CREATION OF PAKISTAN:

EARLY HISTORY:

The history of Pakistan (Urdu: ) encompasses the

history of the region constituting modern Pakistan. Before achieving
independence in 1947, the territory of modern Pakistan was a part of
the British Indian Empire. Prior to that it was ruled in different periods by
local kings and numerous imperial powers. The ancient history of the
region comprising present-day Pakistan also includes some of the oldest of
the names of empires of South Asia [1] and some of its major civilizations.[2]
[3][4][5]

In the 19th century, the land was incorporated into British India. Pakistan's
political history began in 1906 with the birth of the All India Muslim League,
established in opposition to the Indian National Congress party which it
accused of failing to protect "Muslim interests, amid neglect and underrepresentation." On 29 December 1930, philosopher Sir Muhammad
Iqbal called for an autonomous new state in "northwestern India for Indian
Muslims".[6] The League rose in popularity through the late
1930s. Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the
League to adopt the Lahore Resolution[7] of 1940, demanding the formation
of independent states in the East and the West of British India. Eventually,
a successful movement led by Jinnah resulted in the partition of India and
independence from Britain, on 14 August 1947.

British rule :
The entire territory of modern Pakistan was occupied beginning
first by the East India Company and continued under the post-Sepoy
Mutiny direct rule of Queen Victoria of the British Empire through a
series of wars, the main ones being the Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh, the
gruelling Anglo-Sikh Wars (18451849) and the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839
1919), to remain a part of British Indian Empire until the independence in
1947.

Early period of Pakistan Movement:

In 1877, Syed Ameer Ali had formed the Central National Muhammad
an Association to work towards the political advancement of the Indian
Muslims, who had suffered grievously in 1857, in the aftermath of the
failed Sepoy Mutiny against the East India Company; the British were seen
as foreign invaders. But the organization declined towards the end of the
19th century.
In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded as a forum, which
later became a party, to promote a nationalist cause. [92] Although the
Congress attempted to include the Muslim community in the struggle for
independence from the British rule - and some Muslims were very active in
the Congress - the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the party,
viewing it as a "Hindu-dominated" organization.
A turning point came in 1900, when the British administration in the United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh acceded to Hindu demands and made Hindi,
the version of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script, the
official language. The tiproslytisaon conducted in the region by
the activists of a new Hindu reformist movement also stirred Muslim's
concerns about their faith. Eventually, the Muslims feared that the Hindu
majority would seek to suppress the rights of Muslims in the region
following the departure of the British.

The Muslim League :

The All-India Muslim League was founded on 30 December 1906, in
the aftermath of division of Bengal, on the sidelines of the annual All India

Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka.[93] The

meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over
by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. It addressed the issue of safeguarding interests of
Muslims and finalised a programme. A resolution, moved by Nawab
Salimullah and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan. Nawab Viqar-ulMulk(conservative), declared:
In 1907, a vocal group of Hindu hard-liners within the Indian
National Congress movement separated from it and started to pursue a
pro-Hindu movement openly. This group was spearheaded by the famous
trio of Lal-Bal-Pal - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra
Pal of Punjab, Bombay and Bengal provinces respectively. Their influence
spread rapidly among other likeminded Hindus - they called it Hindu
nationalism - and it became a cause of serious concern for Muslims.
However, Jinnah did not join the League until 1913, when the party
changed its platform to one of Indian independence, as a reaction against
the British decision to reverse the 1905 Partition of Bengal, which the
League regarded it as a betrayal of the Bengali Muslims. [97] After vociferous
protests of the Hindu population and violence engineered by secret groups,
such as Anushilan Samitiz and its offshoot Jugantar of Aurobindo and his
brother etc., the British had decided to reunite Bengal again. Till this stage,
Jinnah believed in Mutual co-operation to achieve an independent, united
'India', although he argued that Muslims should be guaranteed one-third of
the seats in any Indian Parliament.
The League gradually became the leading representative body of
Indian Muslims. Jinnah became its president in 1916, and negotiated
the Lucknow Pact with the Congress leader, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, by which
Congress conceded the principle of separate electorates and weighted
representation for the Muslim community.[98] However, Jinnah broke with the
Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched
a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a
temperamentally law-abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. Jinnah also
became convinced that the Congress would renounce its support for
separate electorates for Muslims, which indeed it did in 1928. In 1927, the
British proposed a constitution for India as recommended by the Simon

Commission, but they failed to reconcile all parties. The British then turned
the matter over to the League and the Congress, and in 1928 an All-Parties
Congress was convened in Delhi. The attempt failed, but two more
conferences were held, and at the Bombay conference in May, it was
agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. The
prominent Congress leader Motilal Nehru headed the committee, which
included two Muslims, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Quereshi; Motilal's son,
Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, was its secretary. The League, however, rejected the
committee's report, the so-called Nehru Report, arguing that its proposals
gave too little representation (one quarter) to Muslims the League had
demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature. Jinnah
announced a "parting of the ways" after reading the report, and relations
between the Congress and the League began to sour.

