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ANSWERS

Chapter

(b)

2.2

(b)

2.3

(c)

2.4

(d)

2.5

(a)

2.6

(c)

2.7

(a)

2.8

(d)

2.9

(a)

2.10

(a)

2.11

(c)

2.12

(d)

2.13

(b), (c)

2.14

(a), (e)

2.15

(b), (d)

2.16

(a), (b), (d)

2.17

(a), (b)

2.18

(b), (d)

2.19

Because, bodies differ in order of magnitude significantly in respect

to the same physical quantity. For example, interatomic distances
are of the order of angstroms, inter-city distances are of the order of
km, and interstellar distances are of the order of light year.

no

2.1

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
2.20

1015

2.21

Mass spectrograph

2.22

1 u = 1.67 1027 kg

2.23

Since f ( ) is a sum of different powers of , it has to be

dimensionless

2.24

Because all other quantities of mechanics can be expressed in

terms of length, mass and time through simple relations.

RE
1
=
rad 1o
60R E 60

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2.25

(a ) =

Diameter of the earth as seen from the moon is about 2.

(b) At earth-moon distance, moon is seen as (1/2) diameter and

earth is seen as 2 diameter. Hence, diameter of earth is 4 times
the diameter of moon.

Dearth
=4
Dmoon

(c)

rsun
= 400
rmoon

(Here r stands for distance, and D for diameter.)

Sun and moon both appear to be of the same angular diameter as

seen from the earth.

Dsun Dmoon
=
rsun
rmoon

Dsun
= 400
Dmoon

no

But

114

D earth
D
= 4 sun = 100 .
Dmoon
Dearth

2.26

An atomic clock is the most precise time measuring device because

atomic oscillations are repeated with a precision of 1s in 1013 s.

2.27

3 1016 s

2.28

0.01 mm

Answers

2.29

= ( Rs 2 / R e s 2 )( Rm 2 / R em 2 )

Rs
R
= es
Rm Rem

2.30

105 kg

2.31

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

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Angle or solid angle

Relative density, etc.
Plancks constant, universal gravitational constant, etc.
Raynold number

3.14
l
l = r l = 31
cm = 16.3 cm
r
6

2.32

2.33

4 10

2.34

Dimensional formula of =T
1
Dimensional formula of k = L

2.35

(a)

steradian

Precision is given by the least count of the instrument.

For 20 oscillations, precision = 0.1 s

For 1 oscillation, precision = 0.005 s.

(b)

Average time t =
Period =

39.6 + 39.9 + 39.5

s = 39.6s
3

39.6
= 1.98 s
20

Max. observed error = (1.995 1.980)s = 0.015s.

2.36

Since energy has dimensions of ML T , 1J in new units becomes

2 / 2 J. Hence 5 J becomes 5 2 / 2 .
2.37

r 4
. Therefore, the
l
dimensions of the right hand side comes out to be

The dimensional part in the expression is

no

[ML1 T 2 ][L4 ] [L3 ]

=
, which is volume upon time. Hence, the
[T]
[ML1 T 1 ][L]
formula is dimensionally correct.
2.38

The fractional error in X is

dX 2da 3db 2.5dc 2d(d)

=
+
+
+
X
a
b
c
d
= 0.235 0.24

115

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

Since the error is in first decimal, hence the result should be

rounded off as 2.8.
2.39

Since E, l and G have dimensional formulas:

E ML2 T 2
l ML2 T 1
G L3 M 1 T 2
2

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Hence, P = E l m5 G2 will have dimensions:

[ 2 2 ][M 2 L4 T 2 ][ M2 T 4 ]
[ P ] = ML T
[ M5 ][L6 ]
= M0 L0 T 0

Thus, P is dimensionless.

2.40

M, L, T, in terms of new units become

2.41

ch
,L
G

hG
,T
c3

hG
c5

Given T 2 r 3 T r 3 / 2 . T is also function of g and

R T gx Ry

[ Lo Mo T1 ] = [ L3/2 Mo T o ][ L1Mo T -2 ] [ L1Mo T o ]

3
For L, 0 = + x + y
2
1
For T, 1 = 0 2x x =
2
3 1
Therefore, 0 = + y y = 1
2 2
k r3
Thus, T = k r 3 / 2 g 1/ 2 R 1 =
R g
x

2.42

(a) Because oleic acid dissolves in alcohol but does not disssolve

no

in water.

(b) When lycopodium powder is spread on water, it spreads on the

entire surface. When a drop of the prepared solution is dropped
on water, oleic acid does not dissolve in water, it spreads on
the water surface pushing the lycopodium powder away to clear
a circular area where the drop falls. This allows measuring
the area where oleic acid spreads.

116

Answers

(c)

1
1
1
mL
=
mL
20
20 400

(d) By means of a burette and measuring cylinder and measuring

the number of drops.
(e) If n drops of the solution make 1 mL, the volume of oleic acid
in one drop will be (1/400)n mL.
2.43

(a) By definition of parsec

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1A.U.
1 parsec =

1arc sec
1 deg = 3600 arc sec

1 arcsec = 3600 180 radians

3600 180 A.U. = 206265 A.U.

1 parsec =
2 105 A.U.

(b)

At 1 A.U. distance, sun is (1/2) in diameter.

1/ 2
Therefore, at 1 parsec, star is
degree in diameter = 15
2 105
10-5 arcmin.

With 100 magnification, it should look 15 10-3 arcmin. However,

due to atmospheric fluctuations, it will still look of about 1 arcmin.
It cant be magnified using telescope.

Dmars 1
Dearth
1
[from Answer 2.25 (c)]
= ,
=
400
Dearth 2
Dsun
D
1
mars =
.
Dsun
800

(c)

At 1 A.U. sun is seen as 1/2 degree in diameter, and mars will

be seen as 1/1600 degree in diameter.

At 1/2 A.U, mars will be seen as 1/800 degree in diameter. With

60
100 magnification mars will be seen as 1/8 degree =
= 7.5
8
arcmin.

no

This is larger than resolution limit due to atmospheric

fluctuations. Hence, it looks magnified.

2.44

(a) Since 1 u = 1.67 1027 kg, its energy equivalent is 1.671027 c2

in SI units. When converted to eV and MeV, it turns out to be
1 u 931.5 MeV.
(b) 1 u c2 = 931.5 MeV.

117

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

Chapter
(b)

3.2

(a)

3.3

(b)

3.4

(c)

3.5

(b)

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3.1

3.6

(c)

3.7

(a), (c), (d)

3.8

(a), (c), (e)

3.9

(a), (d)

3.10

(a), (c)

3.11

(b), (c), (d)

3.12

(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) iv, (d) (i)

3.13

3.14

(i) x (t) = t - sin t

no

(ii) x (t) = sin t

3.15

x(t) = A + B e t ; A > B, > 0 are suitably chosen positive constants.

3.16

v = g/b

3.17

The ball is released and is falling under gravity. Acceleration is g ,

except for the short time intervals in which the ball collides with

a
0
-g

118

Answers

ground, and when the impulsive force acts and produces a large
acceleration.
3.18

(a) x = 0, v = x o

3.19

Relative speed of cars = 45km/h, time required to meet

36 km
= 0.80h
45 km/h

3.20

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Thus, distance covered by the bird = 36 km/h 0.8h = 28.8 km.

Suppose that the fall of 9 m will take time t. Hence

y yo = voy

Since voy = 0,

t =

9m/s

gt 2

9m

2(y yo )
29m

= 1.8 1.34 seconds.

g
10 m/s2

In this time, the distance moved horizontally is

x-xo = voxt = 9 m/s 1.34s = 12.06 m.

10m

Yes-he will land.

3.21

Both are free falling. Hence, there is no acceleration of one w.r.t.

another. Therefore, relative speed remains constant (=40 m/s ).

3.22

v = (-vo/xo) x + vo, a = (vo/xo)2 x - vo2/xo

The variation of a with x is shown in the figure. It is a straight line

with a positive slope and a negative intercept.
3.23

(a) v =

2 gh = 2 10 1000 = 141m/s = 510 km/h.

4 3
4
m =
r =
(2 103 )3 (103 ) = 3.4 105 kg.
3
3
P = mv 4.7 103 kg m/s 5 103 kg m/s.

no

(b)

(c)

Diameter 4mm

t d / v = 28 s 30 s

P 4.7 103
=
168N 1.7 102 N.
t
28 106

(d)

F =

(e)

Area of cross-section = d 2 / 4 0.8m 2 .

119

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

With average separation of 5 cm, no. of drops that will fall almost

0.8m 2
320.
simultaneously is
(5 102 )2
Net force 54000 N (Practically drops are damped by air viscosity).
3.24

Car behind the truck

20
= 4ms 2
5
20
Regardation of car =
ms 2
3
Let the truck be at a distance x from the car when breaks are applied

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Regardation of truck =

Distance of truck from A at t > 0.5 s is

Distance of car from A is

x + 20t 2t2.

10 + 20(t 0.5)

10
(t 0.5)2 .
3

If the two meet

x + 20t 2t2 = 10 + 20t 10

x =

10 2 10
10
t +
t 0.25
.
3
3
3

4 2 10
5
t +
t .
3
3
6

To find xmin,

dx
8
10
= t+
=0
dt
3
3
10 5
= s.
which gives tmin=
8
4
2

Therefore, xmin=

45
10 5 5 5
= .
+
34
3 4 6 4

Therefore, x > 1.25m.

Second method: This method does not require the use of calculus.
If the car is behind the truck,

Vcar = 20 (20/3)(t 0.5) for t > 0.5 s as car declerate only after 0.5 s.

no

Vtruck = 20 4t

Find t from equating the two or from velocity vs time graph. This
yields t = 5/4 s.
In this time truck would travel truck,
Struck= 20(5/4) (1/2)(4)(5/4)2 = 21.875m

120

Answers

and car would travel, S car = 20(0.5) + 20(5/4 0.5)

2

1 (20 / 3) 5

0.5 = 23.125m
2
4

Thus Scar Struck = 1.25m.

