Joint Channel Estimation and PTS To Reduce Peak-to-Average-Power Radio in OFDM Systems Without Side Information
Joint Channel Estimation and PTS To Reduce Peak-to-Average-Power Radio in OFDM Systems Without Side Information
Joint Channel Estimation and PTS To Reduce Peak-to-Average-Power Radio in OFDM Systems Without Side Information
883
OFDM signals could be directly recovered via channel estimation without any knowledge of the SI at the receiver. Therefore,
the system does not need to reserve extra bits to deposit and
protect the phase rotation factors. Furthermore, we also propose a novel pilot arrangement, in which the pilot tones are independently inserted into each subblock to achieve an accurate
channel estimation.
The rest of this letter is organized as follows. We briefly describe the OFDM system and channel estimation in Section II.
In Section III, the CE-PTS method and novel pilot arrangement are proposed in detail. The simulation results are shown
in Section IV, followed by conclusions in Section V.
I. INTRODUCTION
T is well-known that orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted in various wireless communication standards. However, it suffers from high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Therefore, many methods have been
proposed to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals [1]. For example, one promising scheme is the partial transmit sequence
(PTS) method [2][5]. However, for the traditional PTS (T-PTS)
method, the communication system has to reserve some bits for
the transmission of the phase rotation factors as side information (SI), resulting in a decrease in the data rate. Note that, SI
only represents the information about the phase rotation factors
in this letter. Commonly, it is hard to correctly recover the SI at
the receiver, which may largely increase the bit error rate (BER).
When extra bits are employed to protect the SI for being correctly submitted, the total data rate is further degraded.
In this letter, we propose a novel method, which combines
the channel estimation and T-PTS method to reduce the PAPR
of OFDM signals, called as the CE-PTS method. Particularly,
a virtual channel frequency response is considered as the combination of the traditional channel frequency response and the
phase rotation factors of the T-PTS method. Thus, the original
Manuscript received June 28, 2010; revised August 04, 2010; accepted August 05, 2010. Date of publication August 12, 2010; date of current version
August 26, 2010. This work was supported in part by the NSF of China under
Grant 60872008, the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
of China under Grant NCET-08-0217, and the Research Fund for the Doctoral
Program of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant
200804871142. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript
and approving it for publication was Dr. Teng Joon Lim.
The authors are with the Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics,
Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Huazhong University
of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China (e-mail: guanlili87@gmail.
com; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LSP.2010.2066562
is
the
number
of
(2)
where
represents the expectation.
Commonly, to mitigate the inter-symbol interference, pilot
tones need to be inserted to acquire the channel state information (CSI) for frequency-selective channels in OFDM systems
at the receiver, such as to estimate the frequency response of the
fading channel. For simplicity, we do not consider the CSI at
the transmitter in this letter, and the frequency domain channel
estimation based on the comb type pilot arrangement [6] is conas the locations of
sidered. Denote
, where
pilot tones and
is the number of pilot tones. Obviously,
is the pilot
, whereas,
when
. Denote
tone for
as the complementary set of
in
, representing the locations of the data symbols, and
. Obviously,
when
and
is the corresponding data symbol
.
Therefore, we have
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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010
(3)
For the arrangement of the comb type pilot used for channel
estimation, the pilot tones are uniformly inserted with the
between the adjacent pilots. Based on the requirespacing
satisfies
ment of channel estimation,
(4)
is the length of an OFDM
where is the symbol period,
is the length of the maximum multipath delay,
data block,
denotes the largest integer smaller than or equal to
and
[7]. Note that,
, where
denotes the smallest
integer larger than or equal to [6]. Therefore, we have
(5)
.
where is a positive integer and
At the receiver, after taking the fast fourier transform (FFT)
operation, the received signal in the frequency domain can be
written as
(6)
where
(11)
(7)
and
are the estimated frequency channel
where
response on the pilot tone and the data symbol, respectively.
are known at the
Since the value and the location of
from (6) and (7), i.e.,
receiver, we could obtain
(12)
(8)
Similarly,
the
received
signal
is
partitioned
disjoint subblocks
, where
into
the type of the disjoint subblocks is the same as that of the
transmitter. As a result
Then,
(13)
(9)
subblock, and
.
