ISSN(Print) 1975-0102

ISSN(Online) 2093-7423

J Electr Eng Technol Vol. 9, No. ?: 742-?, 2014

http://dx. doi. org/10. 5370/JEET. 2014. 9. ?. 742

Time Domain Based Digital Controller for Buck-Boost Converter

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T*
Abstract Design, Simulation and experimental analysis of closed loop time domain based Discrete
PWM buck-boost converter are described. To improve the transient response and dynamic stability of
the proposed converter, Discrete PID controller is the most preferable one. Discrete controller does not
require any precise analytical model of the system to be controlled. The control system of the converter
is designed using digital PWM technique. The proposed controller improves the dynamic performance
of the buck-boost converter by achieving a robust output voltage against load disturbances, input
voltage variations and changes in circuit components. The converter is designed through simulation
using MATLAB / Simulink and performance parameters are also measured. The discrete controller is
implemented, and design goal is achieved and the same is verified against theoretical calculation using
LabVIEW.
Keywords: Buck-Boost converter, Discrete controller, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital
Pulse Width Modulator (DPWM).

Digital controllers are capable of performing complex

computations with constant accuracy at high speed and can
have almost any desired degree of computational accuracy
alternatively with little increase in cost.
Digital controller is introduced in the design of Buckboost converter to obtain a tight voltage regulation,
robustness, fast switching transient and improved dynamic
performance for buck-boost converter. Digital controller
offers many extra features compared to analog controller.
Digital controller has low component aging, low cost,
zero drift characteristic, high reliability and controllability.
Numerous research work involves development of a digital
controller for DC-DC converter as mentioned in [2-12].
Discrete PID controller is designed for the proposed
buck-boost converter. The controller design involves two
steps 1) Design an analog controller in a continuous time
domain for the buck-boost converter. 2) Approximate the
behavior of an analog controller with a digital controller
which converts continuous domain into discrete domain.
In the discrete domain, the controller compensates the
error signal and tracks the accurate output. The digital
controller is simple to design for all types of converters.

1. Introduction
Electronic control Switched mode DC-DC converters
convert an unregulated dc input voltage into regulated dc
output by varying the duty cycle of the converter. These
converters are smaller in size, more power efficient
provides an efficiency of 75% to 98% therefore, they are
used extensively in computer peripherals, personal
computers, communication, medical electronics, Hybrid
electric vehicle [13-14] and adapters of consumer
electronic devices to provide different levels of DC
voltages.
The buck-boost converter also known as step-down and
step-up converter [1]. It is highly efficient and also very
simple to design as it excludes the usage of transformer.
Also there is minimal stress on the switch, and requires a
relatively small output filter for low output ripple. This
converter is widely used for energy management applications.
The switching devices and passive components such as
inductors and capacitors introduce nonlinearities in the
converters. As a result, the linear control techniques cannot
be directly applied for analysis.
The analog PID control scheme has been used
successfully in many industrial control systems. Digital
controllers are superior in performance and lower in cost
compared to analog counterparts. Digital controllers are
extremely flexible; easy to handle nonlinear control
equations involving complicated computations or logical
operations. A very much wider class of control laws can
be used in digital controllers than in analog controllers.

Corresponding Author: Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India. (bksviji@
gmail.com)
* Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Anna University,
BIT Campus, Trichy, India. ([email protected])
Received: November 6, 2013; Accepted: February 14, 2014

