Republic of the Philippines

Mountain Province State Polytechnic College

Department of Criminology
Bontoc Campus
Subject: Law Enforcement Administration 115
Reporter: Glyniselynn P. Maskay
Topic:
Policing and Justice System
Government Systems
Date:
September 13, 2016

of

the

Different

I. OBJECTIVES:
1.
II. INTRODUCTION:
III. BODY:
A. Democracy
A form of government in which the people freely govern
themselves; where the executive (or administrative) and lawmaking (or legislative) power is given to persons chosen by
the population; the free people.
Democracy is defined as a form of government in which
power belongs to the people.
Policing System of Democracy
In democratic societies, police officers are used to
control crime and to contribute to public order (e.g.,
mediating and arbitrating disputes, regulating traffic and
helping in emergencies). The police are the most visible
manifestation of government authority responsible for public
security.
Justice System of Democracy
Democracy
is
a
system
of
rule
by
laws,
not
individuals. In a democracy, the rule of law protects the
rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of
government. All citizens are equal under the law. No one
may be discriminated against on the basis of their race,
religion, ethnic group, or gender. No one may be arrested,
imprisoned, or exiled arbitrarily. No one may be denied
their freedom without a fair and public hearing by an
impartial court. No one may be taxed or prosecuted except
by a law established in advance. No one is above the law,
not even a king or an elected president. The law is fairly,
impartially, and consistently enforced, by courts that are
independent of the other branches of government.
Just because someone is accused of a crime does not
mean that he loses his rights. Anyone arrested is presumed
innocent until proven guilty. A persons guilt must be

proved in a court of law, through a fair, speedy, and public

trial. In a democracy, a person accused of a crime has the
right to know the charges against him, to remain silent, to
have legal representation, to participate in his defense,
and to question witnesses for the prosecution. No person
who is acquitted of a crime may be tried again on that
charge. No oneunder any circumstancemay ever be subjected
to torture, or to cruel and inhuman treatment. No one may be
imprisoned or have their property seized without legal
justification.
In a democracy, the exercise of political power must
respect the law, the constitution, and the will of the
people, through the decisions of their [elected] legislative
representatives. This requires that power be separated so
that the head of government and his ministers do not have
the power to make the law or to interfere in court
cases. In a democracy, the executive branch implements
policies and programs, administers the national budget, and
conducts national affairs. It may also propose laws, but
only the parliament may enact legislation, including the
budget. Only the courts can decide the guilt or innocence
of individuals charged with a crime, and only the higher
courts can determine whether a law or a government action or
policy is constitutional.
B. Republic
A form of government where the law-makers and
administrators are chosen by the people and not king or
queen, or chosen thereby.
A form of government in which a state is ruled by
representatives of the citizen body. Modern republics are
founded on the idea that sovereignty rests with the people,
though who is included and excluded from the category of the
people has varied across history. Because citizens do not
govern the state themselves but through representatives,
republics may be distinguished from direct democracy, though
modern
representative
democracies
are
by
and
large
republics. The term republic may also be applied to any form
of government in which the head of state is not a
hereditary monarch.

Policing System of Republic

It has the same system with Democracy, with the Police
Officers task in the implementation and in the enforcement
of laws.
Justice System of Republic

Judges administer justice, viz. they decide disputes

independently and impartially. It is their task to ensure
that laws are complied with. Judges cannot be deposed and
cannot be assigned other positions against their will.
C. Monarchy
A political system based upon the undivided sovereignty
or rule of a single person. The term applies to states in
which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an
individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who
achieves his position through heredity. Succession usually
passes from father to son or follows other arrangements
within the family or the monarchical dynasty.
Monarchy was the most common form of government until the
19th century. Monarchy is a form of government in which a
single family rules from generation to generation. The
power,
or
sovereignty,
is
personified
in
a
single
individual.
Two main types of monarchy based on the level of power held
by the individual or family currently in power.
1. Absolute monarchy exists when the monarch has no or few
legal limitations in political matters.
2. Constitutional monarchies, which are more common, exist
when the monarch retains a distinctive legal and ceremonial
role but exercises limited or no political power.
Policing System of Monarchy
In some cases the monarch's power is limited, not due
to constitutional restraints, but to effective military
rule. In the late Roman Empire, the Praetorian Guard several
times deposed Roman Emperors and installed new emperors. The
Hellenistic kings of Macedon and of Epirus were elected by
the
army,
which
was
similar
in
composition
to
the ecclesia of democracies, the council of all free
citizens; military service often was linked with citizenship
among the male members of the royal house. Military
domination
of
the
monarch
has
occurred
in
modern Thailand and in medieval Japan (where a hereditary
military chief, the shogun was the de facto ruler, although
the Japanese emperor nominally ruled. In Fascist Italy a
monarchy
coexisted
with
a
fascist
party,
as
did Romania or Greece. Spain under Francisco Franco (was
officially a monarchy, although there was no monarch on the
throne. (Upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of
state by the Bourbon heir, Juan Carlos I.

