Abril 2015

European Coatings Show Issue
April 2015
VOLUME 31, NUMBER 4
INSIDE
Paint
Coatings Industry
Biobased Succinic Acid

New, Sustainable Solvent
Biogenic Silica from Rice Hulls
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22
40
CONTENTS
PA I N T & C OAT I N G S I N D U S T RY, VO L U M E 3 1 , N U M B E R 4
April 2015
FEATURES
22 An Exclusive Look Inside DCMs Lab, PCI Magazine
30 Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions with New
Sustainable Solvent, Taminco
36 AkzoNobel Discusses Environment-Friendly

Technologies and Sustainability, AkzoNobel
40 Sustainability in the Coatings Industry,

TMA Consulting
52 Biogenic Silica Harvested from Rice Hulls,

SioTeX Corp.
56 Biobased Succinic Acid, BioAmber Inc. and

Stahl International bv
64 Innovative Waterborne Acrylics for Industrial

Wood Coatings, Alberdingk Boley Inc.
68 Ultrasonic Acoustically Assisted Inline Drying for
64
ONLINE FEATURES
www.pcimag.com
A Methodology for Optimizing Chromate

Conversion Coating Process Parameters,
EIG Inc.
The Design of Static Mixer Heat Transfer
Equipment for Adhesives, Sealants, Resins
and Polymers, Chemineer
Customer is King Enterprises Intensify
Innovation Efforts, ALTANA AG
DEPARTMENTS
6
Viewpoint
Industry News
12
Calendar of Events
14
Names in the News
16
Company News
78
Products
80
Classifieds
82
Advertiser Index
Waterborne Wood Coatings, Heat Technologies, Inc.
BUSINESS TOOLS
24 European Coatings Show 2015
25 ECS Exhibits in Print
ON THE COVER:
Cover design by Clare Johnson.
House photo courtesy of Stahl
International bv. Other photos
courtesy of www.istock.com.
78 Supplier Showcases
PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Print 0884-3848 and Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly,
by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317.
No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.:
$123.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $160.00 USD (includes GST & postage);
all other countries: $178.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2015, by BNP Media. All rights
reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher.
The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional
mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076.
Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to IMEX Global
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- PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248)
244-6499 or [email protected].
Audited by BPA Worldwide
Printed in the U.S.A.
VIEWPOINT
Keeping it Green
This is our first Green Issue, which focuses on perspectives
on our industrys role in sustainability and new technologies designed with the environment in mind. Some of
the technologies featured include waterborne self-crosslinking acrylic emulsions that are a suitable alternative
to solventborne finishes for industrial wood coatings, a
sustainable cosolvent that exhibits an improved HES profile relative to NMP, and ultrasonic acoustically assisted
inline drying, which provides energy savings, increased
throughput and a reduced footprint.
We also interviewed two R&D directors at AkzoNobel
to get their perspectives on the powder coatings and biobased markets, and the challenges coatings manufacturers face in developing
environment-friendly products. Our monthly blogger, Tony Mash, is
also featured in this issue with a detailed article on going beyond business as usual efforts to achieve sustainability in the coatings industry.
We specifically targeted this issue for the European Coatings Show
(ECS). Show organizers have identified sustainability and green coatings among some of the top trends that are pushing coatings innovations that will be featured at ECS. The European Coatings Congress
will also feature a full session on biobased coatings.

APRIL 2015 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Other hot trends to be featured at the event include

nanotechnology, functional coatings, radiation-curing
coatings and new applications for TiO2. With over 1,000
exhibitors on the show floor and 144 presentations at
the Congress, the ECS is sure to provide attendees with
a wealth of new information on the latest developments
in fundamental research as well as the newest technologies available to coatings manufacturers.
The Congress runs April 20-21, and the Show is April
21-23 in Nuremberg, Germany. For more information
on the ECS and a preview of what some companies will
be exhibiting, turn to page 24 for our pre-show coverage. We also
offer complete coverage of the ECS on our website at www.pcimag.
com/europeancoatingshow and in our daily show eNewsletter.
I look forward to seeing many of our readers and industry suppliers in Nuremberg later this month. Be sure to stop by PCIs
stand in Hall 1 (1-148) to say hello or give us your thoughts on how
we can better serve you.
By Kristin Johansson, Editor | PCI
Paint a better picture

for tomorrow
Univar is more than a distribution company were a leading, global partner
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2015. Univar USA Inc. All rights reserved. AD-106
INDUSTRY NEWS
Research Institute to Develop Standards
for Biobased Products
WAGENINGEN, the Netherlands
The European Union has commissioned Wageningen University and
Research center (Wageningen UR)
Food & Biobased Research (FBR)
institute to perform pre-normative
research into standards for biobased products. Using laboratory
research and its knowledge and
experience with biobased products, FBR and project coordinator,
the Netherlands Standardization
Institute (NEN), are looking into
the demand for specific labeling
for and consumer information on
biobased products. The project includes
a total of 14 European research institutes and companies. FBR is performing
specific research into quality requirements for biobased products based on
laboratory tests into specific functional
characteristics such as strength, flexibility, permeability, recyclability and
organic degradability.
The research is a follow-up to the
Knowledge-Based Biobased Products
Pre-Standardization (KBBPPS) project,
in which FBR also made a major contribution. In this new project, the ana-
lytical methods developed in KBBPPS

to determine the biobased content are
being supplemented with indirect methods. For instance, specific measurements serve to check the administrative
proof of the biobased origin of products.
In addition, test methods for determining the degradability of bio-lubricants
in soil and water are supplemented with
other biodegradability tests. The standard test methods that will be developed
focus, among other characteristics, on
the degree in which a product degrades
in the ocean, its compostability and the
CPCA Applauds Canadian Government

on Passing GHS Regulations
OTTAWA, Ontario The Canadian Paint and Coatings Association (CPCA) has commended the Canadian government for
finalizing new regulations related to the implementation of the
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals (GHS) for workplace hazardous chemicals.
The Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR) are now in force
after being published in Canada Gazette, Part II on February 11,
2015. They replace the Controlled Products Regulations. GHS is
expected to be in force in Canada no later than June 1, 2015. This
alignment will bring major changes to the existing Workplace
Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), such as the
Hazardous Products Act and Controlled Products Regulations. A
key objective of GHS is to create a system that will allow Canadian
and U.S. requirements to be met through the use of a single label
and safety data sheet (SDS) for each hazardous product.
The new GHS system for labeling of chemicals in the workplace is
probably the most significant affirmation to date of the importance
of regulatory cooperation between Canada and the United States in
terms of both the positive economic impact and the enhancements
to worker safety, said Gary LeRoux, CPCA President.
8

possibilities for conversion into

biogas (anaerobic digestion). This
allows biobased products to be
compared to other products with
regard to sustainability and also
enables policy development.
Communication on the characteristics and applications of
biobased products is another key
focus of the project, with a goal
to develop guidelines for labeling
biobased products as well as the
product information to be provided with these products. Research
is being performed in eight European member states regarding the
acceptance of biobased products and
demands for communication involving
biobased products. The results should
lead to standards and policy regulations
at a European level.
The project involves various knowledge and research institutes, such as the
ECN, FBR and LEI in the Netherlands,
the French CNRS, the German novaInstitut, and the universities of Athens,
Berlin and York. Additionally, the project consortium comprises various companies from Europe and further afield.
The announcement about the HPR means suppliers in the coatings industry may begin to plan for the new requirements for labels
and SDSs for hazardous products sold, distributed or imported into
Canada. Following the in-force date for GHS in Canada on June 1,
2015, a transition period will help companies that need time to
comply, but the dates have not been announced at this time. CPCA
and other associations have asked for a two-year transition period.
BCF Challenges French Restrictions on

BPA-Based Materials in Food Packaging
LONDON The British Coatings Federation (BCF) has joined

other associations in calling for the European Commission to take
action now that the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA)
has completed the latest comprehensive exposure assessment on
bisphenol A (BPA). France introduced legislation on January 1,
2015 that suspended the use of BPA-based materials for packaging products intended to come into direct contact with food. The
EFSA report reaffirms the global scientific opinion that BPA poses
no health risk to consumers of any age group, because the current
exposure to the chemical is too low to cause harm.
BPA is an essential base chemical used in the manufacture
of materials (epoxy resins) that are subsequently used for pro-
INDUSTRY NEWS
tective coatings and inks used in flexible and rigid (metal can)
packaging. Epoxy resins have been used for food-contact applications for over 50 years and are the premium coating technology
that ensures product integrity in food cans. According to BCF,
several key membership sectors have been seriously affected by
the unilateral French legislation.
The BCF is a joint signatory, along with the Metal Packaging
Manufacturers Association, the Food and Drink Federation and
the British Plastics Federation, to a letter that was sent in late January to all the key UK government departments, including the Food
Standards Agency and Defra. The letter states the opinion that the
restriction introduced by France will not lead to any increase in
consumer safety, and instead will cost the supply chain associated
with food contact products into France 1.5 billion.
EFSAs 2015 risk assessment of BPA involved a full hazard
assessment and risk characterization of the chemical, and
was based on the latest toxicological information available,
which includes improved data and refined methods to assess
risk compared with the previous study (2006). It also covered
specific population groups that may be more susceptible, such
as infants and women of childbearing age. EFSAs main conclusion was that dietary exposure to BPA is between 4-15 times
lower than was previously estimated, leading to its overall
conclusion that BPA poses no health risk to consumers of any
age group at current exposure levels. As a result of the study,
EFSA has recommended a reduction in the temporary Toler-
able Dietary Intake, which will be taken into account when

the United States completes its current evaluation addressing
remaining uncertainties with regard to BPA.
New Report on Chinese Coatings Industry
LONDON IRL has launched a new edition of its single-country

report A Profile of the Chinese Paint Industry. In this study, IRL
examines Chinas coatings market independently and not as part
of a regional study on the Asia-Pacific paint market, offering more
in-depth information on market influences and trends. The new
edition provides market data for 2013 and forecasts for 2018.
The total consumption of coatings in China reached 13.1 million tonnes in 2013 and is forecast to rise to nearly 17.9 million
tonnes by 2018. This is equivalent to an average annual growth
rate of 6.5%, which is somewhat lower than historical trends
in China but is still impressive compared with the more mature
markets such as the European Union, United States and Japan.
This growth forecast takes into account predicted Chinese GDP
growth, the development of the iron and steel industry and its
related sectors, growth in downstream industries (such as construction, automotive, petrochemical and machinery), and current per-capita coatings consumption, which remains low.
After four years of rapid growth, the Chinese paint market
started to slow down in 2013 due to the unfavorable global
economic situation and deceleration of certain downstream
industries. However, demand for coatings in the construction,
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10

INDUSTRY
NEWS
automotive, appliances and infrastructure sectors continued to grow. Therefore, the total paint market grew fairly
moderately in 2013.
Architecture is the largest end-use sector in China and continued to grow quickly
in 2013 due to an increase in the construction of low-cost housing, commercial
housing and infrastructure. The protective
coatings market is the second-largest sector in China due to the rapid development
of construction, transportation, petrochemical, energy and machinery projects.
Nuclear power and wind power infrastructure, high-speed rail, roads, bridges, containers and offshore engineering applications continued to drive growth in the
protective coatings market in 2013.
The wood coatings market was affected
by the stagnation of exports, but stimulated
by domestic demand for solid wood furniture. The powder coatings market showed
steady growth due to strong demand from
appliance manufacturers and the construction industry. The automotive coatings market continued to be boosted by
growth of car production and an increase
in car ownership, despite government controls on traffic flow in major cities. The
plastic coatings market was possibly the
fastest-growing segment in 2013, due to
recovery of the demand from appliance,
mobile phone and computer applications.
The marine coatings segment was the
worst performing in 2013, mainly due to
deterioration of the global marine industry and competition from other Asian
countries for shipbuilding and repair.
Other segments such as coil coatings,
road-marking coatings, can coatings and
aerospace coatings achieved reasonable
growth in 2013.
The per-capita consumption of coatings was only 9.6 kg, and the consumption of architectural coatings was only
3.6 kg per head in 2013. These figures
are much lower than the global average
and the average consumption in western
countries. This indicates a large, as yet
untapped potential in the Chinese coatings market to be exploited in the future.
Nevertheless, the Chinese market is
expected to grow more rationally after a
decade of fast growth. The industry will
continue to consolidate, and the market
will become more integrated between
manufacturers, distributors and service
providers. The overall industry is facing
further challenges, in terms of capital, strategic transformation, increasing demand
INDUSTRY NEWS
for quality products and services, growth

of environmental and safety issues, and a
dynamic business environment.
A Profile of the Chinese Paint Industry
gives an insight into the market changes
in the past few years, as well as outlining
the key trends affecting nine mainstream
coatings segments: architectural/decorative, industrial wood coatings, protective
coatings, marine coatings, automotive
OEM coatings, automotive refinishes,
powder coatings, general industrial coatings (including coil coatings) and plastic
coatings. Forecasts on these are presented for the year 2018 alongside market
data for 2013. For more information, visit
www.informationresearch.co.uk.
directive on the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment an arena that is of importance to
UV mercury-vapor bulbs.
Other areas where the association is
making positive contributions include
REACH and the German Printing Ink
Ordinance, now in its fifth draft, which is
currently at the core of existing European
standards for the safety of printing inks in
food packaging materials in terms of nonmigration, low odor and no taste transfer.
In 2014, RadTech Europe organized a
dedicated seminar on this issue.
RadTech Europe Sets

Agenda for 2015
OTTAWA, Ontario The Canadian Paint

and Coatings Association (CPCA) has
moved the date of its Annual Conference
and General Meeting to the spring. It will
take place this year on May 27-29, 2015 at
the Pillar and Post Inn & Spa in Niagaraon-the-Lake. For more information, visit
www.canpaint.com/cpca-conference.
THE HAGUE, the Netherlands RadTech

Europe anticipates a full agenda of activities in 2015, driven by growing interest
in UV/EB curing technologies across an
ever-widening range of industries.
RadTech Europes major focus will be on
its biennial 2015 conference. Taking place
this year in Prague, Czech Republic, from
October 13-15, RadTech Europe 2015 will
offer an in-depth agenda featuring both
plenary and parallel sessions, with a complementary exhibition that will provide
an ideal location for delegate networking,
as well as for commercial presentations on
new product introductions from RadTech
Europe member companies.
The RadTech Europe calendar for 2015
will feature additional events, such as a
dedicated EB-curing seminar to identify
and evaluate the advantages in terms
of low energy usage, low operating temperatures and photoinitiator-free systems
that todays smaller, better-inerted electron beams deliver.
Also in 2015, the association will continue active participation in the new review
of the EC reference document on the best
available techniques for surface treatment
using organic solvents. The document,
which is being evaluated by a large number
of stakeholder organizations, specifies emission limits and other environmental permit
requirements, and includes information on
alternative technologies to lower VOC emissions. The review process is expected to take
approximately three years.
RadTech Europe is also involved in the
working group applying for the extension
of the exemption of mercury in special
purpose discharge lamps under the RoHS
New Date for CPCAs

Annual Conference and
General Meeting
Call for Papers Issued

for ABRAFATI 2015
SAO PAULO, Brazil A call for papers

has been issued for the 14th International
Coatings Congress, which is taking place
October 13-15, 2015 in So Paulo, Brazil. Professionals interested in presenting
papers at the Congress can submit them to
the events Science Committee for review.
To have papers included in the program for lectures and the Poster Session,
researchers must submit abstracts for
review through the events website at www.
abrafati.com.br/en/events/abrafati-2015/.
Coatings Trends &

Technologies Call for Speakers
TROY, MI Organizers of Coatings Trends

& Technologies are seeking abstracts from
industry experts, educators, manufacturers and end users who can share their scientific findings and practical applications
to coatings formulations. To learn more,
visit www.coatingsconference.com.
Follow PCI on Facebook at

www.facebook.com/PCIfan
on Twitter at
http://twitter.com/PCIMag
and on Linkedin at
www.linkedin.com
Ask
the
Expert
Jeanine Snyder
Senior Development Chemist
can I overcome
Q How
coating defects when
formulating a low-VOC,
water-based coating for
plastic substrates?
Applying waterborne coatings on difficult-to-coat surfaces like plastics, films and

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significant challenges for the
coatings formulator. Maximum
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require the proper surfactant to
promote substrate wetting and
minimize foam generation.
Air Products Dynol surfactants
offer a superior balance of properties compared to traditional
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tell me more
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 2014 (37084) B52

11
CALENDAR
Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs
APRIL 12-15
16
20-22
12-15
20-21
21-23
SSCT Annual Meeting

West Palm Beach, FL
www.ssct.org
Coatings for Non-Formulators
West Palm Beach, FL
www.ssct.org
Paint & Coatings Basics

Hampton, UK
www.pra-world.com
Caulks and Sealants Short Course
Nashville, TN
www.ascouncil.org
ASC Spring Convention & Expo

Nashville, TN
www.ascouncil.org
European Coatings Show
Nuremberg, Germany
www.european-coatings-show.com/en
23-24
Global Marine Coatings Forum

Rotterdam, the Netherlands
www.ippic.org/conferences
28-29
Windy City Coatings Course

Chicago
www.windycitycoatingscourse.com
28-30
Radiation Curing Technology

Hampton, UK
www.pra-world.com
MAY 6-7
The Powder Coating Show

Louisville, KY
www.powdercoatingshow.com
FOCUS 2015
Troy, MI
www.dsctfocus.org
7-8
Advanced Coatings and Fluids

Houston
www.macroproworks.org
11-13
Coat Expo China 2015

Guangzhou, China
www.coatexpo.cn/en
11-14
Paint Technology
Hampton, UK
www.pra-world.com
12-13
Asia Coatings Congress

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
www.coatings-group.com
25-28
Gulf Coating 2015

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
www.gulf-coating.com
27-29
CPCA Annual Conference and AGM

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
www.canpaint.com/cpca-conference
JUNE 1-4
Eastern Coatings Show

Atlantic City, NJ
http://easterncoatingsshow.com
2-3
Sink or Swim Symposium

Cleveland
www.clevelandcoatingssociety.org
12

FROM DTM TO POWDER

Arkema Offers More Choices
for Metal Coatings
Choose from waterborne or alkyd hybrid binders for direct-to-metal coatings, to solvent-based high solids
options, or powder coatings. The Arkema Coating Resins portfolio offers you a choice of binders to
meet your performance and value requirements for factory or field-applied metal coatings.
ARKEMA PRODUCT
CHEMISTRY
DESCRIPTION
Range of performance choices: from
light industrial top coats and primers
to direct-to-metal (DTM) applications.
ENCOR DM SERIES
Styrene Acrylic
CHEMPOL
High Solids Polyester
No solvent or reactive diluent. For

general metal coating applications.
CHEMPOL
Solventborne Acrylic
For 2K PU and NISO systems.
REAFREE Powders
Polyester
Hybrid resins, PRIMID, TGIC and

superdurable options.
SYNAQUA
Alkyd
Solvent-like properties in a
waterborne alkyd chemistry.
Visit www.arkemacoatingresins.com/metal
for more information on all of the binders
for use in metal coatings.
Arkema Coating Resins is a business unit of Arkema Inc.
ENCOR and CHEMPOL are registered trademarks of Arkema Inc.
SYNAQUA is a registered trademark of Arkema France.
REAFREE is a registered trademark of Arkema Coating Resins
S.A.U.
SYNAQUA
NAMES IN THE NEWS

Ted Burke has taken over as President of
EW Kaufmann after the retirement of Brian
OConnor. Shaun Julian has been named VP of
Sales, succeeding Burke.
NETZSCH Pumps North America LLC has named
Jeffrey Bye Director of Customer Service, Engineering and Projects.
Gulf Coast Chemical Corp. announced that Linda

Immel is celebrating 15 years as a Customer Service Specialist with the company.
PPG Industries has appointed its Chief Operating
Officer, Michael H. McGarry, to President and
Chief Operating Officer.
de Wind
Gu
Daniel Choo has joined Argosy International Inc.

as Sales Director, Southeast Asia region. Choo will
lead sales activities in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and India.
Sartomer has named Stephen Edwards Business Manager with responsibility for the adhesives and sealants, electronics, personal care, and
advanced materials markets.
Roest
IGM Resins has appointed Wilson Gu Regional Vice President

Asia. The company promoted Andrew Chambers to Global Vice
President Photoinitiators and Pharmaceuticals, Frans de Wind
to Commercial Manager EMEA and Remco Roest to Commercial
Manager PharmaChem.
Green Biologics has appointed James J. Hohman to a non-executive director position on the companys Board of Directors.
Ure
Hockmeyer Equipment has hired Tim Mizell to

be Vice President of Sales and Marketing. He will
work to increase Hockmeyers market presence and
representative network.
Exova has appointed engineering business
management specialist Campbell Ure as the
General Manager of the companys Edinburgh
and Aberdeen laboratories.
Patrick (Pat) Salvi has joined NETZSCH Premier Technologies

as Northeast Regional Manager.
McCullough & Associates has appointed James Self as the new
Sales Manager for the Industrial Sales group.
Brookfield Engineering Laboratories has appointed Nilay
Shah International Sales and Marketing Manager for laboratory
products and services.
CREATING TOMORROWS SOLUTIONS
IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR ANSWERS:

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14

Obviously optimized
Ongoing optimization is the best strategy for lasting
success. Would you like to learn more about additives and
process optimization? Then have a chat with us at the
European Coatings Show 2015 from April 21 to 23 in
Nuremberg, hall 4 A, booth 512.
More information:
www.byk.com/ECS2015
COMPANY NEWS
Eastman Chemical Co. to Join Together for Sustainability
KINGSPORT, TN Eastman
Chemical Co., Kingsport, TN, will
join Together for Sustainability
(TfS), a procurement-led initiative established by Europeanbased multinational companies
to drive improvements in sustainable procurement through
standard processes, including shared
audits and assessments. Eastman and
TfS have confirmed acceptance of Eastmans application to the consortium as
the first U.S.-based company to join,
with plans to finalize Eastmans membership in early 2015.
As a global specialty chemical company with significant business in Europe,
Eastman has been working closely with
TfS to understand membership requirements to expand the organization to U.S.-
based companies. Mike Berry, Eastmans

Chief Procurement Officer (CPO), will
represent Eastman on the TfS General
Assembly as well as in the CPO Meetings.
At Eastman, we are committed to
sustainable procurement and supply
chain management, says Berry. Joining TfS is a natural step for Eastman as
we move forward in our efforts to continually assess and improve our environmental impact and sustainable business
practices. We have already implemented
Tri-iso Inc. and The TryLine Group Merge
CARDIFF BY THE SEA, CA Specialty chemical distributor Tri-iso

Inc., Cardiff by the Sea, CA, and chemical marketing specialist The
TryLine Group LLC, Bellvue, WA, have merged to create a new
company, Tri-iso TryLine LLC. The company will be headquartered
in Cardiff, CA, with many operations continuing to operate out of
Bellvue, WA. Tri-iso TryLine will continue to offer a full range of
chemical raw materials for all industrial applications, including
chemicals, coatings, adhesives, lubricants and sealants.
DSM to Invest in U.S. Manufacturing Facility
ZWOLLE, the Netherlands Royal DSM, a life sciences and materials sciences company, announced a substantial investment in its
Wilmington, MA, manufacturing facility. DSM will upgrade its
facilities to produce waterborne resins for inks and coatings.
PATCHAM USA Appoints Distributor
SECAUCUS, NJ Specialty additive manufacturer PATCHAM USA

has appointed Cleveland-based Dar Tech Inc. as an exclusive distributor covering the North Midwest region. The agreement covers
all PATCHAM additives for coatings, inks and specialty applications.
Bio-Succinic Acid Wins Award
GELEEN, the Netherlands News outlet Biofuels Digest gave its

Chemical of the Year award to bio-succinic acid, naming producers BioAmber and Reverdia.
Biofuels Digest wrote, The acid was the first non-fossil, feedstock-derived chemical building block that allows customers in
the chemical industry to choose a biobased alternative with a
lower eco-footprint for a broad range of applications, from packaging to footwear.
Reverdia is a joint venture between Royal DSM N.V. and Roquette
Frres, a starch and starch-derivatives company headquartered in
16

a number of the TfS principles

into our supply chain operations.
This membership provides opportunity to collaborate with other
companies, making a difference
across the industry.
As part of Eastmans commitment to TfS, the company will
continue to support the principles of
the United Nations Global Compact and
Responsible Care, engage suppliers and
other stakeholders to advance sustainable development, report sustainability
performance, address stakeholder concerns about sustainable aspects in the
supply chain, and operate in accordance
with industry codes and applicable laws
and regulations.
More information on TfS is available
at www.tfs-initiative.com.
France. The joint venture was created for the production, commercialization and market development of its sustainable succinic acid.
BioAmber is an industrial biotechnology company producing
sustainable chemicals.
BASF to Increase Pigment Production,

Open Dispersions Plant
BESIGHEIM, Germany BASF plans to significantly increase its

production capacities of bismuth vanadate pigments in Besigheim,
near Stuttgart, Germany. The additional capacities will be available as of 2017. Bismuth vanadate pigments are yellow pigments
with a special greenish color tone, which BASF markets under the
Sicopal and Paliotan brand names. They are an inorganic alternative to pigments containing lead chromate.
The BASF site in Freeport, TX, hosted a grand opening ceremony
for its first new plant to come online since 2007, adding a new
product mix to the Freeport portfolio. The dispersions plant manufactures acrylic emulsion polymers for architectural coatings,
construction chemicals, adhesives and applications in the paper
chemicals industry.
Chromaflo Technologies Honored
CLEVELAND Clevelands Smart Business Magazine announced

that Chromaflo Technologies, a global supplier of colorant systems, chemical and pigment dispersions, has been chosen to be
an honoree of Clevelands Smart Businesss Evolution of Manufacturing Award for 2015. The award recognizes Northern Ohio
manufacturers that best demonstrate the ability to adapt to the
changing world, and for their ability to acquire and keep top talent, employ effective training programs, and find innovative ways
to compete in a global economy.
Scott Becker, President and CEO of Chromaflo, accepted the award
on behalf of all Chromaflo employees.
European Coatings
Show 2015
Stand 7-534
Sustainability requires
quality in all processes
Modern acrylic binders for
extreme demands
Flexibility and outdoor durability
Chemical resistance and good adhesion
High solid content and fast drying
Water based and solventborne
Worle-Chemie GmbH
Sllerstrae 14 16
D-21481 Lauenburg
+49 41 535 96 0
[email protected]
www.worlee.de
COMPANY NEWS
AkzoNobel Performance Coatings Adds Capacity
joint venture, BASF PETRONAS Chemicals, in Kuantan, Malaysia.