Fig. 1. Digitally controlled buck-boost converter

742

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T

It does not produce any limit cycle oscillation for any

resolution of DPWM; also the performance of proposed
controller is very good. The controller parameters such
as rise time, settling time and peak overshoot are very
low. It does not have steady state error and ripple voltage.
For any uncertainty in input voltage and load, the
controller continuously tracks the reference and produces a
constant output voltage and proves its enhanced robustness.
The errors caused by component variations up to certain
limits are proportionately rectified by digital compensator
by varying the duty cycle of the converter to produce the
constant output voltage. The variations in the input voltage
will not take more time to attain constant output.
The overall block diagram of the buck-boost converter
with the entire set up is shown in Fig. 1. The output voltage
of the buck-boost converter is compared against the desired
value of the reference voltage using the comparator1
(Operational Amplifier IC 741). The Digital compensator is
designed for the buck-boost converter using discrete PID
controller. The error output thus obtained is fed into the
inbuilt block diagram section of the LabVIEW through the
Data Acquisition Card DAQ NI 9221. LabVIEW section
consists of Analog to Digital conversion, discrete transfer
function and Digital to Analog conversion blocks. Inside
the DAQ card Analog to digital conversion takes place and
thus processed signal is fed into the discrete transfer
function block in which the designed controller value is
entered. The output of the controller is acquired back by
DAQ card converts digital to analog signal and fed into
the comparator 2 designed using operational amplifiers
(IC 741). This signal is compared against high frequency
carrier signal (ramp signal) with desired switching
frequencies obtained from signal generator. The resulting
PWM switching pulses are fed to the switch of the
converter through the gate drive circuits.

output voltage is
=

(1)

Where d is the duty-cycle. The value of inductor L and

capacitor C can be found by [10]:

D =

(2)
(3)

DI is the ripple current, DVcis the ripple voltage, f is the

switching frequency, L is the filter inductor and C is the
filter capacitor of the circuit. The designed buck-boost
converter circuit parameters are input voltage Vs=14V,
Switching frequency f=400 KHz, L=11 H, C=14 F, Load
resistance R=14 , d=60%, Output power Po= 31.5 Wand
Output voltage Vo =21V.

3. Modeling of Buck-Boost Converter

After designing buck-boost converter, simulation is done
using state space averaging technique. The unique
feature of this method is that the design can be carried
out for a class of inputs such as step, ramp or impulse
function in which all the initial conditions are also
included. This technique is convenient to use for low
frequency approximation of the true dynamics where the
discontinuous effect introduced by the switching is ignored
[7]. The Simulink requires the system equations of the
power converter circuit. The state space analysis is given
below.
The switches S is driven by a pulse sequence with a
constant switching frequency f. The state vector for the

buck-boost converter is defined as () = , whereIL

is the current through an inductor; Vc is the voltage across

the capacitor. For the given duty cycle d(k) for kth period,
the systems are illustrated by the following set of state
space equations in continuous time domain :
The system is described by the following set of
continuous time state space equations [10]:

2. Design of Buck-Boost Converter

The schematic diagram of buck-boost converter is
shown in Fig. 2. The converter provides an output voltage
that may be less than or greater than the input voltage. As
the polarity of the output voltage is always opposite to that
of the input voltage, it is also called as inverting converter
[15]. Vo is the output voltage and Vs is the input voltage [8].
The relationship between the input voltage and the

() = () + ()
() = () + ()

(4)

Where x is a state vector, Vs is a source vector, A, B, C,

D is the state coefficient matrices. State model of the buckboost converter is derived as
High power densities are possible only for continuous
conduction mode (CCM) of operation. Diode D and
MOSFET S are always in a complementary state, when SON, D-OFF and vice versa. Two modes of operations are
possible, corresponding state equations are

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of buck-boost converter

743

Time Domain Based Digital Controller for Buck-Boost Converter

Mode 1: S is ON and D OFF

() = () + ()

(5)

Mode 2: S is OFF and D ON

() = () + (t)

(6)
Fig. 3. Closed loop control system of buck-boost converter
with Discrete PID controller