If the car maintains this distance initially, its speed after 1.25s will

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he always less than that of truck and hence collision never occurs.
3.25

(a) (3/2)s,

3.26

v1=20 m/s, v2 = 10m/s, time difference = 1s.

(b) (9/4)s,

(c) 0,3s,

Chapter

(d) 6 cycles.

(b)

4.2

(d)

4.3

(b)

4.4

(b)

4.5

(c)

4.6

(b)

4.7

(d)

4.8

(c)

4.9

(c)

4.10

(b)

4.11

(a), (b)

4.12

(c)

4.13

(a), (c)

4.14

(a), (b), (c)

4.15

(b), (d)

4.16

v2
in the direction RO.
R

4.17

The students may discuss with their teachers and find answer.

4.18

(a) Just before it hits the ground.

no

4.1

121

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
(b) At the highest point reached.
(c) a = g = constant.
4.19

acceleration g.
velocity zero.

4.20

Since B C is perpendicular to plane of B and C, cross product of

any vector will lie in the plane of B and C.
vo

4.21

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v (speed
tossed)

u(car speed)

For a ground-based observer, the ball is a projectile with speed vo

and the angle of projection with horizontal in as shown above.

4.22

(a)

(b)

Since the speed of car matches with the horizontal speed of the
projectile, boy sitting in the car will see only vertical component of
motion as shown in Fig (b).

4.23

Due to air resistance, particle energy as

well as horizontal component of velocity

keep on decreasing making the fall steeper

no

than rise as shown in the figure.

122

2H
H
, = tan 1
g
R

4.24

R = vo

4.25

Acceleration

v 2 4 2 R
=
R
T2

= tan 1 1

vo

gH
= 2312 '
2

Answers

4.26

(a) matches with (iv)

(b) matches with (iii)
(c) matches with (i)
(d) matches with (ii)

4.27

(a) matches with (ii)

(b) matches with (i)
(c) matches with (iv)

4.28

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(d) matches with (iii)

(a) matches with (iv)

(b) matches with (iii)

(c) matches with (i)

(d) matches with (ii)

4.29

The minimm vertical velocity required for crossing the hill is given by

v 2 2gh = 10,000
v > 100 m/s

As canon can haul packets with a speed of 125m/s, so the

maximum value of horizontal velocity, v  will be

v  = 1252 1002 = 75 m / s
1
gT 2 = h
2

The time taken to reach the top of the hill with velocity v is given by

T = 10 s.

In 10s the horizontal distance covered = 750 m.

So cannon has to be moved through a distance of 50 m on the

ground.

So total time taken (shortest) by the packet to reach ground

across the hill =
(a) L =

2vo 2 sin cos( + )

g cos2
2v o sin
T =
g cos

no

4.31

50
s + 10s + 10s = 45 s.
2

(b)
(c)

4.32

Av 02
sin
g

123

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
4.33

Vr = 5i 5j

4.34

(a) 5 m / s at 37 to N.
(b) (i) tan 1 ( 3 / 7 ) of N, (ii) 7 m/s
(c) in case (i) he reaches the opposite bank in shortest time.

v o sin
tan 1

vo cos + u

(a)

2vo sin
g

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4.35

(b)

(c) R =

2v o sin (v o cos + u)
g

u + u 2 + 8v 2
o

4v o

(d) max = cos 1

(e) max = 60o for u = v o .

max = 45o for u = 0.

u < vo

u
1

= 4 (if u v o )
2 4v o
v
cos 1 o = 2 ( vo u )
u

max cos

u > vo

max

(f) max > 45.

4.36

d 2

d 2

V = r + and a = 2 2 r +
+ 2 2
2
dt

dt

4.37

Consider the straight line path APQC through the sand.

Time taken to go from A to C via this path

no

Tsand
=

AP + QC PQ
+
=
1
v

25 2 + 25 2 50 2
+
1
v

= 50

2 + 1
v

R
50m

The shortest path outside the sand will be ARC.

A

B
100m

124

Answers

Time taken to go from A to C via this path

= Toutside =

AR + RC
s
1

= 2 752 + 252 s
= 2 25 10 s

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For Tsand < Toutside, 50 2 +1 < 2 25 10

v

1
+1< 5
v

1
< 5 -1 or v >
v

1
0.81 m/s.
5 -1

Chapter

5.1

(c)

5.2

(b)

5.3

(c)

5.4

(c)

5.5

(d)

5.6

(c)

5.7

(a)

5.8

(b)

5.9

(b)

5.10

(a), (b) and (d)

5.11

(a), (b), (d) and (e)

(b) and (d)

5.13

(b), (c)

5.14

(c), (d)

5.15

(a), (c)

5.16

Yes, due to the principle of conservation of momentum.

no

5.12

Initial momentum = 50.5 5 kg m s1

125

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
Final momentum = (50 v + 0.5 15) kg m s1
v
5.17

= 4.9 m s-1, change in speed = 0.1 m s1

Let R be the reading of the scale, in newtons.

Effective downward acceleration =

50 g R
=g
50

R = 5g = 50N. (The weighing scale will show 5 kg).

Zero;

3
kg m s-1
2

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5.18
5.19

The only retarding force that acts on him, if he is not using a seat
belt comes from the friction exerted by the seat. This is not enough
to prevent him from moving forward when the vehicle is brought to
a sudden halt.

5.20

p = 8i + 8j, F = (4i + 8j)N

5.21

f = F until the block is stationary.

f remains constant if F increases beyond this

point and the block starts moving.

5.22

In transportation, the vehicle say a truck, may need to halt suddenly.

To bring a fragile material, like porcelain object to a sudden halt
means applying a large force and this is likely to damage the object.
If it is wrapped up in say, straw, the object can travel some distance
as the straw is soft before coming to a halt. The force needed to
achieve this is less, thus reducing the possibility of damage.

5.23

The body of the child is brought to a sudden halt when she/he falls
on a cement floor. The mud floor yields and the body travels some
distance before it comes to rest , which takes some time. This means
the force which brings the child to rest is less for the fall on a mud
floor, as the change in momentum is brought about over a longer

no

period.

(b) 18.75 kg m s1

5.24

(a) 12.5 N s

5.25

f = R = mg cos is the force of friction, if is angle made by the

slope. If is small, force of friction is high and there is less chance of
skidding. The road straight up would have a larger slope.

5.26

AB, because force on the upper thread will be equal to sum of the
weight of the body and the applied force.

126

Answers
5.27

If the force is large and sudden, thread CD breaks because as CD is

jerked, the pull is not transmitted to AB instantaneously
(transmission depends on the elastic properties of the body).
Therefore, before the mass moves, CD breaks.
T1 = 94.4 N, T2 = 35.4 N

5.29

W = 50 N

5.30

If F is the force of the finger on the book, F = N, the normal reaction

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5.28

of the wall on the book. The minimum upward frictional force needed
to ensure that the book does not fall is Mg. The frictional force = N.
Thus, minimum value of F =
5.31

0.4 m s1

5.32

x = t, y = t 2

Mg

a x = 0, a y = 2 m s 1

F = 0.52 = 1N. along y-axis.

2V
2 20 40 10
=
=
=
= 3.33 s.
g + a 10 + 2 12
3

5.33

t=

5.34

(a) Since the body is moving with no acceleration, the sum of the

forces is zero F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 . Let F1 , F2 , F3 be the three forces

passing through a point. Let F1 and F2 be in the plane A (one can
always draw a plane having two intersecting lines such that the
two lines lie on the plane). Then F1 + F2 must be in the plane A.

F1

F2

F3

Since F3 = ( F1 + F2 ) , F3 is also in the plane A.

(b) Consider the torque of the forces about P. Since all the forces

pass through P, the torque is zero. Now consider torque about

another point 0. Then torque about 0 is
Torque = OP ( F1 + F2 + F3 )

no

Since F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 , torque = 0
5.35

General case

s=

1 2
at t = 2s / a
2

Smooth case

g
Acceleration a = g sin =
t1 =

2 2s / g

127

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
Rough case
Acceleration a = g sin g cos

= (1 ) g / 2
2 2s
2 2s
= pt1 = p
(1 )g
g
1
1

= p2 = 1 2
1
p

t 2 =

vy = t

0 < t < 1s

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5.36

v x = 2t

0 <t 1

= 2 (2 t )

1<t < 2

=0

2<t

Fy = 1

Fx = 2; 0 < t < 1
= 2;

1s < t < 2s

=0;

2s < t

F = 2 i + j

= 11 < t

=0

0 < t < 1s

1s < t

0 < t < 1s

= 2 i 1s < t < 2s
=0

5.37

2s < t

For DEF

v2
= m g
R
v max = g R = 100 = 10 m s 1
m

For ABC
v2
= g , v =
2R

200 = 14.14 m s 1

100

= 5 s
2 10
3 200
300
Time for ABC =
=
s
2 14.14 14.14
Time for DEF =

no

For FA and DC = 2
Total time = 5 +

5.38

100
= 4s
50

300
+ 4 = 86.3s
14.14

dr
= v = i A sin t + j B cos t
dt
dv
= a = 2 r; F = m 2 r
dt

128

Answers

x 2 y2
+
=1
A2 B 2

x = A cos t , y = B sin t

5.39

For (a)

1 2
v z = gH
2

vz = 2gH

vs 2 + vz 2 = vs 2 + 2 gH

Speed at ground =

For (b) also mvs + mgH is the total energy of the ball when it
2

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hits the ground.

So the speed would be the same for both (a) and (b).

5.40

F2 =
F1 +
F1 =

5.41

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

5.42

F3 + F4

F3

F4

F4 F3
2

2 +1
3 N
=
2
2

= tan 1

mg sin mg cos
mg ( sin + cos )

mg ( sin + cos ) + ma.