The construction of this plant, which will be the first of its kind in the
ASEAN region, is expected to start in the second quarter of 2015. The
plant, with a total annual capacity of 30,000 metric tons, is expected
to start production in the fourth quarter of 2016. The new plant will
benefit from backward integration into the site, allowing high delivery reliability and maximizing efficient use of energy and feedstock.
Axalta Coating Systems Inaugurates

Refurbished Facility in Mexico
Stahl Appoints New Agents
AMSTERDAM AkzoNobel Performance Coatings announced plans

to invest 2.5 million to expand its plant in Cikarang, Indonesia.
The investment will add capacity to meet growing demand
for the companys International brand products, which are supplied by the Protective Coatings and Marine Coatings businesses.
Completion of the project is expected by April 2015.
PHILADELPHIA Axalta Coating Systems has inaugurated a newly

refurbished technology and R&D center for its powder coatings
operations in Mexico. The facility also provides expanded capabilities
for Axalta sales, technical services and product management staff.
JNS Smithchem to Distribute for Invotec
PATERSON, NJ JNS Smithchem LLC has been appointed the

distributor for Invotec LLC and its corrosion-inhibiting pigments, flash rust inhibitors, flame retardants, smoke suppressors
and phosphating catalysts. The territory for these products will
include Virginia through to the New England states.
BASF and PETRONAS to Build Plant in Malaysia
KUANTAN, Malaysia/LUDWIGSHAFEN, Germany BASF and

PETRONAS Chemicals Group Berhad will build a new world-scale
production plant for 2-ethylhexanoic acid at the site of their existing
18

WAALWIJK, the Netherlands Stahl has appointed two independent agents in the UK and Austria. Peter Dunne has been
appointed Stahls external business agent for the automotive
leather and specialty chemicals business in the UK. Dunne will
promote Stahls business, focusing on leather chemicals for the
automotive industry, performance coatings and Stahl polymers.
Tradco GmbH has been appointed an external business agent
to promote Stahls performance coatings and polymers in the
Austria territory. The company will promote Stahls business in
Austria, focusing on performance coatings and polymers.
Fitz Chem and Kaopolite Announce Agreement
ITASCA, IL Fitz Chem and Kaopolite Inc. announced a distribution agreement for the Kaopolite product line for all of North
America. Kaopolite is an anhydrous aluminum silicate that has a
unique aggregated amorphous structure, inherent inertness and
a controlled particle size distribution.
As the environment changes, Reichhold remains committed to developing resins that yield maximum
performance yet clean up with soap and water. BECKOSOL AQ is a platform of low VOC alkyd latex resins
made from renewable resources. From wood stains to metal primers, BECKOSOL AQ is the natural selection.
AQ 101
AQ 102
AQ 205
AQ 206
AQ 210
Exterior Wood
Stain
Wood Wiping
Stain
General Purpose
Wood Primer
Wood Trim
Enamel
Industrial Metal
Primer
AQ 400
AQ 510
AQ 521
AQ 522
Non-highway
Pavement Markings
Wood Multi-Purpose
& Blacktop Sealer
Porous Concrete
Sealer
Porous Concrete
& Stone Sealer
Reichhold
COMPANY NEWS
Huntsman to Reduce European TiO2 Capacity
THE WOODLANDS, TX Huntsman Corp. plans to reduce its titanium dioxide (TiO2) capacity approximately 100 kt, representing
13% of the companys European TiO2 capacity. Huntsman proposes
to close specific operations at its Calais, France site. The company
plans to close the black end manufacturing operations and ancillary activities during 2015. The black end is responsible for the
start of the titanium dioxide manufacturing process. The white
end is used to finish and pack TiO2 and will remain operational.
3E Company Honored With Award
CARLSBAD, CA 3E Company, a provider of environmental

health and safety compliance and information management
services, has received a Business Achievement Award in the information technology category from Environmental Business Journal
(EBJ). EBJ recognized the company for the introduction of several new solutions, including WebInsight Mobile, the first mobile
chemical regulatory compliance reference tool, and for continued
delivery of improvements to its existing solutions.
Hempel Announces Acquisitions
LYNGBY, Denmark Hempel has acquired its South African toll

manufacturer, The Coatings Manufacturing Co. (TCMC), located
near Johannesburg. Hempel South Africa has partnered with
TCMC since 2011 to serve customers in the region. The partnership covered the HEMPATEX and HEMPALIN range of products.
The company has also closed an agreement to acquire JonesBlair Co., Dallas, TX, a leading North American supplier for the
protective and waterproofing markets. The acquisition will help
Hempel expand its North American business in accordance with
its global growth strategy.
Jones-Blairs business is focused on two distinct markets: oil and
gas (industrial coatings) and construction, especially waterproofing through the NEOGARD brand.
El Corp. Joins SOCMA
McCOOK, IL El Corp., McCook, IL, has become a member of the Society of Chemical Manufacturers and Affiliates
(SOCMA), an international trade association representing the
specialty chemical industry.
The Washington-based group supports chemical manufacturers with commercial and networking opportunities, advocates for
the passage of laws and regulations, and works to increase public
confidence in the industry.
Deeks & Co. Receives Award
STONE MOUNTAIN, GA The U.S. Commerce & Trade Research

Institute (USCTRI) has selected the chemical distributor Deeks &
Co. for the 2015 Georgia Excellence Award. Each year, the USCTRI conducts business surveys and industry research to identify
companies that have achieved demonstrable success in their local
business environment and industry category. They are recognized
as having enhanced the commitment and contribution of small
businesses through service to their customers and community.
Stepan Sells Polyurethane Systems Business
NORTHFIELD, IL Stepan Co. announced the sale of its Specialty

Polyurethane Systems business to J6 Polymers LLC. The cash sale
includes inventory as well as customer and supplier lists, intellectual property, formulations, manufacturing procedures, and all
other information required to operate the business.
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Lubrizol Acquires EcoQuimica
Effective and Reliable Process Solutions.

For better Coating Results.
Leading companies install
vacuum distillation systems
for the treatment of
industrial wastewater.This
saves money and valuable
fresh water resources.
Thanks to our patented
VACUDEST technologies
you receive crystal clear,

oil-free distillate which
you may reuse in your
production. This guarantees
you best results in surfacetechnical processes. Are you
interested? Visit us at the
Hanover Fair!
H2O GmbH | Germany | [email protected]| www.h2o-de.com
20

CLEVELAND The Lubrizol Corp. has acquired EcoQuimica Industria e Comercio Produtos Quimica Ltda., a manufacturer and
supplier of coatings technology for products sold into decorative
paints, textiles, cement, elastomeric coatings and paper coatings.
Headquartered in Paulnia, a municipality in the state of So
Paulo, Brazil, EcoQuimica will expand Lubrizols performance
coatings footprint in the Latin America marketplace. EcoQuimica
is now part of Lubrizol Advanced Materials, reporting into Lubrizols Performance Coatings business.
Acquisition of ANGUS Chemical Completed
BUFFALO GROVE, IL Private equity firm Golden Gate Capital

announced that investment funds managed by the company have
successfully completed the acquisition of ANGUS Chemical Co.
(ANGUS), Buffalo Grove, IL, from The Dow Chemical Co.
ANGUS will continue to be led by its current senior management team, including President and CEO Mark A. Henning.
The $1.215 billion transaction includes the ANGUS business
headquarters and R&D facility in Buffalo Grove, IL; manufacturing
facilities located in Sterlington, LA, and Ibbenbueren, Germany;
a life-science additive facility in Niagara Falls, NY; as well as the
associated business, inventory, customer contracts, process technology, business know-how and certain intellectual property.
How do you define
Soft?
Introducing
MicroTouch
from Micro Powders
Silky smooth to rubbery grip

Finding it hard to achieve a soft touch in your coating formulation? Make an easy choice. New
MicroTouch additives allow you to formulate high performance tactile coatings, ranging from a silky
smooth to a soft rubbery surface. These spherical particles function as a gloss control agent, delivering
a wonderfully soft matte surface. Exceptionally resilient, MicroTouch powders are virtually indestructible
and provide superior durability in your most demanding application. Try one of our MicroTouch
additives in your formulation today and feel the difference.
MICRO POWDERS, INC.
580 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
T: 914.793.4058
Visit us at ECS 2015 - Booth #7-144
micropowders.com
Email: [email protected]
An Exclusive Look
Inside DCMs Lab
ow Coating Materials (DCM) recently

invited PCIs Editors and Publisher to
attend a private tour of its R&D labs in
Midland, MI, to learn about products in
development in the industrial coatings
arena. Hosted by Chuck Martz, Global Business Director, Industrial Coatings, and Bob Mussell, R&D Director,
Industrial and Functional Coatings, we were introduced
to a world that not many in our industry have the privilege
to experience. We were thrilled to have a chance to give
PCI Magazine a sneak peak at some of our new chemistries in the pipeline for industrial coatings, as well as new
applications in the field, said Martz.
First off was a unique process called BLUEWAVE technology. BLUEWAVE is Dows proprietary and patented
mechanical-dispersion technology that was developed in
Dow Chemicals unique Core Research and Development
organization. Core R&D was designed to provide leveraged
research and development capabilities to all Dow businesses.
The organization consists of about 1000 people across many
different disciplines. All of Dows businesses can leverage this
resource to develop technology and projects. Even though
we already have a large R&D organization within Dow
Coating Materials, we can utilize the efforts of the Core R&D
group to bring new technology in, said Mussell.
BLUEWAVE technology is a perfect example of a tool
developed in Core R&D that has allowed DCM to develop
new products. This continuous and cost-effective process
allows Dow researchers to disperse almost any polymer
in water, resulting in a water-based dispersion with performance attributes on par with solvent-based polymers.
In the BLUEWAVE dispersion development lab, Dr. Jay
Romick, Principal Research Scientist R&D, said, The Holy
Grail is to make a waterborne coating that gives the performance attributes of a solventborne system. BLUEWAVE
gives us an advantage over other technologies to actually
create waterborne solutions that provide us with performance attributes that are very, very reminiscent of a solventborne system. Other forms of mechanical dispersion
require modification of the polymer in order to disperse it
in water, resulting in higher cost and decreased properties
of the base resin due to the introduction of water sensitivity.
The BLUEWAVE process enables the production of a waterborne dispersion without modifying the resin. Because
By Kristin Johansson, Editor | PCI Magazine, Troy, MI
22

APR IL 2015 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Dow has a massive array of polymers to work with, DCMs

researchers have the opportunity to tailor the performance
attributes of the end dispersion by using one or more polymers to adjust overall performance properties.
Specific areas of development in DCMs Bluewave Technology lab include polyolefin-based dispersions and alkyd dispersions. Solid pellets, dispersants and surfactants are poured
into an extruder designed and patented by Dow engineers.
What comes out the other end is a waterborne dispersion.
From a formulators standpoint, the resulting emulsion
is going to act very much like any other emulsion, but the
property balance will differ depending upon the polymer mix
used. For example, polyolefins are very hydrophobic, chemically resistant, and in contrast to other polymer systems like
epoxies, coatings made with these are very, very durable in
terms of flexibility and impact resistance, said Romick.
In the alkyd technology arena, Dow is in the process of
developing waterborne alkyd dispersions with equivalent
or better performance than traditional solventborne systems. The normal approach to making low-VOC waterborne
alkyd dispersions can be very challenging, if not impossible,
because the viscosity of the resin may be too high to make
a dispersion without the addition of significant amounts of
solvent. Dow is able to heat the alkyd and perform a direct
emulsification with the BLUEWAVE process, delivering alkyd
dispersions with up to 60% solids and very low viscosity.
High-Throughput Labs
Another powerful resource available to all Dow businesses

is high-throughput (HTP) technology. There are about 20
HTP labs on the Dow campus in Midland. HTP tools allow
researchers to take information obtained in Core R&D a
step further to develop new products. Researchers can follow products from formulation through application testing in a modular approach. Each formula is assigned a bar
code, which is scanned each time it enters a new area of
the HTP testing lab. All of the information for that particular bar code, including the formulation information and
all of the testing data, is stored and analyzed. HTP is fast
and continuous, and enables DCM to accelerate research.
Acrylic Coatings for Metal
While in the HTP lab, Dr. Leo Procopio, Technical Service

Group Leader, discussed acrylic coatings for metal. Within
the last 10 years, the company has introduced its AVANSE technology, which has provided a step change in how acrylics perform
on metal substrates particularly with corrosion resistance. With
AVANSE, the latex particles adsorb onto the pigment surface. In
the industrial space this results in better pigment spacing, which
improves hiding and barrier properties, and allows for its use in
medium-duty applications. Formulators are able to achieve very
high performance with a one-component waterborne coating at
VOC levels of 100 g/L and below.
In step with green building trends in commercial and institutional architecture, DCM recently introduced two new resin
technologies for low- and ultralow-VOC coatings. MAINCOTE
4950 acrylic resin facilitates formulation of direct-to-metal (DTM)
coatings with high performance at VOC levels of 50 g/L or less.
Compared to current DTM finish coats formulated at various VOC
levels, MAINCOTE 4950 offers an improved balance of hardness,
corrosion and durability properties, as well as good architectural
gloss and trim paint properties.
The breadth of coatings applications in commercial architecture spans a wide range of regulatory requirements, said Mary
Rose Correa, North American Industrial Coatings Field Marketing
Manager. The broad utility of MAINCOTE 4950 allows us to offer
a single resin solution that meets this wide range of requirements
without sacrificing sustainability or performance.
DCM also recently launched MAINCOTE AEH acrylic epoxy
hybrid, which combines the weatherability and UV resistance of
acrylics with the chemical resistance of epoxies for two-component (2K) concrete coatings. This resin offers excellent tire pickup
resistance in waterborne 2K concrete coatings, making it an
excellent choice for commercial flooring and residential garage
floors where high performance and ultralow VOC is desired.
For commercial and institutional wall applications, the product
offers excellent resistance to aggressive cleaning regimens while
contributing to improved aesthetics in daylighted interiors. The
use of natural lighting is a growing trend in green building that
reduces the cost and carbon footprint associated with artificial
lighting, said Procopio. In addition to lowering VOC to ultralow
levels, MAINCOTE AEH adds the UV resistance thats needed to
fight the yellowing that can occur in daylighted interiors.
Functional Coatings
Procopios group is also doing a lot of work with functional coatings. Thermal insulation coatings, based on MAINCOTE IC acrylic
resins, lower the surface temperature of pipes and tanks. Unlike
traditional insulation methods that allow water to seep beneath
them, thermal insulation coatings form a seal with the substrate,
preventing corrosion. This product can be used for safe-touch
coatings and insulating tanks, and is an easy way to insulate
complex geometries. Companies are also looking at the coating for
energy management, as it can reduce the frequency and duration
of tank heat-up.
A not he r f u nc t iona l c o at i n g r e c e nt ly d e ve lo p e d i s
ACOUSTICRYL sound-damping technology. ACOUSTICRYL
helps reduce noise resulting from vibration, and is an excellent
replacement of bitumen pads in automobiles.
Products Under Development
The tour also included a look at several products under development in areas such as construction equipment, protective coatings, wood applications and automotive refinishing.
One such technology is the development of polyurethane coatings without using isocyanates. Kristine Poblete, Global Metal
From left to right: Chuck Martz, Global Business Director, Industrial Coatings, DCM; Kristin Johansson, Editor, PCI; Donna Campbell, Publisher, PCI; Karen Parker, Associate Editor, PCI; and Bob
Mussell, R&D Director, Industrial and Functional Coatings, DCM.
Lead/Strategic Marketing NAA, noted, One of the key challenges

in industrial coating applications, particularly for those using
solventborne polyurethanes, is the problem of choosing between
a long pot life or a fast cure time there is always a tradeoff. This
new chemistry decouples pot life from cure time, so you can have
a long pot life and a very short cure time. Another benefit to this
ISO-free technology is that it cures at ambient temperature.
Standing in front of an automotive refinishing spray booth,
Paul Popa, Senior Research Scientist, DCM R&D, described several
performance attributes of this technology, including less waste
due to longer pot life, faster throughput due to faster dry times and
less energy consumption due to ambient curing. The technology,
which is manufactured without isocyanate, features both acrylicbased and alkyd-based versions designed for exterior maintenance and protective applications, industrial wood applications,
and automotive refinish applications.
Another area under development in the Dow laboratory involves
can coatings. Today, epoxy is widely used for the over 300 billion
cans that are coated globally every year. Tapping into its BLUEWAVE technology and employing a lab-scale system that replicates
the process used by commercial-scale can coaters, DCM is developing a BPA-free coating alternative for both food and beverage cans.
When developing these and other new polymer technologies
for industrial coatings, Dow researchers immerse themselves
in both the formulator and end-user experience. In order to
provide the best solutions, we need to understand the formulation space as well as customers and, where new chemistries
are involved, we need to be able to provide our customers with
robust technical support so that their reformulation process
runs smoothly and seamlessly, said Martz.
Jonathan Mason, Associate Research Director, added, Were
not just designing polymers. Were becoming experts in how the
polymer is formulated by our customers to make a coating. Were
also becoming experts in how this new polymer works at the can
makers who apply the coating. And were even working with
brand owners to understand their requirements in terms of performance of sensory or safety aspects. So its not just invent the
polymer and then see what happens. Its really an integrated R&D
cycle that allows us to supply the best products to our customers.
PCI would like to thank all of those representing Dow Coating
Materials for taking the time to show us around the Dow facility
and explain these new technologies. We look forward to publishing several articles later this year on some of these new products.
PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y

23
EUROPEAN COATINGS
SHOW AND CONGRESS
2 015
All photos Copyright NuernbergMesse.
Coatings industry decision makers, engineers and laboratory

technicians are looking forward to the European Coatings Show
(ECS) April 21-23 in Nrnberg, Germany. Over 1,000 exhibitors
from all over the world will be presenting raw materials for the
manufacture of innovative coatings and printing inks along
with the associated laboratory, production, testing and measuring technology. In addition, trade visitors will find adhesive raw
materials plus pre-products for construction chemicals. The
European Coatings Congress will take place April 20-21, and will
provide an opportunity to learn about the latest advances and to
develop ideas for the future of coatings.
The Show
According to show organizers, around two thirds of the registered exhibitors are featuring raw materials, and nearly half offer
printing ink raw materials. The third-largest exhibition segment
is the adhesives raw materials sector. One in three exhibitors is
presenting pre-products for construction chemicals, and one in
five is showing laboratory and production technology. Many of the
exhibitors cover several areas at once. The European Coatings
Show is thus presenting the entire process chain for the manufacturing of paints and coatings, says Alexander Mattausch, Director
Exhibitions at NrnbergMesse.
Young, Innovative Companies

The ECS also highlights small companies. Young, innovative companies based in Germany with fewer than 50 employees and annual
accounts totals or annual sales revenues not exceeding 10 million
will be featured at the Young, Innovative Companies shared stand.
Venue
Exhibition Centre Nuremberg
Exhibition Dates
Tues.-Thurs., April 21-23
Exhibition Hours
Tues. and Wed., April 21-22

9:00 am 6:00 pm
Thurs., April 23
9:00 am 5:00 pm
Congress Dates
Pre-Congress Tutorials: Sun., April 19

Congress: Mon.-Tues., April 20-21
Congress Hours
Pre-Congress Tutorials:
Sun., April 19, 1:00 pm 6:30pm
Congress:
Mon., April 20, 7:00 am 7:30pm
Tues., April 21, 8:00 am 5:00pm
Innovation SLAM
At the Innovation SLAM, exhibitors will be meeting for the first
time in a real boxing ring. They will be competing to win over the
public with the best product innovation. The winner will be presented with the ECS Innovation Award. The Innovation SLAM will
take place on stand 4-360 on Wednesday, April 22, at 2:30 p.m.
The Congress
In 24 sessions with a total of 144 presentations, speakers will
provide answers to fundamental questions and expertise precisely
tailored to challenges from all areas of the coatings world. The Congress starts on April 20 with the session Science Today Coatings
Tomorrow, which will present the latest developments in fundamental research at the university level.
One of the trends, sustainable products, will be featured in the
session on Biobased Coatings, where international experts will
present new developments concerning water-based natural resin
emulsions or biobased polyols that set new standards for polyurethane coatings.
In other sessions, experts will focus on topics such as dye pigments, surfactants, functional and water-based coatings, printing
inks, powder coatings, radiation-curing coatings, TiO2 applications, testing and measuring methods, antimicrobial coatings and
the use of nanoparticles.
Plenary Session and European Coatings Award

A high point of the Congress will be the Plenary Session. Professor
Rolf Mlhaupt, Freiburg Materials Research Centre FMF, University of Freiburg, will explain the potential of recyclable substances
and carbon dioxide fixing for sustainable coating solutions. The
winner of the European Coatings Award will also be announced in
the Plenary Session. The prestigious prize is given in recognition of
the best scientific congress submission.
For daily reports, tweets and photos from the Congress and the Show floor,
visit www.pcimag.com/europeancoatingshow.
24

E U R O P E A N C OAT I N G S S H O W E X H I B I TO R S
Be sure to visit these companies at the
to discover all the latest technologies

available for your coatings formulations.
EXHIBITS-IN-PRINT
Visit us at the
at Hall 4, Stand no-4-339
www.airproducts.com
Binders and Additives

from Arkema Coating
Resins and Coatex
Architectural Coatings
Industrial Coatings
Specialty Coatings
Adhesives and Sealants

Stand 4A-328
www.coatex.com
www.arkemacoatingresins.com
Visit us at the
at Hall A Stand #4-606
www.brenntag.com
We create
chemistry
that is the
perfect match
for coatings.
150 years
Visit us at Stand 523 in Hall 7A

during the European Coatings
Show in Nuremberg, Germany,
April 21 - 23, 2015
Visit www.pcimag.com/OnlineExhibitsPCI to link to more information.
Visit us at European Coatings Show 2015

Nuremberg, Germany, April 21 23, 2015,
hall 4A, booth #512
www.byk.com

25
analytical solutions and

formulation support
Accelerate your R&D!
Hall 5, Booth 138
www.chemir.com/coatings
visit us at the
Stand 212 in Hall 4A
EXHIBITS-IN-PRINT
Visit Us: Hall 7 Stand 7-736.
One coat conquers all.