where
0
= 0

ensures that the output must be insensitive to load

disturbances, stable and provides good transient response
thereby improving the dynamic performances. The error
voltage Ve (difference between Vref and Vo) is fed to
Analog to Digital converter which samples at a sampling
rate equal to 1S. The function of the digital compensator
is to generate the control signal by compensating the error
(Ve).
The error is processed by digital compensator block with
PID algorithm to generate control signal. For the digital
control of buck-boost converter switching, discrete PID
control can be realized by its compensation block. The
control signal from the compensator will affect the converter
characteristics significantly, so it is vital to identify a
suitable compensation technique to provide improved
converter performance by making the best use of discrete
controller. The output samples control the switch by
generating gating pulses when it is processed through
Digital Pulse Width Modulation (DPWM) block. The
DPWM is nothing but a demodulator that consists of
sample and hold block. It includes the delay time (td), A/D
conversion time, switch transition time, computational
delay and modulator delay.
Fig. 4 shows the block diagram of Analog to digital
converter block. It is a device that converts a continuous
time signal to a discrete time signal by using sampling. The
converter block consists of delay, zero order hold,
quantizer and saturation. The delay block carried out the
total time between sampling the error signal and updating
the duty cycle at the beginning of the next switching period.
The zero order hold is mainly for modeling the sampling
effect. Quantizer is mainly used for rounding off or
truncating the signal that will map a larger set of input
values to a smaller set such as rounding values to desired
unit of precision.
The discrete time Compensation block is shown in Fig. 5.
The output of the A/D converter is fed to the discrete zeropole block which in turn is converted into PWM Pulses
using DPWM blocks [8] as shown in Fig. 6. The discrete
time integral compensator thus designed minimizes the error
and sends the command signal to the switch in the form of

(7)

0
= ; =
0
0

(8)

The state space model is of the following form:

() = [][] + [][]

(9)

= + (1 )

(10)

= + (1 )

(11)

where

where

(12)

=
0

= [0 1] + [0] Vs(t)

(13)
(14)

The state space equations (4) can be converted into

transfer function of the buck-boost converter. The
continuous state equations are discretized for the design of
discrete PID controller. It is considered that the discrete
system is same as that of the continuous system except that
the system is sampled with a sampling time, which is
assumed as 1S. The state space solution is evaluated and
finds an analog PID controller equation using ZieglerNichols method [2].

4. Closed Loop Control System of Buck-Boost

Converter
Fig. 3 shows the closed loop control system of the buckboost converter with Discrete PID-based feedback. The
goal is to minimize the error between Vref (Reference
voltage) and Vo which make the system to track the
reference signal that is considered as a step input. The
output is regulated by using the feedback. The feedback

Fig. 4. Analog to digital converter

744

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T

Table 1. Ziegler-Nichols tuning formulae

Type of controller
P

Kp
0. 5Kcr

PI

0. 45Kcr

PID

0. 6Kcr

Fig. 5. Discrete time compensation

TI

1
1.2
0. 5Pcr

TD
0
0
0. 125Pcr

method. Table 1 shows Ziegler - Nichols tuning formulae.

Where Kcr is the critical gain and Pcr is the critical period.
By solving characteristic equation, find natural frequency

of the system o and using the relation = , Ti and Td.

The transfer function of the PID controller is

Fig. 6. Digital pulse width modulation
() =
pulses in order that the output tracks the reference signal [6,
7]. The output of the compensator is compared against high
frequency ramp signal in order to obtain the duty cycle
pulse for the switch as discussed in [11].

() = +

In a closed loop system, PID controller block provides

the compensation in the feedback control of the buck-boost
converter. PID controller has the advantages of both PD &
PI controller. PD controller is a special case of phase-lead
controller that improves system stability and increases
system bandwidth. PI controller reduces steady-state error
which is a special case of the phase-lag controller. Hence
PID controller is also called as phase lag-lead controller
[9-10].
The continuous time PID controller can be expressed as:

()

= 1 +

() =

(21)

(22)

This form is easy to determine the closed loop transfer

function.
() =

(18)

(23)

(24)

= 2

(25)

Then
()() =

(26)

Where, the damping ratio and o is the natural

frequency oscillation of the system. The buck-boost
converter under consideration is of second order and the
desired poles can be easily placed by assuming the
following converter specifications,

()

+ ()

+ =

Where u(t) is the control output, Kp is the proportional

gain constant, Td is the derivative time or rate time constant,
Ti is the integral time or reset time constant and e is the
error (difference between reference voltage Vref and
output voltage Vo). The value of Kp, Td and Ti are tuned
depending on the present error, accumulation of past errors
and prediction of future error respectively [12].
The Laplace transfer function of the corresponding PID
controller is given as:
() = 1 +

(20)

()

Where Kp is the proportional gain, KI = Kp /TI is the

integral gain, and KD = KpTD is the derivative gain of the
controller. Pole-zero cancellation technique is the most
suitable one to remove unstable poles in the transfer
function. In order to use pole-zero cancelation technique,
the discrete PID controller equation can be re-written in the
form as:

5. Design of Robust Digital Controller

() = [() + () +

()

(19)

Settling time

Max. Peak Overshoot100 1 1%

By proper choice of these tuning parameters a controller
can be adapted for a specific converter to obtain a good
behavior of the controller system. By using routh - array
technique one can find the range of KP. The values of Td
and Ti are obtained using Ziegler - Nichols tuning rule

(27)

For the system to be stable, the closed - loop poles or

roots of the characteristic equation must lie within the unit
circle. The Kp, KI and KD values are satisfying the above
condition then the poles and zeros of the function should
745

Time Domain Based Digital Controller for Buck-Boost Converter

be placed within the unit circle and the system is said to be

in stable condition.
The transfer function of the controller for buck-boost
converter is
() =

. .
.

Now discrete PID controller transfer function becomes

[2]
G(z) =

(28)

U(z) =

By following the above equation and conditions, the

value of Kp = 0.009, KI = 143.54and KD =1.40625*10-7 and
= 37416 rad /sec. Then the analog PID controller
equation is
() =

. ( )

()

(t)t

( )

E(z)

()

. . .
()

() =

(37)
(38)

(. )(. )
()

(39)
(40)

6. Simulation Results
The proposed closed loop response of the buck-boost
converter is simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK is
shown in Fig. 7. Simulation has been carried out using the
values same as that of the experimental values. The aim of
this work is to achieve robust controller in spite of
variations in load and uncertainty.
Table 2 shows the performance of the various controllers
using the same buck-boost converter. Table 2 shows that
the output voltage obtained using digital controller settle
down at 3mS with a rise time of 2mS. The controller
parameters under considerations are settling time, Peak
overshoot, rise time, steady state error and output ripple
voltage which is compared against its Discrete PI, and
analog PI and PID controllers are designed for the same
buck-boost converter.
Steady state error observed for load variations is much
lesser than 1% and no overshoot or undershoots are evident.

(30)

(31)

Therefore
N{(K+1)T=n(KT)+ {[( + 1)] + ()}

= + K

U(z) =

(29)

Using Trapezoidal rule, e(t) is the area curve from t =

KT to t = (K+1)T is approximated as
[()] ()

()

Now applying equation (38) in the designed buck-boost

converter then the discrete controller for the buck-boost
converter is

The continuous-time domain controller as mentioned in

the above equation (29) is transformed into the discretetime domain using Trapezoidal method which is referred
as Tustin method or Bilinear-Transformation method.
This Tustin method tracks the analog controller output
more accurately by sampling at frequent intervals and
approximate to the analog integration are better than other
methods. The trapezoidal approximation is given below:
Let n(t) be the integral of e(t), then the value of the
integral of t = (K+1) T is equal to the value at KT plus the
area added from KT to (K+1)T.
N[(K+1)T]=u(KT)+

()

(32)

Taking the z-transform of (32) then

zN(z) = N(z) +
Thus

()
()

[ () + ()]

(33)
(34)
Fig. 7. Closed loop response of buck-boost converter using
MATLAB/SIMULINK

Hence equation (34) is the transfer function of a discrete

Integrator. Trapezoidal approximation to differentiation,
Derivative of e(t) at t = KT is n(KT), then
()@

()[()]

Table 2. Performance parameters of the closed loop Buckboost converter

(35)
Controller

Taking z-transform of (35)

() ()
=
()

Discrete PID
Discrete PI
Analog PID
Analog PI

(36)

746

Settling
Time
(ms)
3
10
18
20

Peak Over
shoot (%)
0
10
2
10

Rise
Time
(ms)
2
2
18
20

Steady
Output
State
Ripple
Error (V) Voltage (V)
0
0
0. 02
Less
0. 01
More
0. 03
More