(a) F - (500 10) = (500 15) or F = 12.5 103 N, where F is the

upward reaction of the floor and is equal to the force downwards on

the floor, by Newtons 3rd law of motion

(b) R - (2500 10) = (2500 15) or R = 6.25 104 N, action of the air

no

on the system, upwards. The action of the rotor on the surrounding

air is 6.25 104 N downwards.
(c) Force on the helicopter due to the air = 6.25 104 N upwards.

129

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

Chapter

(b)

6.2

(c)

6.3

(d)

6.4

(c)

6.5

(c)

6.6

(c)

6.7

(c)

6.8

(b)

6.9

(b)

6.10

(b)

6.11

(b) as displacement t 3 / 2

6.12

(d)

6.13

(d)

6.14

(a)

6.15

(b)

6.16

(d)

6.17

(b)

6.18

(c)

6.19

(b), (d)

6.20

(b), (d), (f)

6.21

(c)

6.22

Yes, No.

6.23

To prevent elevator from falling freely under gravity.

6.24

(a) Positive, (b) Negative

6.25

Work done against gravity in moving along horizontal road is zero .

6.26

No, because resistive force of air also acts on the body which is a
non-conservative force. So the gain in KE would be smaller than the
loss in PE.

6.27

No, work done over each closed path is necessarily zero only if all
the forces acting on the system are conservative.

no

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

6.1

130

Answers

6.28

(b) Total linear momentum.

While balls are in contact, there may be deformation which means
elastic potential energy which came from part of KE. Momentum is
always conserved.

6.30

mgh 100 9.8 10

=
W = 490W
T
20
E 0.5 72
= 0.6 watts
P=
=
t
60

Power =

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

6.29

6.31

A charged particle moving in an uniform magnetic field.

6.32

Work done = change in KE

Both bodies had same KE and hence same amount of work is needed
to be done. Since force aplied is same, they would come to rest within
the same distance.
6.33

(a) Straight line: vertical, downward

(b)

Parabolic path with vertex at C.

(c) Parabolic path with vertex higher than C.

6.34
KE
Eo

Velocity
B

Eo

F
X

6.35

(a) For head on collission:

Conservation of momentum 2mv0 = mv1 + mv2

Or 2v0 = v1 + v2

v -v
and e = 2 1 v2 = v1+ 2v0e

v1 = v0(1 e)

no

2v

2v1 = 2v00 2ev0

Since e <1 v1 has the same sign as v0, therefore the ball
moves on after collission.

(b) Conservation of momentum p = p1+ p2

But KE is lost

p 2 p 2
p2
> 2 + 2
2m 2m 2m

131

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

p1
p

p2
q

before

after

p1

p2

tt
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be C
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pu T
bl
is
he
d

p2 > p12 + p22

Thus p, p1 and p2 are related as shown in the figure.

is acute (less than 90) ( p 2 = p12 + p 22 would give = 90)

6.36

Region A : No, as KE will become negative.

Region B : Yes, total energy can be greater than PE for non zero K.E.
Region C : Yes, KE can be greater than total energy if its PE is negative.
Region D : Yes, as PE can be greater than KE.

6.37

(a) Ball A transfers its entire momentum to the ball on the table
and does not rise at all.

(b) v = 2gh = 4.42m/s

6.38

(a) Loss of PE = mgh = 1 10

(b) Gain in KE =

10 10

= 10J

1
1
mv 2 = 10 3 2500 = 1.25J
2
2

(c) No, because a part of PE is used up in doing work against the

viscous drag of air.

no

6.39

(b)

E1
E0

E2
E0

T/4 3T/4

6.40

t
5T/4 7T/4

t
5T/4 7T/4

m = 3.0 10 5 kg = 10 3 kg/m2 v = 9 m/s

A = 1m2

h = 100 cm n = 1m3

M = v = 103 kg, E =

132

T/4 3T/4

1
1
Mv 2 = 103 (9)2 = 4.05 104 J .
2
2

Answers

6.41

KE =

1
1
mv 2 5 10 4 102
2
2
5

= 2.5 10 J.
10% of this is stored in the spring.

1 2
kx = 2.5 104
2
x=1m
4

6.42

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

k = 5 10 N/m.

In 6 km there are 6000 steps.

E = 6000 (mg)h

= 6000 600 0.25

5

= 9 10 J.

This is 10 % of intake.

Intake energy = 10 E = 9 10 J.
6

6.43

With 0.5 efficiency, 1 litre generates 1.5 10 J, which is used for 15

km drive.

F d = 1.5 107J. with d = 15000 m

F = 1000 N : force of friction.
6.44

(a) Wg = mg sin d = 110 0.5 10 = 50 J.

(b) Wf = mg cos d = 0.1 10 0.866 10 = 8.66 J.

(c) U = mgh = 1 10 5 = 50 J

(d) a = {F - (mg sin + mg cos )} = [10 - 5.87 ]

= 4.13 m/s2

v = u + at or v2 = u2 + 2ad

1
1
mv 2 mu 2 = mad = 41.3 J
2
2

no

K =

(e) W = F d = 100 J

6.45

(a) Energy is conserved for balls 1 and 3.

(b) Ball 1 acquires rotational energy, ball 2 loses energy by friction.
They cannot cross at C. Ball 3 can cross over.

133

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

(c) Ball 1, 2 turn back before reaching C. Because of loss of energy,

ball 2 cannot reach back to A. Ball 1 has a rotational motion in
wrong sense when it reaches B. It cannot roll back to A,
because of kinetic friction.

1
1
( M m ) (v + v )2 + m (v u )2
2
2
rocket
gas
1
1
= Mv 2 + Mv v mvu + mu 2
2
2
1
(KE )t = Mv 2
2
( KE )t +t =

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

6.46

( KE )t +t ( KE )t = ( M v mu )v +

1
1
m u 2 = m u 2 = W
2
2

(By Work - Energy theorem)

Mdv dm

=
( u ) ( M v m u ) = 0
dt
dt

Since

6.47

F
L
=Y
A
L

Hookes law :

where A is the surface area and L is length of the side of the cube. If
k is spring or compression constant, then F = k L

A
= YL
L
1
2
4
Initial KE = 2 mv =5 10 J
k= Y

Final PE = 2

6.48

L =

KE
k

1
k ( L )2
2

KE
YL

5 10 4
=1.58 107m
11
2 10
0.1

Let m , V, H e denote respectively the mass, volume and density of

helium baloon and air be density of air

no

Volume V of baloon displaces volume V of air.

(1)

Integrating with respect to t,

V ( air He ) gt = m v

134

So, V air He g = m a

1
2
1
1 V2
V 2
mv 2 = m 2 ( air He ) g 2t 2 =
air
He
2
2 m
2m

) gt
2

2 2

(2)

Answers

If the baloon rises to a height h, from s = ut +

s = ut +

1 V ( air he ) 2
1 2
1
gt
at ,we get h = at 2 =
2
m
2
2

1 2
1
at ,we get h = at 2
2
2
(3)

From Eqs. (3) and (2),

1
1

mv 2 = V ( a He ) g
V ( a He ) gt 2
2
2m

tt
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be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

= V ( a He ) gh

Rearranging the terms,

1
mv 2 + V He gh = V air hg
2
KEbaloon + PEbaloon = change in PE of air .

So, as the baloon goes up, an equal volume of air comes down,
increase in PE and KE of the baloon is at the cost of PE of air [which
comes down].

Chapter 7

7.1

(d)

7.2

(c)

7.3

y and, after reflection from the wall, the

The initial velocity is vi = v e

final velocity is v f = v e y . The trajectory is described as

r = y ey + a ez . Hence the change in angular momentum is

x . Hence the answer is (b).
r m ( v f vi ) = 2mvae
(d)

7.5

(b)

7.6

(c)

no

7.4

7.7

When b 0, the density becomes uniform and hence the centre of

mass is at x = 0.5. Only option (a) tends to 0.5 as b 0.

7.8

(b)

7.9

(a), (c)

7.10

(a), (d)

7.11

All are true.

135

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

7.12

.
(a) False, it is along k
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False, there is no sense in adding torques about 2 different
axes.

7.13

(a) False, perpendicular axis theorem is applicable only to a lamina.

(b) True

tt
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bl
is
he
d

(c) False, z and z are not parallel axes.

(d) True.

7.14

When the vertical height of the object is very small as compared to

earths radius, we call the object small, otherwise it is extended.
(a) Building and pond are small objects.

(b) A deep lake and a mountain are examples of extended objects.

7.15

I = mi ri 2 . All the mass in a cylinder lies at distance R from the

axis of symmetry but most of the mass of a solid sphere lies at a

smaller distance than R.

7.16

Positive slope indicates anticlockwise rotation which is traditionally

taken as positive.

7.17

(a) ii, (b) iii, (c) i, (d) iv

7.18

(a) iii,

7.19

No. Given Fi = 0

(b) iv

(c) ii (d) i.

The sum of torques about a certain point 0

ri Fi = 0
i

no

The sum of torques about any other point O,

( ri a ) Fi = ri Fi a Fi
i
i
i

Here, the second term need not vanish.

7.20

The centripetal acceleration in a wheel arise due to the internal

elastic forces which in pairs cancel each other; being part of a
symmetrical system.

136

Answers

In a half wheel the distribution of mass about its centre of mass

(axis of rotation) is not symmetrical. Therefore, the direction of angular
momentum does not coincide with the direction of angular velocity
and hence an external torque is required to maintain rotation.
7.21

No. A force can produce torque only along a direction normal to

itself as = r f . So, when the door is in the xy-plane, the torque
produced by gravity can only be along z direction, never about an

tt
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bl
is
he
d

axis passing through y direction.

