines are
designed to recycle R-134a or R-12 only. Recycling
equipment is attached to the vehicle refrigeration
system through hoses in the same manner as a gauge
manifold.

52

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Note: Vacuum pumps and charging scales

are not dedicated units. Their operating
procedures and settings may, however, be
different for different refrigerants.

Combination Machines
Many modern machines are combination machines.
A combination machine combines many of the components discussed in this chapter into a single unit. Most
combination units have gauges, vacuum pumps, storage
tanks, charging scales, and various refrigerant pressure
and contamination indicators. The operation of these units

Dedicated Machines

Figure 3-24. This power crimping tool uses hydraulic pressure

to crimp the hose. Power crimping tools are easier to use and
provide a more positive seal.

Recovery/Recycling Equipment
Recovery/recycling equipment is used to recover
and recycle the refrigerant in a system. Refrigerant must
be recovered and recycled to meet federal laws. Recycling

Different types of refrigerants cannot be mixed.

Therefore, each refrigerant service machine can only
be used with one type of refrigerant. These machines
are called dedicated machines. An air conditioning
service shop must have a separate dedicated machine
for each type of refrigerant. In most shops, this means
every machine used for R-134a must have a companion
machine for use with R-12. If the shop uses a third
refrigerant, a separate machine must be used. Some
newer units are combination types, which can service
systems using either type of refrigerant. Typical recovery/
recycling machines for R-12 and R-134a are shown in
Figure 3-27.

Figure 3-27. Dedicated HVAC service machines can perform

all refrigeration service operations for one type of refrigerant.
The R-12 machine is red, the R-134a machine is blue.

is the same as for individual units. However, selecting

switches at the combination machine control console
performs all of their functions.

Flushing Equipment
Occasionally a contaminated refrigeration system must
be ushed. There are two ways to ush a system, open and
closed loop. Open loop ushing is done with an air-operated blowgun, while closed loop ushing is performed with
special ushing equipment. Both types are explained in the
following paragraphs.

A
High

Low

Gauge set
Vacuum
Hook to
compressor
(high side)

Oil injector
cylinder

Air-operated Guns
An air-operated rubber tip blowgun, Figure 3-28, is
often used for open loop ushing. Some versions of the
blowgun use a tank and hose design that injects the solvent
into the system using air pressure, Figure 3-29. Open loop
ushing is always done with refrigerant compatible solvents. To use an air-operated gun for ushing, recover the
refrigerant and disconnect the ttings from the component
to be ushed. Attach a drain hose to the inlet opening of

Compressor

Notch

Hook to
compressor
(low side)

Removal and
installation tool

Fixed
orifice tool

Figure 3-25. Orifice tube tools are needed to remove the orifice tube on many refrigeration systems. Using the tool reduces the
chance of damage to the tube and fitting, and of leaving debris in the system. (Ford)

Compressor
fittings assembly

Figure 3-26. AThis oil injector uses a screw operated piston to

push oil into the refrigeration system. BThis oil injector makes
use of the pressure difference between the high and low sides
of the refrigeration system. (General Motors)

Figure 3-28. A blowgun can be used to open flush the refrigeration system and is often used generally for removing debris from
air intakes and evaporators. Always wear eye protection when
using a blowgun.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

the component, then pour about one pint of solvent into

the outlet opening of the component. Use the blowgun
to direct compressed air or nitrogen into the outlet end of
the component. Use no more than 100 psi (689 kPa) air
pressure. Always blow in reverse direction to the refrigerant ow rst to loosen as much debris as possible. Add
solvent and repeat until only clean solvent comes out. After
the component has been reverse ushed, make at least one
pass in the forward direction.

Closed Flushing Systems

Closed ushing systems are machines that attach
to the refrigeration system, and ush the system without
taking any components loose. Closed ushing systems
are special refrigerant cycling machines, or recovery and
recycling machines adapted to direct the solvent through
the system.
Closed loop ushing will not open completely blocked
passages. It will remove oil and some contamination. To
perform closed loop ushing, connect the machine to the
system and follow the manufacturers instructions.