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T

The performance specifications for the buck-boost

converter with discrete PID controller are better than PI
and analog controllers. The results are thus obtained with
digital controller for buck-boost is in concurrence with the
mathematical calculations. It is proved that the digital
system shows improved results than the analog controllers.
The simulation is carried out by varying the input
voltage, load resistance and the corresponding output
voltage, output current, reference voltage are shown in Figs.
8 and 9. In Fig. 8 the reference voltage is 7V, the input
voltage is first set as 8V until 0. 05S and then varied from
8V to 12V and again at 0. 1S, 12V is varied to 16V.
Similarly the load resistance is first set as 12 until 0. 05S

and then varied from 12 to 16 and finally 20 is set at

0. 1S. Fig. 8 shows the performance of buck operation in
buck-boost converter with the variations in input voltage
and load resistance. Similarly the performance of boost
operation in buck-boost converter with the variations in
input voltage and load resistance is shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 shows the boost operation the input voltage is
varied from 8V to 16V, load resistance is varied from 12
to 20, the reference voltage is 18V and the corresponding
output response of the buck-boost converter shows fixed
output voltage regulation. In both operation undershoots or
overshoots are not seen and the steady state error is also
not apparent. In order to check the dynamic performance of

Fig. 8. Output response of the discrete PID controlled buck-boost (buck performance) converter

Fig. 9. Output response of discrete PID controlled buck-boost (boost performance) converter.
747

Time Domain Based Digital Controller for Buck-Boost Converter

the controller, the L, C and R values are varied and the

output response of the system is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 proves that the system is very much dynamic in
tracking the reference voltages in spite of the variations in
the inductance L, capacitance C and Load resistance R
values. The system does not show any steady state error
overshoots or undershoots and it settles down at a faster
rate with a settling time of about 0. 03S for all the values.
In order to confirm the better performance of Discrete PID
controller over its Analog PID controller, the output
response of the reference voltage of 21V, discrete
controlled buck-boost converter is compared against the
response produced by an analog PID controller and its
graph is shown in Fig. 10.

In order to analyse the stability of the discrete controlled

buck-boost converter, Bode plot response is drawn as
shown in Fig. 11. The stability properties are
1. Any closed loop pole outside the unit circle makes the
system unstable.
2. If a simple pole lies at z = -1, then the system becomes
critically stable.
3. Any multiple closed-loop pole on the unit circle makes
the system unstable.
4. Closed loop zeros do not affect the stability and
therefore may be located anywhere in the z plane.
The discrete PID controller transfer function of the
designed buck-boost converter is

Table 3. Variations in different parameters and performance

of the discrete PID controller.
R()

L(H)

C(F)

13
18
23
25
30
30

10
12
16
19
22
25

15
25
35
40
45
50

Reference Voltage
(V)
8
8
16
7
16
16

() =

Output Voltage
(V)
8
8. 002
16. 001
7. 001
16. 001
16. 002

. . + .
( )

The root locus plot has drawn for the above transfer
function equation. From the root locus plot, it is clearly
obvious that the poles are placed neither outside the unit
circle nor at -1. Multiple poles have not occurred. All poles
are placed in the right half of the z-plane, thereby
satisfying the stability condition of the transfer function
frame for our proposed controller.

8. Hardware Implementation
The Buck-boost converter with Discrete Controller has
been implemented using LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual
Instrumentation Engineering Work Bench) as a controller
platform. LabVIEW is primarily used as a platform for
implementing any closed loop system and it can also be
used for the improvement of a control system. It is

Fig. 10. Comparison between Digital PID and analog PID

controller responses

Fig. 11. Bode plot response of proposed discrete PID

controller for Buck-Boost converter

Fig. 12. Front panel

748

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T

Fig. 13. Functional block diagram

extensively used software for analyzing the projects
experimentally with a shorter duration due to its programming flexibility along with integrated tools designed
especially for testing, measurements and control. The
key feature of LabVIEW is that it extensively supports
accessing the instrumentation hardware. The drivers and
abstraction layers are provided for almost all types of
instruments. The buses are also accessible for addition. The
abstraction layers and drivers act as graphical nodes and
enable to communicate effectively with the hardware
devices thereby offering standard software interfaces [12].
This software is used to build up virtual instrumentation
(vi) which comprises of the front panel and a functional
block diagram. The front panel shown in Fig. 12 is mainly
used for user interactions. It is through the front panel the
desired transfer function of the discrete controller is
entered and the corresponding parameters of the closed
loop control and hence the restructured condition of the
system is obtained. The block diagram, data acquisition,
transfer function and signal generation are built using the
functional block diagram as shown in Fig. 13. It provides
wide varieties of small icons to perform the desired task.
The LabVIEW package provides many libraries with large
number of tasks for data acquirement, signal production,
arithmetical and statistical analysis, signal conditioning and
investigation along with many graphical interface elements.
These features make it a superior one when compared with
other development environment.
Interfacing Circuit: The NI 9221 multifunction data
acquisition (DAQ) device is used. It can be easily
connected via PCI 6221 for data acquisition, generation
and data sorting in a wide range of convenient and portable
applications. It comprises of 8 analog inputs with
referenced single ended signal coupling or 4 inputs with
differential coupling, 2 analog outputs, 12 bits A/D and
D/A converters and 32 bits counters. There are 12 channels