7.22

Let the C.M. be b . Then, (n 1)mb + ma = 0 b = 1 a

mn
n 1

7.23

(a) Surface density =

2M
a2

a
a
xdm
=
r cos rdrd =
rdrd
dm
r =0 =0
r =0 =0
a 2

r dr sin 0
0
= a
=0

rdr
d

0
0
a
a
ydm
=
y=
r sin rdrd

rdrd
dm
=0 r =0
r =0 =0
x =

a 2

r dr sin d

a 3 [ cos ]0 a 4 4a
= 0 a =0
=
=
=
.

3 (a 2 / 2)
3
3
rdr d
0
0

(b) Same procedure, as in (a) except goes from 0 to 2 and

=
7.24

4M .

a2

(a) Yes, because there is no net external torque on the system.

External forces, gravitation and normal reaction, act through

no

the axis of rotation, hence produce no torque.

(b) By angular momentum conservation

I = I 11 + I 2 2

I 11 + I 22
I1 + I 2

137

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
1
( I + I 22 )2 1 ( I11 + I 22 )2
(I1 + I 2 ) 1 1
=
2
2
I1 + I 2
( I1 + I 2 )2

(c) K f =

1
( I112 + I 22 2 )
2
I1I 2
K = K f Ki =
(1 2 )2
2( I1 + I 2 )
Ki =

(d) The loss in kinetic energy is due to the work against the friction

tt
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pu T
bl
is
he
d

between the two discs.

7.25

(a) Zero

(b) Decreases

(c) Increases

(d) Friction

(e) v cm = R.

(f) Acceleration produced in centre of mass due to friction:

acm =

mg
F
= k
= g.
k
m
m

Angular acceleration produced by the torque due to friction,

mgR
= k
I
I

vcm = u cm + a cm t vcm = k gt

and = o + t = o

k mgR
I

For rolling without slipping,

vcm
mgR
= o K
t
R
I

K gt
R

no

t=

7.26

= O

K mgR
I

Ro
2

k g 1 + mR

(a)

F''

Rw

2Rw

F
Velocities at the
point of contact

F'

138

force on left drum (upward)

force on right drum (downward)

Answers

(b)

F''

F = F = F where F and F and external forces through support.

F

Fnet = 0
External torque = F 3R, anticlockwise.
(c)

Let 1 and 2 be final angular velocities (anticlockwise and

F'

clockwise respectively)

tt
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pu T
bl
is
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d

Finally there will be no friction.

Hence, R 1 = 2 R 2
7.27

1
=2
2

(i) Area of square = area of rectangle c2 = ab

2
I xR I yR b 2 a 2 ab

= 2 2 = 2 =1
I xS I yS c
c
c
I yR I xR
I yR
>

>1
(i) and (ii)
I
I
I

yS

xS

yS

I xR
< 1.
and
I xS
(iii)

I zr I ZS ( a 2 + b 2 2c 2 )

= a 2 + b 2 2ab > 0

( I zR I zS ) > 0

7.28

I zR
> 1.
I zS

Let the accelaration of the centre of mass of disc be a, then

Ma = F-f

(1)

The angular accelaration of the disc is = a/R. (if there is no sliding).

Then

1
2
MR = Rf
2

(2)

no

Ma = 2f

Thus, f = F/3. Since there is no sliding,

f mg

F 3 Mg.

139

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

Chapter

(d)

8.2

(c)

8.3

(a)

8.4

(c)

8.5

(b)

8.6

(d)

8.7

(d)

8.8

(c)

8.9

(a), (c)

8.10

(a), (c)

8.11

(a), (c), (d)

8.12

(c), (d)

8.13

(c), (d)

8.14

(a), (c), (d)

8.15

(a), (c)

8.16

(d)

8.17

Molecules experience the vertically downward force due to gravity

just like an apple falling from a tree. Due to thermal motion, which
is random, their velocity is not in the vertical direction. The downward
force of gravity causes the density of air in the atmosphere close to
earth higher than the density as we go up.

8.18

Central force; gravitational force of a point mass, electrostatic force

due to a point charge.
Non-central force: spin-dependent nuclear forces, magnetic force
between two current carrying loops.

tt
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bl
is
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d

8.1

no

8.19

Areal
velocity

8.20

It is normal to the plane containing the earth and the sun as areal
velocity

A 1
= r vt .
t
2

140

Answers

8.21

It remains same as the gravitational force is independent of the

medium separating the masses.

8.22

Yes, a body will always have mass but the gravitational force on it
can be zero; for example, when it is kept at the centre of the earth.

8.24

No.
Yes, if the size of the spaceship is large enough for him to detect the
variation in g.

8.25
0

8.26
8.27

tt
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is
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d

8.23

Rr

At perihelion because the earth has to cover greater linear distance

to keep the areal velocity constant.
o

(a) 90

(b) 0

8.28

Every day the earth advances in the orbit by approximately 1o. Then,
it will have to rotate by 361 (which we define as 1 day) to have sun
at zenith point again. Since 361 corresponds to 24 hours; extra 1
corresponds to approximately 4 minute [3 min 59 seconds].

8.29

Consider moving the mass at the middle by a small amount

h to the right. Then the forces on it are:

right and

GMm
( R h )2 to the

10R

GMm
( R + h )2 to the left. The first is larger than the

m
h

second. Hence the net force will also be towards the right. Hence
the equilibrium is unstable.
8.30

no

KE

8.31

The trajectory of a particle under gravitational force of the earth

will be a conic section (for motion outside the earth) with the centre
of the earth as a focus. Only (c) meets this requirement.

141

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
8.32

mgR/2.

8.33

Only the horizontal component (i.e. along the line joining m and O)
will survive. The horizontal component of the force on any point on
the ring changes by a factor:

2r

( 2
2 3/2
4r + r )
4 2.
5 5

tt
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be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

( 2
2 3/2
r +r )

8.34

As r increases:

U =

GMm
increases.
r

vc =

GM
decreases.
r

1
vc
3 decreases.
r r 2

K decreases because v increases.

E increases because U = 2K and U < O

l increases because mvr

8.35

r.

AB = C

3
= 3l
(AC) = 2 AG = 2.l .
2
AD = AH + HJ + JD

l
l
= +l +
2
2

= 2l.

AE = AC = 3l , AF = l

no

Force along AD due to m at F and B

1 1
1 1 Gm
= Gm 2 2 + Gm 2 2 = 2
l
l 2
l 2

Force along AD due to masses at E and C

= Gm 2

142

1
Gm 2
cos ( 30 ) +
cos(30)
2
3l
3l 2

Answers
Gm 2
3l 2

3=

Gm 2
3l 2

Force due to mass M at D

Gm 2
.
4l 2

Total Force =

GMT 2
(a) r =

4 2

1
1

1 + 3 + 4 .

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

8.36

Gm 2
l2

GMT 2
h =
4 2

= 4.23x107 6.4x106

= 3.59107 m.

R
(b) = cos 1
R + h
= cos

1
1 + h

= cos 1
1+5.61

= 81o18

2=162o 36'

8.37

360o
2

2.21; Hence minimum number = 3.

Angular momentem and areal velocity are constant as earth orbits

the sun.

2
2
At perigee rp p = ra a at apogee.

If a is the semi-major axis of earths orbit, then r p = a (1 - e ) and

no

ra = a (1 + e ) .

1 + e , e = 0.0167
=

a 1 - e

p
a

= 1.0691

143

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
Let be angular speed which is geometric mean of p and a and
corresponds to mean solar day,

p
= 1.0691

a
p

=
= 1.034.

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

If corresponds to 1 per day

(mean angular speed), then

p = 1.034 per day and a = 0.967 per day. Since 361 = 14hrs:

mean solar day, we get 361.034  which corresponds to 24 hrs 8.14

(8.1 longer) and 360.967 corresponds to 23 hrs 59 min 52

(7.9 smaller).

This does not explain the actual variation of the length of the day
during the year.

8.38

ra = a (1 + e ) = 6 R
rp = a (1 e ) = 2R

e =

1
2

Conservation of angular momentum:

angular momentum at perigee = angular momentum at apogee

mv p rp = mv a ra

va 1
= .
vp 3
Conservation of Energy:

Energy at perigee = Energy at apogee

no

1
GMm 1
GMm
mv p 2
= mv a 2
2
2
rp
ra

144

v p 2 1 = 2GM
9

1 1
2GM
rp ra
vp =
2
va

v p

1 1
r r = 2GM
p
a

1/ 2

1 1
r r
p
a
1/ 2

2GM 1 1
R 2 6
=

Answers

1/ 2

2 / 3 GM
=

8/9 R
v p = 6.85km/s

For r = 6R , vc =

3 GM
= 6.85km/s
4 R
, v a = 2.28km/s.

GM
= 3.23km/s.
6R

Hence to transfer to a circular orbit at apogee, we have to boost

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

the velocity by = (3.23 2.28) = 0.95 km/s. This can be done by

suitably firing rockets from the satellite.

Chapter

(b)

9.2

(d)

9.3

(d)

9.4

(c)

9.5

(b)

9.6

(a)

9.7

(c)

9.8

(d)

9.9

(c), (d)

9.10

(a), (d)

9.11

(b), (d)

9.12

(a), (d)

9.13

(a), (d)

9.14

Steel

9.15

No

9.16

Copper

9.17

Infinite

9.18

Infinite

no

9.1

145

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
9.19

Let Y be the Youngs modulus of the material. Then

f /r 2
l /L
Let the increase in length of the second wire be l . Then
2f
4 r 2 = Y
l / 2L
Y =

l r 2
2f
1 2f
2L = l
=

2
L
2
L f
4 r 2
Y 4 r

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Or, l =
9.20

Because of the increase in temperature the increase in length per

unit length of the rod is

l
= T = 105 2 102 = 2 10 3
l0

Let the compressive tension on the rod be T and the cross sectional

area be a, then

T /a
=Y
l / l 0

T = Y

l
a = 2 1011 2 103 10 4
lo

= 4 10 4 N

9.21

Let the depth be h, then the pressure is

P = gh = 103 9.8 h

Now

P
=B
V / V

P = B

h =

no

9.22

V
= 9.8 108 0.1 102
V

9.8 108 0.1 10 2

= 102 m
9.8 103

Let the increase in length be l , then

800
= 2 1011
( 25 10 6 )/ ( l / 9.1)

l =

9.1 800
m
25 10 6 2 1011

0.5 10 3 m

146

Answers

9.23

As the ivory ball is more elastic than the wet-clay ball, it will tend to
retain its shape instantaneously after the collision. Hence, there will
be a large energy and momentum transfer compared to the wet clay
ball. Thus, the ivory ball will rise higher after the collision.