Evacuation Pumps
Evacuation pumps are used to remove water (sometimes called moisture) from the refrigeration system.

53

Lowering the pressure of water allows it to evaporate, or

boil, at a temperature much lower than its normal boiling
point. As the pressure goes down, so does the boiling point.
Creating a vacuum in the system also removes as much air
as possible from the system.

How Vacuum Is Measured in the Air

Conditioning System
Vacuum is a measurement of the pressure difference
between two places. Any pressure below atmospheric
pressure (14.7 psi or 101 kPa at sea level) is a vacuum.
Vacuum is measured in two ways.

Inches of Mercury
The term inches of mercury (Hg), refers to the
ability of the pressure difference to change the level in a
column of mercury. The higher the inches of mercury, the
less atmospheric pressure.

Microns
A micron is a very small unit of pressure. One micron
of pressure can move a column of mercury one millionth
of a meter, or about 1/25,000th of an inch. Therefore, a
micron is a unit of measure about 25,000 times smaller
than an inch of mercury. While inches of mercury is a
measurement of less than atmospheric pressure, microns
directly measure atmospheric pressure. A chart showing
the relationship between inches of mercury and microns is
given in the Useful Tables section of this textbook.

54

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Air Pressure Pumps

The air pressure evacuation pump, Figure 3-31, uses
what is known as a venturi effect to operate. The ow of
compressed air through an air pressure operated pump
creates a small vacuum that is used to draw air from the
refrigeration system. Air pressure operated pumps are
cheaper but less effective than electrically operated models.
Most air-operated pumps produce less vacuum than an
electric pump, anywhere from one half to one inch less.
This type of pump must be allowed to operate for longer
periods than an electric model.

Recharging Equipment
Once all repairs are completed, the refrigeration system
must be recharged. The simplest method of recharging the
system is to use a gauge manifold, discussed earlier in this
chapter. Remember from Chapter 2 that R-134a containers
are always blue, while R-12 containers are white. Be careful not to mix refrigerants.

Charging Scale
The charging scale allows the technician to charge a
refrigeration system with the proper amount of refrigerant
by weight. Charging by weight is the most accurate way to
recharge a system. The charging scale somewhat resembles
a bathroom scale, Figure 3-32. Most charging scales have
digital readouts. To use a charging scale, place the refrigerant container on the scale platform and record its weight.
Then add refrigerant to the system until the weight loss

Electric Pumps
The most common and most efcient type of evacuation pump is electrically operated, Figure 3-30. An electric
pump can produce a vacuum of about 29.99 (300 microns).
These pumps are equipped with ttings that allow a gauge
manifold or other service equipment to be connected to the
pump and then to the refrigeration system.

Figure 3-32. A simple charging scale enables the technician to

charge the refrigeration system by weight. (TIF Instruments)

equals the amount of refrigerant to be added to the system.

Some charging scales allow you to program the amount
of refrigerant to be added to a system. Once the scale is
activated, it will signal when the proper weight of refrigerant has been added.

Charging Stations
A charging station combines the features of other
refrigeration service equipment into a single unit. The typical
charging station has gauges and connecting hoses, a storage area for refrigerant cylinders, and a weighing scale or
other device for ensuring the proper amount of refrigerant is
installed. Figure 3-33 shows a typical charging station.

Air Purging Equipment

Most air purging equipment is built into refrigeration
service devices such as recovery/recycling machines and
charging stations. Purging is done automatically by the
internal circuits of the device.
A few charging stations are equipped with a manual
purging device. This device consists of a dual needle gauge,
Figure 3-34. When both needles are in the same position,
all air has been purged. When the needles are in different
positions, the refrigerant cylinder must be purged. To purge
the cylinder, open the cylinder valve until the needles are
in the same position.

