To Construct An Amplifier Using A Transistor

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATOR
Y
PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR
MADE BY:
Chinmay Shah
CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO.
Physics Investigatory Project
Chinmay Shah
CERTIFICA
TE
This is to certify that Chinmay
Shah, student of class XII-B has
successfully
completed
the
Physics
Project
under
the
guidance of Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay. This project is
genuine and is not plagiarism of
any kind. The references used in
making this project file are
declared at the end of the file.
Externals Sign:
Sign:
______________
_____________
Internals
Principals signature
School stamp
Transistor as Amplifier
Page 2 of 20
Chinmay Shah
ACKNOWLEDG
EMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to the Principal,
Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan
International School, Sanpada for
her encouragement and for all the
facilities she has provided for this
project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my
subject teacher Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant
Devesh Sir who guided me to the
successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude
for their invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement and
immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of
this project work. I cant forget to
offer my sincere thanks to my

classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and
support which I received for them
time to time.
Page 3 of 20
Chinmay Shah
INDEX
Sr
Contents
No.
1 Aim of the Experiment
2
Introduction
3 Apparatus Required
4
Circuit Diagram
5
Theory
6
Procedure
7
Observations
8
Graph
9
Result
10
Conclusion
11
Precautions
13
Bibliography
Page
No.
5
6
9
10
11
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
Page 4 of 20
Chinmay Shah
AIM
To construct amplifier
using n-p-n transistor
and study its current
gain and identify its
active region
Page 5 of 20
Chinmay Shah
INTRODUCTI
ON
An Amplifier is a device which is used for

multiplying the Amplitude of variation of
alternating voltage or current or power.
Heres a diagram of how an amplifier works:
A transistor is a semiconductor device

used to amplify or switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material
with three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
Page 6 of 20
Chinmay Shah
Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick

layer of the transistor which is heavily
doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor
which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick
layer of the transistor which is moderately
doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by
growing a thin layer of thin layer of n-type
semi-conductor in between two relatively
thick layers of p-type semi-conductor.
A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by

growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in
between two relatively thick layers of n-type
semi-conductor.
Page 7 of 20
Chinmay Shah
In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n

transistor.
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so
that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes
the small current through the base of the
transistor; the transistor's current amplification
combined with the properties of the circuit
mean that small swings in Vin produce large
changes in V out.
Various configurations of single transistor
amplifier are possible, with some providing
current gain, some voltage gain, and some
both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast
numbers of products include amplifiers for
sound reproduction, radio transmission, and
signal processing. The first discrete-transistor
audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred
milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity
gradually increased as better transistors
became available and amplifier architecture
evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to
a few hundred watts are common and
relatively inexpensive.
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
Page 8 of 20
Chinmay Shah
1.
A n-p-n transistor;
2.
Two battery eliminators;
3.
Two High resistance Rheostats;
4.
Connecting Wires;
5.
Two One Way keys;
6.
Two Ammeters;
7.
Two Voltmeters;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 9 of 20
Chinmay Shah
THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a
common base amplifier are shown in the circuit
diagram
The base is common to both the input and the

output circuits.
Page 10 of 20
Chinmay Shah
The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward

biased by using a low voltage battery Vbb.
The output (collector base) circuit is
reverse biased by using a high voltage
battery Vcc.
Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base
current and collector current respectively.
Then, according to Kirchhoffs first law:
Current
Ie = Ib + I c
Output Current
Gain ()=
Input Current
( is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a

large value of)
Voltage gain =
Output
Input Voltage
Voltage
Ic.RL
IB.Ri
Vo
Vi
In the output circuit,
Vcc = Vce - VL
Vce = Vcc - VL
Page 11 of 20
Chinmay Shah
Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL

Transition output is
Vce
(1)
When Input signal forward biases the ( - E)

section, Ic section is large: ICRL > Vcc
and Vce is negative from eqn. (1)
When input section is reverse biased, by signal,

So, Vce =
Vcc
(approx.)
c
Output is therefore 180 out of phase w.r.t
input and hence, a second stage of
amplification is required.
Ic.RL 0
PROCEDURE
Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown
in the circuit diagram.
Determine the least count and the zero

errors of voltmeters and ammeters.
Page 12 of 20
Chinmay Shah
Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low

voltage
Make all the connections neat, clean and
tight.
Note the Least count
Increase the voltage from input battery Vb
from 0 to 0.6 V.
Note the input current at this point.