Visit TS6300.com to learn more.
Ti-Pure
One Coat
Visit us at the
at Hall 4A Stand #328
Visit Eastman Chemical Company

in Hall 7, Stand 536 to learn more
about how Eastman can add value to
your coating and ink performance.
www.coatex.com
Elcometer Shows New Products

at The European Coatings Show
Nuremberg, Germany, 21st-23rd April 2015
Elcometer, manufacturer of test equipment for coatings and
ultrasonic NDT, will show new products for industrial coatings and
material thickness on Stand No 5-243 at the European Coatings Show.
Elcometer 480 Triple Angle Glossmeter.
Elcometer 508 Push-Off Hydraulic Adhesion Tester.
Elcometer MTG Range of Ultrasonic Material Thickness Gauges.
ElcoMaster 2.0, Data Management Software, now includes data
transfer from Glossmeters, Oven-Loggers, Salt Contamination Meters
and the new Elcometer 510 Automatic Adhesion Tester.
Elcometer Digital Gauges now have iPhone, iPad and iPod
Bluetooth connectivity.
www.elcometer.com
26

Industrial Solutions
Materials Protection
Global provider of
antimicrobial actives.
Visit us at the
at HALL 1 Stand #1-430
Visit us at
stand #7-758.
www.elementis.com
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Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions with New
Sustainable
Solvent
T
he uniquely functional cosolvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is well suited for use
in waterborne polyurethane dispersions

(PUDs). The use of cosolvents during polyurethane dispersion production is often
necessary to enable a smooth reaction between the
hydrophilic diol components [e.g., dimethylolpropionic
acid (DMPA)] and the more hydrophobic polyurethane
prepolymer. In addition, the cosolvent used during the
PUD production phase remains in the system and later
becomes a useful coalescing solvent when the PUD is
applied as a coating to a substrate. The utility of NMP
is diminished by the negative health effects of NMP
exposure, and for many years the industry has sought
an effective and safer substitute for NMP. Taminco, now
a subsidiary of Eastman Chemical Company, has identified and developed the needed replacement, TamiSolve
TABLE 1
NxG. It is a more effective cosolvent than NMP and it also

exhibits an improved Health, Environment and Safety
(HES) profile relative to NMP.
HES Profiles
Waterborne PUDs are used as coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Waterborne PUD-based coatings
display excellent adhesion to challenging substrates like
plastic and metal. Dried/cured PUD coatings have excellent mechanical properties and environmental resistance, and waterborne PUD-based coatings are becoming the coatings of choice for demanding applications
like floor coatings, as well as those used in industrial
environments. Application of waterborne PUD coatings
and adhesives can expose the applicator to volatile compounds that are emitted from the formulation. Therefore,
the HES profile of the formulations ingredients is very
HES summary of Tamisolve NxG.
Test
Test Method
Test Result
Acute toxicity (LD50/oral/rat)
OECD 423
300-2000 mg/kg
Acute dermal toxicity
OECD 402
>2000 mg/kg
Skin and eye irritation
OECD 404/405
Irritant
Sensitization
OECD 429
Negative*
Mutagenicity
OECD 471/476/487
Not mutagenic
Repeated dose toxicity (90 days)
OECD 408
NOAEL = 500 mg/kg/d
Developmental toxicity
OECD 414
Negative
Aquatic toxicity (EC50/48 h/Daphnia)
OECD 202
>100 mg/L
Algae growth inhibition (EC50)
OECD 201
>160 mg/L
Acute toxicity to fish (EC50)
OECD 203
>100 mg/L
Aquatic toxicity (Daphnia reproduction)
OECD 211
NOEC 100 mg/L
Biodegradability
OECD 302B
Inherently biodegradable
Bio-accumulation
OECD 117/EC A.8
Log Pow = 1.265
* Testing not complete
By Mike Schmidt, Business Development Specialist | Taminco, Allentown, PA

30

important. In addition, the atmosphere is also exposed

to the VOC content emitted from an applied PUD-based
coating and/or adhesive. Obviously, the use of safer solvents, and in lower amounts, markedly improves the HES
profile of a given PUD-based product.
A summary of the HES profile of Tamisolve NxG
is provided in Table 1. Testing has shown that this
new solvent has a good environmental impact profile
and does not display genotoxicity. Most importantly,
unlike NMP and NEP, TamiSolve NxG is not classified
for developmental toxicity. Replacing NMP or NEP
with TamiSolve NxG can reduce the overall health and
environmental impact of cosolvent in a polyurethane
dispersion formula.
Performance in PUDs
Reduced Water Solubilizing/Dispersing Entity Needed
The high solvency of TamiSolve NxG for polyurethane
prepolymers delivers excellent processing and dispersion
of the prepolymer into the water phase. The high solvency coupled with its water dispersibility as a cosolvent
significantly aids in the dispersion of the polyurethane
solids in water. The effects are far superior to NMP, and,
in many cases, NxG will allow for a significant reduction
in the required amount of hydrophilic entity content (e.g.,
dimethylolpropionic acid, DMPA) in the polymer backbone. This can provide unique formulation flexibility that
is not available when using NMP or NEP. Also, the use of
this product provides formulation cost advantages since
more expensive DMPA-type monomers can be replaced
with a lower-cost option.
To demonstrate the improved processing afforded by
TamiSolve NxG and its ability to reduce the required level
of DMPA for acceptable dispersion, two equivalent polyurethane preparations were made. One used TamiSolve
NxG as a cosolvent and the second used NMP. A description of these comparative systems and the resulting proTABLE 3
cess and product parameters are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

As noted in these two tables, the NxG-based polyurethane prepolymer was easy to produce and showed
a clean, semi-translucent appearance, while the NMPbased prepolymer was more difficult to disperse and
showed heavy flocculation. These results demonstrate
that polyurethane prepolymers, using the new dispersion
solvent, can be made at lower levels of DMPA compared to
those using NMP as a solvent.
Enhanced Coalescence
Tamisolve NxG offers exceptional solvency for both polyurethane prepolymers and fully formed PUD backbones.
Compared to NMP and NEP, it offers significantly improved
coalescence of PUD films, and this can enable significant
VOC reduction due to the lower cosolvent demand for a
required degree of coalescence. Due to its improved coalescing ability, formulators may now use alternative, lessobjectionable coalescing cosolvents in conjunction with
TamiSolve NxG. This gives formulators more flexibility in
formulating to achieve optimal dry times and application
TABLE 2
System stochiometry.
Equivalent
(X)
Wt
Raw Material
H12MDI*
3000 MW hexanediol adipate
DMPA
(dimethylolpropionic acid)
DABCO T-9 catalyst
Equivalents (=)
Equiv.
Charge
131.15
1.50
196.73
1584.75
0.50
792.38
67.10
0.50
33.55
100 ppm
Cosolvent to 85% solids
0.100
180.47
1203.23
(1.50-1.00)(4200)/1203.23 = 1.745% NCO theoretical

(33.55/134)(4500)/1203.23 = 0.936% COOH theoretical
*H12MDI is (4,4-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate)
Process and product parameters.
Processing Steps
TamiSolve NxG Results
NMP Results
2. Heat to 89 C. Cook at 90 C until conversion of

isocyanate is complete. Record accurate residual NCO%.
1.70% NCO
1.68% NCO
3. Cool to 78 C. Record Brookfield viscosity of prepolymer.
30,000 cps
21,000 cps
NxG prepolymer disperses with ease.

Starts opaque white and clears to semitrans/opaque. 280 cps viscosity @ 32 C
NMP prepolymer disperses with great difficulty.

Flocculant upon entering water. Very slow feed
required. Opaque white with flocculant.
1. Charge all ingredients with mixing.
4. To a separate dispersion kettle, charge water at 23-24C

to equal 35% batch solids.
5. Charge 0.99 equivalents TEA (triethylamine) to
prepolymer.
6. Charge prepolymer to water in dispersion kettle. Record
observations.
7. Charge 35% hydrazine to 0.92 equivalent charge.
Resulting Dispersion Characteristics

Appearance
Viscosity
Average particle size
pH
Total solids content
Heat age (7 days @ 49 C)
Clean, semi-translucent/opaque liquid

400 cps
0.045 microns
7.98
35.28%
Clean
Opaque liquid with heavy sedimentation

380 cps
0.081 microns
7.99
35.49%
Heavy sedimentation/separation

31
Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions with New Sustainable Solvent
properties. Even when equal levels of NxG, as compared to

NMP or NEP, are used, the NxG systems still exhibit more
rapid comparative dry to touch times with exceptional solvency and improved film formation.
To demonstrate the improved solvency, three equivalent polyurethane preparations were made. One used
NxG as a cosolvent and the other two used NMP and NEP
respectfully. A description of these comparative systems
and the resulting process and product parameters are
shown in Tables 4 and 5.
Because each of the above systems demonstrated
poor coalescence at RT as manufactured, it was shown
that not enough solvent was present. To determine the
comparative amount of test cosolvent that is required to
achieve coalescence of the PUD backbone when applied
at 10 wet mil film and dried at 20 C, appropriate cosolvent was back added to each system. A description of
these comparative systems and the resulting product
parameters are shown in Table 6.
The experimental data in Table 6 demonstrates that,
whether used as the sole solvent or in combination with
another cosolvent, PUD formulations with NxG show
improved coalescence compared to formulations made
TABLE 4
with NMP or NEP. The data also shows that NxG allows for
well-coalesced films at lower total solvent levels.
Conclusions
TamiSolve NxG is a true process equivalent to NMP, the

benchmark for PUD cosolvent performance. It is supplied with polyurethane-grade moisture content and
offers a clean/pure reaction medium that is free of polyisocyanate-reactive contaminants. NxG has low vapor
pressure, and high flash and boiling points for processing that allows normal polyurethane cook temperature
cycling and high exotherm processing (if desired). Just
like NMP, it offers very slightly basic curing conditions
that gently enhance the reactivity of the polyisocyanate. And it demonstrates excellent solvency for DMPA,
yielding smooth dissolution and subsequent reaction.
The comparative viscosities of NxG-containing prepolymers are typically higher than the equivalent NMPbased systems. Unlike the plasticizers and glycol ethers,
it is a true processing match for NMP.
The new solvent demonstrates no permanent plasticizing effects beyond what would be considered normal for
an NMP-based system. Due to the strong solvent coupling
System stochiometry.
Raw Material
Equivalent wt.
H12MDI
500BA MW butanediol adipate
TMP (trimethylolpropane)
DMPA
CosCat 83
Cosolvent to 85% solids
(X)
131.15
1584.75
44.67
67.10
100 ppm
Equivalents (=)
1.70
0.67
0.03
0.30
Equiv. charge
222.96
176.67
1.34
20.13
0.042
74.32
495.462
(1.70-0.70)(4200)/475.332 = 8.84% 1st stage NCO

(1.70-1.00)(4200)/495.462 = 5.93% Final NCO
(20.13/134)(4500)/495.462 = 1.36% COOH
TABLE 5
Process and product parameters.
Processing Steps
NMP Results
NxG Results
NEP Results
2. Heat to 80 C. Charge CosCat, allow to cool to 95 C; Record

accurate 1st stage NCO%.
8.59% NCO
8.31% NCO
8.62% NCO
3. Charge DMPA, cook at 85-95 C to theoretical NCO% of 5.93

or below. Record accurate NCO%.
5.91% NCO
5.68% NCO
5.69% NCO
4. Cool to 77 C. Record Brookfield viscosity of prepolymer.
5,500 cps
8,500 cps
8,500 cps
Easy dispersion. Starts

white/translucent and clears
to semi-translucent
Easy dispersion. Starts

white/translucent and
clears to semi-translucent
Easy dispersion. Starts white/

translucent and clears to
semi-translucent
1. Charge H12MDI, 500BA, solvent and TMP with mixing.
5. To a separate dispersion kettle, charge water at 23-24 C to

equal 33% batch solids.
6. Charge 0.98 equivalents TEA (triethylamine) to prepolymer.
7. Charge prepolymer to water in dispersion kettle. Record
observations.
8. Charge 35% hydrazine to 0.92 equivalent charge.
Resulting Dispersion Characteristics

Viscosity
40 cps
110 cps
60 cps
pH
8.59
8.56
8.53
Total solids content
33%
33%
33%
RT coalescence
Poor
Poor
Poor
32

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Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersions with New Sustainable Solvent
TABLE 6
Results after cosolvent was back added.
Test Subset 1 (Single Cosolvent Coalescence)
NMP
NxG
NEP
100 parts
100 parts
100 parts
Flow additive**
0.50 parts
0.50 parts
0.50 parts
Additional noted solvent for coalescence
6.00 parts
1.75 parts
7.00 parts
30.985%
32.274%
30.698%
11.69 parts
7.44 parts
12.69 parts
37.73%
23.05%
41.34%
Base PUD system as above @ 33% TSC
New theoretical PUD solids content

Total solvent required for coalescence
Total solvent as % of PUD solids
Knig hardness: 7 wet mils film applied via Bird Bar to Steel Q-Panels
1 day air dry @ RT
39
33
58
5 day air dry @ RT
90
87
102
Oven dry 3/150 C
109
115
119
Gardner dry time: 6 wet mils coated to Mylar film (min)

Dry to touch
38
35
Dust free
58
27
60
Dry through
66
28
70
Test Subset 2 (Dual Cosolvent Coalescence)
NMP
NxG
NEP
Base PUD system as above @ 33% TSC
100 parts
100 parts
100 parts
Flow additive**
0.50 parts
0.50 parts
0.50 parts
Additional solvent (NMP, NxG, or NEP as noted)
3.0 parts
3.0 parts
3.0 parts
Cosolvent 1
3.0 parts
3.0 parts
3.0 parts
Room temperature coalescence: 10 wet mil films @ RT applied to clear

Mylar, air dried @ RT
Particle size analysis, CPS (disk centrifuge)
Acceptable
Excellent
0.03 microns
0.03 microns
Acceptable mudcracking in high

spots
0.03 microns
Knig Hardness: 7 wet mils film applied via Bird Bar to Steel Q-Panels
1 day air dry @ RT
47
37
67
5 day air dry @ RT
94
96
105
Oven dry 3 / 150 oC
108
119
122
20
Gardner dry time: 6 wet mils coated to Mylar film (min)

Dry to touch
17
12
Dust free
49
48
47
Dry through
53
52
53
** NOTE: TamiSolve NxG-based system demonstrated excellent wet and flow properties but both NMP and NEP systems demonstrated very poor wet
and flow properties on Mylar and Lanetta cards. As a result, 0.5 parts of BYK 348 silicone flow aid was added to all systems to assist with flow out and
determination of coalescence.
effect of NxG, systems produced using it will demonstrate

a slightly slower hardness development upon air dry compared to NMP and NEP. Hardness differences are minimal
but, in general, the NxG-based system will produce a film
that reaches the equivalent hardness of a film produced
by a normal NMP system in three days via air dry.
After this slightly extended drying time, the NxG-based
film will demonstrate superior hardness development
compared to NMP. With an oven dry cycle, the NxG yields
superior film hardness immediately when compared to an
NMP-based equivalent system.
This new product is an innovative, next-generation
sustainable solvent with excellent performance in a
wide variety of waterborne PUD applications. It offers
an improved safety, health and environmental profile
compared to the traditionally used solvents NMP and
NEP. NxG, NMP and NEP have been tested in PUD
34

systems. The results of these tests show NxG provides

similar viscosity control, improved coalescence ability
and improved dispersibility of the final PUD system.
NxG provides formulators the ability to reduce the
solubilizing comonomer content (e.g., the amount of
DMPA used) and/or the total cosolvent content while
maintaining or improving the end-use properties of the
PUD. It now gives PUD chemists the ability to formulate reduced VOC systems with equivalent or superior
film formation, similar dry times and, in many cases,
enhanced physical properties due to improved film formation and dispersibility.
For more information, visit www.tamisolvenxg.com.
Authors Note: Special thanks to HABBCo Industries, LLC for their help preparing and testing the polyurethane dispersions presented in this paper.
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AkzoNobel Discusses
Environment-Friendly
Technologies and
Sustainability
CI recently spoke with Nigel

Shewring, R&D Director for AkzoNobels Powder Coatings business, and
Derek Rance, Director, RD&I Projects for AkzoNobel Performance
Coatings, regarding trends in green technology
and the issue of sustainability.
PCI: Powder coatings are an environmentfriendly technology in terms of low-VOCs, however

growth for this market is slower than other technologies. Why do many end users choose to stick
with liquid coatings?
Shewring: Compared to liquid coatings,
powder coatings have several advantages in terms
of sustainability, and long-term can be the most
effective and efficient solution. At AkzoNobel we
typically model the energy and economics of various options for a customer (in some cases calculating the carbon footprint) to ensure we offer the
best possible solution whether it be powder, liquid
or a powder/liquid hybrid solution.
Although many customers continue to convert
to powder from liquid, the initial change may not
be simple, being driven by practicality, availability of new technology (e.g. appearance, application) and most importantly, economics. Paint
shops represent a significant capital investment,
which means they are usually only replaced after
a minimum of 10 years. Clearly it is cheaper to
invest in a refurbishment of a liquid paint line,
for example from solventborne to waterborne,
than to invest in a totally new powder coatings
line. Allied to the economics is that the change
from solvent to waterborne minimizes the need
36

Shewring
Rance
to learn new technologies and skills compared

to the shift to powder.
Liquid coating systems often achieve their
performance through the use of multiple, thin
film layers. Powders inherent strength is in
achieving high performance with a single layer,
of a similar build to the multiple liquid coatings.
However, this becomes a limitation when each
of the liquid layers is achieving a specific purpose, for example anti-corrosive primer, metallic
basecoat, high-flow clearcoat. This is where new
technology such as Interpon D Brilliance (singlecoat sparkle metallics for architectural) and
Interpon Align (two coats of powder with one
bake step) help the customer to more easily make
the conversion, as well as offering significant
economic benefits to existing powder customers.
The perceived high temperatures required to
cure powders can also be seen as a barrier to convert. This is true for temperature-sensitive substrates, but for substrates that are not sensitive to
higher temperatures, the energy cost is a smaller
part of the total applied cost compared to common
perception. If you add in costs such as pre-treatment, paint booth air management, forced-air
drying booths for waterborne, and thermal abatement for the liquid booth exhaust, the economic
balance is in favour of powder coatings.
For some customers, fast color change capability
is seen as an obstacle; although powder booths can
be cleaned quickly and safely with only compressed
air. For a state-of-the-art liquid application facility
(e.g., at an OEM) this can be achieved in less than
one minute, and despite advances in new application technology the time required to completely
clean a powder booth is substantially longer.
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Environment-Friendly Technologies and Sustainability
Finally, the size of the structure to be painted, or more

specifically the oven required to house the structure, can
represent a limitation. So while relatively large components such as an entire truck cab are being successfully
powder coated, an ocean-going liner cannot.
At the same time, our liquid paint colleagues and the
paint shop equipment manufacturers have not stood
still in their development of low-VOC technologies. Ultimately, the customer chooses the best performance with
the best value proposition that can be selected from multiple technologies.
PCI: What involvement does AkzoNobel have in the

powder coatings arena? Do you see continued growth
for this market?
Shewring:
AkzoNobel is the largest global supplier of powder coatings. We continue to develop powder
technologies and markets. For example, this year we
launched Interpon Align. This technology allows the
application of a two-coat powder coating, without having to cure the primer layer. The energy savings are
obvious, but this technology also offers the opportunity
to synchronize all the stages in the application process
and remove bottlenecks. In one example the customer
was able to achieve a 15% productivity increase with no
additional capital or labour investment.
TABLE 1 Historical volume of coatings by end-use segment millions
of liters (2008, 2013).
Decorative coatings
Automotive OEM
Other transportation
Wood
Powder
Coil
Packaging
General industrial
Automotive refinish
Industrial maintenance and protective
Marine
Total
2008
2013
CAGR* (%)
16,546
1,447
454
1,645
1,943
857
653
3,069
653
1,642
788
29,698
20,495
1,865
814
2,302
2,607
999
824
3,919
704
2,003
797
37,329
4.6
5.2
12.4
6.9
6.1
3.1
4.7
5.0
1.5
4.1
0.2
4.8
Source: Orr & Boss, Inc. estimates

* Compound Annual Growth Rate
TABLE 2 Historical value of coatings by end-use segment millions of

dollars (2008, 2013).
Decorative coatings
Automotive OEM
Other transportation
Wood
Powder
Coil
Packaging
General industrial
Automotive refinish
38