Engine Cooling System Test

Equipment
Figure 3-29. Tank and hose flushing equipment. Flushing
compound is pushed through the refrigerant component by
air pressure or nitrogen, and enters the bucket for disposal.
(Robinair)

Figure 3-30. Electric pumps are the best and most common
method of completely evacuating the refrigeration system.
(Snap-On)

Figure 3-31. An air pressure operated vacuum pump is cheaper

but less efficient than an electric pump. (Snap-On)

The cooling system is sometimes a source of HVAC

problems. Cooling system test equipment is used to check
the condition of the cooling system and the coolant. Typical
cooling system test equipment is discussed in the following
paragraphs.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

55

56

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Figure 3-35. This coolant pressure tester is shown installed on

a vehicle. Cooling system leaks can be observed visually, or by
watching for a pressure drop. To test the radiator cap, special
adapters are used to attach the cap to the pressure tester.

Figure 3-37. Spectrograph type antifreeze testers are accurate

and simple to use. (Leica)

Figure 3-33. A modern charging station contains all of the

devices necessary to refill a refrigeration system. (RTI)

Air purge indicator

150
50

Red
needle

Green
needle

200
250

Figure 3-34. Some charging stations use a manual air purging

device. The technician vents the tank until the red and green
needles line up. Most charging stations air purging devices are
automatic. (Nissan)

Pressure and Leak Testers

The quickest way to locate coolant leaks is to use a
pressure tester, Figure 3-35. The pressure tester contains a
pump to pressurize the cooling system. With the system pressurized, coolant will leak out. The technician can observe
the leak and determine its source. The pressure tester also
contains a gauge, which allows the technician to place the
proper amount of pressure on the system, and helps in locating leaks in the engine or other inaccessible places.
To use the pressure tester, make sure there is no pressure in the cooling system, then remove the radiator cap.
Warning: The cooling system must be
depressurized and cool before performing
this test.

Add coolant if the system is low. The cooling system

must be full for the leak test to work properly. Next, install
the pressure tester on the radiator ller neck. If necessary, use
the proper adapter to ensure a good seal. On some vehicles,
the coolant reservoir is pressurized and the tester must be
installed on the reservoir cap. Apply pressure until the gauge
shows the pressure rating stamped on the radiator cap.
After pressurizing the cooling system, place the gauge
in a location that will not bend the attaching hose. Observe
the gauge for several minutes. If the gauge needle begins
to drop, a leak is present in the system. Next, check the
engine and cooling system for dripping coolant. Slight
leaks may be located even when the gauge remains steady.
After pressure testing the system, slightly bend the hose at
the ller neck tting to remove pressure. Then remove the
tester from the ller neck, clean off the tting, and store the
tester in its case.

Antifreeze Testers
If the engine coolant contains incorrect percentages
of antifreeze and water, problems may occur. Too little
antifreeze may cause the coolant mixture to freeze in cold
weather, and will not protect the system properly against
corrosion. Too much antifreeze in the mixture may actually
raise the freezing point.
To check the exact percentages of antifreeze in coolant, an antifreeze tester is needed. There are two kinds
of antifreeze testers, the oat and the spectrograph. The
oat type, Figure 3-36A, makes use of the fact water and
antifreeze have different weights. The weight of a liquid is
usually called its specic gravity. Since antifreeze is heavier
than water, a greater amount of antifreeze in the coolant
will cause the oat to rise higher in the mixture. The oat
is calibrated and the percentage of antifreeze can be read
by observing how high the oat rises in the mixture. Some
hydrometers have a thermometer that allows the user to
compensate for coolant temperature, Figure 3-36B.

Figure 3-36. AA hydrometer is the tester most commonly

used to check the concentration of antifreeze in cooling systems. Hydrometers are simple to use and relatively accurate.
BSome hydrometers have a temperature-correcting device
that compensates for specific gravity between hot and cold

The spectrograph type of antifreeze tester depends on

the refractive (light bending) properties of the coolant mixture. Coolant is drawn into the spectrograph and observed
through a prism. The optical pattern of the coolant determines the amount of water and antifreeze in the system.
Figure 3-37 shows a typical spectrograph antifreeze tester.