(14)
III. PROPOSED CE-PTS SCHEME
A. T-PTS Scheme
As we know, the pilot tones are inserted to estimate the frequency response of the fading channel. For
remains unchanged and
the T-PTS method,
is partitioned into U disjoint subblocks
. Therefore,
, where
. For simis a positive integer. Therefore,
plicity, we assume
when
, otherwise,
.
as the virtual frequency channel response, which is the combination of the traditional channel frequency response and the phase
rotation factors used in the T-PTS method.
Substituting (3) and (14) into (13), we have
(15)
where
and
are the virtual frequency channel response on the pilot tone and the data symbol, respectively.
Similarly, we have
(16)
885
Fig. 1. Comparisons between the comb type pilot arrangement and the novel type pilot arrangement with
where
is the estimation of
. After linear interpolation and extrapolation, we have the estimated channel response
. Therefore, the estimated data
at the receiver is
TABLE I
SYSTEM PARAMETERS EMPLOYED FOR SIMULATION
(17)
Comparing (9) with (17), we find that the CE-PTS method
without
could directly recover the original data symbol
the SI. In other words, unlike the T-PTS method, the proposed
scheme does not need to reserve extra bits to deposit and protect
.
the phase rotation factors
C. Novel Type Pilot Arrangement
For the proposed method, we independently make channel
estimation for each subblock with
subcarriers and
pilot tones. For simplicity,
is assumed as a positive integer. Particularly, denote as the number of the nonzero subas the number of
carriers in front of the first pilot tone, and
subthe nonzero subcarriers behind the last pilot tone in the
block. Note that, due to the lack of pilot tones at the edge of
subblock, the channel estimation error for the edge
the
and
subcarriers may be increased via the extrapolation. In
and
is large,
other words, when the difference between
the channel estimation error may be significantly increased [8].
To illustrate the principle of the novel type pilot arrangement,
we give some intuitive illustrations as shown in Fig. 1, where
,
,
,
, and
.
Fig. 1(a) shows the locations of the pilot tones for the traditional
comb pilot arrangement. As shown in Fig. 1(b), the channel estimation error of the CE-PTS method with the traditional comb
pilot arrangement may be significantly increased due to the bad
and
effect of extrapolation since the difference between
is large (
and
). In this paper, we propose a novel
pilot tones are
comb type pilot arrangement, in which
independently inserted into each subblock with the spacing
between adjacent pilots. According to the result analyzed in [8],
for the novel pilot arrangement, we set
(18)
and
(19)
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10 T.
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010
= 8 and L T =
are
. However, when
and Imperfect SI,
, the BERs of the Perfect SI,
and
are
and
, respecImperfect SI,
tively. Furthermore, the PAPR performances of the two methods
are better than those when
, which is less
when
influenced by the HPA nonlinearity, such that the BER perforare
mances of the T-PTS and CE-PTS methods when
, comparing Fig. 3 with Fig. 4.
better than those when
Obviously, for the T-PTS method, when the SI is perfectly
obtained at the receiver, its BER performance is a little better
than that of the proposed CE-PTS scheme with novel type pilot
arrangement. However, in a real OFDM system, the T-PTS
method cannot ensure that the SI could be perfectly received at
the receiver.
V. CONCLUSIONS
10 T.
= 4 and L T =
OFDM signals, the T-PTS method offers about 4.1 dB and 5.4
dB of the PAPR reduction at
when
and
, respectively. The proposed CE-PTS method provides
and
the PAPR reduction of 3.5 dB and 5.2 dB when
, respectively. Obviously, both the two methods could
achieve more PAPR reduction when is larger.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the BER performances of the T-PTS
and
, reand the proposed CE-PTS methods when
spectively. The Ideal curve represents the BER performance
of the original signal transmitted without the high power amplifier (HPA) and PAPR reduction. The curve labeled Perfect
SI shows the BER performance of the T-PTS method with both
the perfect SI and the traditional comb type pilot arrangement.
The Imperfect SI curve represents the BER performance of
the T-PTS method with the imperfect side information and the
traditional comb type pilot arrangement. The CE-PTS1 and
CE-PTS2 curves describe the BER performances of the proposed CE-PTS scheme with the traditional comb type pilot arrangement and the novel type pilot arrangement, respectively.
Without HPA and PAPR reduction, the OFDM system has
when
. The BER perforthe BER of
mance of the T-PTS method with perfect SI is a little better
than that of the proposed CE-PTS scheme with novel type pilot