2008
2013
CAGR (%)
44,672
7,678
2,635
5,600
5,572
3,274
2,600
10,207
6,630
55,544
10,464
4,567
8,101
7,648
3,912
3,324
12,981
7,393
4.9
6.4
11.6
7.7
6.5
3.6
5.0
4.9
2.2
By volume and value, powder coatings growth over the

recent years has been comparable if not faster than traditional performance coatings end-user markets (Tables 1
and 2), and we expect this trend to continue in the future.
Another factor is that powder is becoming the preferred
technological solution. For example, an acrylic powder
clearcoat is the preferred technology in North America for
machined aluminium alloy wheels. In these cases where
we have a mature market technology, future growth is
directly tied to the underlying market.
PCI:
What are the benefits and drawbacks of biobased

coatings technologies? Are customers willing to pay for
this technology?
Rance:
It is interesting to reflect that before the

advent of synthetic polymers, thickeners and additives,
coating technologies were entirely biobased, using for
example alkyd, rosin or nitrocellulose vehicles. In a
sense, we are now seeing a lot of interest in re-greening
coatings offerings in a number of markets. While previous biobased technologies were solvent based, the focus
now is to incorporate biobased materials into waterborne
or solventless radiation-cure technologies. The primary
benefit is in the cost of biobased feedstocks, especially
when derived from biomass, particularly wood and agricultural waste. However, the volatility in oil prices can
undermine the attractiveness of biobased feedstocks from
time to time. On the downside, biobased materials do not
always provide the range of application and performance
characteristics needed to meet customer specifications,
whereas synthetic approaches provide better control of
the desired performance profile. In the coatings industry,
customers make product selection choices based on the
balance of cost and performance. If a biobased solution
delivers the same performance as a synthetic one, customers are not yet prepared to purchase a biobased material if it comes at a price premium.
PCI: Developing low- or zero-VOC coatings continues to be

a main driver for coatings manufacturers. What challenges
still exist in this field, and how are you overcoming them?
Rance: Reducing energy and waste across the
value chain, together with limiting raw material usage
in coating formulas will become increasingly important aspects of product formulation strategies as materials become scarcer. A key aspect of these strategies is
the reduction of VOCs. Solvents play an important role
in coatings formulations to enable substrate wetting,
flow and leveling, film formation and the development
of high-gloss surfaces or surfaces with controlled topology. Challenges still exist in all technologies used to
reduce or eliminate VOCs, including high-solids solventborne, waterborne, radiation-cure and solid solutions such as powder, paint film or lamination.
With high-solids solventborne or VOC-free products
used in protective or marine coatings, the challenge is in
the application of the higher-viscosity materials whether
by roller coat or spray. In many cases, a switch from conventional application equipment to plural gun applica-
tion, hot application or other novel application techniques may

be required to achieve the desired film build, flow and levelling.
For waterborne technologies, the decorative paint market in
particular has made great strides in lowering and eliminating VOCs
since the first products were introduced into the market about 20
years ago. Improvements continue to be made in flow and levelling,
and hence the appearance of latex paints, particularly at the higher
sheen levels. For painters who prefer the durability of alkyd paints,
considerable progress has been made in the development of lowerVOC alkyd emulsions, which deliver the same performance as the
solventborne equivalents but at considerably lower VOC.
In the wood finishes market, particularly the flat line OEM
segment, solventborne basecoats and topcoats are being substituted by waterborne basecoats and 100%-solids or waterborne
UV-cure topcoats. This transition is driven by the increased
productivity that customers can achieve through the short cure
cycle that can be obtained with UV technology. However, conversion to UV technology is slow as a result of the high capital
cost involved for radiation curing.
The challenges associated with powder coatings have been
mentioned earlier in this article, but it is interesting to see
other 100% -solids solvent-free technologies continuing to
make progress in the coatings market. AkzoNobel has introduced a number of solid paint film solutions in the automotive
market. A scratch repair solution is provided by stickerfix.
This is an adhesive paint film kit distributed by automotive
companies in colors matched to their OEM color palette. Paint
film with the right dimensions can be selected from the repair
kit and be positioned in place, with the repair completed in
minutes. Fluorex Paintfilm is the film alternative to traditional spray application systems where a full palette of colors
is possible including metallic, pearlescent and even anodized
finishes. The technology utilizes the same pigment types as solventborne spray-applied systems in combination with chemical
and weather-resistant resins, and is applied to plastic components in automotive interior and exterior applications.
PCI: What is AkzoNobel doing to strive for sustainability and to

educate the coatings industry on this important issue?
Shewring and Rance: Our view on sustainability

and on the future is based on optimism. Indeed the world faces
big challenges, and radical changes are needed, but the good
news is that these changes are possible. As well as driving our
own success, putting sustainability and innovation at the heart of
everything we do means that our customers and employees not
to mention the planet will also benefit.
Our biggest challenge is to stay on track to meet the tough targets
that we have set for ourselves as part of our strategy. We aim for
20% of our revenue by 2020 to come from products that are more
sustainable for our customers than those of our competitors. And
we aim at 25-30% more efficient resource and energy use across
the entire value chain by 2020. And finally, we have a new indicator (REI) measuring how efficiently we generate value expressed as
gross margin divided by cradle-to-grave carbon footprint.
But we cant achieve these targets on our own. Our strategy is
about connecting people. Getting our employees engaged, but also
working more closely than ever with our key stakeholders to positively impact the coatings industry. Its all about making a difference
across the entire value chain. We call this approach Planet Possible
our commitment to doing more with less.
The missing piece

of your formulation
puzzle may not be an
ingredient at all.
For security of supply, reliable delivery,
and trusted technical support, the right
company can help you put it all together.
When you work with Eastman, you get access to expert
technical services, a world-class quality assurance
program, and the industrys highest reliability of supply.
For generations, paint and coating formulators have
turned to Eastman for solutions that comply with
regulatory guidelines while ensuring proper film
formation and optimizing paint performance.
Eastman Texanol ester alcohol has earned its reputation
as the gold standard in paint additives by delivering
maximum film formation and durability. Eastman
Optifilm enhancers are efficient solutions that address
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deliver versatile options for formulators challenged with
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Whats puzzling you about your

formulation? For the answer that fits you,
visit Eastman.com/PCI.
2015 Eastman Chemical Company. Eastman, Optifilm, Texanol, and The results of insight are trademarks of
Eastman Chemical Company. | COAL-COAT-027 3/15

39
Sustainability in
What Lies Beyond Business as Usual Improvements?
he coatings industry worldwide has been

addressing the three pillars of sustainability for some years, and considerable
progress has been made. Some of this
improvement has been driven by legislation and some designed to address specific customer
needs. There have also been examples of voluntary initiatives by companies with a strong environmental ethos.
Over the last two years, companies supplying the industry and coatings companies themselves have been recognized by independent third parties. AkzoNobel has been
ranked as the leader in the Dow Jones Sustainability
Index for the Superchemical sector in 2012, 2013 and
2014. Dow Chemical has received the U.S. Presidential
Green Chemistry Challenge award for the development of
precomposition polymer technologies that can partially
replace TiO, and Becker Industries1 received the Sustainable Innovation Award from the British Coatings Federation for its work on high solar reflectivity and emissivity
coatings for use in the construction industry.
Formulation production improvements have been
tracked in a measured way by adherents to Coatings
Care.2 Reductions in injuries, energy consumption, solvent usage, volatile emissions, and waste and shipments
to landfills have been confirmed over the past 15 years.
The industry has met the demands of an increasingly
regulatory environment by reducing VOCs in formulations and, in Europe, observing the regimen of REACH
and specific country regulations, such as those in France.
While these developments are all very laudable, many
of these initiatives would have been made anyway as
part of companies business-as-usual strategies. Companies undertook many of the past improvement measures
to reduce cost and enhance competiveness, and did not
need to cite sustainable development to justify their
innovations and investments.
Trade Associations such as CEPE,3 the ACA,4 FIPEC,5
and the BCF6 have published brochures that extol the
decorative and protective qualities of coatings. These
impressive documents defend the existing stance of the
industry on the issue of sustainability, provide some excellent examples of best practices, and commit in broad terms
to further improvements to help promote the image of
the coatings sector to external bodies that wish to know
where the industrys values lie.
Given that sustainable development has been on
companies agendas for a number of years, it runs the
By Tony Mash, TMA Consulting | Chadds Ford, PA
40

risk of being eclipsed by more topical initiatives. In

political terms, It may be the case that energy sourcing and economic recovery have overtaken sustainable
development as priorities, particularly in the United
States given the attractiveness of domestic shale oil and
gas deposits. One can also conjecture that the technical low-hanging fruit has already been picked by the
coatings industry, leaving only the risky, technically
challenging and investment-intensive developments
left to attack.
The inconvenient truth is that the issues that prompted
the UNEP Climate Change conferences of 1992 and 2012
have not gone away and still need to be addressed. World
population will rise from its current 7 billion to 9 billion
by 2050. Sources of the majority of raw materials used
by the coatings industry are finite and need to be husbanded carefully. The concentration of carbon dioxide
(CO) in the atmosphere has grown to levels not seen for
3 million years, and about half of cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions between 1750 and 2010 have
occurred in the last 40 years.
Continuing to deal with business-as-usual issues alone,
while prudent corporate tactics, will not lead to the kind
of paradigm shifts that are needed to ensure that the coatings industry maximizes its contribution to global sustainable development. In the words of Professor Michael
Braungart of EPEA,7 we need to focus on eco-effectiveness
rather than eco-efficiency. Doing the right things rather
than doing things right will speed our way towards a
totally sustainable industry.
Here are some of the ways the coatings industry can
move forward beyond business-as-usual.
Paradigm Shifts and

Out-of-the-Box Thinking
The Importance of Serendipity
Paradigm shifts often require out-of-the-box thinking or
a sudden breakthrough that was not anticipated. Chance
discoveries are often the key to progress and can play an
important role in creating new technologies.
Cradle to Grave, Not Gate To Gate

It is generally accepted that 10% of the environmental
footprint of coatings is created during formulation, with
some 50% generated upstream under the control of the
raw material manufacturing industries, and 40% created
downstream in use and disposal. However, through its
the Coatings Industry

choice of ingredients, the industry can impact the footprint of the whole supply chain.
In order to make the right choices, the industry cannot
act alone, but must work hand in hand with its upstream
supplier networks that take materials from the cradle
and supply materials ready for formulation to the paint
manufacturers gate. In designing the coatings of the
future, the paint manufacturers must also understand
downstream requirements of paints, their modes of application, the anticipated roles to be played by the coatings
and the ways in which coated products are disposed of,
once no longer required. Put another way, one must avoid
thinking in silos from gate to gate but broaden ones sights
to take account of the full impact of coatings from raw
material cradle to grave.
To address this need, the chemical industry has organized a global supplier engagement program entitled
Together for Sustainability (TfS).8 Its goal is to assess
and improve sustainability sourcing and reporting
practices, including ecological and social aspects. This
group includes major global chemical companies that
supply the coatings industry as well as coatings companies such as AkzoNobel and BASF.
Extending the Concept to Cradle to Cradle

The impact of sustainability extends beyond the grave!
The regenerative circular economy espoused by the Ellen
MacArthur Foundation9 calls for life cycles of all products
to be designed in ways that recover materials for reuse
either through technical or biological recycle routes. To
use a phrase authored by Professor Michael Braungart,7
waste equals food. It is critical in disposal activities to
safeguard nutrients and not destroy them, so that they
can be of value to society again and again. The mantra
changes from cradle to grave to cradle to cradle.
The coatings industry, therefore, needs to ensure that
the ingredients it uses contain only materials that will not
harm the environment or society either in application or
recycle. This principle has been best addressed to date by
Clariant through the Eco-Integration element of its Ecotain concept10 by which the company endeavors to offer
dispersing agents that leave behind a very small footprint
in both use and disposal.
A Global Issue
Another feature of this life cycle model is that not only
should there be no boundaries between industries in the
supply chain, there should also be no country or continent
boundaries. We all live in one global environment with
one set of finite sources of raw materials. It is imperative

that we manage our journey towards full sustainability
in a consistent way, sharing knowledge, agreeing to the
same technical targets, applying the same processes and
utilizing the same measures to monitor progress. Without
a level playing field, progress will be continually impeded
by confusion in the market place and mistrust within the
coatings industry. As an example of confusion, ISO 16000
and ASTM D 6886-14 do not currently share the same
definition of a VOC in coatings formulations.
The global construction industry has developed a process that the coatings industry should consider adopting.
It has organized Green Building Councils in most countries of the world coordinated through the World Building
Council11 drawing on global standards such as EN 15084.
Trade Associations in Europe and North America are
working well together either through IPPIC12 or via
the committees supporting the Paint Pilot organized
by the EUs Product Environmental Footprint project
in Europe.13 One needs to see this active coordination
increased to include Asia and South America to ensure a
globally consistent approach to sustainability.

41
Sustainability in the Coatings Industry
Make Any
Paint Green
As environmentally friendly paints evolve
from marketing concept to industry mandate
chemists find the Brilliant Additions portfolio
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The Way Forward Must Be Economically Feasible

It goes without saying that society has to be willing to pay for
product improvements and enhancements. It is only occasionally when there is an urgent, unfulfilled demand that there will
be potential opportunities for price premia and margin enhancement. New technology is often linked to high cost; a reasonable
assumption given the expense of research and the likely absence
of low-cost routes to manufacture due to early lack of scale.
Process streamlining can help reduce the cost of innovation
and implementation. The TfS program is targeted to offer one set
of sustainability audits to address the enquiries of potential customers in a cost-efficient way. AkzoNobel,14 which has recently
joined the TfS program, has launched its Planet Possible corporate program, which sets out to do radically more with less.
Enhancements to Social Policies

Leading companies inside and outside the coatings industry are
devoting significant resources to social outreach and support
programs to:
understand the views of communities both inside and outside
each corporation;
foster improved relations, clarity, understanding, effective
communication and shared priorities with stakeholders;
enhance corporate brand image in the eyes of potential customers and investors; and
improve employee motivation.
Such processes, often an essential part of corporate manufacturing strategy, can also impact the successful marketing
of a companys products and services. There are examples of
companies that have used communication with the consumer to
increase awareness of sustainability issues, prompting pressure
back on industry to make changes to its products and processes.
It has been said that when price and quality are equal among
competitors, brand choice can be based on corporate social purpose.
Understanding and Meeting Societys Changing Needs
For more information and our complete product portfolio visit:
www.BrilliantAdditions.com
All rights reserved.

2015
44

SPECIALTY AND PERFORMANCE MINERALS
At the end of the day, the consumer is the driving force behind any
change. The design of future paint products needs to take account
of broad social trends. Companies would be well advised to continually monitor alterations in the values of society, prompted by issues
such as increasing global population and energy availability that
impact subsequent lifestyle changes. Some broad societal issues
will have an impact on new product development, such as:
Will energy and water conservation become more critical than
they are today?
Will there be a greater focus on recycling and stricter control
on landfill/incineration?
Will improvements in indoor air quality become essential
everywhere in the world?
Will the consumer become more fickle and demand coatings
that can change their color at will?
Next Steps for the Coatings Industry

Upstream
Improving the Raw Material Environmental Footprint

The petrochemical, plastics and chemical industries provide
the majority of the materials used by the coatings industry and
represent a key element of the coatings environmental footprint.
These suppliers have a solid record of continual manufacturing
efficiency improvements and new product innovation. Indeed, the
specialty chemical industry has been reported by A.T. Kearney as
spending more on R&D compared to sales

revenue than the coatings industry.15
Novel chemistry has an important part
to play in environmental footprint reduction. Recent examples include:
The development of an additive for
internal decorative wood coatings that
reacts with formaldehyde and blocks its
release (Dow16);
Acrylic grafting on to alkyds to

change their morphology to avoid
the need for both solvents and surfactants (Arkema17).
Partial replacements for titanium dioxide such as Dows precomposition polymer technologies and Solvays calcium
carbonate product range.18
MEET THE EXPERTS

INNOVATION IN COATINGS, CONSTRUCTION & ADHESIVES
Synthomer takes the lead in
water-borne binder technology.
Stop by and find out about new
products and opportunities at the
European Coatings Show 2015.
46

Synthomer at ECS 2015

Exhibition
Hall 7, Stand 344,
21 23 April 2015, Messe Nuremberg
Web
Renewable Routes to Ingredient Supply

Bio-renewable technologies have been
known for many years and are receiving
increasing attention of late as sustainability increases in priority. AkzoNobel14 has
committed itself to doubling the renewable component of its raw material purchasing slate by 2020.
The use of bio-renewables cannot only
reduce the environmental footprint of
downstream products but also extend the
diversity of supply sources of formulation ingredients. It would be commercially
prudent to find bio-renewable alternatives to existing formulation ingredients
to cover the situation when oil and its
downstream products such as resins ever
go short, as they did in 2008/2010.
Although concern has been expressed
about drawing raw materials from the
food chain (first-generation sources) to
make bio-renewables, others have argued
that the impact on the world supply of food
is and will continue to be insignificant.
Some bio-renewables have demonstrated the potential to offer improved
property profiles due to their often
more complex structure than the materials they are replacing; an important
selling point for those in the businessas-usual paradigm.
Examples of bio-renewables of interest
to the coatings industry are:
Corbion Purac19 supplies lactide building block chemicals made by the fermentation of sugars that can enable
polyester resin producers to create
modified resins with improved property
profiles in their final application.
North Dakota University20 has developed biobased polyvinyl ether copolymers from soya bean oil and menthol,
which provide product enhancements
ideal for alkyd coatings.
Eindhoven University of Technology,
Holland and Imperial College, London,
UK21 have recently reported discoveries of innovative catalyst systems that
make possible the polymerization of a
range of resins incorporating carbon
dioxide, without the help of enzymes.
Some of the resins produced by these
mechanisms are promising as binders
in industrial paint formulations.
Bayer22 has developed tailor-made polyether carbonate polyols from propylene
oxide and carbon dioxide.
Brown University23 has made a breakthrough in the manufacture of acrylates using ethylene and carbon dioxide
with nickel as a promoter.
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TO YOUR PAINTS AND COATINGS
Designer and producer

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Thickeners
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Dispersants
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Nuremberg, Germany
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Get connected to
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Industrial Solutions
With carbon dioxide as one of the products generated by the

decomposition and incineration of coatings, the regenerative
circular economy can be exemplified by its re-incorporation in
resins and binders.
Sourcing Raw Materials

The location and sourcing of raw materials, energy and water,
together with the efficiency of ingredient manufacture can have
a significant impact on the footprint of coatings formulations.
Downstream
Just as the specialty chemical sector is helping the coatings industry address sustainable development by the provision of new, more
sustainable ingredients, the coatings industry needs to help its
downstream industries address their own sustainability targets.
Waste Paint Recycling

In the decorative retail sector, it is recognized that consumers tend
to purchase more paint than they need, and there are significant
quantities of waste paint unused and slowly deteriorating in homes.
Programs have been launched, for example, in Canada, the United
States,24 France, U.K. and Holland to collect waste paint, and reconstitute and blend them ready for resale and use. Such programs
require close coordination and support from local governments.
Recycling Coated Substrates
With the regenerative circular economy in mind, coatings have
a key role to play to enhance the recyclability of their substrates.
Downstream sectors such as the packaging, automotive and furniture industries have built businesses around the recycle of used
parts, sometimes enhancing the value of the original coated product. In its second and subsequent cycles, coatings manufacturers
need to support downstream industries by ensuring that there are
no toxic chemicals or intermediates created in the recycle loop that
prevent safe processing of the substrate into its new form.
Next Generation Dry Film

and In-Can Preservation
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Effective against bacteria, fungi and yeasts in a wide range of
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Contact us to learn more about our products for your preservation needs.
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Use biocides safely. Always read the label
and product information before use.
48

www.lonza.com
Enhanced Lifetime
With 40% of the environmental footprint downstream of the factory
gate, improvements in paint performance can have a significant
impact on the sustainability of the entire life cycle. In the context of
industrial coatings in which substrates such as metals and wood are
protected, enhanced lifetime of the coating is a major benefit.
The iconic example is the coating of the Forth Rail Bridge
in Scotland using paints from Sherwin Williams25 that have a
claimed lifetime of 25 years. Gone are the days when this long
bridge had to be continually repainted from one end to the other.
As innovative coatings are developed with increasing longevity, manufacturers will need to verify that persistent chemicals that can cause harm to society or the environment are not
introduced or developed.
Enhanced Functionality
Coatings can do more than decorate and protect, and enhanced
functionality can bring significant improvements to the sustainability of downstream industries, particularly in areas where
energy reduction is a valued goal. Examples are:
Coatings that deliver the desired results with a reduced number
of coats;
Decorative paints that better reflect light and permit lowerwattage light bulbs to be used to create the same level of brightness in a room;
What color is
PASSION?
Colors talk
Colors are emotional

Colors speak of passion, and this
is the origin of pigments. They have
the power of seduction and conquer
with their strength as well as their
properties. They speak passionately
about Nubiola because they know
that through us they can deliver their
full potential.
At Nubiola we have a deep-rooted
passion for colors, and we have
been expressing emotion through our
pigments for over 100 years.
Listen to your colors

EMEA: [email protected]
LATIN AMERICA: [email protected]
NORTH AMERICA: [email protected]
APAC: [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
www.nubiola.com
Internal and external roof coatings that reflect heat

away from houses during hot seasons and keep
warmth in during the winter;
Coatings that generate useable electricity;
Coatings that are scratch resistant in automotive applications;
Coatings that remove impurities from the air;
Low-emission paints to protect indoor air quality, particularly in well-insulated homes.
Measuring Progress
It has often been said that if you cannot measure progress,
you cannot manage it. The tracking processes within
Coatings Care2 are excellent ways of looking at elements of
formulation manufacture and can demonstrate examples
of increasing eco-efficiency from gate to gate.
On a broader front, Life Cycle Analyses have been used
by some companies such as Dow, Solvay, BASF and DSM to
promote their new products. This form of analysis does not
solely look at carbon footprint but addresses a wide range
of other environmental and toxicological variables that
have relevance to the manufacture and use of coatings.
CEPE3 has provided its membership with software
that can provide Life Cycle Analysis evaluations together
with a unique LCI database of the ingredients most often
used in paint and ink formulations. A few companies,
such as DSM,26 have used LCAs publically to compare
different processes for achieving desired coating performance, but it would be fair to say that the use of this
approach is still in its infancy.
The EU, through its PEFCR project,13 is endeavoring
to put together a methodology that will provide objective
comparison analyses that do not leave conclusions open
to wide interpretation. To its credit, the coatings industry
has been chosen to be in the first wave of such pilots, and
CEPE is chairing this particular pilot, with the anticipated
output of objective and measurable Product Category
Rules (PCRs) for decorative coatings.
The TfS global initiative is committed to improve
and assure the quality of sustainability assessment and
audit results.
The analysis frameworks are available. We now need
to see some conclusions drawn from these processes to
understand where the hotspots are from one end of the
supply chain to the other, so that decisions can be made on
the preferred sustainable coatings systems of the future.
Summary
The coatings industry has made a good start but has

further to go on its path of sustainable development.
The opportunity for significant progress in the future
lies beyond business-as-usual. The recommended
course of action is to:
Create partnerships up and downstream to guide
the course of raw material technology development
and reduce the downstream environmental impact of
coated products.
Watch for technological breakthroughs. They could
pop up anywhere.
Develop a mechanism for driving sustainable development forward on a global basis in a consistent way.
Pursue the development of renewable sources of raw
materials. They are the future and have the potential to
enhance coatings properties.
Continue to extend the functionality of coatings to
enhance the sustainability of downstream industries.
Evaluate the environmental impact of current and
future formulations on recycle and formulate/specify to
avoid any potential concerns.
Address the social and economic pillars of sustainability as well as the environmental.
Find objective ways of tracking sustainable development.
Existing measures need to be applied rigorously and
extended to address coating lifecycles from cradle to gate
and cradle to grave.
References
Reference to Cradle to Cradle by kind permission of Professor Michael Braungart of EPEA.