Test Strips
Test strips can also be used to test antifreeze concentration. Test strips consist of a chemically treated paper strip
that is dipped into the vehicle radiator ller neck, Figure 3-38.
The color change of the test strip indicates the amount of
antifreeze present.
To use a test strip, make sure the engine has thoroughly
cooled off. Then remove the radiator cap or reservoir cap
as necessary. Dip one of the test strips into the coolant for
about one second. Remove the strip, shake off the excess
antifreeze, and wait until the strip changes color. Waiting
time is usually about 15-30 seconds. Then compare the
color of the strip with the color chart on the strip package.
As a general rule, a darker strip indicates a higher percentage of antifreeze in the coolant.

Combustion Leak Testers

Internal engine combustion leaks are caused by
blown engine head gaskets or by cracked heads or blocks.
Combustion leaks will affect coolant circulation and heater
operation, cause coolant to be pushed out of the radiator,
and will contaminate the cooling system internals with

Figure 3-38. Coolant test strips can be used to test coolant for
concentration, as well as pH, which indicates the coolants
acidic level. (MVCC, Jack Klasey)

exhaust byproducts. To prevent further damage, combustion leaks must be corrected as soon as possible.
It is sometimes difcult to tell when an engine develops
an internal combustion leak. If the leak is small enough
there are no telltale bubbles in the coolant, or if the leak has
not allowed water to get into the engine oil, the technician
must use a combustion leak tester, Figure 3-39. To use the
combustion leak tester, attach it to the radiator ller neck.
With the gauge attached to the ller neck, start the engine
and allow it to idle. Exhaust gases will cause the chemical
in the tester to change color.

Service Literature
The technician must refer to many sources of service
literature to properly service HVAC systems. While modern
HVAC systems operate from the same basic principles,

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

57

can be used with. While this type of manual is extremely

detailed, it may not be the best choice if only one system,
such as the brakes, is to be serviced.

General Manual

Figure 3-39. A combustion leak tester may be needed to determine whether a cracked engine component or leaking gasket is
causing exhaust gases to enter the cooling system. (Snap-On)

they are complex and vary between manufacturers. Minor

changes may be made between model years, often changing diagnostic and service procedures. The service literature
described in the following paragraphs can simplify HVAC
service by providing the latest information.

Factory Manual
The factory manual is published by the vehicle
manufacturer or a publishing house contracted by the
manufacturer. It contains all necessary service information for that one vehicle. Figure 3-40 shows some typical
factory service information. Most modern factory service
information now comes in volume sets for one vehicle.
The major drawback to the factory manual is its relatively
high cost, compared to the limited range of vehicles it

The general manual contains the most commonly

needed service information about many different makes of
vehicles, such as brake, engine, and transmission specications, fuse replacement data, and sensor locations. General
manuals also contain procedures for preventive maintenance and minor repairs.
At one time, general service information for every
vehicle could be covered in one manual. Today, due to
the large number of different vehicles available, this is
no longer possible. Modern general manuals are divided
into automobile and light truck editions. Publishers further
divide their general automotive manuals into US, European,
and Asian models.
The individual chapters of general manuals are
grouped according to vehicle make, or several makes that
are similar mechanically. Chapter subsections are devoted
to particular areas of each make. General manuals also
contain separate sections covering repair procedures that
apply to all vehicles, such as engine overhaul, brake service, and starter/alternator overhaul. The major disadvantage of these manuals is the necessity of eliminating most
of the information on specialized vehicle equipment, sheet
metal, and interior.

58

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

Schematics

Troubleshooting Charts

Schematics are pictorial diagrams which show the

path of energy through a system. This energy can take the
form of electricity, vacuum, air pressure, or hydraulic pressure, Figure 3-42. Schematics do not show an exact replica
of a system, but instead indicate the ow or process within
the system. Some schematics show the exact ow of a form
of energy while others show the general process of a particular system. Schematics are often included as part of the
service information, or may be supplied separately.
Tracing the ow through a schematic makes diagnosis easier by showing the exact path of electricity or other
form of energy. Each line represents a single wire in the
vehicles wiring harness. The schematic lines are labeled
with numbers to colors to correspond with a specic color,
or color and color stripe combination on the actual wires.
The path can be traced by carefully following the lines from
component to component. Always carefully note the color
designations of the wires and any stripes or bands to ensure
you are following the correct wire.