Now increase the input current by changing
the resistance of rheostat and record the
corresponding output current.
Ensure that the input voltage does not
exceed 1 V (input and output voltage will
change correspondingly).
Plot the readings of the current taken in the
graph of Current (inp) vs Current (out).
OBSERVATIONS
VOLTMETER
1. Least count of Voltmeter (Vi)= 0.2
V
2. Range of Voltmeter (Vi)= 10 V
3. Zero Error of voltmeter (Vi)= 0 V
4. Least count of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0.2
V
5. Range of Voltmeter (Vo)= 10 V
6. Zero Error of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0 V
AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)=
2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100
mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0
mA
Page 13 of 20
Chinmay Shah
4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)=

10 mA
5. Range of Milliammeter (out)= 500
mA
6. Zero error of Milliammeter (out)= 0
mA
OBSERVATION
TABLE:
Current(Input
)(mA)
0.09
0.14
0.25
0.31
0.41
0.47
Current(Output
)(mA)
1.13
1.36
2.1
2.24
2.9
3.15
1.1
1.2
1.3
11
12.9
13.7
Page 14 of 20
Chinmay Shah
2.1
2.5
4.2
16.7
19
21.1
Current (inp) vs.

Current (out):
Page 15 of 20
Chinmay Shah
tCurren
(out)
20
15
10
0.09
0.14
0.25
0.31
0.41
0.47
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
Current (inp)
RESULT
Page 16 of 20
Chinmay Shah
1. As seen from the graph, the

active region with maximum
current amplification is from
0.41A to 2.0A.
2. Current gain(amplification)() =
=
8.48
3. A minimum of 0.6V needs to be
provided as activation voltage to
input part of circuit, i.e., baseemitter (BE) section.
CONCLUSION
Page 17 of 20
Chinmay Shah
With the experiments carried out

in the laboratory to study the
characteristics of the NPN
transistor proved the aim defined
in the report. The NPN transistor
has got current amplification in
the tune of 8.5 in the region of
0.4 to 2 ma.
PRECAUTIONS
All the instruments for current and

voltage should be of proper range
and least count.
Page 18 of 20
Chinmay Shah
There should be a proper forward

and
reverse
biasing
to
the
transistor input and output section
by connecting the batteries with
proper polarities.
The readings in voltmeters Vi and Vo
should be zero before switching on
the batteries.
Never exceed the ratings for the
current given in the transistor
manual.
A n-p-n transistor
which broke due to the
passage of excessive
current.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experi
ment7.pdf
Page 19 of 20
Chinmay Shah
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transisto
r_as_an_amplifier
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
230nsc1.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_b
jt/lab1_bjt_transistor_ basics.pdf
hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html
BOOKS Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS

Class 12;
Pradeep Reference Guide for PhysicsClass 12;
NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;
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PHYSICS

Physics Investigatory Project

Physics Investigatory Project

offer my sincere thanks to my

Physics Investigatory Project

Physics Investigatory Project

Physics Investigatory Project

An Amplifier is a device which is used for

Heres a diagram of how an amplifier works:

A transistor is a semiconductor device

Physics Investigatory Project

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by

Physics Investigatory Project

In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n

Physics Investigatory Project

Two battery eliminators;

Two High resistance Rheostats;

Two One Way keys;

Physics Investigatory Project

The base is common to both the input and the

Physics Investigatory Project

The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward

( is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a

In the output circuit,

Physics Investigatory Project

Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL

When Input signal forward biases the ( - E)

When input section is reverse biased, by signal,

Determine the least count and the zero

Physics Investigatory Project

Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low

Note the input current at this point.

Physics Investigatory Project

4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)=

Physics Investigatory Project

Current (inp) vs.

Physics Investigatory Project

Physics Investigatory Project

1. As seen from the graph, the

Physics Investigatory Project

With the experiments carried out

All the instruments for current and

Physics Investigatory Project

There should be a proper forward

Physics Investigatory Project

BOOKS Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS

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