9.24

Let the cross sectional area of the bar be A. Consider the equilibrium
of the plane aa . A force F must be acting on this plane making an
angle

with the normal ON. Resolving F into components, along

tt
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be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

the plane and normal to the plane

FP = F cos

FN = F sin

FN

Let the area of the face aa be A , then

q
p/2

q FP
a

A
= sin
A
A
A =
sin

F sin F
= sin2 and the shearing stress
A
A
F
F sin 2
= cos sin =
. Maximum tensile stress is
A
2A

The tensile stress T =

F cos
A
when =
Z =

2 and maximum shearing stress when 2 = / 2 or

= /4 .
9.25

(a) Consider an element dx at a distance x from the load (x = 0). If T

(x) and T (x + dx) are tensions on the two cross sections a distance
dx apart, then

T (x + dx) T(x) = gdx (where is the mass/length)

dT
dx = gdx
dx

no

T ( x ) = gx + C

At x = 0, T (0) = Mg C = Mg

T ( x ) = gx + Mg

Let the length dx at x increase by dr, then

147

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

T(x)

A =Y
dx
dr
1
or,
=
T(x)
dx YA
1 L
r=
( gx + Mg )dx
YA 0
dr

dx

gx 2

+ Mgx

2
0
1 mgl

=
+ MgL
YA 2

1
YA

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

x=0

Mg

(m is the mass of the wire)

9
2
A = (10 3 )2 m 2 , Y = 200 10 Nm

m = (10 3 )2 10 7860kg

r=

1
786 10 7 10 10

+ 25 10 10
6

10

= [196.510 6 +3.9810 3 ]

2 10

11

410-3 m

(b) The maximum tension would be at x = L.

T= gL+Mg = (m+M)g

The yield force

= 250 106 (103 )2 = 250 N

At yield

(m + M)g = 250

m = (10 3 )2 10 7860 << M Mg 250

no

Hence, M =

148

9.26

250
= 25 75kg.
10

Consider an element at r of width dr. Let T (r) and T (r+dr) be the tensions at
the two edges.
T (r+dr) + T (r) = 2rdr where is the mass/length
dT

dr = 2rdr
dr

Answers

At r = l

T =0

2 2

C=

T(r) =

2
2

(l 2 - r 2 )
l
dr

Let the increase in length of the element dr be d ( )

( 2/2 ) (l 2 - r 2 ) /A

d( )
dr

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Y=

d( )
1 2 2 2
=
(l - r )
YA 2
dr
1 2 2 2
d( ) =
(l - r )dr
YA 2
1 2 l 2 2
=
(l - r )dr
YA 2 0

1 2 3 l 3
1
1
2l 3 =
2l 2
l - =
3
3
YA 2
YA
YA
3

The total change in length is 2 =

9.27

2
2l 2
3YA

Let l1 = AB, l2 = AC, l3 = BC

cos =

l 32 + l12 l 22
2l 3l1

Or, 2l3l1 cos = l32 + l12 - l22

A
A

(A
(All))

Differenciating

(Cu)
(Cu) ll

2 (l 3dl1 + l1dl 3 ) cos 2l1l 3 sin d

= 2l 3dl 3 + 2l1dl 3 + 2l11 2l 2 2

Now,

ll22

60
60

B
B

(Cu)
(Cu)

ll

C
C

ll11

no

dl1 = l11t
dl 2 = l 21t
dl 3 = l 3 2 t
and l1 = l2 = l3 = l

ll

ll11

(l 21t + l 21t ) cos + l 2 sin d = l 21t + l 21t l 2 2 t

sin d = 21t (1 cos ) 2 t

Putting = 60o

149

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

3
= 21t (1/2 ) 2 t
2

= (1 2 ) t
Or, d =

When the tree is about to buckle

Y r 4

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

9.28

2(1 2 )t

Wd =

4R

If R h, then the centre of gravity is at a height l

1
h from the
2

ground.

From ABC

1
R 2 ( R d )2 + h
2

If d R

R 2 R 2 2Rd +

d =

h2
8R

1 2
h
4

d A

h/2

If w 0 is the weight/volume

r dC

Y r
h
= w0 ( r 2h )
4R
8R
4

1/3

2Y
h

wo

9.29

r 2/3

(a) Till the stone drops through a length L it will be in free fall. After
that the elasticity of the string will force it to a SHM. Let the stone
come to rest instantaneously at y.
The loss in P.E. of the stone is the P.E. stored in the stretched string.

1
k (y L )2
2
1 2
1 2
Or, mgy = ky kyL + kL
2
2

no

mgy =

150

Or,

1 2
1
ky (kL + mg )y + kL2 = 0
2
2

y=

(kL + mg ) (kL + mg )2 k 2 L2
k

Answers

(kL + mg ) 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
k

Retain the positive sign.

y =

(kL + mg ) + 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
k

(b) The maximum velocity is attained when the body passes, through
the equilibrium, position i.e. when the instantaneous acceleration

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

is zero. That is mg - kx = 0 where x is the extension from L:

mg = kx

Let the velecity be v. Then

1
1
mv 2 + kx 2 = mg( L + x )
2
2
1
1
mv 2 = mg ( L + x ) kx 2
2
2
Now mg = kx

x =

mg
k

1
mg 1 m 2 g 2

mv 2 = mg L +
k
2
k2
k 2

= mgL +

m 2g2
k

1 m 2 g2
2

1
1 m 2g2
mv 2 = mgL +
2
2 k

v 2 = 2gL + mg 2 / k

v = (2 gL + mg 2 / k )1/ 2

no

(c) Consider the particle at an instantaneous position y. Then

md 2y
= mg k (y L )
dt 2

d 2y k
+ (y L ) g = 0
dt 2 m

Make a transformation of variables: z =

k
(y L ) g
m

151

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
2
Then d z + k z = 0
2

dt

z = A cos(t + ) where =

k
m

m
y = L + g + A cos(t + )

k
Thus the stone performs SHM with angular frequency about
the point

m
g
k

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

y0 = L +

Chapter 10

10.1

(c)

10.2

(d)

10.3

(b)

10.4

(a)

10.5

(c)

10.6

(a), (d)

10.7

(c), (d)

10.8

(a), (b)

10.9

(c), (d)

10.10 (b), (c)

10.11 No.
10.12 No.

10.13 Let the volume of the iceberg be V. The weight of the iceberg is i Vg.
If x is the fraction submerged, then the volume of water displaced is

no

xV. The buoyant force is wxVg where w is the density of water.

i Vg = w xVg

x =

i
= 0.917
w

10.14 Let x be the compression on the spring. As the block is in equilibrium

Mg (kx + wVg) = 0

152

Answers
where w is the density of water and V is the volume of the block. The
reading in the pan is the force applied by the water on the pan i.e.,
mvessel + mwater + wVg.
Since the scale has been adjusted to zero without the block, the new
reading is wVg.

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

10.15 Let the density of water be w.

Then aL3 + L3g = w xL3 (g + a)

x =

Thus, the fraction of the block submerged is independent of any

acceleration, whether gravity or elevator.
10.16 The height to which the sap will rise is

h =

2T cos 0
2(7.2 10 2 )
=
3
gr
10 9.8 2.5 10 5 0.6m

This is the maximum height to which the sap can rise due to surface

tension. Since many trees have heights much more than this,
capillary action alone cannot account for the rise of water in all
trees.

10.17 If the tanker acclerates in the positive x direction, then the water
will bulge at the back of the tanker. The free surface will be such

no

that the tangential force on any fluid parcel is zero.

Consider a parcel at the surface, of unit volume. The forces on the

fluid are

g y

and

a x

153

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
The component of the weight along the surface is g sin
The component of the acceleration force along the surface is

a cos

g sin = a cos
Hence, tan =a/g

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

10.18 Let v1 and v2 be the volume of the droplets and v of the resulting
drop.
Then v = v1+v2

r 3 = r13 + r23 = ( 0.001 + 0.008 ) cm 3 = 0.009 cm3

r 0.21cm

U = 4 T r 2 (r12 + r22 )

= 4 435.5 103 ( 0.212 0.05 ) 104 J

32 107 J

10.19 R 3 = Nr 3
R
r = 1/ 3
N

U = 4 T (R 2 Nr 2 )

Suppose all this energy is released at the cost of lowering the

temperature. If s is the specific heat then the change in temperature
would be,

U 4 T ( R 2 Nr 2 )
=
,where is the density.
4
ms
3
R s
3

no

1 r2

3 N
R R

3T 1 r 2 R 3

s R R 3r 3

3T 1 1
= s
R r

10.20 The drop will evaporate if the water pressure is more than the vapour
pressure. The membrane pressure (water)

p=

2T
= 2.33 103 Pa
r

r =

154

3T
s

2T
2(7.28 10 2 )
=
= 6.25 10-5 m
p
2.33 10 3

Answers

10.21 (a) Consider a horizontal parcel of air with cross section A and
height dh. Let the pressure on the top surface and bottom
surface be p and p+dp. If the parcel is in equilibrium, then the
net upward force must be balanced by the weight.

p
p + dp

i.e. (p+dp)ApA = PgAdh

dp = gdh.