Troubleshooting charts are summaries, or checklist

versions, of the troubleshooting information about a particular vehicle or system. Although the information is found
in a longer form elsewhere in the service information, the
troubleshooting chart allows the technician to quickly reference the problem, the possible cause, and the solution.
Figure 3-43 shows a typical troubleshooting owchart.
Some troubleshooting charts are arranged with the problem
on the left-hand side of the page, the possible cause in the
middle, and the corrective action on the right-hand side.

Technical Service Bulletins

Frequently, manufacturers issue technical service
bulletins (TSB), for newer vehicles to their dealership
personnel. These bulletins contain repair information that
is used to describe a new service procedure, correct an
unusual or frequently occurring problem, or update service

Specialized Manual
Specialized manuals cover one common system of
many types of vehicle. These manuals are often used to
cover such topics as computerized engine controls, electrical systems, or brakes. They combine some of the best
features of the factory and general manuals. They are often
a good choice for servicing one particular system on many
different makes and models of vehicles. One example of
this type of manual is shown in Figure 3-41.

Figure 3-40. Factory manuals are used for one vehicle only.
Most newer ones come in volume sets.
(DaimlerChrysler, MVCC, Jack Klasey)

Figure 3-41. Many service information publishers, such as Motor

and Mitchell publish overhaul manuals. In addition, overhaul
manuals are available from vehicle manufacturers.

Motor
Driver

Figure 3-42. A common electrical schematic such as the one shown above is a road map for the electricity in a circuit. As part of the
job, the HVAC technician is often called on to interpret schematics. (General Motors)

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

information. Many of the phone hotline and computerized

assistance services receive these bulletins. They are a very
good source of information to repair an unusual or frequently occurring problem. Subscriptions to these bulletins
are also available through various services.

59

Telephone Hotlines
If all other sources of information have been exhausted,
the technicians may be able to call a telephone hotline.
Some vehicle manufacturers, part suppliers, and service

60

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

information publishers provide technical support services

over a technical hotline. Calling these hotlines will connect
you with a technical support person. Hotline personnel often
have information gathered from actual repair and diagnosis
situations. This is a way of obtaining real life information
that would otherwise not be available. Manufacturer hotlines will also have access to the latest update information
from manufacturers engineering departments.
Some vehicle manufacturers hotlines are available
only to the technicians who work for a manufacturers
dealership. Other hotlines are available by subscription.
These hotlines can be accessed after a yearly fee is paid.
Some parts manufacturers hotlines are available to anyone.
These hotlines are intended to help the technician who has
questions about the manufacturers parts.

Computerized Assistance
Advancements in technology continue to provide auto
technicians with new tools and resources. The availability
of electronic media and the popularity of information on
demand offer technicians many diagnostic and reference
source options.

Scan Tools
Scan tools retrieve computer trouble codes and
display them in a readable form on an LED or LCD screen,
Figure 3-44. The push-button keypad is used to select functions and enter information. The rst scan tools were used
to display information about engine operating conditions,
such as coolant temperature and ignition timing. New scan
tools also access body and chassis computers to retrieve
information about non-powertrain accessories, including
the heating and air conditioning system.

Figure 3-43. If this troubleshooting chart is followed closely, it will almost always give you the correct diagnosis. (Four Seasons)

Figure 3-44. This scan tool can be used to retrieve trouble codes,
locate sensor and output device problems, and reprogram a
vehicles ECM.

