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    04 Flow Control Structures-1

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    04 Flow Control Structures-1

    Uploaded by

    rajal11
    38 views18 pages
    04 Flow Control Structures-1

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    04 Flow Control Structures-1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views18 pages

    04 Flow Control Structures-1

    Uploaded by

    rajal11
    04 Flow Control Structures-1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    FlowControlandMeasurement

    Weirs
    i.Broadcrestedweir
    ii.Sharpcrestedweir
    Spillways
    SluiceGates
    ThroatedFlumes

    BroadCrestedWeir

    SharpCrestedWeir

    V-notch Weir

    Weirs
    y The primary purpose is to measure discharge
    y Broad crested weirs are robust structures spanning
    width of a channel, can be rectangular, triangular,
    trapezoidal and round crested
    y Sharp crested weirs (plate weirs) are generally limited to
    laboratories, small channels and streams that do not
    carry debris and sediments
    y The V-notch weir overcomes the problem of loss of
    accuracy at low flows in rectangular weirs

    BroadCrestedWeir
    Iftheheightofweirpissufficienttocausecriticalflowthen
    thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenH1 andQthatcanbeused
    todeterminetheflowrateQ.
    v12/2g
    D1

    vc2/2g
    H1

    Dc
    p

    Minimumheightofweircanbeobtainedfrom:

    v12 / 2g + D1 = vc2 / 2g + Dc + p

    BroadCrestedWeir

    D1

    H1

    Dc
    p

    D3

    Modularflow:freedischarge occursi.e.H1Qrelationshipnot
    upsetbydownstreamlevels.
    Drowned/submergedflow:tailwaterlevelaffectsupstream
    levels.
    ModularLimit:definedbyparticularvalueoftailwaterdepth
    D3 whichbeginstoaffectflowovertheweir.

    BroadCrestedWeir
    Modularflow
    Drowned/submerged
    flow!

    EnvironmentAgency

    Broadcrestedweirdischargeformodularflow
    V1
    widthb

    D1

    H1

    Ifb=B
    Q=AcVc =BDcVc
    Atcriticalflow,
    V2 = Vc = gDc

    Vc

    weir

    Dc

    Q = BDc gDc = B g (Dc )

    3/ 2

    2Ec
    Dc =
    3
    2Ec
    Q = B g

    3/ 2

    2
    2g
    3/ 2
    (Ec )
    = B
    3
    3

    Broadcrestedweirdischargeformodularflow
    ApplyBernoullisEquationfrom1toc

    E1 = Ec + p
    V12
    2g

    + D1 = Ec + p

    V12
    V12
    + D1 p =
    + H1
    Ec =
    2g
    2g

    2 2g V
    Q = B
    + H1

    3
    3 2g

    2
    1

    = 1.705B + H1
    2g

    2
    1

    V1 isnotknownbutcanbe
    incorporatedintoacoefficient,so
    toocannonparallelstreamlines
    andenergylosses,givingthe
    stagedischarge(QH1)
    relationship:

    3/ 2

    2
    2g 3 / 2
    Q = C d Cv B
    H1
    3
    3

    3/ 2

    coefficientof
    discharge

    upstream
    velocity
    correction

    Dischargeoverasharpcrestedweir
    Dischargeperunitwidthofthe
    weir
    H

    q = V2dh =
    H/3

    (2gh + V )

    2 1/ 2
    1

    dh

    H/3

    (1)

    H/3

    H
    h1

    (2)
    h

    V1

    h2

    3/ 2
    3/ 2
    2
    2

    H V1
    2
    V1
    1/ 2
    = (2g ) H + +
    3
    2g
    3 2g

    2
    1/ 2
    2
    0.81 (2g ) H3/ 2 (whereV1 is neglected.)
    3

    Inpractice,thecoefficient0.81isreplacedbyconstant
    coefficientCw.

    Dischargeoveravnotchweir
    Duetonatureoftriangularslot:
    Asdischargedecreasessodoeswidth,preservingaccuracy
    Foraparticulardischargelargerheadthanovera
    rectangularweir V1 0
    Butforlargerdischargesupstreamwaterlevelsincreased
    considerably

    1/ 2
    Q = C D tan (2 g ) H 5 / 2
    15
    2

    /2
    H

    whereCD istypically0.58for45< <120

    Spillways
    Structurethatsafelyenables
    watertoflowfromadamtoa
    lowerlevel(river,stillingbasin
    etc).
    Overflowspillway commonfor
    concretedamsbutnotearth
    whichwoulderode,sometimes
    ejectswaterfarfrombaseofdam
    walltoavoidscour
    Chutespillway steep,veryfast
    flow
    Shaftspillway bellmouth
    entranceletswaterfallvertically
    down

    wwwgeoimages.berkeley.edu

    Sluicegate
    AlsocalledUnderflowgate
    Controlflowinrivers/manmadechannels
    Canbeusedtomeasuredischarge,ifcalibrated
    Freeordrowned

    Hamillp315

    Throated
    Flume
    Flow passes through
    critical depth in the throat.
    Hydraulic jump in
    diverging channel.
    Same equation as a
    broad-crested weir but a
    slightly higher coefficient.
    Tarsuswastewatertreatmentplant

    Example1
    Waterflowsalongarectangularchannelataadepthof1.3m
    whenthedischargeis8.74m3/s.Thechannelwidthis5.5m,
    thesameastheweir.
    Ignoringenergylosses,whatistheminimumheightofa
    rectangularbroadcrestedweirifitistofunctionwithcritical
    depthonthecrest?
    HamillEx9.6
    [0.42m]

    Example2
    Waterflowsoverabroadcrestedweir0.5mhighthat
    completelyspansarectangularchannel10.0mwide.
    Whenthedischargeis19.0m3/s,estimatethedepthofflow
    upstreamoftheweir.
    Assumenolossofenergyandthatcriticaldepthoccurson
    theweircrest.
    HamillEx9.7
    [1.49m]

    Example3
    Arectangularchannel4mwidehasaManningscoefficientof
    0.015s/m1/3.Abroadcrestedweirhasbeenconstructedacross
    thefullwidthofthechannel.
    Assumethattheflowconditionsdownstreamoftheweirdo
    notaffecttheflowprofileattheweir.
    Ifthebedslopeis1:500andthenormaldepthofflowis2m
    determinetheminimumheightoftheweircrestabovethe
    channelbedforcriticalflowtooccur.

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