Fig. 14. Experimental set up

of digital Input/output lines which can be used either as
input or output. It eventually offers a tremendous platform
for the proposed discrete controller.
The prototype model of the buck-boost converter with
discrete PID controller is shown in Fig. 14. The functioning
of DC is substantiated well in the experimental study and
the LabVIEW also provides the most feasible solution for
the controller platform. To evaluate the performance, the
reference value of 16V is set for which the output is
obtained as 16. 04V. The steady state error thus observed is
very small of the order of 0. 04V and the system settles
down fast. The acquisition of the error signal from the
hardware takes place instantaneous, when the program is
run and at the same time the controlled signal from the
LabVIEW package is also generated within a shorter
duration of time without any delay or time lag. The
experimental results thus obtained are in concurrence with
the simulation results and mathematical calculations.

749

Time Domain Based Digital Controller for Buck-Boost Converter

Prototype model is developed using the values shown in

Table 4.
The input voltage and load resistance have been varied
in the range of 12V, 14 and 18V, 10 , the corresponding
output voltage is measured as 21. 042V, and 21. 068V
respectively for the reference of 21V and is illustrated in
Figs. 15 and 16 respectively. In these Figures channel 1
indicates the input voltage and Channel 2 indicates the
corresponding output voltage. It can be observed from the
result that there are no undershoots or overshoots but
steady state error is of very minimum order. Fig. 17 shows

the input and output voltage of the buck response of the

buck-boost converter. The input voltage is 14V, 18
reference voltage is 8V and the obtained output voltage is 8.
002V.
The output voltages for the references of 21V & 8V
along with their switching pulses are shown in Fig. 18 and
19 respectively. From the output waveforms, it is clearly
understood, that the output observed shows better
performance, thereby ensuring that the controller is more
appropriate and can be tuned to track the references in spite
of the variation in input voltage. The discrete controller
changes the duty cycle according to change in reference
voltage and is not subjected to any change in the input
voltage.

Table 4. Experimental values

Description
fr
Vs
L
C
R
S
D
DAQ

Experimental values
400 KHz
14 V
11H
14 F
14
IRF840
1N4001
NI 9221

Table 5. Efficiency comparison between conventional and

discrete controlled Buck-boost converter
Converter
Conventional Buckboost
Discrete controlled
Buck-boost

Fig. 15. Output (boost) voltage obtained for 12V input and
load resistance of 14 (ch-2 5V/1mS & ch-3 10V/
1mS)

Ro
()

Vin
(V)

Iin
(A)

Vo
(V)

14

14

2. 2534 19. 616 1. 4018 87. 16

14

14

2. 501

21. 005

Io
(A)

1. 495

89. 7

Fig. 17. Output (buck) voltage obtained for 14V input and
load resistance of 18 (ch-2 5V/1mS & ch-3 5V/
1mS)

Fig. 16. Output voltage (boost) obtained for 18V input and
load resistance of 10 (ch-2 5V/1mS & ch-3 10V/
1mS)

Fig. 18. Duty cycle obtained for 21V reference

750

Vijayalakshmi, S and Sree Renga Raja, T

[4]

[5]

[6]

Fig. 19. Duty cycle obtained 8V reference

[7]
Table 5 given below provides the efficiency of
conventional buck-boost converter and the proposed
Discrete controlled buck-boost converter. It clearly justifies
that proposed Discrete controlled buck-boost converter is
2.5% more efficient than the conventional buck-boost
converter.