Scan tools are connected to the vehicles data link

connectors, usually called DLCs. All vehicles manufactured
since 1996 have OBD II systems and use standard 16-pin
diagnostic connectors. This enables OBD II scan tools to
access the computerized systems of more than one vehicle
manufacturer through the electronic control module (ECM).
Modern scan tools may perform system checks by forcing
certain vehicle components to operate. This can help the
technician diagnose an intermittent performance problem
by taking a snapshot of the sensor inputs and computer
outputs while the problem is occurring. Some scan tools
also have built-in multimeters and waveform meters.
OBD II scan tools can be used to reprogram a vehicles
computer (ECM) from a central computer located at the
vehicle manufacturers service headquarters. OBD II scan
tools can be updated with new vehicle or system specications by downloading the information from a CD-ROM disc
or an online source. Scan tools have become an essential
part of engine performance and automotive repair. Some
technicians even purchase scan tools for their own use.

Flasher Modules
Flasher modules allow a vehicles ECM to be updated
without using a scan tool. This allows a shops scan tool
to be used for other jobs while the vehicle is being reprogrammed. The asher module is attached to the vehicles
data link connector and to a shop PC with standard
cables.
To reprogram a vehicle computer with a asher module:
Attach the asher module to the vehicle DLC and the
shop PC, Figure 3-45.
Access the manufacturers service information Web
site or insert the appropriate CD-ROM.

Figure 3-45. Flasher modules create an interface between

the vehicle ECM and the factory data to allow the ECM to be
reprogrammed.

Chapter 3

HVAC Tools, Equipment, and Service Information

Follow the on-screen directions to begin reprogramming. Reprogramming times vary, from 2-3 minutes to over an hour. If using the manufacturers service
information Web site, high-speed Internet access is
recommended to reduce download times.
After the vehicle has been reprogrammed, attach a
scan tool to the vehicle DLC and follow the on-screen
directions to allow the ECM to relearn the vehicle
operating characteristics.
The Environmental Protection Agency requires
vehicle manufacturers to make reprogramming information
available to non-dealer shops through the manufacturers
service information websites and requires manufacturers to
use SAE interface standard J2534. However, this regulation
applies only to vehicle ECMs that affect emissionsusually
the engine and transmission/power train ECMs. Emissionsrelated reprogramming information is given the designation
J2534-1. Non-emissions related reprogramming information is designated with J2534-2.

Manuals on CD-ROM
Service literature, including service, parts, and
labor time manuals are available in compact disc format.
CD-ROM stands for compact disc-read only memory.
A CD-ROM is a compact disc identical in appearance
to music CDs. However, this type of CD contains service information. One CD-ROM can provide the same
amount of information found in a complete series of
printed manuals. Many CD-ROM manuals cover several model years of a particular manufacturers line of
vehicles. Some of the newest CD-ROM manuals show
actual, step-by-step footage of certain repair operations.
The CD-ROM disc can be inserted in a computer with a
CD drive. The information is then accessed and read on
the computer monitor, Figure 3-46. The one drawback to
CD-ROM manuals is they are much more expensive than
a printed manual.

61

Internet Resources
By using a computer on-line service, small shops can
access any one of several automotive central information banks
over the information superhighway. These banks can offer
diagnostic tips, technical service bulletins, and other service
information similar to the telephone hotlines described earlier.
Many of these services have interfaces that make them easy
for anyone to use. Most of these on-line assistance centers are
operated by aftermarket companies, private organizations, and
individuals. These organizations provide a way for technicians
from around the world to help each other by way of e-mail.

Summary
There are two kinds of HVAC equipment; test equipment and service equipment. Some test equipment, such as
gauge manifolds, are both diagnosis and service tools. Most
test equipment is dedicated, that is, it can only be used for
one purpose. In addition, many refrigeration system test and
service tools can be used with only one type of refrigerant.
HVAC test and service equipment can be simple (such
as gauge manifolds or test lights) or extremely complex (such
as charging stations and scan tools). When using any type
of HVAC tools, always be careful not to damage the HVAC
system or cause a release of refrigerant into the atmosphere.
Cooling system test and service equipment is used to
check for leaks and pressure problems. Always allow the
cooling system to cool off and remove all pressure before
performing any test or service operations.
Many times the most important tools are the proper
service literature or other sources of service information.
Never guess at specications or service procedures.