1
2
3
50

Becker Industries/BCF award www.coatings.org.uk/beckers--winning-sustainble-innovation-award-entry.aspx

Coatings Care www.coatings.org.uk/Public/Coatings_
Care_Performance.aspx#3
CEPE Sustainability Charter www.cepe.org/EPUB/easnet.
dll/ExecReq/Page?eas:template_im=100087&eas:dat_
im=107996
American Coatings Association Sustainability brochure
www.paint.org/about-our-industry/sustainability.html
FIPEC Environmental Charter www.fipec.org/images/stories/publication/rapport/charte_environnement_vf.pdf

6 British Coatings Federation Sustainability Policy 2009 www.coatings.org.uk/Sustainability_Policy.aspx
7 EPEA: Eco-effectiveness http://braungart.com/en/content/vision
8 Together for Sustainability (TfS) http://tfs-initiative.com/
9 The Circular Regenerative Economy model www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/circular-economy/interactivesystem-diagram
10 Clariant Ecotain concept www.clariant.com/C12579EC0046869F/
vwWebPagesByID/949E9A8BD069C0EFC1257AC4003A649E
11 World Green Building Council www.worldgbc.org/
12 IPPIC www.ippic.org/
13 PEFCR project http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/
Fiche_paint.pdf
14 AkzoNobel Sustainability strategy www.akzonobel.com/sustainability/strategic_focus/
15 A T. Kearney analysis of the Coatings Industrys R&D intensity www.
pcimag.com/blogs/14-pci-blog/post/98903-high-hopes-for-newideas-and-technical-innovation-at-the-acs-show-and-conference
16 Dow on Sustainability http://coatings.dow.com/en/innovation/
sustainability
17 Arkema on novel resins for coatings www.arkema.com/en/arkemagroup/organization/coating-solutions/coating-resins/
18 Solvay on TiO partial replacement www. solvay.com/en/markets2
and-products/featured-products/socal-up.html
5
Corbion Purac Lactide products www.purac.com/EN/Biobased_

chemicals/Markets/Coatings-and-inks.aspx
20 North Dakota University enhanced Alkyds via biobased technology
www.paintsquare.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=6158&nl_versionid=1208
21 Eindhoven University of Technology and Imperial College London
www.european-coatings.com/layout/set/print/Blog/New-Chemistry-copies-nature-dreams-become-reality
22 Bayer on polymerization with CO www.chemicals-technology.com/
projects/bayer-co2-plastics/
23 Brown University on polymerisation with CO www.netl.doe.gov/
publications/proceedings/12/carbon_storage/pdf/Wed%20Breakouts/Brighton%20Damiani/Bernskoetter-DEFE0004498.pdf
24 Paint Care Waste Paint recycling in the USA www.paintcare.org/
25 Sherwin Williams Forth Rail Bridge example of coatings
longevity
enhancement
www.paintsquare.com/
news/?fuseaction=view&id=9750
26 DSM Comparative Carbon and ECO Footprint Study on liquid vs Powder Industrial Finishes for MDF. Authors; Jos Verlaak, David Morris,
Proceedings 8th PRA Woodcoatings Congress 2012 Amsterdam.
19
For more information, email [email protected].
Read Tony Mashs monthly blog

at www.pcimag.com/blogs.
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51
Biogenic Silica
Harvested
from Rice Hulls
Characteristics and Performance
umed silica, also known as pyrogenic

silica, is an important additive used to
modify performance characteristics in a
variety of coating formulations. Due to its
high purity, small particle size and high
surface area, fumed silica serves as a thickener, viscosity modifier, pigment extender and free flow agent.
However, unsustainable manufacturing processes are
used to produce fumed silica, creating additional cost,
liability and environmental impact.
According to an online survey at www.pcimag.com,
many paint manufacturers consider sustainability to be
indispensable or very important when it comes to the
manufacturing choices that they make. SioTeX Corporation has developed a sustainable alternative to provide
manufacturers with a viable alternative to traditional
fumed silica. Harvested from rice hulls, biogenic silica
(Eco-Sil) exhibits the high purity, small particle size and
high surface area that are necessary to achieve desired
FIGURE 1 (a) Rice grown on farm, (b) rice hulls, and (c) structural
framework of rice hull.1
a
Silica
nanoparticles
Rice plant
cells
performance. Rice hulls possess an inherent structural

framework of silica nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 1.
Statement of the Problem
Fumed silica producers rely on a costly, energy-intensive

and hazardous manufacturing process. The air pollution
resulting from the energy utilized to produce fumed silica
is a combination of carbon emissions from the production of raw materials, energy generation and overseas
transportation, as well as corrosive and toxic hydrogen
chloride gas from the process.
Millions of tons of rice hulls are produced every year,
but most of the agricultural biowaste is burned or landfilled. The combustion of rice hulls releases large quantities of carbon dioxide. When they decompose in a landfill,
the rice hulls produce methane, a greenhouse gas that is
more harmful than carbon dioxide.
By Haoran Chen, Ph.D.; Chief Technical Officer; Marcus Goss, Chief Operations Officer; and Ash Kotwal, Vice President
of Manufacturing | SioTeX Corp., San Marcos, TX
52

Additionally, coatings products are competitively

priced, which leads manufacturers to seek cost-saving
alternatives. Biogenic silica solves both of these problems
due to its inexpensive and abundant raw material and
efficient manufacturing processes.
Material Characteristics
Biogenic silica is obtained by the complete combustion

of rice hulls that have undergone a proprietary chemical
treatment. It has been characterized for purity, crystallinity, surface area and microstructure. Extensive testing
of the biogenic silica shows that it has desired characteristics. Additionally, its higher bulk density results in
improved handling, packaging and storage.
meters per gram of the sample. Figure 3 shows the plot of N2

adsorbed as a function of pressure. The higher volume and
initial steep slope indicate that the biogenic silica adsorbs
gases more readily than fumed silica. The surface area of
the biogenic silica is 294 m2/g compared to a range of 100
m2/g to 400 m2/g for commercially available fumed silica.
Microstructure
Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to qualitatively image the material and compare it to commercial synthetic amorphous fumed silica. Both materials
TABLE 1
Chemical Composition
The porosity and surface area of the material play a critical

role regarding its reactivity and use as a viscosity modifier.
Materials with high surface area outperform those with
lower surface area. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET)
theory for adsorption of gases on the surfaces of solids is
the industry standard for determination of specific surface area. The surface area is typically reported in square
SiO2
CaO
MnO
ZnO
Al2O3
MgO
Fe2O3
MoO
Na2O
99.9500
0.0105
0.0085
0.0067
0.0059
0.0075
0.0046
0.0033
0.0013
Eco-Sil
Crystalline SiO2
Eco-Sil
10
20
30
40
50 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
2 Theta ()
2 Theta ()
FIGURE 3 Adsorption of gas for BET analysis of fumed silica (ST001),

biogenic silica (ST002) and milled biogenic silica (ST003).
120
Volume Adsorbed (cc STP/g)
Surface Area
Relative Composition
(% by Weight)
FIGURE 2 X-ray diffraction patterns for biogenic silica (left) and comparison to crystalline silica (right).
Crystallinity
The presence of crystalline silica is not allowed in products
because it is a known carcinogen.3 The chemical pretreatment carried out prior to combustion prevents the formation of crystalline silica resulting from phase changes.4
X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the biogenic silica in its powder form was performed with a Cu-K source. No evidence
of crystallinity was detected. The 2-theta region between
10 to 50 at long collection times indicates no crystalline peaks. Crystallinity above 0.01% by weight would be
visible as sharp peaks on the diffraction pattern. Figure 2
illustrates the amorphous diffraction pattern for biogenic
silica and compares it to that of crystalline silica. Note the
sharp peaks at 21.9 and 26.4 2-theta, indicating quartz
and cristobalite crystal forms.
Oxide Detected
Intensity
The traditional combustion of rice hulls yields rice hull

ash, a grayish-black crystalline product that contains
5% to 10% of unburned carbon material and other mineral oxides, such as potassium oxide, calcium oxide and
sodium oxide.2 In this case, the usefulness of rice hull ash
is limited to applications where color, crystallinity and
high purity are not important.
The complete combustion of carbon and reduction in
the content of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals
results in a high-purity silica with expanded application
potential. Chemical analysis was conducted to determine
the purity of the silica using inductively coupled plasma
optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analytical
instrument used was a Varian Liberty Series II Spectrometer. The sample was dissolved in a 1:1:1 mixture of 50%
HF, HNO3 and HCl at 80 C. The concentrations by mass
(mg/kg) of analytes were converted to weight percent.
Table 1 shows the results of the ICP-OES test. The amorphous silica content was 99.95% with only trace quantities of other mineral oxides.
Chemical composition of biogenic silica.
100
ST001
ST002
ST003
80
60
40
20
0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40 0.45
P/P0

53
Biogenic Silica Harvested from Rice Hulls
exhibit a similar morphology consisting of branched

silica nanoparticles (Figure 4).
Performance
Viscosity
It is well known that one of the most important uses of
specialty silica is thixotropic viscosity modification.7-9
The shear-thinning performance of the biogenic silica
was evaluated in the epoxy formulation found in Table
2. As a model system, a comparison was made between
TABLE 2
Epoxy formulation for viscosity testing.
Thickening
Amount
(% by Weight)
Raw Material
Note
Epon 828
65.7
Propylene glycol ether
21.0
Co-solvent
Dipropylene glycol normal butyl ether
8.3
Co-solvent
BYK 348
0.6
Leveling agent
Surfynol 104DPM
1.4
Wetting agent
Amorphous silica
3.0
Additive
TABLE 3
biogenic silica and fumed silica. The formulations were

mixed for 10 min at 2000 rpm with a Dispermat D-51580
and degased for 10 min prior to viscosity measurement.
Viscosity was measured with a Brookfield Cap 2000+
Viscometer at 20 C. In Figure 5, both materials displayed
thixotropic behavior in the epoxy coating. The thixotropic
index for the biogenic silica and the fumed silica in the
model system were about 2.8 and 1.8, respectively. Excessive shear before use can hinder its viscosity performance.
It is speculated that excessive shear may cause damage to
the microstructure of biogenic silica.
Epoxy binder
Anti-sag index of epoxy formulations.

Formulation
Anti-Sag Index (mil)
Epoxy with biogenic silica
Epoxy with fumed silica
FIGURE 4 Scanning electron micrographs of fumed silica (left) and biogenic silica (right).5-6
The sag resistance of biogenic silica and fumed silica in the

epoxy coating formulation was measured, and results are
shown in Table 3. The sag resistance of the biogenic silica
and fumed silica formulas was similar.
Conclusions
The characteristics and performance of Eco-Sil harvested

from rice hulls indicate that it is a cost-effective and
environmentally acceptable replacement for fumed silica.
Alternatives to fumed silica based on green technology
will allow the coatings industry to incorporate a sustainable and competitively priced silica additive.
References
1
FIGURE 5
Viscosity of biogenic
and fumed silicas.
2,800
Eco-Sil no grinding
Eco-Sil > 75
Eco-Sil < 45
Fumed Silica
Control
2,600
2,400
Viscosity (CPS)
2,200
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
0
54

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Shear Rate (RPM)
Liu, N.; Huo, K.; McDowell, M.; Zhao, J.; Cui, Y. Rice husk
as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high
performance Li-ion anodes. Scientific Report, 3, 2013.
Kumar, A.; Mohanta, K.; Kumar, D.; Parkash, O. Properties
and industrial applications of rice husk: A review. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
2012, 2 (10), 86-90.
Steenland, K.; Sanderson, W. Lung cancer among industrial
sand workers exposed to crystalline silica. American Journal
of Epidemiology 2001, 153 (7), 695-703.
Armesto, L.; Bahillo, A.; Veijonen, K.; Cabanillas, A.; Otero,
J. Combustion behaviour of rice husk in a bubbling fluidised
bed. Biomass and Bioenergy 2002, 23, 171-179.
Binks, B. P.; Fletcher, P. D.; Holt, B. L.; Beaussoubre, P.;
Wong, K. Phase inversion of particle-stabilised perfume oilwater emulsions: Experiment and theory. Physical Chemistry
Chemical Physics 2010, 12 (38), 11954-11966.
Chen, H.; Wang, W.; Martin, J. C.; Oliphant, A. J.; Doerr, P.
A.; Xu, J. F.; Sun, L. Extraction of lignocellulose and synthesis of porous silica nanoparticles from rice husks: A comprehensive utilization of rice husk biomass. ACS Sustainable
Chemistry & Engineering 2013, 1 (2), 254-259.
Yziquel, F.; Carreau, P. J.; Moan, M.; Tanguy, P. A. Rheological modeling of concentrated colloidal suspensions. Journal
of Non-Newtonian Mechanics 1999, 86 (1-2), 133-155.
Gunko, V. M.; Zarko, V. I.; Leboda, R.; Chibowski, E. Aqueous suspension of fumed oxides: Particle size distribution
and zeta potential. Advances in Colloid Interface Science 2001,
91, 1-112.
Litchfield, D. W.; Baird, D. G. The rheology of high aspect ratio
nano-particle filled liquids. Rheology Reviews 2006, 1-60.
For more information, contact Lisa Taylor at 512/762.9872 or email

[email protected].
SEPTEMBER 15-16, 2015 LINCOLNSHIRE MARRIOTT RESORT, IL

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Biobased
Succinic Acid
A Renewable Building Block
for PUDs and
High-Performance
Water-Based
Uralkyds with High
Renewable Content
he finite availability of petrochemical resources, along with

their environmental impact and economic volatility, have long been known
to the petro-chemical industry and are
more frequently viewed by society and the consumer as
unsustainable. Societys awareness of petro-chemicals
ecological footprint is growing, along with knowledge
that the unchecked use of these materials will result
FIGURE 1
Succinic acid.
OH
HO
O
FIGURE 2 Synthetic scheme for succinate polyester polyols comprising
mixed glycols.
O
HO
OH
O
HO
OH
HO
R OH
HO R/R O
O
O R/R OH
n
+ 2 H2O
in depletion of the earths natural resources and

further environmental damage for future generations. This awareness has initiated a movement within
the textile, materials and coating industries to produce
products in a more sustainable manner. Stahl, a leader
in process chemicals for leather and other substrates,
recognized this trend early on and developed a wide variety of water-based products using technologies such as
high-performance polyurethanes to develop innovative
products that meet or exceed customers performance
expectations and reduce environmental impact. Together
with partners such as BioAmber, Stahl is developing new
products where the petroleum-based polyols are either
fully or partially replaced by renewable countertypes.
Using Bio Ambers biobased succinic acid (SA) (Figure
1) as a key building block of polyester polyols (PEPs), an
important group of materials can be formed that enable
the creation of polyurethanes (PUs) and polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) for coatings with excellent performance.
These can be produced in a sustainable fashion, reducing
carbon emissions and energy consumption.
As a platform chemical, biobased succinic acid provides
researchers and product developers a sustainable chemical building block to enable innovative development of
high-performance products useful in a wide range of
applications ranging from personal care products, to nonphthalate plasticizers, to polymeric derivatives used in
urethanes, polyesters and alkyd resin technologies.
Over the last few years, BioAmber and partners,
such as Stahl, have invested resources to investigate the
structure-property relationship of biobased succinic acid
in polyester polyols for urethanes, polyester thermoplas-
By William D. Coggio, Ph.D., Global Manager Applications and Technology Support, BioAmber Inc., Plymouth, MN |
Frank Brouwer, Ph.D., Green Technology Chemist; and Xavier Roche, Research Chemist, Stahl International bv | and
Edgar Alarcon, Applications Chemist, Stahl Polymers, Parets, Spain.
56

Results and Discussion
In PU applications, succinic acid is modified with dialcohols

(glycols) to produce polyester polyols, as shown in Figure
2. The nature of the C4 diacid combined with a glycol or
a mixture of glycols results in polyester polyols with a
diverse range of properties. In contrast to the more familiar
petro-based adipate polyols, biobased succinates provide
a range of properties that can replace or compliment the
petro-based adipates. Careful control of the glycol to acid
stoichiometry enables very precise control of the degree of
polymerization (n), which is typically reported as the OH
number (the hydroxyl, or OH number, is reported as mgKOH/g polyol). This relationship is well-known and will not
be covered in detail in this article. However, an excellent
overview of polyurethanes and the key building blocks used
to develop materials with well-defined physical properties
can be found in a number of published resources.6
Table 1 provides a general summary of how different glycols and mixtures of glycols influence the glass
transition temperature (Tg) and melting point (Tm) of
succinate polyols. In general, when the C4 succinic acid
is used instead of the C6 adipic acid in polyester polyols
and subsequently in polyurethanes, the influence of the
shorter diacid translates into performance benefits such
as higher mechanical strength, higher modulus and hardness, improved abrasion and better solvent resistance.
Some potential trade-offs compared to adipates are that
the SA-PEP will tend to have a higher Tg and viscosity.
Typically, SA-PEPs prepared using even-numbered carbon glycols with SA are solids at 25 C, whereas odd-numbered carbon glycols or mixed glycol systems produced
viscous liquids at room temperature (RT) (see Table 1 for
definitions of abbreviations). However, as has been noted
previously, SA-PEP with at least 50 mol% of BDO solidifies
at room temperature, whereas the corresponding adipic
acid (AA)-based PEPs remain viscous liquids at RT. For
example, SA-NPG/BDO is a solid at room temperature
but AA-NPG/BDO is a liquid at RT. Anomalously, SATABLE 2
PDO will also slowly crystallize at room temperature and

has a melting point between 35 - 43 C. Figure 3 shows
graphically some of the trends in Tg as a function of glycol
structures in SA-BDO/X PEPs. Additional Tg and Tm data
are available in Reference 2.
In our second in-depth study in PUDs,1,4 we wanted to further our understanding of the structure-property relationship of succinate polyester polyols in an attempt to gain additional performance understanding of PU coatings derived
TABLE 1
Tg and Tm values of biobased succinate polyols.
SA-PEP
Polyol
As Homopolymer As Copolymer with

w/ Glycol
50 mol% BDO
Glycol
Tg (C)
Tm (C)
Tg (C)
Tm (C)
EG
-12
~80
-34
48-60
PDO
-31
36-40
-44
35-56
BDO
ND
105-110
ND
105-108
HDO
ND
44-48
-54
48-52
DEG
NPG
2-MPD
-28
NR
-34
ND
NR
ND
NR
-58
-42
NR
45-52
35-45
Target Polyurethane
Applications
Industrial rollers, wheels
TPU/CPU
Synthetic leather coatings,
adhesives-TPU
High-strength, abrasionresistant parts in TPU/
CPUs and coatings
Adhesive/CPU/synthetic
leather, coatings
Foams and adhesives
Adhesives, coatings
CPU/TPU coatings
Tg (DSC) midpoint values, Tm (DSC-1st heat), onset/peak values, ND = not

detected, NR = not reported; EG = ethylene glycol; PDO = 1,3-propanediol; BDO
= 1,4-butanediol; HDO = 1,6- hexanediol; NPG = neopentyl glycol, 2-MPD =
2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
FIGURE 3 General trends for the Tg, C, of succinate polyols comprising mixed glycols for 1-1 mole ratio of BDO/X-glycol.
SA-BDO Mixed Glycols

SA-EG/BDO
SA-PDO/BDO SA-HDO/BDO SA-3 MDP/BDO SA-NPG/BDO
-10
Tg (C)
tics and polyester alkyd resins. These efforts have resulted

in broad application understanding in a variety of areas
such as polyurethane coatings and resins. New products
utilizing biobased SA as a key component of the resin
formulation are continuing to emerge and enhance both
performance and sustainability of the final formulations.
Many of these application studies have been published1-4, 7
and have helped catalyze the market adoption of biobased
SA for use in the PU and CASE markets. In addition, starting later in 2015, BioAmbers Sarnia production facility
will enable the availability of consistent, high-quality
biobased succinic acid for these and other markets.5
-20
-30
-32
-34
-40
-60
Branched glycols increase Tg
-44
-50
-30
-54
Increasing glycol carbons = decrease in Tg
Properties of polyester polyol succinates used in this study.
Polyol
SA-DEG
SA-DEG/NPG
SA HDO
SA-HDO/NPG
SA-PDO/NPG
SA-PDO/BDO
SA-PDO
50
47
42
68
Tg/Tm by DSC, C
Tg = -28
Tg = -29
40
Tg ND
Tm ~45
Tg = -42
Tg = -31
53 (100)*
Tg = -46
Tm ~40
Physical state at RT
Viscous
liquid
Viscous
liquid
Viscous liquid
Viscous liquid
100
Tg = -38
Tm 38-42
Viscous
liquid
Biobased carbon content (%)
Solid
Waxy solid
The molar ratio of SA-PEPs comprising mixed glycols are 1-1 by mole. Tg ND = Not Detected
*When using biobased BDO.