Muslim homeland "Now or Never":

The general elections held in the United Kingdom had already
weakened the leftist Labor Party led by Prime Minister Ramsay
MacDonald.[99] Furthermore, the Labor Party's government was already
weakened by the outcomes of the World War I, which fueled new hopes for
progress towards self-government in British India.[99] In fact, Mohandas K.
Gandhi traveled to London to press the idea of "self-government" in British
India, and claimed to represent all Indians whilst duly criticized the Muslim
League as being sectarian and divisive.[99] After reviewing the report of
the Simon Commission, the Indian Congress initiated a massive movement
under Gandhi; the Muslim League reserved their opinion on the Simon
Report declaring that the report was not final and the matters should decide
after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India. [99]
As the leaders of the Indian Congress were jailed and restrained,
the Round-table conference was held, but these achieved little, since
Gandhi and the League were unable to reach a compromise. [99] Witnessing
the events in the Round-table conference, Jinnah had despaired of politics
and particularly of getting mainstream parties like the Congress to be
sensitive to minority priorities. During this time in 1930, notable writer and

poet, Muhammad Iqbal called for a separate and autonomous nation-state,

who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim
League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an
otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.[6][100]

The name of the nation-state was coined by the Cambridge

University's political science student and Muslim nationalist Rahmat Ali,
[101]
and was published on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet Now or
Never After coining the name of the nation-state, Ali noticed that there is an
acronym formed from the names of the "homelands" of Muslims in
northwest India:

"P" for Punjab

"A" for Afghanis (now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

"K" for Kashmir

"S" for Sindh

"Tan" for Balochistan; thus forming "Pakstan".[103][104]

In 1940, Jinnah called a general session of the Muslim

League in Lahore to discuss the situation that had arisen due to the
outbreak of the World War II and the Government of India joining the
war without consulting Indian leaders. The meeting was also aimed at
analyzing the reasons that led to the defeat of the Muslim League in the
general election of 1937 in the Muslim majority provinces. In his speech,
Jinnah criticized the Indian Congress and the nationalists, and
espoused the Two-Nation Theory and the reasons for the demand for
separate homelands.[109] Sikandar Hayat Khan, the Chief Minister
of Punjab, drafted the original resolution, but disavowed the final
version,[110] that had emerged after protracted redrafting by the Subject
Committee of the Muslim League. The final text unambiguously rejected
the concept of a United India because of increasing inter-religious
violence [111] and recommended the creation of independent states.

[112]

The resolution was moved in the general session by ShereBangla Bengali nationalist, AKF Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal,
supported by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman and other leaders and was
adopted on 23 March 1940.[7]
In 1941, it became part of the Muslim League's constitution.[114] However, in
early 1941, Sikandar explained to the Punjab Assembly that he did not
support the final version of the resolution.[115] The sudden death of Sikandar in
1942 paved the way over the next few years for Jinnah to emerge as the
recognised leader of the Muslims of South Asia.[97] In 1943, the Sind
Assembly passed a resolution demanding the establishment of a homeland.
[116]
Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve
agreement and there were no more attempts to reach a single-state solution.

Independence from the British Empire:

The French and British empires had been under tremendous political and military
pressure during the World War II, and the speculations of disintegration of their colonial
empires was rumored in all over the British India.[citation needed] In North-West Frontier
Province, the British military had launched the military expeditions to quelled the armed
rebellion. The 1945 British general election saw the leftist Party forming the government
in Britain and many Indians were seeing independence within reach. But, Gandhi and
Nehru were not receptive to Jinnah's proposal and were also adamantly opposed to
dividing India, since they knew that the Hindus, who saw India as one indivisible entity,
would never agree to such a thing.[97] In the Constituent Assembly elections of 1946, the
League won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (polling 89.2% of total votes) on
a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of
secession if this was not granted.[97]
By 1946, the British had neither the will, nor the financial resources or military
power, to hold India any longer. Political deadlock ensued in the Constituent Assembly,
and the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, sent a cabinet mission to India to
mediate the situation. When the talks broke down, Attlee appointed Louis
Mountbatten as India's last viceroy, to negotiate the independence of Pakistan and India
and immediate British withdrawal.
Mountbatten, of imperial blood and a world war admiral, handled the problem as
a campaign. Ignorant of the complex ground realities in British India,[citation needed] he
brought forward the date of transfer of power and told Gandhi and Nehru that if they did
not accept division there would be civil war in his opinion [97] and he would rather
consider handing over power to individual provinces and the rulers of princely states.
This forced the hands of Congress leaders and the "Independence of India Act 1947"
provided for the two dominions of Pakistan and India to become independent on the 14
and 15 August 1947 respectively.