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

(b) Let the density of air on the earths surface be o , then

=
p o o

po

dp =

o g

pdh

po

g
dp
= o dh
p
po
p

po

ln

g
dp
= o dh
p
po o
h

g
p
= o h
po
po

g
p = p o exp o h
po

(c)

ln

g
1
= o ho
10
po

ho =

po

o g

ln

1
10

po
2.303
o g

1.013 105
2.303 = 0.16 105 m = 16 103 m
1.29 9.8

no

(d) The assumption p is valid only for the isothermal case which
is only valid for small distances.

155

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

10.22 (a) 1 kg of water requires Lv k cal

MA kg of water requires MALv k cal

Since there are NA molecules in MA kg of water the energy required for 1
molecule to evaporate is

u=

M A Lv
J
NA

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

90

18 540 4.2 103

=
J
6 10 26

= 90 18 4.2 1023 J

6.8 1020 J

(b) Consider the water molecules to be points at a distance d from

each other.

A
NA molecules occupy l
w

A
Thus, the volume around one molecule is N l
A w

The volume around one molecule is d3 = (MA/NA w)

1/ 3

1/3

MA
d =

N A w

18

6 10 26 10 3

= ( 30 1030 )

1/ 3

m 3.1 1010 m

(c) 1 kg of vapour occupies 1601 10-3 m3.

18 kg of vapour occupies 18 1601 103 m3

6 1026 molecules occupies 18 1601 103 m3

no

1 molecule occupies

18 1601 10-3
m3
61026

If d is the inter molecular distance, then

d 3 = ( 3 1601 10-29)m3

d = (30 1601)1/3 10-10 m

= 36.3 10-10 m

156

Answers

(d) F ( d -d) = u F =

(e)

F /d =

6.8 1020
u
=
= 0.2048 1010 N
d ' d (36.3 3.1) 1010

0.2048 1010
= 0.066N m 1 = 6.6 102 N m 1
3.1 1010

10.23 Let the pressure inside the balloon be Pi and the outside pressure be Po

2
r

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Pi Po =

Considering the air to be an ideal gas

Pi V= ni R Ti where V is the volume of the air inside the balloon, ni is

the number of moles inside and Ti is the temperature inside, and

Po V= no R To where V is the volume of the air displaced and no is the

number of moles displaced and To is the temperature outside.

Pi V
Mi
=
where Mi is the mass of air inside and MA is the molar
R Ti
MA
P V
Mo
mass of air and no = o =
where Mo is the mass of air outside
R To
MA
ni =

that has been displaced. If W is the load it can raise, then

W + Mi g = Mo g

W= Mo g Mi g

Air is 21% O2 and 79% N2

Molar mass of air MA = 0.2132 + 0.7928 = 28.84 g.

M A V Po Pi

g
R To Ti
4
0.02884 83 9.8 1.013 105 1.013 10 5
25

3
=

293
333
8 313 N

8.314
3
4
0.02884 8
1
1
3

1.013 105

9.8N
8.314
293 333

no

W =

= 3044.2 N.

157

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

Chapter
(d)

11.2

(b)

11.3

(b)

11.4

(a)

11.5

(a)

11.6

(a)

11.7

(d)

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

11.1

11

Original volume Vo =

4
R3
3

Coeff of linear expansion =

Coeff of volume expansion 3

1 dV

= 3
V dT
dV = 3V dT 4 R 3 T

11.8

(c)

11.9

(b), (d)

11.10 (b)

11.11 (a), (d)

11.12 (b), (c), (d)

11.13 Diathermic

11.14 2 and 3 are wrong, 4th is correct.

no

11.15 Due to difference in conductivity, metals having high conductivity

compared to wood. On touch with a finger, heat from the surrounding
flows faster to the finger from metals and so one feels the heat.
Similarly, when one touches a cold metal the heat from the finger
flows away to the surroundings faster.

158

11.16 40 C = 40 F

11.17 Since Cu has a high conductivity
compard to steel, the junction of Cu and
steel gets heated quickly but steel does
not conduct as quickly, thereby allowing
food inside to get heated uniformly.

Steel
Cu
Junction
Flame

Answers
1
Ml 2
12
1
1
1
1
I' =
M (l + l )2 =
Ml 2 +
2 Ml l +
M ( l )2
12
12
12
12
1
I+
Ml 2 2T
12

11.18 I =

= I + 2 I T

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

I = 2 I T
11.19 Refer to the P.T diagram of water and double headed
arrow. Increasing pressure at 0C and 1 atm takes
ice into liquid state and decreasing pressure in liquid
state at 0C and 1 atm takes water to ice state.

When crushed ice is squeezed, some of it melts. filling

up gap between ice flakes. Upon releasing pressure,

this water freezes binding all ice flakes making the

P
(atm)

Liquid

218

solid

1
0.006

220

ball more stable.

0.01

gas

374

T (K)

11.20 Resultant mixture reaches 0oC. 12.5 g of ice and rest is water.

11.21 The first option would have kept water warmer because according

to Newtons law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat is directly

proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and the
surrounding and in the first case the temperature difference is less,
so rate of loss of heat will be less.

11.22 l iron l
brass, = 10 cm at all tempertature

l iron (1 + iron t ) l 
(1 +
t ) = 10cm
brass
brass
l iron iron = l brass brass

no

l iron
1.8 3

=
=
l brass 1.2 2

1 
l
= 10cm l brass = 20 cm
2 brass

and l iron = 30 cm

159

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

11.23 Iron vessel with a brass rod inside

Viron
6
=
Vbrass 3.55

brass
iron

vo

Viron Vbrass = 100cc = Vo

rod
inside
Vbrass
= 144.9 cc Viron
= 244.9 cc

11.24 Stress = K strain

V
V

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
=K

=K(3 )t

= 140 109 3 1.7 105 20

= 1.428 10 8 N/m 2

This is about 103 times atmospheric pressure.

2

L L L
11.25 x = +

2
2
2

1
2L L
2

L = L t

L
2 t
2

0.11m 11cm

11.26 Method I

Temperature at a distance x from one and (that at 1) is given by

no

= 1 +

New length of small element of length dx0

dx = dx o (1 + )

dx

(2 1 )
= dx o + dx o 1 +
Lo

Now

160

x
(2 1 ) : linear temperature gradient.
Lo

dx o

= Lo

and

dx = L : new length

q1

q2

Answers

Integrating

L = L o + L o 1 +

(2 1 )
Lo

x dx o

= L o 1 + ( 2 + 1 ) as
2

L0

0 xdx = 2 L 0
2

Method II
If temperature of the rod varies linearly, we can assume average

1
(1 + 2 ) and hence new length
2
1
L = L o 1 + (2 + 1 )

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

temperature to be

11.27 (i) 1.8 1017 J/S

(ii) 7 109 kg

(iii) 47.7 N/m2.

Chapter

12.1

12

(c) adiabatic

A is isobaric process, D is isochoric. Of B and C, B has the smaller

slope (magnitude) hence is isothermal. Remaing process is
adiabatic.
(a)

12.3

(c)

12.4

(b)

12.5

(a)

12.6

(b)

12.7

(a), (b) and (d).

12.8

(a), (d)

12.9

(b), (c)

no

12.2

12.10

(a), (c)

12.11

(a), (c)

161

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

12.12

If the system does work against the surroundings so that it

compensates for the heat supplied, the temperature can remain
constant.

12.13

U p U Q = W.D. in path 1 on the system + 1000 J

= W.D. in path 2 on the system + Q

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Q = (100 + 1000)J = 900 J

12.14

Here heat removed is less than the heat supplied and hence the
room, including the refrigerator (which is not insulated from the
room) becomes hotter.

12.15

Yes. When the gas under goes adiabatic compression, its

temperature increases.
dQ = dU + dW

As dQ = 0 (adiabatic process)
so dU = -dW

In compression, work is done on the system So, dW = -ve

dU = + ve

So internal energy of the gas increases, i.e. its temperature increases.

12.16

During driving, temperature of the gas increases while its volume

remains constant.

So according to Charles law, at constant V, P T.

Therefore, pressure of gas increases.

no

12.17

Q T2 3
=
= , Q1 Q2 = 103 J
Q1 T1 5

5
3
Q1 1 = 103 J Q1 = 102 J = 2500 J, Q 2 = 1500J
2

12.18

5 7000 10 3 4.2 J = 60 15 10 N

N=

162

21 7 106 147
=
103 = 16.3 103 times.
900
9

Answers
12.19

P (V + v ) = ( P + p )V
v
p
P 1 +
= P 1 +

v p dv V
=
;
=
V
P dp p

W.D. =

P2

p dv =

P2

12.20

( P2 P1 )

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

p p dp =
P

=1

270
1
=
300 10

Efficiency of refrigerator = 0.5 =

1
20

If Q is the heat/s transferred at higher temperture then

or Q = 20W = 20kJ,

W
1
=
Q 20

and heat removed from lower temperture = 19 kJ.

12.21

12.22

Q2
= 5 , Q2 = 5W, Q1 = 6W
W
T2 5
T
= =
, T2 = 250K = 23 C
T1 6 300

The P-V digram for each case is shown in the figure.

In case (i) Pi Vi = Pf Vf ; therfore process is isothermal. Work

done = area under the PV curve so work done is more when
P
the gas expands at constant pressure.
12.23

(Pi,Vi)

case(ii) (Pi,Vf)

case (i)

(Pi,Vf)

(a) Work done by the gas (Let PV1/2 = A)

W =

V2

V2

pdv =A

V1

V1

V
dV
= A

V
1/ 2 V

V2

= 2A

V2 V1

Vf

= 2P1V11/2 V21/2 V11/2

Since T = pV / nR =

A
. V
nR

no

(b)

Thus,

(c)

T2
V2
=
= 2
T1
V1

Then, the change in internal energy

U = U 2 W1 =

3
3
R ( T2 T1 ) = RT1 ( 2 1)
2
2

163

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
W = 2 A V1 ( 2 1) = 2RT1 ( 2 1)

Q = (7 / 2)RT1 ( 2 1)
12.24 (a)

A to B

(b)

C to D

(c)

WAB =

= 0; WCD = 0 .