Review QuestionsChapter 3
Please do not write in this text. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. A refrigeration gauge manifold body is made of _____
or _____.
2. The blue handwheel on a gauge manifold indicates
the _____ side valve.
3. Some R-12 refrigeration systems may have special
service ttings. These ttings keep the technician
from doing what?
4. Dene refrigeration system static pressure.
5. Mechanical temperature gauges make use of a _____
spring to register temperature changes.
6. The most accurate way to check for leaks is to use
a(n) _____ leak detector.

Figure 3-46. Modern service literature is often provided in the

form of CD-ROMs. These discs can hold the equivalent of
thousands of pages of service documents.

7. Older refrigerant dyes were _____ in color.

8. What color are contaminated refrigerant containers?

62

Auto Heating & Air Conditioning

9. Older multimeters used a _____ that moved against a

calibrated background.
10. What is the purpose of an ammeter inductive pickup?
11. To remove snap rings, the technician needs special
snap ring _____.
12. The two most common kinds of hose tting types are
the _____ tting and the _____ tting.
13. Raising pressure in the refrigeration system causes
water to boil at ______ than normal temperatures.
14. A ______ is a unit of pressure.
15. An ______ must be allowed to operate for long periods.
16. What undesirable thing will happen if too much
antifreeze is placed in a cooling system?
17. Manufacturers service information is often divided
into _____ and _____ manuals.
18. General manuals contain service information about
many kinds of _____.
19. A specialized manual covers a specic vehicle _____.
20. Today, many manuals and other kinds of paper
literature are being replaced by information that can
be accessed using a _____.

ASE Certication-Type Questions

1. All of the following statements about gauge manifolds
are true, except:
(A) R-134a and R-12 manifolds are needed to service
modern vehicles.
(B) technicians often have their own gauge
manifolds.
(C) the low side handwheel is a different color than
the low side hose.
(D) low side gauges can measure vacuum.
2. Technician A says that a mechanical temperature
gauge may be used to determine air temperature as it
leaves the HVAC system vents. Technician B says that
an infrared temperature gauge may be used to check
the temperature of engine coolant. Who is right?
(A) A only.
(B) B only.
(C) Both A and B.
(D) Neither A nor B.
3. An electronic leak detector is being used to check for
leaks. The detector begins to squeal loudly. Which of
the following is the most likely cause?
(A) Low detector battery.
(B) Severe refrigerant leak.
(C) Slight refrigerant leak.
(D) Presence of contaminated refrigerant.

4. Which of the following devices is used to perform

open loop ushing?
(A) Refrigerant cycling machine.
(B) Recovery and recycling machine.
(C) Blowgun.
(D) Parts solvent.
5. Which of the following is not a dedicated
refrigeration service device?
(A) Recycle/recovery machine.
(B) Charging station.
(C) Storage cylinder.
(D) Charging scale.
6. A charging station combines all of the following
components, except:
(A) ushing unit.
(B) gauges.
(C) hoses.
(D) weighing scale.
7. Technician A says that a spectrograph can measure
coolant temperature. Technician B says that a
hydrometer can measure coolant freezing point. Who
is right?
(A) A only.
(B) B only.
(C) Both A and B.
(D) Neither A nor B.
8. All of the following statements about service
literature are true, except:
(A) overhaul manuals contain comprehensive
disassembly and reassembly information.
(B) a schematic is a graphic representation of an
electrical or vacuum system.
(C) troubleshooting charts contain a series of logical
steps.
(D) vehicle manufacturers publish general service
information.
9. A service information CD-ROM contains which of
the following?
(A) Sales and public relations information.
(B) Troubleshooting and other service information.
(C) Parts and labor prices.
(D) Addresses of paper manual providers.
10. Technician A says that a Web site containing vehicle
service information is called a hotline. Technician B
says that Web sites can be accessed through the
Internet. Who is right?
(A) A only.
(B) B only.
(C) Both A and B.
(D) Neither A nor B.