On August 1947, the British Imperial Government divided the British Raj into
two independent and sovereign countries, the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan) and the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India).
Mountbatten's adroit overt and covert plans successfully inflamed the simmering mutual
distrust between Hindus and Muslims but ensured the two new nations to remain
friendly to the British. Immediately after the independence, both nations joined
the British Commonwealth. The independence of India and Pakistan created interreligious violence of such magnitude that exchange of population along religious lines
became a necessity in each country.
More than two million people migrated across the new borders and more than
one hundred thousand died in the spate of communal violence that spread even beyond
these provinces. Major violence erupted following the division of Punjab, Bengal,
and Kashmir which escalated into leading to the first war between India and Pakistan.
With assistance and further United Nations (UN) and Soviet Union's involvement ended
the war but it became a hitherto unresolved Kashmir dispute.
Following its independence, Pakistan became involved in continuous territorial disputes
with India in east over Kashmir and Bengal and with the Afghanistan in west over
the tribal line. Its political history has been characterized by authoritarian military rule
and the brief democratic competition between right-wing conservatives and leftwing parties throughout its history.

State and constitution: Pakistan:

In 1947, the Founding fathers of Pakistan agreed upon to appoint Liaquat Ali
Khan as country's first Prime minister with the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, tenuring as both first Governor-General and President-Speaker of the State
Parliament.[117]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

By the end of months in 1947, the national government led by Prime minister AliKhan was able to settle the core issue of territorial boundaries, with composing the state
with five provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, North-West Frontier, and East-Bengal,
and four administrative units: GilgitBaltistan (now a province), Azad Kashmir (also a
provisional state), Tribal Line aligning with the Local belt.[117] The harbour city, Karachi,
being the state's first capital. The national government of Ali Khanwas left to face
challenges soon after holding the office. With the large numbers of Muslims
immigrating to Pakistan, the Nationalists in each province worried that the new nation
was too fragile to withstand an international war, or even internal revolts such as
the Balochistan rebellion in 1948.[117] Considering this issue, Ali-Khan established a
strong government;[117] his Finance secretary Victor Turner announced country's first
monetary policy by establishing the State bank and federal bureaus
of statistics and revenue to improve the statistical finance, taxation, and revenue
collection in the country.[118] Ideological and territorial problems arose with neighboring
communists states, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union over the Durand Line in 1949,
and with India over Line of Control in Kashmir which was a theater of first war in 1947.
[117]

Diplomatic recognition became challenging problem when Soviet Union led

by Secretary-General Joseph Stalin did not welcome the division
which established Pakistan and India. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan in
1947.[119] In 1948, Ben-Gurion of Israel sent a secret courier to Jinnah to establish
the diplomatic relations, but Jinnah did not given any response to Ben-Gurion. In 1948
speech, Jinnah declared "Urdu alone would be the state language and the lingua franca
of the Pakistan state", though he called the "Bengali language as the official language of
the Bengal province.";[120]nonetheless, tensions began to grow in East Bengal.
[120]
Jinnah's health further deteriorated and he died in 1948. Bengali leader, Sir Khawaja
Nazimuddin succeeded as the governor general of Pakistan.[121]

First military era (19581971):

On October 1958, President Iskandar Mirza issued order for massive naval, air, and
troop mobilization of Pakistan Armed Forces all over the country and appointed chief of
army staff General Ayub Khan as Commander-in-chief of Pakistan armed forces.[133] In a
quick move, President Mirza declared state of emergency and imposed martial law in
1958, having suspended the constitution, and dissolved the socialist government in East
and the parliamentary government in West.[134]
His actions also approved General Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator to
enforce the martial law all over the country who asserted his position in all over the
country.[133] Within two weeks, President Mirza also attempted to dismiss General Ayub
Khan after Khan's action made him incapable of taking any decisions. [133] This move
backfired on President Mirza who was soon to be relieved from his presidency and
exiled to London, United Kingdom in 1958. The same year, General Ayub
Khan appointed himself to the rank of a five-star Field Marshal and named a new civilmilitary government under him.[135] Upon becoming the President, Ayub Khan was
succeeded by General Muhammad Musa as chief of army staff in 1958.[136]

The parliamentary system came to an end in 1958, following the imposition of martial
law.[137] Tales of corruption in civil bureaucracy and public administration had maligned
the democratic process in the country as the public seemed supportive towards the
actions taken by General Ayub Khan.[137] Major land reforms were carried out by the
military government and enforced controversial Elective Bodies Disqualification Order
(EBDO) which ultimately disqualified Suhrawardy from holding the public office.
[137]
Introducing a new presidential system called "Basic Democracy", which featured
the Local government system in West-Pakistan and promulgate a 1962 constitution,
[135]
by which an electoral college of 80,000 would select the President. [135] In a national
referendum held in 1960, Ayub Khan secured nationwide popular and ground support
for his bid as second Presidentand replaced his military government into civilian
constitutional government.[137] In a major development, the capitol infrastructure had
been moved to newly planned state capital, Islamabad, all capital work development
was relocated from Karachi to Islamabad.[138]

THE END