57
Biobased Succinic Acid and Uralkyd Coatings
from different succinic polyester polyols - especially relative

to glycol structure. Tables 2 and 3 show the properties of the
polyols synthesized in this study, some of which were made
into PUD and PU coatings for further evaluation.
Characteristics of PUDs
and Coatings Made with PEPs
PUDs were prepared from the SA-PEPs shown in Table 2

using either the NMP co-solvent process or by the acetone
FIGURE 4 Example of PUD (left) and coating (right) made with SA-HDO
polyester polyol (1000 g/mol) and H12-MDI as described in Reference 1.
SA-HDO 1000
SA-HDO 1000 Coating on AI
FIGURE 5 Comparative Knig hardness and MEK solvent resistance of

PU films made with either SA or AA polyester polyols (Reference 4.)
500
HDO
400
400
300
200
PDO
PDO/BDO
PDO/NPG
1,000 g/mol polyols
s
es
n
rd
Ha lue
a
v
100
62
44
olv
KS
ME
68
63
17
SA-Hardness
TABLE 3
t
en
260
bs
Ru
97
40
68
AA-Hardness
83
37
116
110
49 56
SA-MEK
process.1,4 The use of the acetone process produces an

NMP-free PUD dispersion and is highly desirable from an
environmental perspective. A total of six PUD formulations
were prepared, coated on steel substrates and evaluated by
well-known coating characterization techniques.1,4 A typical example of a PUD and the metal-coated articles is shown
in Figure 4, and a summary of the properties for these
coatings in this study is shown in Table 3. These generalized coatings were compared to similar PU coatings made
from AA-PEPs. However, it should be noted that since this
was a generalized study to evaluate side-by-side the impact
of the SA or AA PEPs molecular structure on the physical
properties of the polyurethane coatings, the formulations
used in the PUD study contained no crosslinkers, adhesion
promoters or surfactants and were unoptimized for any
particular application.
The coated property data in Table 3 suggest the polyols
made with linear SA-HDO systems (even-numbered carbon
glycol) generated coatings with the highest Knig hardness
in the series, whereas the PU coatings made with odd-numbered glycols or mixed/branched glycols had much lower
hardness values. It is important to note that although the
hardness values did drop with the softer, more-flexible
polyols, that other key properties were consistent with the
performance attributes associated with the SA-polyols.
That is, the PU coating on the metal substrate exhibited
good adhesion, solvent resistance and elongation. As evidenced by reverse impact hardness and mandrel bend tests,
all of the PUDs formed very flexible coatings. In the reverse
impact test, all coatings scored above the upper measurement limit of the instrument, and in the conical mandrel
bend test, no signs of cracks were observed at the smallest
mandrel diameter for all coatings. Table 3 and Figure 5
show how some of the mechanical properties of PU coatings
based on succinates compared to the properties of similar
coatings made with adipates. It was observed in this study
that the PU coatings comprised of biobased SA polyester
polyol generally exhibit equal or better coating hardness
and better solvent resistance than the AA polyols. This was
clearly noted in the SA-HDO, SA-PDO/BDO and SA-PDO
systems as the MEK solvent-abrasion resistance is superior
to corresponding adipates.
Mechanical Properties of
PU Films Made from PUDs
AA-MEK
The mechanical properties of the PU films were evaluated by tensile testing using the method described in
Comparison of SA and AA polyester polyols in a PU coating on steel.
PUD Systems
(All 1000 MW polyols)
Tg polyol ( C)
Tg PU film
Knig hardness
Impact hardness (reverse) Lb/in
Pencil hardness
MEK double rubs
Crosshatch adhesion
Elongation (mandrel), %
SA-PDO
AA-PDO
SA-PDO-BDO
AA-PDO-BDO
SA-HDO
AA-HDO
SA-PDO-NPG
AA-PDO-NPG
-38
-26
62
>172
3H
68
5B
>32
-58
-54
44
>172
F
17
4B
>32
-44
-27
63
>172
2H
97
5B
>32
-62
-56
40
>172
3H
68
5B
>32
Tm ~45
-38
110
>172
2H
400
5B
>32
Tm ~50
-48
115
>172
2H
260
5B
>32
-31
-19
37
>172
3H
49
3B
>32
-58
-37
83
>172
2H
56
4B
>32
Note: AA-PDO coatings were not defect-free, and therefore the MEK double rub values may be artificially low.
58

Reference 1. Representative stress-strain data and the

average moduli values from stress-strain tests are summarized in Table 4. Additional mechanical property data
can be found in References 1 and 4.
Uralkyd Introduction
Alkyd resins have been known in the coatings industry

for years and have been commercially available since the
1930s. As a class of polyester coating resins, alkyds are one
of the most important binders in the paint industry and are
likely to remain important for the foreseeable future. Alkyd
resins are short, branched polyester chains formed by the
condensation reaction between polyols, such as glycerine,
trimethylolpropane and diacids or anhydrides such as
phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and unsaturated
fatty acids. A generalized reaction scheme of an alkyd is
shown in Figure 6. Traditional one-part (1K) alkyd formulations are popular for wood coating applications due to
their ease of use, excellent aesthetics, long-term durability
and favorable economics. This makes the 1K alkyds one
of the most common products for the DIY market. Even
though alkyds contain a significant amount of renewable biobased carbon, the use of white spirits or aromatic
solvents detracts from this reduced carbon footprint and
makes them less environmentally and worker friendly.
It is important to note that the drying speed and durability of an alkyd coating and the solution viscosity are
directly related to the molecular weight of the alkyd resin.
High-molecular-weight alkyds tend to have a faster drying
speed and better durability, but high-solid formulations have
higher solution viscosities and, therefore, need more solvent
to obtain a workable coating viscosity. Therefore it would not
be unusual for a premium performance alkyd formulation
to have as much as 70% solvent in order to balance the end
physical properties with an acceptable processing viscosity.
high-performance, water-based, high-solids formulations.7,8 In waterborne polyurethane chemistry the viscosity of the emulsion is not related to the polymer molecular
weight since the emulsified particles do not significantly
impact solution viscosity. Thus, by combining PUD technology with alkyds it is possible to obtain a high-molecularweight uralkyd with excellent processing viscosity, fast
drying and good durability.9 Schematically, the synthesis
TABLE 4 Comparison of the mechanical properties of PU films made
with SA and AA polyester polyols.
PUD
SA-HDO AA-HDO
T-50% (tensile
50% strain) MPa
T-100%
T-200%
T-300%
Brk tensile
Brk strain (%)
FIGURE 6
SA-PDO/ AA-PDO/
BDO
BDO
SA-PDO/
NPG
AA-PDO/
NPG
14.3
11.7
6.0
3.3
4.2
13.4
16.6
24.1
Broke
23.8
210
14.2
22.4
Broke
23.7
220
6.6
8.4
10.3
19.3
510
3.9
5.2
7.0
14.8
490
5.2
6.8
8.6
18.6
570
14.5
18.3
Broke
22.5
250
General reaction scheme of a fatty acid alkyd resin.

OH
HO
O
OH
Fatty chain
OH
Glycerine
Fatty acid
Phthalic anhydride
-H2O
Uralkyds Based on Succinic

Acid and Fatty Acids
The development of uralkyds merges the formulation flexibility of water-based PUD technologies with alkyds to
address the performance-processing trade-offs and enables
FIGURE 7
O
Fatty chain
O
O
O
O
General reaction scheme of a uralkyd dispersion.

59
of uralkyds is shown in Figure 7 and, as can be noted, it is

similar to PUD synthesis in that a polyester polyol is mixed
with or replaced by a fatty acid polyol and reacted with a
diisocyanate, chain extender and a dispersing acid, typically 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanoic acid, (DMPA).
High-performance wood coatings are a highly desirable application area and one that combines material
science and innovation to meet the critical in-application performance requirements such as excellent optics,
scratch, stain, solvent resistance and color fastness.
In this application area, the uralkyds excel since this
material platform merges many of the benefits of alkyds
and polyurethanes to meet and exceed customer performance and value expectations.
The original Stahl products Picassian HY-614 (NEP
co-solvent based) and Picassian HY-460 (no co-solvent)
were developed using polyesters made from a mixture
of acids based on adipic (AA), glutaric (GA) and succinic
acids (SA). This acid mixture, known as AGS dibasic
acids, tends to have inconsistent ratios of these three
acids, leading to downstream performance and regulatory challenges. Therefore Stahl decided to reformulate
with polyesters based either on petro-adipic acid or biobased succinic acid. With the greater availability and
quality of biobased succinic acid, and a commitment
to green solutions and innovation, it was a natural fit
that this reformulation opportunity be used to develop a
high-performance wood coating with a greater content
of sustainable, green materials. However, the biobased
succinic acid derivatives had to deliver performance and
value in use before these products could be converted to
the biobased building block.
Figure 8 shows the generalized molecular structures of
a traditional high-molecular-weight alkyd resin based on
phthalic acid (8a) and idealized lower-molecular-weight
building blocks based on succinic acid (8b) or adipic acid
(8c). A series of building blocks based on structures 8b
and 8c were prepared for this study. By adjusting the
molecular weight and composition of these molecules, it
was possible to design a biobased building block based on
succinic acid, 8b, with a biobased content of around 75%
FIGURE 8 The idealized molecular structures of a traditional highermolecular-weight alkyd alkyd resin based on phthalic acid 8a and the
structures of short alkyd polyester polyols modified with succinic acid 8b
or adipic acid 8c.
(a)
O
5-50
Fatty chain
(b)
HO
OH
O
O
O
O
1-4
Fatty chain
O
Fatty chain
(c)
OH
O
HO
O
O
O
1-4
Fatty chain
Fatty chain
TABLE 5
Comparison of the mechanical properties of PU films made with SA and AA polyester polyols.
Picassian HY-614
Picassian HY-460
Pure PUD
Diacid
Calculated biobased content polyol (%)
% NEP
% solids
AGS
60
5.1
36
AA
60
5.1
36.5
B-SA
75
5.1
37.28
AGS
60
0
39
AA
60
0
40.42
B-SA
75
0
39.65
<5
<5
25
21
45"
69"
Pale yellow
83/93
13
39
42"
53"
Pale yellow
82/93
16
53
<5
38%
50"
66"
Pale yellow
82/92
19
32
66"
85"
Pale yellow
83/92
19
25
69"
98"
Pale yellow
82/92
21
36
23
39%
73"
92"
Pale yellow
81/91
22
27
Formulated @ 31% solids

MFFT C
% Renewable carbon (ASTM D 6866)
Knig hardness 1d @RT
Final Knig hardness
Dry apperance
Gloss 20/60
UTS (MPa)
% Elongation
Water exposure spot test
(24h, 5 best 1 worse)
60

FIGURE 9a Knig hardness values with cure time for

NEP cosolvent-based system, Picassian HY-614.
FIGURE 9b Knig hardness values with cure time for

NEP no co-solvent system, Picassian HY-460.
80
120
69
66
60
53
45
50
98
90
42
60
20
30
0
AGS-Control
AA-Modification
1 Day Hardness
SA-Modification
AGS-Control
7 Day Hardness
to replace the AGS-based polyol. These polyols were then

converted to stable, water-based dispersions containing
around 40% solids using a reaction process similar to the
one shown in Figure 7. The resins and subsequent dispersions were formulated into a final coating solution and
were applied on Beech wood panels at 150 m wet coating
thickness and allowed to dry for 1 h at room temperature.
The wood was then lightly sanded and a second coat was
applied at 150 m wet coating thickness and allowed to
dry at room temperature for 7 days.
The coated samples were characterized using a variety
of well-known and accepted coating performance tests
including mechanical properties, hardness, water spot
resistance, gloss and chemical resistance. The results of
these side-by-side tests are summarized in Table 5. The
desired outcome was to develop a replacement formulation that met or exceeded critical to quality (CTQ) metrics for optics, durability, application quality and final
appearance of the coating. The biobased SA formulations
for both HY-614 as HY-460 did produce a slightly harder
final coating and slightly lower elongation. However, for
a wood coating application the decrease in elongation
is considered well within acceptable limits, especially
because the other performance CTQs were well within
the needed ranges and the final products had a significant
increase in the biobased carbon content.
Figures 9a and 9b show the differences in surface hardness as measured on the Knig hardness scale between the
two systems over the curing cycle. As is known in polyurethane chemistry, hydrogen bonds form slowly between
the urethane groups and increase the hardness to a particular plateau hardness value based on the formulation.
In the case of Picassian HY-614 (Figure 9a), the SA-based
formulation exhibited nearly the same target hardness as
the AGS-based control, and these were both more than 10
points higher than the petro-based AA formulation. In the
case of the NEP cosolvent-free compositions (Figure 9b),
both the SA and AA formulations exhibited slightly higher
hardness values than the AGS control formulations.
Figures 10a and 10b show radar graphs of the chemical
and stain resistance of the final coatings after exposure
AA-Modification
1 Day Hardness
FIGURE 10a
73
69
66
40
92
85
SA-Modification
7 Day Hardness
Stain/chemical resistance Picassian HY-614.
Picassian HY-614
Suntan lotion 16 h
Hand cream 16 h
EtOH 48% 1 h
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hot coffee 16 h
Ammonia 10%
2 min
Acetone
10 sec
Water 16 h
Ink 16 h
AGS mix
All lines overlap.
FIGURE 10b
Adipic acid
Bio-succinic acid
Stain/chemical resistance Picassian HY-460.
Picassian HY-460
Suntan lotion 16 h
Hand cream 16 h
EtOH 48% 1 h
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hot coffee 16 h
Ammonia 10%
2 min
Acetone
10 sec
Water 16 h
Ink 16 h
AGS mix
Adipic acid
Bio-succinic acid
All lines overlap.


61
to typical staining and cleaning media. The legends show

the staining agent and exposure times. The numerical rating scale from 1-5 provides a value of worst (1) to best (5)
performance of the coating to staining or damage by the
reagent.11 As is clearly noted in Figures 10a and 10b, the
two replacement formulations based on either biobased
SA or petro-based AA are equivalent to the current product and show excellent performance in use. It should be
noted that additional additives such as 3% of Stahls carbodiimide crosslinker Picassian XL-275 can improve the
ethanol resistance to a rating of 4. However, the addition
of crosslinkers needs additional mixing and is, therefore,
less suitable for the DIY markets.
Conclusion
This article demonstrates the performance of biobased

succinic acid in PUD and coating formulations. The
generalized PUD coatings application study suggests
polyester polyol succinates can improve solvent and
abrasion resistance of urethane coatings and provide
excellent performance and improved sustainability in
urethanes. The development of a commercial uralkyd
product utilizing biobased succinic acid suggests the
generalized PUD findings are transferable to related
technology areas, and renewable building blocks such
as Bio-Ambers biobased succinic acid can be formulated into cost-effective, high-performance coating
products with excellent performance and value.
For more information, e-mail [email protected], visit www.

bio-amber, e-mail [email protected] or visit www.stahl.com.
11
9
10
References
1
Coggio, W.D. et al. Bio-based Succinate Polyols in PUD Coatings (Part I). Presented at American Coating Conference
April 7-9, 2014, Atlanta Georgia.
Coggio, W.D. et al. Structure-property Relationship of
Polyester Succinate Polyols with Mixed Glycols. Presented
at Urethane Technical Conference (UTECH-NA) June 3-5
2014, Charlotte, NC.
Research &
Development
62

Acknowledgements
BioAmber and Bill Coggio would like to acknowledge the many helpful
collaborations and efforts by Prof. Dean Webster and Ivan Hevus of the
North Dakota State University, and Dr. Alan Schrock, Baylen Thomas and
Ken Ulrich of the University of West Florida for their contributions to the
BioAmber studies cited in References 1-4.
Formulation &
Testing
www.keylandpolymer.com
Coggio, W.D et al. Bio-Based Succinic Acid Polyester Polyols Sustainable Building Blocks for Performance Driven TPUs, PUDs,
and Coatings. Presented at Council on Polyurethane Industry
Conference (CPI Conference) Sept 22-24 2014, Dallas, TX.
Coggio, W.D. et al. Succinic Acid: A Bio-based Building
Block in Performance Driven Polyurethane Dispersion for
Coatings (PUD Study Part II). Presented at Waterborne
Coating Conference Feb 11, 2105 New Orleans, LA.
BioAmbers Sarnia Ontario Canada production facility is
now under construction and will be mechanically complete
by first quarter 2015 and fully commissioned by July 2015.
BioAmber has announced take or pay agreements with
Vinmar and PTT-MCC Biochem for both biobased succinic
acid and bio-1,4-butanediol. See www.bio-amber/newsroom for more details.
Szycher, M. Handbook of Polyurethanes, 2nd Edition, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, LA 2012.
Coggio, W.D.; Sonnait, M.O. Development of Low Color
Alkyd Resins with High Content of Bio-Based Succinic
Acid, PCI Magazine, Oct. 2014.
Wicks, D.A.; Wicks Jr., Z.W. Progress in Organic Coatings 2005,
54, 141-149 and Hofland, A. Progress in Organic Coatings,
2012 73, 274-282.
Holmbert, K. High Solids Alkyd Resins, K. August 31,
1987 by CRC Press.
Approximate final coating formulations contained 86 wt%
resin; 0.4% BYK 93-surfactant; 2% ethylene glycol, 2%
butylene glycol coalescing solvent; Taifgel PUR 61-viscosity modifier; water ~9%-adjust solids.
Chemical resistance rating scale, Rating = 1-significant
coating damage, permanent damage visible. Rating = 5-no
visible damage to the coating, staining agent removed without noticeable loss of the coating quality.
Application &
System Design
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Innovative
Waterborne
Acrylics
for Industrial Wood Coatings
ndustrial wood coatings encompass several

market areas, including furniture, kitchen cabinets, building products and decorative coatings.
Requirements for these markets largely depend
on the field of application. Exterior performance
is focused on high durability and protection against
humidity, while interior coatings require properties such
as scratch, chemical and abrasion resistance.
One of the largest sectors of the interior market is the
furniture industry. Several resin technologies, including
solventborne (SB), waterborne (WB), UV polyurethane
dispersions (PUDs) and self-crosslinking acrylics, are
used in this market. When deciding which technology
to use, it is important to consider several criteria, including processing, performance, aesthetics, VOCs and cost.
FIGURE 1
Resin technology comparison.

Performance
5
4
3
2
Processing
Aesthetics
1
0
WB UV
WB SC Acrylic
Solventborne
Resin Cost
VOC
Figure 1 compares the advantages and disadvantages of

each technology.
The dominant technology used in North America is
solventborne, including nitrocellulose (NC) and acid-cure
conversion varnish. These coatings have many benefits
including fast dry time, very high gloss and enhanced wood
appearance. They are also very economical and can be easily applied by spraying, rolling, curtain coat and dipping.
However, a significant disadvantage of using these materials is the high level of VOCs and hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), and the limited varnish pot life. Due to increasing
regulations for lower VOC and formaldehyde emissions,
environmentally friendly coatings are now in demand.1
This shift has opened the door to waterborne technologies,
including UV PUDs and self-crosslinking acrylics.
UV PUDs are increasingly gaining acceptance as a
replacement for solventborne resins since they have very
low emissions. They offer high-end performance with
minimal process issues. Since UV PUDs are high-molecular-weight polymers, the crosslink density of the cured
networks compared to 100% solids systems is lower,
limiting shrinkage after cure and resulting in excellent
adhesion to most substrates. They inherently yield good
mechanical performance due to having hard urethane
and urea domains, which can have hydrogen bonding,
coupled with softer domains that come from the choice of
raw material building blocks such as the polyols. Some of
the challenges with using WB UV are related to processing. It is essential that water is completely released prior to
cure, and consideration to factors such as humidity must
be taken into account to minimize production of defective
parts due to incomplete drying. Additionally, the cost of
this technology is higher compared to SB.
By Terri Carson, Ph.D., Director of Technical Services and Quality Control; Laurie Morris, Senior Applications Chemist;
and Jim Bohannon, Senior Applications Chemist | Alberdingk Boley Inc., Greensboro, NC
64

Experimental
Table 1 summarizes the properties of the acrylic emulsions included in this study. Both single and multiphase
products were included in this evaluation with varying
MFFT ranges from approx. 20-45 C. Resins were formulated for industrial wood applications according to the
Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association (KCMA)2
and individual furniture manufacturers specifications
at VOCs <200 g/L. All formulations were adjusted to be
equal in solids and included standard additives such as
defoamer, wax additives, leveling agent and rheology
modifier. A commercial conversion varnish was evaluated in this study as well. Total VOC content is 550 g/L
minus exempt solvent.
Coated wood panels were prepared following the four
steps outlined below:
1. Sprayed approximately 4-5 wet mils of coating on
cherry veneer panels.
2. Air dried for 15 min.
3. Force dried for 15 min at 50 C and allowed to cool for
15 min.
4. Panels were sanded with 320 stearated and Superfine
Sanding sponge, and the process repeated for a second
coat.
Selected KCMA and

Furniture Test Methods
Chemical/Stain Resistance: Apply enough chemical/
stain to create a 0.25- to 0.5-inch-diameter spot on the

test panel. Cover with watch glass. Wait 16-20 h. Remove
chemical/stain and wash the surface of the panel with
water. Rate each chemical/stain on a scale of 0 to 5, with
0 being complete destruction of the film and 5 being no
effect on the film. Chemicals used were: vinegar, lemon
juice, orange juice, grape juice, ketchup, coffee, olive oil,
1% detergent solution, mustard, water.
Detergent and Water Resistance (edge soak): Prepare a 0.5% detergent solution (Dawn) and soak a #8
cellulose sponge. Place a coated panel on the sponge for
24 h and note any film failures. A passing grade shows no
blistering, whitening or appreciable discoloration.
Scrape Adhesion: Cut 4X7-inch piece from each
test panel. Test adhesion with a BYK Balanced Beam
Scrape Adhesion and Mar Tester with 5000 grams of
weight using the loop stylus. Rate on a scale of 0 to 5,
with 0 being complete removal of the film and 5 being
no effect on the film.
Ball Point Pen Indentation: Cut 4X7-inch piece from
each test panel. Test for ball point pen indentation with
a BYK Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion and Mar Tester
with 300 grams of weight using the small pen #5785.
FIGURE 2
TABLE 1
Possible particle morphologies.
Waterborne acrylic emulsions.
Product
Name
Type
MFFT (C)
AC-01
AC-02
AC-03
AC-04
(AC-3630)
Single-phase, self-crosslinking acrylic

Multiphase, self-crosslinking acrylic
Multiphase, self-crosslinking acrylic
45
45
22
Multiphase, self-crosslinking, low-surfactant acrylic
25
FIGURE 3
400
Turbidity of acrylic emulsions (NTU*).
350
Turbidity (NTU)
Self-crosslinking acrylic dispersions are also

included among WB resin technologies. Overall, they
have good durability and can be formulated into highperformance coatings with a low coalescent demand
due to phase-separated morphologies in the polymer particles. Several types of morphologies can be
achieved depending on the polymerization strategy that
is applied, which also influences film properties such as
block resistance (Figure 2). These materials can also be
blended with WB UV resins to offer a more economical
formulation while maintaining excellent performance.
Areas of concern include the presence of surfactants,
which are required for the colloidal stabilization of
the polymer particles. Such components can migrate
to film surfaces, imparting water sensitivity into the
film, or may lead to foaming issues during formulation.
Regarding aesthetics, acrylics also are not especially
noted for enhancing the appearance of the wood substrate and most often lack wet clarity. While WB acrylics are higher solids compared to SB/NC lacquer, they
generally do not produce a smooth haptic feel.
In this article a new self-crosslinking acrylic,
Alberdingk AC 3630, is introduced and its performance
for KCMA and furniture coatings is reviewed and compared to traditional self-crosslinking acrylics and SB
finishes, specifically a commercial conversion varnish.
Features of AC 3630 include outstanding wet clarity, good
wood tone, high stain resistance, fast dry time, low grain
raising and excellent film build on porous substrates. This
product also has low surfactant content compared to traditional emulsions, resulting in low-foaming formulations
and good water resistance.
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
AC-01
AC-02
AC-03
AC-04
*Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

65
Innovative Waterborne Acrylics for Industrial Wood Coatings
Wait 1 h before evaluating the panel. Rate on a pass/fail

scale. Any indentation that can be seen from a distance of
24 inches is considered a failure.
Boiling Water Resistance: Apply 10 mL boiling
water to the test panel. Place a ceramic coffee cup full
of boiling water on top of the 10 mL of water. Wait 1 h.
FIGURE 4
Konig hardness in seconds.
160
Konig Hardness(s)
140
120
100
Results and Discussion
80
60
40
20
0
AC-01
FIGURE 5
AC-02
AC-03
AC-04
CV
Chemical resistance.
Chemical Resistance
Mustard
Detergent
Ethanol (50%)
Coffee
Catsup
Grape juice
Orange juice
Lemon juice
Vinegar
0
1
CV
FIGURE 6
2
AC-04
3
AC-03
4
AC-02
5
AC-01
Scratch resistance.
45
40
% Gloss Lost
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
66
Remove the cup and wipe with paper towel. Wait 24 h.