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

p dV

C
C
dV
V r +1
W
=
pdV
=
k
=
k

BC
Vr
Similarly.
R + 1
B
B

Similarly, W DA =

VC

VB

1
( Pc Vc PB VB )
1

1
( PAV A PD VD )
1

Now PC = PB B = 2 PB
VC
Similarly, PD = PA 2-

Totat work done = WBC +WDA

(d)

1
PB VB ( 2 +1 1) PA V A ( 2 +1 1)
1

1
(21 1)( PB PA )V A
1

2/3

3
1
1
( PB PA ) V A
2
2

Heat supplied during process A, B

no

dQAB = dUAB

3
3
QAB = nR(TB TA ) = (PB PA )VA
2
2
Net Work done 1 2 3
= 1

Efficiency =
Heat Supplied 2

12.25 Q AB = U AB =

3
3
R(TB T A ) = V A ( PB PA )
2
2

QBc = U BC + WBC

164

Answers

= ( 3/2) PB (VC VB ) + PB (VC VB )

= (5 / 2

) P B (V C

VA )

QCA = 0
QDA =( 5/2) PA (VA-VD)
12.26 Slope of P = f (V), curve at (Vo, Po)

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

= f (Vo)

Slope of adiabat at (Vo, Po)

= k (-) Vo1 = - Po/Vo

Now heat absorbed in the process P = f (V)

dQ = dV + dW

= nCvdT + P dV

Since T = (1/nR) PV = (1/nR) V f (V)

dT = (1/nR) [f (V) + V f (V)] dV

Thus

dQ
dV

CV
[ f (Vo ) + Vo f '(Vo )] + f (Vo )
R
Vo f '(Vo )
1

= 1 + 1 f (Vo ) +
1

Vo

=
Po +
f '(Vo )
1
1

V = Vo

Heat is absorbed when dQ/dV > 0 when gas expands, that is when

Po + Vo f (Vo) >0
f (Vo) > - Po/Vo
Pi = Pa

no

12.27 (a)

k
(V Vo ) = Pa + k (V Vo )
A

(b)

P f = Pa +

(c)

All the supplied heat is converted to mechanical energy. No

change in internal energy (Perfect gas)

165

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
Q = Pa (V Vo ) +

1
k (V Vo )2 + CV (T To )
2

where To = Pa Vo/R,
T = [Pa+(R/A)-(V-Vo)]V/R

13

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Chapter
13.1

(b)

Comment for discussion: This brings in concepts of relative motion

and that when collision takes place, it is the relative velocity which
changes.

13.2

(d)

Comment for discussion: In the ideal case that we normally consider,

each collision transfers twice the magnitude of its normal
momentum. On the face EFGH, it transfers only half of that.

13.3

(b)

13.4

(c) This is a constant pressure

13.5

(a)

13.6

(d)

( p = Mg / A ) arrangement.

Comment for discussion: The usual statement for the perfect gas law
somehow emphasizes molecules. If a gas exists in atomic form
(perfectly possible) or a combination of atomic and molecular form,
the law is not clearly stated.

13.7

(b)

Comment: In a mixture, the average kinetic energy are equating.

Hence, distribution in velocity are quite different.

no

13.8

(d)

Comment for discussion: In this chapter, one has discussed constant

pressure and constant volume situations but in real life there are
many situations where both change. If the surfaces were rigid, p
would rise to 1.1 p. However, as the pressure rises, V also rises such
that pv finally is 1.1 RT with p final > p and Vfinal > V. Hence (d).

13.9

(b),(d)

13.10 (c)
13.11 (a), (d)

166

Answers

( )

Comment : The equation <K.E. of translation> = 3 2 RT , <Rotational

energy> = RT is taught. The fact that the distribution of the two is
independent of each other is not emphasized. They are
independently Maxwellian.
13.12 (a), (c)
13.13 (a)
Comment : Conceptually, it is not often clear to the students that
elastic collisions with a moving object leads to change in its energy.
1023

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

13.14 Molar mass of gold is 197 g mole1, the number of atoms = 6.0

No. of atoms in 39.4g =

6.0 1023 39.4

= 1.2 1023
197

13.15 Keeping P constant, we have

V2 =
13.16

V1T2 100 600

=
= 200cc
T1
300

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2

V1 P2T1 2 300 3
=
=
=
V2 P1T2
400
2
P1 =

1 M 2
1 M 2
c1 ; P2 =
c2
3 V1
3 V2

c 22 = c12

V2 P2

V1 P1

= (100)2

c2 =

2
2
3

200
m s1
3

13.17 vrms =

v12 + v 22
2

(9 106 )2 + (1 106 )2
2

(81 + 1) 1012
= 41 106 m s 1.
2

no

13.18 O2 has 5 degrees of freedom. Therfore, energy per mole =

5
RT
2

For 2 moles of O2, energy = 5RT

3
Neon has 3 degrees of freedom Energy per mole = RT
2
For 4 mole of neon, energy = 4 3 RT = 6RT
2
Total energy = 11RT.

167

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

13.19 l

1
d2
o

d1 = 1 A

2 = 2 A

l1 : l 2 = 4 :1
13.20 V1 = 2.0 litre

V2 = 3.0 litre

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

1 = 4.0 moles 2 = 5.0 moles

P1 = 1.00 atm P2 = 2.00 atm

P1V1 = 1RT1

P2V2 = 2 RT2

= 1 + 2

For 1 mole PV =

V = V1V2

2
E
3

2
1E1
3
2
P2V2 = 2 E 2
For 2 moles
3
3
Total energy is ( 1E1 + 2 E 2 ) = (P1V1 + P2V2 )
2
2
2
PV = E total = E per mole
3
3
2 3
P (V1 + V2 ) = (P1V1 + P2V2 )
3 2
P1V1 + P2V2
P=
*
V1 + V2
For 1 moles

P1V1 =

1.00 2.0 + 2.00 3.0

atm
2.0 + 3.0

8.0
= 1.60 atm.
5.0

Comment: This form of ideal gas law represented by Equation marked*

becomes very useful for adiabatic changes.

no

13.21 The average K.E will be the same as conditions of temperature and
pressure are the same
1
vrms
m

m A > m B > mc
vC > v B > v A

168

Answers

13.22 We have 0.25 6 1023 molecules, each of volume 1030m3.

Molecular volume = 2.5 107m3
Supposing Ideal gas law is valid.
Final volume =

Vin
(3)3 106
=
2.7 10 7 m 3
100
100

which is about the molecular volume. Hence, intermolecular forces

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

cannot be neglected. Therfore the ideal gas situation does not hold.
13.23 When air is pumped, more molecules are pumped in. Boyles law is
stated for situation where number of molecules remain constant.
13.24 = 5.0

T = 280K

No of atoms = N A = 5.0 6.02 1023

= 30 1023

Average kinetic energy per molecule =

Total internal energy =

3
kT
2

3
kT N
2
3
= 30 1023 1.38 1023 280
2
= 1.74 104 J

13.25 Volume occupied by 1gram mole of gas at NTP = 22400cc

Number of molecules in 1cc of hydrogen

6.023 1023
= 2.688 1019
22400

As each diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom,

hydrogen being diatomic also has 5 degrees of freedom

no

Total no of degrees of freedom = 5 2.688 1019

= 1.344 1020

1
2
13.26 Loss in K.E of the gas = E = (mn )v o
2
where n = no: of moles.
If its temperature changes by T , then

3
1
R T = mn vo 2 .
2
2

T =

mvo 2
3R

169

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

13.27 The moon has small gravitational force and hence the escape velocity

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

is small. As the moon is in the proximity of the Earth as seen from the
Sun, the moon has the same amount of heat per unit area as that of
the Earth. The air molecules have large range of speeds. Even though
the rms speed of the air molecules is smaller than the escape velocity
on the moon, a significant number of molecules have speed greater
than escape velocity and they escape. Now rest of the molecules
arrange the speed distribution for the equilibrium temperature. Again
a significant number of molecules escape as their speeds exceed escape
speed. Hence, over a long time the moon has lost most of its
atmosphere.
At 300 K

Vrms =

3kT
=
m

3 1.38 1023 300

= 1.7 km/s
7.3 1026

Vesc for moon = 4.6 km/s

(b)

As the molecules move higher their potential energy

increases and hence kinetic energy decreases and hence

temperature reduces.
At greater height more volume is available and gas expands and
hence some cooling takes place.

13.28 (This problem is designed to give an idea about cooling by evaporation)

(i)

V 2rms =

n i vi 2
i
ni

10 (200)2 + 20 (400)2 + 40 (600)2 + 20 (800)2 + 10 (1000)2

100
2
10 100 (1 4 + 2 16 + 4 36 + 2 64 + 1 100)
=
100

= 1000 (4 + 32 + 144 + 128 + 100) = 408 1000m 2/s2

no

vrms = 639m/s
1
3
mv 2rms = kT
2
2

T =

1 mv 2rms 1 3.0 1026 4.08 105

=
3 k
3
1.38 1023

= 2.96 102 K = 296K

170

Answers

2
(ii) V rms =

10 (200)2 + 20 (400)2 + 40 (600)2 + 20 (800)2

90
10 1002 (1 4 + 2 16 + 4 36 + 2 64)
90
308
= 10000
= 342 1000 m 2/s 2
9

vrms = 584m/s

13.29 Time t =

=
n=

t=
=

1 mV 2rms
= 248K
3
k

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
T =

v
1
, d = diameter and n = number density
2 d 2n

N
10
=
= 0.0167 km 3
V 20 20 1.5
1

2 d 2 ( N / V ) v

1
1.414 3.14 (20)2 0.0167 103 150

= 225 h

13.30 V1x = speed of molecule inside the box along x direction

n1 = number of molecules per unit volume

In time t, particles moving along the wall will collide if they are
within (V1x t ) distance. Let a = area of the wall. No. of particles
colliding in time t =
wall).