The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake

various
official,
ceremonial,
diplomatic
and
representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional,
the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as
bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The
monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British
Armed Forces. Though the ultimate formal executive authority
over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and
through the monarch's royal prerogative, these powers may
only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and, in
practice,
within
the
constraints
of
convention
and precedent.
Justice System of Monarchy
The Monarch takes little direct part in Government. The
decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from
the
Monarch,
either
by statute or
by convention,
to Ministers or officers of the Crown, or other public
bodies, exclusive of the Monarch personally. Thus the acts
of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown
Appointments, even if personally performed by the Monarch,
such as the Queen's Speech and the State Opening of
Parliament, depend upon decisions made elsewhere:
Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by
constitution and statute have judicial independence of the
Government.
D. Dictatorship
A dictatorship is a form of government wherein a single
person or group possess full and unrestricted power over the
country's laws and resources, with no oversight by a
constitution or the population. A dictator is able to enact
any laws he wishes relating to funding, military actions or
taxes. The dictator typically has a specific vision for the
country, which is intertwined with his own personal goals
and beliefs, and thus the laws tend to focus on achieving
those goals and impressing his ideals upon the citizens of
that country.
Policing System of Dictatorship
In the Roman Empire, a Roman dictator was the incumbent
of a political office of legislate of the Roman Republic.
Roman dictators were allocated absolute power during times
of emergency. Their power was originally neither arbitrary
nor unaccountable, being subject to law and requiring
retrospective
justification.
There
were
no
such
dictatorships after the beginning of the 2nd century BCE,
and
later
dictators
such
as Sulla and
the Roman
Emperors exercised
power
much
more
personally
and
arbitrarily.

After the collapse of Spanish colonial rule, various

dictators came to power in many liberated countries. Often
leading a private army, these Caudillo or self-appointed
political-military
leaders,
attacked
weak
national
governments once they control a regional political and
economic powers, with examples such as Antonio Lpez de
Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina.
Such dictators have been also referred to as "personalismo".
The wave of military dictatorships in Latin America in
the second half of the twentieth century left a particular
mark
on
Latin
American
culture.
In Latin
American
literature, the dictator novel challenging dictatorship
and caudillismo, is a significant genre. There are also
many films depicting Latin American military dictatorships.
Justice System of Dictatorship
Dictators make unilateral decisions that affect their
countries without having to consult any other branch of
government. That's because there's no other branch of
government that is not controlled by the dictator. Human
nature being what it is, dictators don't rise to power for
the good of their nations (though they usually claim
otherwise). They seize power to benefit themselves, their
families and their close political allies.
There is no common set of laws within a dictatorship
because the laws are always decided by the dictator himself.
Most dictators enact laws that are meant to better the
country, but the actual benefit of such laws is subjective.
There is not a general description of a dictatorial
justice system. Many do not have a court system that is like
those in western nations. The only surety is the laws the
courts are charged with protecting, do not apply to the
ruling elite.
E. Communism
A system of government in which the state plans and
controls the economy and a single -- often authoritarian -party holds power; state controls are imposed with the
elimination of private ownership of property or capital
while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order
in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a
classless society).
Policing System of Communism
The core police function under Communism involved not
only enforcing obedience of the state, but also ideological

devotion to the communist party, repressive fanaticism, and

bureaucratic exclusion in the service of building mankinds
radiant future.
Justice System of Communism
Marx and Engels maintained that a communist society
would have no need for the state as it exists in
contemporary capitalist society. The capitalist state mainly
exists to enforce hierarchical economic relations, to
enforce the exclusive control of property, and to regulate
capitalistic economic activitiesall of which would be nonapplicable to a communist system.
Engels noted that in a socialist system the primary
function of public institutions will shift from being about
the creation of laws and the control of people into a
technical role as an administrator of technical production
processes, with a decrease in the scope of traditional
politics as scientific administration overtakes the role of
political
decision-making. Communist
society
is
characterized by democratic processes, not merely in the
sense of electoral democracy, but in the broader sense of
open and collaborative social and workplace environments.
Marx never clearly specified whether or not he thought
a communist society would be just; other thinkers have
speculated that he thought communism would transcend justice
and create society without conflicts, thus, without the
needs for rules of justice.
IV.
V.

CONCLUSION:
REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/republic-government
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom
https://www.royal.uk/role-monarchy
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Monarchy
http://study.com/academy/lesson/forms-of-government-monarchydemocracy-oligarchy-more.html
http://www.osce.org/spmu/23804?download=true
http://web.mit.edu/gtmarx/www/dempol.html
https://web.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/DemocracyEducation0204
.htm

https://www.parlament.gv.at/ENGL/PERK/PARL/POL/ParluGewaltente
ilung/index.shtml
https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-dictatorshipdefinition-facts-characteristics-examples.html
http://www.politicalsystems.com/dictatorship.html
http://www.livescience.com/33027-what-are-the-different-typesof-governments.html