Evaluate for whitening.
Scotch-Brite Scratch Resistance: Make a 3 mil
draw down on a Form 3B-H Leneta card. Air dry for 10
min then force dry for 10 min at 50 C. Wait 14 days
before testing. Record the gloss (60) of the coating.
Apply a 2-inch square from a green Scotch-Brite Scrub
Pad. Place a 200-gram weight on the pad. Slide the
pad back and forth across the surface of the coating for
10 double rubs. Remove the pad and record the gloss.
Report % gloss lost.
Konig Pendulum Hardness: Make a 150-micron
draw down on a glass panel. Air dry for 10 min then force dry
for 10 min at 50 C. Measure Konig hardness after 7 days.
AC-01

AC-02
AC-03
AC-04
CV
As mentioned previously, one of the predominant

choices for solvent-based coatings for industrial wood
applications is conversion varnishes. Conversion varnishes are blends of oil-based alkyds, urea formaldehyde
and melamine. They use a strong acid catalyst such as
p-toluene sulfonic acid, resulting in a pot life of 24 to 48
h. Conversion varnishes show very good performance
on industrial wood, however, they have very high VOCs,
and formaldehyde is listed as a carcinogen. A traditional
conversion varnish was compared to waterborne selfcrosslinking acrylic emulsions. Panels sprayed with
conversion varnish showed excellent wet clarity, fast
drying time, and good wood tone and surface wetting.
Among the acrylics, only AC 3630 had similar clarity,
imparted good wood tone, and showed excellent holdout and build on the substrate. In fact, the in-can clarity
of AC 3630 was significantly better compared to the
other acrylics as evidenced by the lower turbidity of the
pure emulsion (Figure 3). It was also observed to have
minimal grain raising on the wood surface as compared
to the other acrylics. All of the coatings showed good
fingernail mar resistance. Surface hardness was also
measured with a Konig tester after seven days. All of
the acrylics were much softer compared to the conversion varnish (<100 s), but AC 3630 was the hardest
among the group (Figure 4). Despite this difference,
acrylic-coated parts would meet the blocking performance requirements in an industrial environment.
Chemical resistance was tested according to the KCMA
standard (Figure 5). All of the coatings had good performance, with the exception of AC-03, which was inferior
for grape juice, coffee and ethanol (50%). The edge soak
test was also evaluated, and all of the coatings except
AC-01 passed with favorable results. This test simulates a
detergent-soaked dish cloth laid across a vertical cabinet
door. Careful selection of an acrylic must be considered
since surfactants can impart water sensitivity into the
film. Thus, it is a great benefit to use materials that contain low amounts of surfactants.
Several tests were conducted to evaluate performance for furniture applications. Various requirements
are defined for this market and segmented into institutional versus residential applications. Figure 6 presents
the scratch resistance data for the coatings. Gloss is
recorded before and after the rubs and a % gloss loss is
15
10
5
0
calculated. The lower the number, the better the performance. The lower-MFFT acrylics performed similar to
the conversion varnish, which had a gloss reduction of
25%. Further improvements could be made by blending
PUDs with the acrylics to improve abrasion resistance.
The scrape adhesion was also tested and all of the acrylics produced favorable results compared to the conversion varnish, which showed partial delamination and
whitening. Boiling water resistance results are given in
Figure 7. The conversion varnish showed only mediocre
performance while the other acrylic coatings showed
far superior performance.
Conclusion
Waterborne self-crosslinking acrylic emulsions are a suitable alternative to SB finishes for industrial wood coatings. They can be formulated at lower VOCs, have no
issues with pot life and have good features to produce
high-performance coatings. A new acrylic with low surfactant content has also been introduced. This new development additionally offers improved application characteristics derived from excellent atomization and wood
wetting, good optical clarity comparable to SB systems,
wood warmth and low grain raising. Further developments are in progress investigating pigmented formulations and blend combinations with PUDs.
AC-01
FIGURE 7
AC-02
AC-03
CV
AC-04
Boiling water resistance.
5
4
3
Initial
After recovery
1
0
AC-01
AC-02
AC-03
AC-04
CV
References
1 Howard, C. et al, From Evolution to Innovation. PCI Magazine,

2
May 2014.
ANS/KCMA A161.1-2012, Performance and Construction
Standard for Kitchen and Vanity Cabinets, 2012.
Download product literature from

leading industry suppliers!
Visit www.pcimag.com/brochures.
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67
Good Vibrations:
Ultrasonic Acoustically
Assisted Inline Drying
for Waterborne Wood Coatings
coustic waves are characterized by their

frequency (cycles per second), wavelength (distance between cycles) and
amplitude (height of the wave). Depending on the frequency of the waveform,
sound waves can be classified as infrasonic, sonic and
ultrasonic. Sonic waves have frequencies between 20 and
20,000 Hz, which correspond to the frequency range of
human hearing. Waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
are classified as infrasonic, while waves with frequencies
above 20,000 Hz are classified as ultrasonic.1
The use of ultrasonic acoustic waves and their effect
on the drying and film performance of industrial inline
coatings is supported by a broad and growing body of
research. Over the past decade, commercial acceptance
of ultrasonic acoustically assisted (USAA) heat and mass
transfer drying has grown rapidly in consumer product inline converting applications such as printing and
adhesive lamination. USAA drying provides energy cost
savings, increased throughput and reduced footprint. It
has also proven to be a unique fit for niche applications,
such as cold seal adhesives in which drying completeness
is critical for tack. Although USAA drying has been successfully evaluated as an energy-efficient drying method
for certain high free-moisture-content wood species, the
relationship between waterborne coatings, wood substrates and USAA drying remains uncharted.
According to a recent multiclient market study on the
global radiation-cured (UV/EB) products industry, the
market for energy-curable waterborne applications will
grow globally by 14% on an annualized basis through
2017. Wood coating applications currently represent 85%
of energy-curable waterborne volumes, followed by vinyl
composite tile.2 Motivated by environmental concerns
By Anthony Carignano, Application Development/Consultant | AWC Consulting, LLC, on behalf of Heat Technologies, Inc. |
Atlanta, GA
68

and increasingly stringent regulations, many wood conversion companies are shifting away from solvent, highVOC-based coatings where possible. Volatile organic
chemicals have a high vapor pressure and a lower boiling
point than water at room temperature, allowing them to
easily become vapors or gases in air.3 Adopting waterborne (WB) energy-curable coatings is a preferred way
of mitigating VOCs. Waterborne energy curing gives an
appearance similar to solvent-based coatings, eliminates
the plastic look of 100% solid ultraviolet (UV) or electron
beam (EB)-cured coatings and provides superior solvent
and impact resistance. In addition, clear WB energycured coatings are known to show off more wood grain
than 100% solids-based systems. Although advancements in microwave drying have made WB energy curing
more attractive to end users, the need to thermally dry
sensitive substrates still remains a limiting factor in the
proliferation of WB UV/EB energy curing in wood conversion applications. Heat is a particular challenge for resinous/oily woods such as pine, fir, spruce and mahogany.
When resinous woods become too hot, the resins or pitch
come to the surface or bleed, causing problems with
coating adhesion and discoloration.4
As an alternative to drying waterborne wood coating systems with conventional direct heat methods, this
article discusses USAA indirect airborne drying. Lower
energy consumption, reduction in total residual solvents,
increased output and smaller production footprints are all
direct benefits of using ultrasonic acoustic drying technology for inline wood coating applications in addition to the
ability to dry heat-sensitive substrates at near-ambient
room temperature. In addition, ultrasonic acoustic drying
technology is versatile and is compatible with water and
hybrid solvent systems. As legislation relating to carbon
emissions, energy consumption and chemicals becomes
more stringent, near-room-temperature drying that also
has the ability to act as a gateway to more effectively
using hybrid waterborne coatings systems will continue
to become more of a preferred capital investment option
for a variety of inline coating applications.
Breaking Boundary Layers and Bubbles
Although USAA drying has been evaluated and adopted

as an alternative energy-efficient drying method for
many consumer product packaging kraft paper and filmic
plastic applications, there still remains a significantly
uncharted opportunity for the adoption of USAA drying
in wood conversion applications where advancements in
industrial drying technology have been slowly evolving
for quite some time.
To prove that USAA drying can be used for waterborne
wood coating conversion applications just as easily as
it is used in the world of printing and packaging, Heat
Technologies, Inc. (HTI) conducted a series of drying tests
at its commercial pilot facility located at Georgia Powers
Industrial Resource Center in Atlanta. All completed
drying tests used commercially available industrial-scale
USAA drying and ancillary equipment resources available through the Georgia Power Resource Center.
During all test work, HTIs USAA drying equipment
was set at 40 kHz of acoustically charged air at temper-
atures of at or below 120 F.5-6 All wet films were dried

in less than 1 min, simulating a five-foot longitudinal
array of acoustic slots that generate ultrasonic oscillating waves created with pneumatic air and electricity.
Conversely, a typical conventional drying oven used for
the same conversion application would be more than
15 feet in length and fed with natural gas. The drying
process for energy-curable and conventional waterborne polyurethane dispersions in the wood conversion
market (in North America) would also normally consist
of 3 min of laminar air at 104 F (40 C), followed by
3 min of hot air impingement drying at 122 F (50 C)
cured then with an integrated UV mercury vapor
lamp.7 When doubled, the total drying time would be
at least 10 min. The same drying process is applied to
basecoats and sealer topcoats.
All wood substrates used during HTIs testing were
non-profiled plywood. They were sanded with 200-grit
sandpaper prior to and post application of sealer coats,
followed by energy curing of base and topcoats. All panels used were 254 x 254 x 5 mm and horizontally dried
while conveyed under an acoustic field at 15 to 30 feet per
minute (fpm). The ambient conditions during testing were
measured at a relative humidity of 69% with a room temperature from 76 F to 86 F. Relative humidity conditions
below 20% during finishing applications are known to
exacerbate micro-foaming (bubbling) in waterborne spray
applications. Although USAA drying at certain levels of
intensity is known to have a defoaming effect on liquids,
this phenomenon was not evaluated at lower ambient
humidity levels during testing. However, research gathered for testing at HTI supports that ultrasonic processing does provide de-bubbling and leveling benefit to wet
coating films8 with specific reference made to polymer
coating applications using ultrasonic drying.9
Many wood coating formulators stated their concern
about the near room temperatures and very short drying
times associated with USAA drying during HTIs testing.
Most said that during shorter drying periods, highly profiled shapes (e.g., recessed cabinet doors) have a tendency
to trap water, creating potential for white streaks. Neither
profiled nor recessed shapes were addressed as a part of
this test work. However, given the ability to customize the
shape, oscillating reach and air velocities of the acoustic
drying equipment used for this test work, the threedimensional shapes and profiles typically found within
kitchen cabinetry, door and molding conversion applications should not be an obstacle for this drying method. The
body and depth of research available on the usage of ultrasound relating to the dehydration of three-dimensional
porous objects10 also supports this claim.
TABLE 1
Radiometry conditions used for testing.

PowerPuck II (Smooth On) Data at 36 ft/min
Peak Irradiance (mW/cm2)
Exposure (mJ/cm2)
UVC
UVA
UVV
54
241
264
269
340
1500
1500
F450, H 9 mm, standard position, R500, 2.1 in*, 100%, 36 ft/min,
PowerPuck II (Smooth On) (25 Hz), perpendicular
UVB
UVA
UVV
UVC
UVB
1500
* Lamp distance is measured from bottom of lamp rails to bottom of radiometer.

69
Ultrasonic Acoustically Assisted Inline Drying
TABLE 2
Ultrasonic acoustically dried UV-WB wood coating test data.
Run No.
Substrate
Mayer#/Spray
11
1A
25
12
1A
35
Oven/Air
Temp. F
Line Speed
FPM
Sealer Wet
Mil Thickness
RT
15
2.25
10
RT
15
3.15
10
13
Birch
Spray
RT
15
10
Birch
Spray
RT
15
10
15
Birch
Spray
RT
15
26
16
Birch
Spray
RT
15
20
17
Birch
Spray
RT
15
20
18
Birch
Spray
RT
15
20
19
Birch
Spray
RT
15
20
20
Oak
Spray
RT
30
40
21
Oak
Spray
120
30
26
22
1A
#35
120
30
3.15
10
23
1A
#35
120
30
3.15
10
24
1A
#35
120
30
3.15
25
Oak
Spray
120
30
20
26
Oak
Spray
120
30
12
27
Oak
Spray
120
30
12
In recognition of a successful assessment to ISO/IEC 17025:2005, accreditation is granted to Cortec Corporation to perform the following tests:
Testing - Mechanical
Technology
Methods Used
Product Types
Viscosity
ASTM D2198
CC-035
Coatings, Lubricants
Accelerated Weathering
Test, UV Stability
ASTM G53
Coatings, Polymer Films
Humidity
ASTM D1748
ASTM, D1735
CC-018
Salt Fog
ASTM B117
ASTM B368 (CASS)
Vapor Inhibiting Ability

(VIA)
MIL-STD-3010B
CC-027
Crystalline, Liquids, VCI

Coated Materials, VCI
Containing Films
Immersion Corrosion
Testing
ASTM G31
CC-029
Additives, Corrosion Inhibitors for Water
Electrochemical Polarization Measurements
ASTM G5
C-030
Water Based Electrolytes
Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
ASTM G106
CC-022
Concrete Samples with

Rebars
Cyclical Testing
GMW 14872
Coatings, RP
Color Matching
CC-033
Coatings
Adhesion (Tape)
ASTM D3359
Coatings
Adhesion (Testers)
ASTM D4541 (Test Method B);

ASTM D7234
CC-034 CC-036
Coatings
Testing -Chemical
Cortec Laboratory
Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR)
CC-006
Liquids, Powders, Polymer

Films
Ultra Violet (UV) Visible

Spectrometry
ASTM E 169; ASTM D 2008;

CC-040
Liquids
Total Time to
Dry (Sec.)
14
The ONLY laboratory in the world certified to perform testing protocols with
VCI/MCI (Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor / Migratory Corrosion Inhibitor).
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Topcoat Wet
Mil Thickness
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Fax: 1 651 429 1122
[email protected]
www.cortecvci.com
Beyond the three-dimensional

shapes and profiles typically found
within wood conversion applications, drying waterborne coating
systems can be challenging in any
environment due to the extended
resonance time required. This is
especially true with either low-solids
conditions, such as with stains, or
when higher wet mil thickness film
systems are applied. Heat Technologies, Inc.s President, Gene Plavnik,
has frequently commented: In
many cases, the formation of an air
boundary on the surface of the coating film inhibits wet film drying and
promotes skinning. Its the boundary
layer of air sitting on top of the wet
surface of the film in effect that acts
like an invisible shield that does not
allow air to penetrate into the surface of the wet film in order to begin
its evaporation process. Although
increased heat and air will accelerate the evaporation of the film, there
are diminishing returns in the rate
of drying once skinning occurs.11
Desirably, the top surface of the wet
film is not dried in a way that causes
premature skinning prior to drying
the full thickness of the film. Adding oscillating pressure to the wet
film in the form of ultrasonic waves
entrained with heat provides greater

moisture defusing efficiency, thus providing disruption of the boundary layer. The
oscillating pressure wave effect of USAA
drying does not stop at the boundary level.
Pressure waves generated by acoustic
drying propagate into coating wet films
and substrates, creating micro channels
and generating localized displacement of
water molecules and air bubbles as well.
At increased intensities of acoustically
charged air, these waves have a heatgenerating and cavitation effect on water
molecules and entrained air bubbles,12
which results in quicker drying and better
leveling of the film.
Regardless of coating backbone chemistry, waterborne coatings applied at high
speed often contain air bubbles (i.e., foaming) and will foam to some degree during
mixing and application. Air bubbling and
foaming often occur for a variety of mechanical shear, chemical and substrate reasons.
Additives such as surfactants and defoamers are frequently used to de-bubble/defoam
coatings and provide good surface leveling
and gloss. Without effectively addressing
de-foaming when air bubbles dry and collapse, the resulting small, round concave
depressions (i.e., cratering) left behind create visible surface defects that detract from
gloss. Lower substrate gloss levels dampen
light reflectance. Higher-gloss coatings tend
to enrich and brighten substrate color.
USAA Drying Test Work
During recent drying performance testing performed by HTI at Georgia Powers

Resource Center, the basic characteristics of several acoustically dried and
energy-cured clearcoat aliphatic polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were evaluated.
Although energy-curable WB PUDs were
evaluated from several suppliers, one specific UV-PUD, Ucecoat 7788 from Allnex,
was chosen based on its known usage for
industrial wood coating applications and
overall water release performance. Ucecoat 7788 contains 40% total solids and
has a pH of 7.5-8.5. Irgacure 500 from
BASF was used as the photoinitiator with
the chosen PUD at 3% total formulation
weight. Although Dow Acrysol RM 8W
was used to provide body and thickening
to the UV-PUD, there were no defoamers
or leveling agents used to modify film
characteristics. Dried film samples were
sent to two testing facilities for independent gloss and crosshatch adhesion
analysis. All samples were cured using a
Heraeus Noblelight Fusion UV F450 120
W/cm (300 W/inch) H-bulb UV curing

system available on site with the radiometry conditions shown in Table 1. Table 2
shows time to dry and UV cure test data.
panels and Leneta 1A charts dried with

acoustic assistance reached maximum
surface temperatures of 90 F or 100 F
range (32.2 C to 37.7 C) under continuously charged acoustic air flows. A #35
Mayer rod was used to coat all Leneta 1A
test charts. A 40 psi Husky gravity feed
HVLP spray gun model #H4840GHVSG
was used for all wood panel spray work.
Test Data and Results
In Table 2, acoustic air temperatures

used for drying were from 105 F and
120 F (40.5 C to 49 C). All wood
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FIGURE 1
Gloss measurement angles.

20 high-gloss paints, plastics
0
60 universal standard for paint,
plastics, metal, anodized aluminum
85 matte sheen, very low-gloss

paint and plastics
Specimen
Source: Q-Lab Technical Bulletin LL-9030
In the experiment, 3 to 6 wet mil thicknesses were successfully applied and dried to Leneta 1A, white oak and
birch panels at line speeds of 30 fpm. All Mayer rod control samples were dried in a Vulcan hot air convection
oven at 150 F for 10 min. In line runs 13 through 20,
both birch and white oak panels were successfully dried
at a room temperature within less than one minute at
line speeds of up to 30 fpm. Inline runs 25 through 27,
the addition of minimal acoustically charge heat at less
than 120 F (48.9 C) reduced the pre-UV curing drying
time to less than 30 seconds.
Measuring Gloss
Measuring gloss consists of shining a beam of light

onto a surface of a coated substrate at a fixed angle followed by determining the percentage of light reflected at
exactly the opposite angle. Perfectly smooth coated surfaces should reflect everything at the angle of incidence
and should have a gloss value of 100. Conversely, a coated
surface with roughness or other imperfections such as
craters will cause a percentage of the light beam to scatter, reducing the amount of light that is recaptured, and
therefore reducing the gloss value. Gloss angle refers to
the angle (relative to the vertical) at which the light beam
strikes the surface. The most common gloss angles are 20,
60 and 85 degrees (Figure 1).13
In Table 3, Leneta charts along with birch and white
oak panels were selected for gloss measurement by a
nationally recognized wood coatings research laboratory.
The aliphatic PUD system described above was applied to
both 1A Leneta charts with a #35 Mayer rod. Charts were
TABLE 3
Substrate Type
There were concerns at HTI and among wood coating

chemists consulted for this project regarding the usage
of USAA drying for waterborne wood coating applications and its affect on substrate free moisture loss prior to
Tape Adhesion, ASTM D3359
Gloss Measurement
20
STD, n=4
60
STD, n=4
85
STD, n=4
12 (Oven)
1A Leneta
74.6
1.0
91.7
0.6
96.6
1.5
N/A
12 (Acoustic)
1A Leneta
71.7
1.0
92
0.4
98.4
1.4
N/A
n=10

Free Moisture Loss of Wood Panels
Drying process vs. substrate type vs. gloss measurement vs. adhesion.
Panel # (Label)
72
dried at 150 F in a Vulcan hot air convection oven for 10

min and used HTIs acoustic field at room temperature in
approximately 15 sec at 40 kHz.
Also in Table 3, birch panel sample #16 was spray
applied with a 4 mil wet sealer and a 4 mil wet topcoat
and then dried with 40 kHz of acoustically charged air
at a line speed of 15 fpm. White oak panel sample #26
was spray applied with 3 mil base and topcoats to one
side of the panel. The panel was then dried with 40 kHz
of acoustically charged air at a line speed of 30 fpm.
Sealer and topcoats were cured for all substrates using
the radiometry provided in Table 1, with gloss measurements provided in Table 3.
The basic gloss measurement work in Table 3 suggests
that gloss performance is not negatively affected by ultrasonic acoustic drying. In fact, USAA drying may have
helped build gloss via the rupturing and micro-leveling
of trapped bubbles through sonification of the wet coating film as a by-product of the ultrasonic acoustic drying
process. Gloss measurement and observations made by
the manufacturer of Leneta charts for both coated 1A
Leneta charts and wood panels suggest that acoustically
assisted drying provides better leveling during drying.
The supplier of Leneta charts commented that: the
oven-dried Leneta charts clearly show striations from the
wire-wound applicator (#35 Mayer rod]) while striations
were harder to find on the acoustically dried charts.
Furthermore the supplier said that Measurements with
a 60 gloss meter indicated less gloss variation across the
acoustically dried chart. Indeed, several research reports
located prior to the completion of HTI testing validated
the effects of ultrasound in de-bubbling. In fact, the affects
of using ultrasonic oscillating waves to debubble coating systems has been used for well over a decade within
the consumer product printing and conversion industry.
Ultrasonics help in de-bubbling, as the standing waves
that form drive the bubbles to the nodes of the sound
waves where they coalesce to form larger bubbles, which
then rise faster to the surface. Ultrasonics also help in degassing, as the ultrasonic energy acts to nucleate bubbles,
reducing the supersaturation of any dissolved air.14
n=10
n=10
16 (Acoustic)
Birch
8.9
2.4
47.8
6.6
52.4
5B
26 Basecoat
(Acoustic)
White Oak
1.0
22.3
7.6
28.7
8.6
5B
26 Topcoat
(Acoustic)
White Oak
3.0
40.4
8.2
51
3.2
5B
TABLE 4 1 h and 24 h stain test results for acoustically dried and energy-cured substrates containing UV-cured aliphatic polyurethane dispersion.
Panel #
Wood
Substrate
Wet Mil
Thickness
Basecoat
Wet Mil
Thickness
Topcoat
14
27
Birch
White Oak
4
3
0
3
Application Sonification Acoustic Air

Method
kHz
Temp F
Spray
Spray
and during performance testing. The use of high-power

ultrasound as a method of drying freshly milled wood is
documented and there are several references to significantly shortening the drying times of freshly cut timber
with minimal heat. Research reports reviewed during
the writing of this article suggest that water diffusivity
during the ultrasonic acoustic drying process is due to
cavitation and the creation of microscopic channels in the
intercellular tissue of wood.15 Regarding concern that
any resonance time under an ultrasonic acoustic field
might damage or negatively affect dried film performance,
the free moisture content on several wood substrates was
measured before and after acoustic drying and UV curing.
At point of sale, white oak panels used for testing ranged
from 7.4% to 8.6% in free moisture content. After 26 sec
of resonance time at 40 kHz, the free moisture content of
substrates coated with 8 wet mils of UV waterborne polyurethane dispersion sealer and topcoat dropped by 1.7%
40
40
96
120
Line Speed
(FPM)
Est. Time to
Dry (Sec.)
15
30
12
18
(from 7.4% to 5.7%) at a consistent air temperatures of