1
n i (Vix t )a (factor of 1/2 due to motion towards
2

In general, gas is in equilibrium as the wall is very large as compared

to hole.

V12 x + V12y + V12z = V 2rms

no

V 2rms
3
1
3
3kT
mV 2rms = kT V 2rms =
2
2
m
kT
V 21x =
m
V12x =

No. of particles colliding in time t =

1
kT
n1
t a . If particles
2
m

171

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

collide along hole, they move out. Similarly outer particles colliding
along hole will move in.

Net particle flow in time t =

1
kT
(n1 n 2 )
t a as temperature
2
m

is same in and out.

PV
pV = RT =
N A PN A RT
n=
=
V
RT
After some time pressure changes to p1 inside
P1N A
RT

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
n1 =

1
2

n1V n1V = no. of particle gone out = (n1 n 2 )

P1N A
P N
N
1
V 1 A V = ( P1 P2 ) A
2
RT
RT
RT
P P1 V m
= 2 1

P1 P2 a kT

kT
a
m

kT
a
m

46.7 1027
1.5 1.4 5 1.00
= 2

6
1.38 1023 300
1.5 1.0 0.01 10

= 1.38 105 s

13.31 n = no. of molecules per unit volume

vrms = rms speed of gas molecules

When block is moving with speed vo, relative speed of molecules w.r.t.

front face = v + vo

Coming head on, momentum transferred to block per collission

= 2m (v+vo), where m = mass of molecule.

No. of collission in time t =

1
(v + v o )n tA , where A = area of cross
2

section of block and factor of 1/2 appears due to particles moving

towards block.

Momentum transferred in time t = m (v + vo )2 nA t from front

no

surface

Similarly momentum transferred in time t = m (v vo )2 nA t from

back surface
2
Net force (drag force) = mnA (v + v o ) (v v o ) from front

= mnA (4vvo) = (4mnAv)vo

= (4 Av )v o

172

Answers

We also have

1
1
mv 2 = kT
2
2

Therefore, v =

(v - is the velocity along x-axis)

kT
.
m
kT
v0 .
m

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Thus drag = 4 A

Chapter

14.1

(b)

14.2

(b)

14.3

(d)

14.4

(c)

14.5

(c)

14.6

(d)

14.7

(b)

14.8

(a)

14.9

(c)

14.10 (a)
14.11 (b)

14

14.12 (a), (c)

14.13 (a), (c)

14.14 (d), (b)

14.15 (a), (b), (d)

14.16 (a), (b), (c)
14.17 (a), (b) (d)

14.18 (a), (c), (d)

(ii) (B), (D), (F), (H)

no

14.19 (i) (A),(C),(E),(G)

14.20 2kx towards left.

14.21 (a) Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement.

(b) Acceleration is directed opposite to displacement.

14.22 When the bob of the pendulum is displaced from the mean position
so that sin

173

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
14.23 +
14.24 Four
14.25 -ve

tt
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pu T
bl
is
he
d

14.27

1
1
14.28 lm = l E = m
6
6
14.29 If mass m moves down by h, then the spring extends by 2h (because
each side expands by h). The tension along the string and spring is
the same.

In equilibrium

mg = 2 (k. 2h)

where k is the spring constant.

On pulling the mass down by x,

F = mg - 2k ( 2h + 2x )
= 4kx

m
4k

So. T = 2

14.30 y =
14.31

2 sin ( t / 4) ; T = 2 /

14.32 U = U o (1 cos x )

F=

dU d
=
(U o U o cos a x )
dx
dx

= U o sin x

no

U o x

= U o 2 x

We know that F = kx
So, k = U o 2

T = 2

174

( for small x ,sin x x )

m
U o 2

Answers

14.33 x = 5 sin 5t.

14.34 1 = o sin ( t + 1 )

2 = o sin (t + 2 )
For the first, = 2, sin (t + 1 ) = 1
For the 2nd, = 1, sin (t + 2 ) = 1/ 2

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

t + 1 = 90, t + 2 = 30
1 2 = 120
14.35 (a) Yes.

(b) Maximum weight = Mg +MA2

= 50 9.8 + 50

5
( 2 2 )2
100

= 490 + 400 = 890N.

Minimum weight = Mg MA2

= 50 9.8 50

5
( 2 2 )2
100

= 490400
= 90 N.

Maximum weight is at the topmost position,

Minimum weight is at the lowermost position.

14.36 (a) 2cm (b) 2.8 s1

14.37 Let the log be pressed and let the vertical displacement at the
equilibrium position be xo.
At equilibrium

mg = Buoyant force

= Ax o g

When it is displaced by a further displacement x, the buoyant force

is A( x o + x ) g.

no

Net restoning force

= Buoyant force weight

= A( x o + x ) g mg

= ( A g )x . i.e. proportional to x.

T = 2

m
Ag

175

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics
14.38 Consider the liquid in the length dx. Its mass is A dx at a height x.
PE = A dx gx
dx

The PE of the left column

h1 x

h1

o A gxdx

45
h1

= Ag

45

h12 A gl 2 sin 2 45
=
2
2

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

x2
= Ag
2

h2

Similarly, P.E. of the right column = A g

h 22 A gl 2 sin 2 45
=
2
2

h1 = h2 = l sin 45 where l is the length of the liquid in one arm of the

tube.

Total P.E. = A gh 2 = A gl 2 sin2 45 =

A gl 2
2

If the change in liquid level along the tube in left side in y, then
length of the liquid in left side is ly and in the right side is l + y.
Total P.E. = A g(l y )2 sin 2 45 + A g(l + y )2 sin2 45
Change in PE = (PE)f (PE)i

Ag
2
Ag
=
2
=

(l y )2 + (l + y )2 l 2

l 2 + y 2 2 ly + l 2 + y 2 + 2 ly l 2

= A g y 2 + l 2

Change in K.E. =

1
A 2ly 2
2

no

Change in total energy = 0

( P .E ) + ( K .E ) = 0
A g l 2 + y 2 + A ly 2 = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time,

176

Answers

dy
= 0
A g 0 + 2y
+ 2 A lyy

dt
= 0
2 A gy + 2 A ly

+ gy = 0
ly
+
y

g
y =0
l
g
l

g
l

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

2 =

l
g

T = 2

14.39 Accelertation due to gravity at P =

g.x
, where g is the acceleration
R

at the surface.
Force =

mgx
mg
= k .x , k =
R
R

Motion will be SHM with time period T =

m
R
= 2
K
g

14.40 Assume that t = 0 when = 0. Then,

= 0 cos t

Given a seconds pendulum = 2

At time t1, let = 0/2

= 0 2 sin 2t
At t1 = 1/6

1
6
d
= dt

cos 2t1 = 1/2 t1 =

2
= 3 0
6

no

= 0 2 sin

Thus the linear velocity is

u = 30l

qo

qo/2

perpendicular to the string.

The vertical component is

u y = 3 0l sin 0

177

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

and the horizontal component is

u x = 30l cos 0
At the time it snaps, the vertical height is

H = H + l (1 cos (0 /2 ) )
Let the time required for fall be t, then

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

H = u y t + (1/2 ) gt 2 (notice g is also in the negative direction)

1 2
gt + 30l sin0 t H = 0
2
3 0l sin 0 3 2 02 e 2 sin 2 0 + 2 gH
t =
g
3 l 02 3 204 l 2 + 2 gH

Or,

Neglecting terms of order 02 and heigher,

2H
.
g

Now H' H + l (1 1) = H t

2H
g

The distance travelled in the x direction is uxt to the left of where it

snapped.

X = 30l cos 0

2H
g

To order of 0 ,

X = 30l

2H
6H
=
0 l .
g
g

At the time of snapping, the bob was

l sin 0 l0 distance from A.

no

Thus, the distance from A is

178

l 0

6H
l0 = l0 (1 6H / g ).
g

Answers

15.1

(b)

15.2

(c)

15.3

(c)

15.4

(c)

15.5

(b)

15.6

(c)

15.7

(d)

15.8

(b)

15.9

(b)

15.10 (c)

15

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d

Chapter

15.11 (a), (b), (c)

15.12 (b), (c)
15.13 (c), (d)

15.14 (b), (c), (d)

15.15 (a), (b), (d)

15.16 (a), (b)

15.17 (a), (b), (d), (e)

15.18 Wire of twice the length vibrates in its second harmonic. Thus if the
tuning fork resonaters at L, it will resonate at 2L.
15.19 L/2 as is constant.
15.20 517 Hz.
15.21 5cm

15.22 1/3. Since frequency

15.23 2184oC, since C T

1
m = r 2
m

15.24 n n
1
2

1
2l

no

15.25 343 m s1. n =

= 412.5 with v = 330 m/s

15.26 3nd harmonic since n o =

4l

c v

15.27 412.5Hz n ' = n

179

Exemplar ProblemsPhysics

15.28 Stationary waves; 20cm

15.29 (a) 9.8 10-4s. (b) Nodes-A, B, C, D, E. Antinodes-A1, C1. (c) 1.41m.
15.30 (a) 348.16 ms-1
(b) 336 m/s
(c) Resonance will be observed at 17cm length of air column, only
intensity of sound heard may be greater due to more complete
reflection of the sound waves at the mercury surface.

nv
, the result follows.
2L

tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
15.31 From the relation, =

6400 3500 2500 1000 2

+
+
8
5
8

15.32 t =

= 1975 s.

= 32 minute 55 second.

15.33 c =

c
=
v

3P

3RT
,v =
M

and =

P
RT
=
M

7
for diatomic gases.
5

15.34 (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i).

15.35 (a) 5m, (b) 5m, (c) 50Hz, (d) 250ms-1, (e) 500 ms-1.

15.36 (a) 6.4 radian, (b) 0.8 radian, (c) radian, (d) 3 /2 radian, (e)

no

80 radian.

180