[8]

8. Conclusion

[9]

A discrete controller for buck-boost converter has been

designed. Simulation results demonstrate that the converter
not only exhibits the steady state and transient performance
but also improves the efficiency of conventional buckboost converter. The design of time domain based
discrete PID controller for buck-boost converter has been
implemented to adapt to the variation in error signal by
changes the duty cycle. The design incorporates an Analog
to Digital Converter and discrete pulse width modulator.
The discrete controller is thus designed for the buckboost converter and also implemented using LabVIEW
as a control platform and the corresponding results are
illustrated. The mathematical analysis, simulation study
and the corresponding experimental results show that the
controller thus designed achieves tight output voltage
regulation and good dynamic performances. This topology
is independent and is compatible to make itself suitable to
extend for any sort of applications like as speed control,
photo voltaic cell and medical electronics.

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

References
[1]

[2]

[3]

[15]

K. K. Sajeesh and Agarwal, Digital controller implementation for non-inverting buck-boost converter
using run-time partial reconfiguration of FPGA, in
Proc. IEEE-IICPE, 2012, pp. 1-6.
P. Mattuveli, Digital controls of DC-DC boost converters with inductor current estimation, in Proc.
IEEE-APEC, 2004, pp. 74-80.
Subhash Chander, Auto-tuned, Discrete PID Con-

[16]

751

trollers for DC-DC Converter for fast transient

response, in Proc. IEEE-ICEMSC, 2011, pp. 1-4.
Angel, V Peterchev and R Sanders, Quantization
resolution and limit cycling in digitally controlled
PWM converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics,
vol. 18, pp. 301-308, Jun 2003.
Hao Peng, A Prodic, E Alarcon and D Maksimov,
Modeling of Quantization Effects in Digitally
Controlled DC-DC converters, IEEE Trans. Power
Electronics, vol. 22, pp. 208-215, Jan 2007.
M M Peretz and S Ben-Yaakov,Time domain design
of digital compensators for PWM DC-DC converters,
IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 27, pp. 887-893,
Jan 2012.
Shuibao GUO, Yanxia GAO, Yanping Xu, Xuefang
LIN-SHI and Bruno ALLARD, Digital PWM Controller for High-Frequency Low-Power DC-DC
switching Mode Power Supply, in Proc. IEEEIPEMC, 2009, pp. 1340-1346.
Sebastein Mariethoz et. al, Comparison of Hybrid
Control Techniques for Buck and Boost DC-DC
Converters, IEEE Trans. Control systems Technology,
vol. 18, pp. 1126-114, Sep 2010.
Benjamin, J Patella and Aleksandar Prodic, HighFrequency Digital PWM Controller IC for DC-DC
Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 18,
pp. 438-446, Jan 2003.
H Matsuo, F Kurokawa, H Etou, Y Ishizuka and C
Chen, Design oriented analysis of the digitally
controlled DC-DC converter, in Proc. IEEE-PSEC,
2000, pp. 401-407.
L. Peng, X. Kang and J. Chen, A novel PWM
technique in digital control and its application to an
improved DC/DC converter, in Proc. IEEE-PSEC,
2001, pp. 254-259.
Chien-Ming Lee et. al, LabVIEW Implementaton of
an Auto-Tuning PID Regulator via Grey-predictor,
in Proc. IEEE-CISC, 2006, pp. 1-5.
Bong-Gi Youet. al, Optimization of Powder Core
Inductors of Buck-Boost Converters for Hybrid
Electric Vehicles, Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Technology, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 527-534, July 2011.
Anbukumar Kavitha et. al, Resonant Parametric
Perturbation Method to Control Chaos in Current
Mode Controlled DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter,
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, vol.
5, No. 1, pp. 171-178, Mar 2010.
Jingquan Chen, Analysis and Design of a LowStress Buck-Boost Converter in Universal-Input PFC
Applications, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.
21, No. 6, pp. 320-329, Mar 2006.
A General Approach to Control a Positive Buck
Boost Converter to Achieve Robustness against Input
Voltage Fluctuations and Load Changes, IEEE Trans.
Power Electronics, vol. 18, pp. 438-446, Jan 2003.