120 F (48.8 C) and maximum substrate surface temperature of 100 F (37.7 C). During a second test, after 20 sec
of resonance time at 40 kHz, overall free moisture dropped
0.2% from 8.6% to 8.4% with the same consistent air flow
and substrate temperatures. The key takeaway from HTIs
free moisture testing is that, with an exposure of less than
1 min, ultrasonic acoustic drying at 40 kHz with air temperatures at or less than 120 F (48.8 C) did not appear to
have a negative effect on porous wood substrates such as
white oak or birch. In fact, documented scientific research
on the topic suggests that the dehydration effects of USAA
drying at 40 kHz require well over 30 min of continuous
exposure to achieve significant free moisture loss results.
Table 4 shows that birch test panels #14 and white oak
test panel #27 were selected for stain testing. This chart
also shows the conditions under which test panels were
dried and cured. Frenchs mustard, cherry Kool-Aid
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concentrate and Betadine stains were used. After 1 h stains were

removed with a lightly moistened paper towel. A very slight mustard stain watermark remained on the white oak but faded completely after two weeks. After 24 h, pronounced Kool-Aid, Frenchs
Mustard and Betadine stains remained visible on coated white oak
substrate. The birch substrate exhibited a light watermark Frenchs
mustard stain. There were no stain resistance differences noted
after the same stains were applied to white oak and birch panels
dried with convection heating and UV cured.
Conclusions
Ultrasonic acoustically assisted drying has gained growing interest and commercial adoption from several obvious and a few novel
applications over the past decade. In the European Union the packaging conversion industry has expressed the most interest in this
drying method, largely due to its energy cost savings and carbon
footprint mitigation. Although inexpensive energy costs in North
America may not be a compelling justification to bank on USAA
assisted drying, the methods ability to boost and maximize existing production line outputs while using minimal to no additional
footprint is gaining notoriety and a few early adopters. For wood
converters seeking overall performance improvements and compliance with emerging regulatory requirements, there are examples
from the established usage of USAA drying in packaging converting applications that make the USAA leap to sealers and topcoats
for wood a logical next step. This article reports promising initial
results on the effects of USAA drying for waterborne coating systems for wood, and serves as a starting point for further evaluations
in other heat-sensitive substrate applications. The improvements in
film gloss, leveling and substrate adhesion revealed in this report
have yet to be fully understood, vetted or scrutinized based on
performance versus cost benefit. In addition, a number of finishing
atmospheric and profile conditions have yet to be evaluated. Therefore, the intention of this article and associated follow-up research
is to increase interest, awareness and collaboration within the
inline waterborne wood coatings value chain for the adoption
of USAA drying as a multifunctional energy-saving option and
enabler for waterborne energy curing technology.
References
1
Paint
Coatings Industry
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and when you want it!
76

Martini, S. Sonocrystallization of Fats; Springer: New York, 2013;

Chapter 2.
Kusumgar, M.; Nerlfi, S.; Growney, M. The Global Radiation-Cured
Products Industry 2012-2017 A Multi-Client Study, 2013. www.
kusumgar-nerlfi-growney.com
Volatile organic compound. (2014, November 28). In Wikipedia,
The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:16, December 14, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_
compound&oldid=635725717
Kiyoi, E. Wood Coating with UV-LED Curing: A Focus on Heat.
RadTech Report 2014, (Issue 2), 29-34.
A Spectra HE Ultra acoustic drying system manufactured by
Heat Technologies, Inc. and located at Georgia Powers Customer
Resource Center in Dunwoody, GA was used to complete all supporting drying data for this article.
At these settings the Spectra HE Ultra consumes less than 10 kilowatts per hour of electricity.
Conversation with Jim Bohannon, Senior Applications Chemist at
Alberdingk Boley, Inc.
Gallego-Juarez, J. High-Power ultrasonic processing: Recent developments and prospective advances. Physics Procedia 2010, 3(1), 35-47.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Barbieri, M. (Ed.). Acceleration of Textile Processes by Ultrasound Technology. 2007, December 2. Retrieved November 9, 2014, from http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/
documentlibrary/127030241EN6.pdf
Mohapatra, D.; Mishra, S. Current Trends In Drying and
Dehydration of Foods. In Food Engineering, 2011 (pp. 311352). Nova Science.
Plavnik, G. How acoustically-enhanced drying improves
productivity, cuts energy consumption. Converting Quarterly
2011, January 1, 63-65.
Legay, M.; Gondrexon, N.; Le Person, S.; Boldo, P.; Bontemps, A. Enhancement of Heat Transfer by Ultrasound:
Review and Recent Advances. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2011, 1-17.
Evaluation of Weathering Effects: Visual Inspections and
Instrumental Measurements. (2011, January 1). Retrieved
November 9, 2014, from http://www.q-lab.com/documents/
public/92986a7e-2676-4a45-be6c-081624fbcb9e.pdf
Gutoff, E. (2004, November 30). Eliminate Pesky Bubbles.
Retrieved November 30, 2014, from http://www.pffc-online.
com/technical-reports/2891-paper-eliminate-pesky-bubbles
He, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Yang, F.; YI, S.. Effect of ultrasound pretreatment on wood prior to vacuum drying. Maderas, Cienc. tecnol. [online]. 2014, vol.16, n.4, pp. 395-402. Epub 21-Aug2014. ISSN 0718-221X.
Bibliography
Carson, T. Ph.D.; T., Morris, L.; & Folkman, D. (2014). Innovative Waterborne UV Polyurethane Dispersions for Wood Coatings. RadTech Report 2014, 28(2), 22-28.
Gutoff, E. (2005, May 4). Fundamentals of Drying Coatings. Proceedings of Tech XXVIII Technical Seminar. 2005, May 4, Lecture conducted from Pressure Sensitive Tape Council, Baltimore.
He, Z.; Fei, Y.; Peng, Y.; Yi, S. Ultrasound-Assisted Vacuum
Drying of Wood: Effects on Drying Time and Product Quality.
BioResources 2013, 8(1), 855-863.
Suslick, K. The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound. Scientific American 1989, 80-86.
Valentino, G.; Leija, L.; Riera, E.; Rodriguez, G.; Gallego, J.
(2002, September 22). Wood Drying by Using High Power
Ultrasound and Infrared Radiation. 2002, September 22.
Retrieved November 30, 2014, from http://www.researchgate.
net/publication/39397836_Wood_drying_by_using_high_
power_ultrasound_and_infrared_radiation
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge the work of Gene Plavnik, Heat
Technologies, Inc., Ronald Obie, Wood Coatings Research Institute, Joe
Peters, Leneta Company, Inc., Gabe Moore, Tandus-Centiva, Warren Daniel,
Stahl USA, Inc., Brian Otte, Bertram Raabe, Heraeus Noblelight Fusion UV
Inc., and Wayne Pettyjohn, Georgia Power CRC.
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For Registration, Hotel And Program/Show Information Go To Our Website:
www.easterncoatingsshow.com
For Specific Questions Please Contact Us:
Email: [email protected] or call: Ann Fody: 732-291-0168
Hosted By:
Eastern Coatings Federation, Inc.


77
SUPPLIER SHOWCASES
PRODUCTS
888 E. Belvidere Road

Grayslake Illinois, USA
Laboratory Bead Mills

for Wet Milling, Fine
Grinding and Dispersing.
Adhesive Latex
Applications: Product Research,

Quality Control, Technical Service
Realistic dispersion samples from 25 mls using minimum
amounts of raw materials.
Contact EMImills for more information and to arrange a test.
Made in America, sold throughout the world

Tel: 847-548-0044
E-mail: [email protected]
ARKEMA INC.
For use in permanent pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) applications, ENCOR 9466 latex works well with a wide range of tackifiers, from soft to hard, allowing for easy formulation of coaterready products. Specific applications include permanent filmic or
paper labels applied via curtain coating, slot die coating or reverse
gravure coating. Visit www.arkemacoatingresins.com.
Particle Sizers
FRITSCH
Available in two models, these laser
particle sizers provide simple operation, short analysis times and consistently reproducible and reliable results.
The ANALYSETTE 22 MicroTec plus has
a measuring range of 0.08-2000 m
for all typical measurement tasks. The
ANALYSETTE 22 NanoTec plus is for measurements down to the
nano range through the measurement of the backward scattering
in a third laser beam. Visit www.fritsch-sizing.com.
Oligomers and Monomers
PLT Health Solutions is a leading supplier of natural resins (exudates) including

Copal, Damar, Mastic and more. Natural resins have been used for centuries in
printing inks, coated materials and protective purposes. PLT Health Solutions
has more than 50 years experience souring quality natural products globally.
For fast delivery resins are stocked locally in our NJ warehouse.
Contact PLT Health Solutions for samples and more information.
973.984.0900 x210 www.PLTHealth.com
RESINS
COPAL DAMAR
EAST INDIA
ELEMI MASTIC
SANDARAC
MELROB US INC.
A new line of multi-functional acrylates and methacrylates and
specialty monomers is available in the United States for UV/EB
formulators. The line features low-migration ethoxylates, highrefractive-index compounds, and colloidal silica and zirconia
dispersed in acrylate monomers. Silica nanoparticles enable hard,
chemical-resistant surfaces while zirconia dispersions are used to
give high refractive index. Visit www.melrob.com.
Oven
THE GRIEVE CORP.

No. 806 is a 500 F, electrically heated walk-in oven currently used
for paint baking operations. Measuring 72 W x 96 D x 78 H, it features 100 kW installed in Incoloy-sheathed tubular elements and a
10,000 CFM, 7-1/2-HP recirculating blower. It is built with all safety
equipment required by NFPA Standard 86 for flammable solvents.
E-mail [email protected].
Wetting and Dispersing Additive
TROY CORP.
Troysperse ZWD1 is a 100% active, liquid pigment wetting and
dispersing additive for aqueous coating and printing ink applications. The additive is formulated for excellent color development, fast dispersion time, high gloss and high pigment loading. It is effective at low use levels and contributes zero VOCs to
finished products. Visit www.troycorp.com.
Multi-Shaft Mixer
CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.

The 2000-gallon Triple-Shaft Mixer features a helical three-wing
anchor agitator, a high-speed saw-tooth disperser blade and a highshear rotor/stator emulsifier. Rated for full vacuum operation up to
29.5 Hg, it has a domed cover that has flanged ports, spray balls, an
RTD thermoprobe, and a 24 manway. E-mail [email protected].
78

THERE IS STILL TIME

TO REGISTER!
April 28-29, 2015
DePaul University OHare Campus, IL

Produced By:
Exclusive Media Partner:
Join us for a 2-day conference featuring both introductory and advanced educational
seminars while networking with other professionals in the coatings industry.
Dont Miss Out This Event Wont Occur Again Until 2017!
REGISTER TODAY!
Your Registration Includes:
TECHNICAL SESSIONS Comprehensive sessions covering the fundamentals as
well as a more in-depth look at the formulation process.
NETWORKING Build relationships with like-minded coating professionals in a
casual environment and share ideas and best practices.
MEALS All conference meals including continental breakfasts, breaks, & lunch.
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Receive all
available speaker presentatons to use as a
reference back at the office or in the lab.
GROUP
DISCOUNT AVAILABLE!
BUY 2 GET 50% OFF

ALL ADDITIONAL ATTENDEES
FOR MORE INFORMATION AND TO REGISTER, VISIT:
CLASSIFIEDS
CUSTOM MANUFACTURING
PRODUCTS & SERVICES
NU ERA TEC INC

Environmental Protective Marine Coatings
Manufacturers of Marinetech MT-22
Sto Corp., ISO 9001 and 14001

certified world class manufacturer of
cladding and coating systems, offers
toll blending services for cement
based powders and water based
textured or smooth coatings.
Contact: Jerry Haller
[email protected]
or 678-429-2572
POSITIONS AVAILABLE
SALES REPRESENTATIVE
Central NJ
A leading distributor of aluminum
pigments needs to fill a vacancy created
by a retirement. Position will become
available in the 3rd quarter of 2015.
The individual would be responsible
in developing new and maintaining
existing accounts. Candidate
requirements are as follows:
Sales experience in the
coatings industry
Degree in Chemistry and possibly
Communications
Knowledge of the paint industry &
technical aspects of specialty coatings
Generous benefit package including
company car. Please submit resume
with salary expectations to:
The only patented single application
chemical and corrosion resistant

coating on the market today
The only coating with Magnetic Resonance
Capability: provides greater adhesion,
better tensile, compressive and flexural
strength to all properly prepared surfaces
Contains no VOCs, EPA Compliant
Durometer rating of 75
Unlimited use in construction,
petro-chemical, marine, oil and gas,
bridge and offshore industries
METAL COMPLEX DYES

for wood/leather/foil coatings & printing inks
Metal complex solvent dye
P.A.T.T.I.
Free Tag Reader:

http://gettag.mobi
1-800-243-ROSS
www.dispersers.com
Analog/Digital/Computer Models Available

Complete Packages start at only $999!
www.adhesiontesting.com
RECRUITMENT SERVICES
Stainless IT
Specializing in paint/coatings industry. Seeking
passionate, high-impact professionals for nationwide
positions. Send your resume in confidence to:
Spencer M. Hermann
Stainless ITT
CONN Blades
The
Most Efficient & Aggressive Available
SEARCHLIGHT PARTNERS
28052 Camino Capistrano, Suite 209
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677
(949)429-8813 [email protected]
EQUIPMENT
UHMW Poly
www.connblade.com
(814) 723-7980
MOREHOUSE COWLES DISSOLVER

Model #: J2525, Serial #: LA-614, 25 HP,
230/460 Volts. Heavy Duty, Mechanical
Variable Speed, Motor Explosion Proof,
304 Stainless Steel Wetted Parts, 48 Lift, $11K
Metallized water/solvent based acid dye
[email protected]
Andrea Kropp
Ph: (810) 688-4847
Fax: (248) 502-1048
Email: [email protected]

Scan to learn more

& arrange a
FREE trial.
When Accuracy Matters!
To place
your classified ad,
contact
80
Single-Shaft Bow Tie Dispersers.

Top quality. Fast delivery!
Coating Adhesion Testers
Global distributors/brokers wanted.

www.mecochem.com
HIGH VISCOSITY
DISPERSERS
Rob Waldman [email protected]

Davie, FL
Ph: 1-866-532-9763
Pigments Rep c/o PCI magazine

[email protected]
SEEKING DISTRIBUTOR
EQUIPMENT
Call 858-610-8585
[email protected]
INSULATED
OVEN PANELS
20-16 ga. 2 thru 6 thick, formed
tongue & groove, aluminized,
galvanized, stainless steel.
ENVIRONMENTAL ROOMS
Panels white, one or both sides
OVENS, WASHERS,
DIP TANKS, ETC.
fabricated to your specifications.
R J Manufacturing, Inc.
P.O. Box 86
Iron Mountain, MI 49801
(906)779-9151 Fax: (906)542-6151
Sustainability: Key Issue for

the Coatings Industry
October | 13 15 | 2015
Transamerica Expo Center | So Paulo | SP | Brazil
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF
COATINGS INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS
INTERNATIONAL
COATINGS CONGRESS
The main showcase to the coatings industry and the greatest

opportunity to do business, with conrmed presence of all
of the worlds leading suppliers and the most important
companies based in Brazil and neighboring countries.
A high-end technical program contributes

to the development of the coatings of the future,
as presentations include the latest research efforts
and trends focusing on sustainability.
Exhibitors have proved condent in the potential

for coatings consumption over the next few
years in Brazil and all of Latin America.
Call for Papers

Technicians, professors, researchers and other professionals interested in
presenting papers at the Congress can send their abstracts to the events
Science Committee for review. Submissions are to be completed via the
website at www.abrafati2015.com.br by May 5th, 2015.
Each abstract shall consist of 20 to 30 lines in Portuguese, English
or Spanish, containing the paper title, the authors name (and any
co-authors), the name of the person who will present it, and a
summary of its key contents.
Organized by:
ABRAFATI Brazilian Coatings Manufacturers Association
www.abrafati2015.com.br 55 11 4083 0500
CLASSIFIEDS
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
POLYBLADE
Its time to change
TURBO POLYBLADE
your
POLYBLADE HS
Blade!
POLYTURBINE
U.S. Patent No. 5,888,440
U.S. Patent No. 8,028,944 B2
U.S. Patent No. 502,940,515 (pending)
484-684-6986
[email protected]
AD INDEX
ABRAFATI 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
www.abrafati2015.com.br
Air Products and

Chemicals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . .11, 25, 33
www.airproducts.com/surfactants
www.airproducts.com/additives
Alnor Oil Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

www.alnoroil.com
Arkema Coating Resins . . . . . . 13, 25

www.arkemacoatingresins.com/metal
BASF Corporation . . . . . . . . . 3, 25, 37

www.basf.us/dpsolutions
BioAmber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 45
www.bio-amber.com
Brenntag North America . . . . . 25, 29

www.brenntagnorthamerica.com
BYK USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 25

www.byk.com
Carbodeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
www.carbodeon.com
Coatings Trends and Technologies 55

www.coatingsconference.com
CHEMIR - A Division of
Evans Analytical Group . . . . . . . . . 26
www.eag.com
www.chemir.com
Emerald Performance
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 27
www.chromaflo.com
Coatex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 47
www.coatex.com
Conn and Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

www.connblade.com
CNNC Hua Yuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
EMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
www.EMImills.com
Engineered Polymer
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 42-43
www.eps-materials.com
H2O GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
www.h2o-de.com
Jyoti Ceramic Industries . . . . . . . 4, 27

www.jyoticeramic.com
Keyland Polymer Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . 62

www.keylandpolymer.com
Lonza Microbial Control. . . . . . 27, 48

www.lonza.com
Micro Powders, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 21, 27

www.micropowders.com
Munzing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
www.munzing.com
Myriant Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
www.myriant.com
Nubiola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 49
www.nubiola.com
www.PLTHealth.com
Ross, Charles and Son . . . . . . . . . . . .2

www.dispersers.com
Reichhold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 27
www.reichhold.com
Ruichem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
www.ruitio2.com
Cortec Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Shepherd Color

Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
DeFelsko Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 67
Synthomer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 46
Dow Coating Materials . . . . . . . 10, 26
Taminco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 28
www.dowcoatingmaterials.com
www.tamisolvenxg.com
DuPont Titanium
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 35
Troy Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 83

www.troycorp.com
Eagle Specialty Products . . . . . . . . 18
www.BrilliantAdditions.com
Eastern Coatings Show . . . . . . . . . . 77
www.univar.com
www.sinotio2.com
www.cortecvci.com
www.defelsko.com
www.dupont.com
www.espinc.us
www.arcticpigments.com
Unimin Corp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Univar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 28
Eastman Chemical Company. . 26, 39
Wacker Chemical
Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 28, 63
www.eastman.com/PCI
www.wacker.com
Elcometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 74
Windy City Coatings Course . . . . . 79
Elementis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 75
Worlee-Chemie GmbH . . . . . . . 17, 28
www.easterncoatingsshow.com
www.elcometer.com
www.elementis.com
www.worlee.de
www.pcimag.com/advertiserindex
82

2603592072
High Speed Dispersion
For subscription information or service,

please contact Customer Service at:
Tel: 847/763.9534 or Fax: 847/763.9538
or e-mail [email protected]
www.cvc.emeraldmaterials.com
PLT Health Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chromaflo Technologies Corp. 26, 73
www.quickblades.net
[email protected]
P U B L I S H I N G / S A L E S S TA F F
Publisher/ Donna M. Campbell
East Coast Sales Tel: 610/650.4050 Fax: 248/502.1091
Midwest/ Lisa Guldan
West Coast Sales Tel: 630/293.7261
China Media Rep. Hanna Liu
Europe Regional Uwe Riemeyer
Manager Tel: 49 (0)202-271690
Inside Sales Manager Andrea Kropp
Tel: 810/688.4847
Production Manager Brian Biddle
Tel: 847/405.4104 Fax: 248/244.3915
E D I T O R I A L S TA F F
Editor Kristin Johansson
Tel: 248/641.0592 Fax: 248/502.2094
Technical Editor Darlene R. Brezinski, Ph.D.
Associate Editor Karen Parker
Tel: 248/229.2681
Art Director Clare L. Johnson
O P E R AT I O N S S TA F F
Single Copy Sales Ann Kalb
Tel: 248/244.6499 Fax: 248/244.2925
Reprint Manager Jill L. DeVries
248/244.1726
LIST RENTAL, POSTAL & E-MAIL CONTACTS

Sr. Account Manager Kevin Collopy
[email protected]
Tel: 845/731.2684 Toll Free: 800/223.2194 Ext. 684
Sr. Account Manager Michael Costantino
[email protected]
Tel: 402/836.6266
Polyphase & Troysan Dry-film Preservatives Mergal Wet-state Preservatives

Performance Additives
For advanced product technologies with unmatched performance and value, partner with
Troy, the global leader in preservatives and additives. Starting with your specific needs and
challenges, Troy builds a comprehensive strategy to accomplish your objectives, and provides
custom solutions optimized for cost-in-use. With a broad portfolio of innovative products
backed by world-class technical and regulatory support, Troy enables you to reach new levels
of performance and efficiency.
To begin your successful partnership with Troy, visit www.troycorp.com.
Troy Corporation
8 Vreeland Road
Florham Park, NJ 07932 USA
tel +1.973.443.4200
In a world of what ifs

180 years of problem solving
Defoamers
AGITAN
DEE FO
FOAMTROL
Rheology Modiers
TAFIGEL
Wetting Agents
METOLAT
At Mnzing, we can handle any "what if" that comes our wayand weve been solving foaming issues
ENQKNMFDQSG@M@MXNSGDQ@CCHSHUDRBNLO@MX (M@CCHSHNMSNNDQHMF@MDWBDOSHNM@KOQNCTBSKHMDNTQDWODQS
formulators can duplicate your problem and then create, test and recommend a balanced defoamer for
almost every system. Mnzing: its where innovation and technology meet.
To try our specialty additive defoamers and take advantage

of our unlimited technical service, call 973-279-1306.
www.munzing.com I [email protected]

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European Coatings Show Issue

Biobased Succinic Acid

Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

The Green Issue

From 1 to 300 HP.

Lokendra Singh, Director

Whether you need 50 High Speed Dispersers at once

Scan to learn more.

Free Tag Reader: http://gettag.mobi

The incomparable Ross

Combine the power of natural oil-based polyols with isocyanate

= Registered trademark of BASF Corporation.

36 AkzoNobel Discusses Environment-Friendly

40 Sustainability in the Coatings Industry,

52 Biogenic Silica Harvested from Rice Hulls,

56 Biobased Succinic Acid, BioAmber Inc. and

64 Innovative Waterborne Acrylics for Industrial

68 Ultrasonic Acoustically Assisted Inline Drying for

A Methodology for Optimizing Chromate

Names in the News

Waterborne Wood Coatings, Heat Technologies, Inc.

Audited by BPA Worldwide

Printed in the U.S.A.

Other hot trends to be featured at the event include

Paint a better picture

2015. Univar USA Inc. All rights reserved. AD-106

lytical methods developed in KBBPPS

CPCA Applauds Canadian Government

possibilities for conversion into

BCF Challenges French Restrictions on

LONDON The British Coatings Federation (BCF) has joined

able Dietary Intake, which will be taken into account when

New Report on Chinese Coatings Industry

LONDON IRL has launched a new edition of its single-country

An effective solvent and coalescent

True process equivalent to NMP

TamiSolve NxG can deliver high performing products while addressing

European Coatings Show 2015

Hall 7, booth 7-536

Taminco is a subsidiary of Eastman Chemical Company

Less is more with coating

for quality products and services, growth

RadTech Europe Sets

OTTAWA, Ontario The Canadian Paint

THE HAGUE, the Netherlands RadTech

New Date for CPCAs

Call for Papers Issued

SAO PAULO, Brazil A call for papers

Coatings Trends &

TROY, MI Organizers of Coatings Trends

Follow PCI on Facebook at

Applying waterborne coatings on difficult-to-coat surfaces like plastics, films and

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 2014 (37084) B52

SSCT Annual Meeting

Paint & Coatings Basics

ASC Spring Convention & Expo

Global Marine Coatings Forum

Windy City Coatings Course

Radiation Curing Technology

The Powder Coating Show

Gulf Coast Chemical Corp. announced that Linda

Daniel Choo has joined Argosy International Inc.

IGM Resins has appointed Wilson Gu Regional Vice President

Hockmeyer Equipment has hired Tim Mizell to

Patrick (Pat) Salvi has joined NETZSCH Premier Technologies