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    Unit Iii Hydromatic Drive: Fluid Coupling Converter

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    GuruLakshmi
    The document provides details about fluid couplings and torque converters. It explains that a fluid coupling uses fluid to transmit torque from an engine to a gearbox without a direct connection. It works by using the kinetic energy transfer of a fluid between an impeller and runner that rotate at different speeds. A torque converter functions similarly but also multiplies torque. It has three components - an impeller, runner, and reactor/stator. The stator directs fluid to multiply torque. Graphs show how efficiency and torque output vary with the speed ratio between inputs and outputs.

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    Unit Iii Hydromatic Drive: Fluid Coupling Converter

    Uploaded by

    GuruLakshmi
    64 views44 pages
    The document provides details about fluid couplings and torque converters. It explains that a fluid coupling uses fluid to transmit torque from an engine to a gearbox without a direct connection. It works by using the kinetic energy transfer of a fluid between an impeller and runner that rotate at different speeds. A torque converter functions similarly but also multiplies torque. It has three components - an impeller, runner, and reactor/stator. The stator directs fluid to multiply torque. Graphs show how efficiency and torque output vary with the speed ratio between inputs and outputs.

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    Original Title

    UNIT III

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    The document provides details about fluid couplings and torque converters. It explains that a fluid coupling uses fluid to transmit torque from an engine to a gearbox without a direct connection. It works by using the kinetic energy transfer of a fluid between an impeller and runner that rotate at different speeds. A torque converter functions similarly but also multiplies torque. It has three components - an impeller, runner, and reactor/stator. The stator directs fluid to multiply torque. Graphs show how efficiency and torque output vary with the speed ratio between inputs and outputs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    64 views44 pages

    Unit Iii Hydromatic Drive: Fluid Coupling Converter

    Uploaded by

    GuruLakshmi
    The document provides details about fluid couplings and torque converters. It explains that a fluid coupling uses fluid to transmit torque from an engine to a gearbox without a direct connection. It works by using the kinetic energy transfer of a fluid between an impeller and runner that rotate at different speeds. A torque converter functions similarly but also multiplies torque. It has three components - an impeller, runner, and reactor/stator. The stator directs fluid to multiply torque. Graphs show how efficiency and torque output vary with the speed ratio between inputs and outputs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 44

    UNIT III

    HYDROMATIC DRIVE
    FLUID COUPLING CONVERTER

    FLUID COUPLING
    Fluid coupling is a device which is used to transmit
    torque from engine to gear box with fluid as working
    medium.
    The purpose of fluid coupling is to act as flexible
    power transmitting coupling

    Construction Details of Fluid Coupling

    Fluid travels either in a rotary or vortex motion

    Principle of fluid coupling

    Direction of fluid

    Imagine tubes A & B filled with fluid, A at N rpm & B at n


    rpm.
    Let outer end C of A closed with diaphragm.
    Let outer end D of B closed with diaphragm.
    Let pressure exerted at C = pa
    Let pressure exerted at D = pb
    Therefore pa N2 & pb n2
    Therefore N > n, pa > pb
    So if diaphragm is removed fluid flows from E to F.
    pa > pb so fluid circulate between impeller & runner.
    Thus because of difference in speed between impeller &
    runner , fluid circulates between impeller & runner .

    Contd
    At K- fluid particle at radius r,
    Rotates in a circle of radius r and angular speed of N.
    So linear speed = 2rn
    Therefore K.E at K =

    Similarly K.E at L =
    Hence K.E at L > at K. So K.E of fluid is increased.

    Contd.
    K.E at M =
    K.E at M < K.E at L (so some fluid lost)

    K.E at N =
    K.E at N < K.E at M
    So fluid K.E is transferred to runner.
    Thus mechanical energy is transferred due to change in K.E of
    rotating fluid.

    Principle of fluid coupling

    Fluid drives turbine at an angle

    Difference in speed creates a turbulence

    Explanation of fluid coupling


    The fluid coupling consists of two identical castings known as
    rotors and one of them is fixed to the crank shaft of the engine
    and the other to the gear box shaft.
    It is a hydrodynamic device which transmits power without
    any change in torque.
    It produces a smooth vibration less coupling between the
    engine and gear box.
    The medium of transmission is a fluid, which at idling speeds
    does not transmit torque but just once the engine power
    beyond the idling speed, the fluid cease to slip and power is
    transmitted from the impeller to the runner., and the efficiency
    is approximately 98% at normal running.

    Properties of working fluids


    It should have high density.
    It should have optimum viscosity. If low viscosity fluid is
    used, sealing is difficult & leakage takes place. If highly
    viscous fluid is used slip will be more.
    It should have low co-efficient expansion.
    It must have good heat transferable properties.
    It must have good lubricating properties.
    It must be readily available & cheaper.
    It must be non- corrosion.
    Working fluids:
    Mineral oils having low viscosity are used as working fluid
    SAE 10, SAE 10w, oils are used in Fluid coupling

    Advantages of fluid coupling


    It provides acceleration pedal control to effect automatic
    disengagement of drive to gearbox at a predetermined speed.
    Vibrations from engine side are not transmitted to wheels and
    similarly shock loads from transmission side will not be transmitted to
    engine.
    No wear on moving parts and no adjustments to be made.
    No jerk on transmission when gear engages. It damps all shocks and
    strains incident with connecting a revolving engine to transmission.
    Vehicle can be stopped in gear and move off by pressing
    acceleration only.
    There is no direct firm connection between engines and wheels. So
    when engine is overloaded, it will not stop. But it results in slip within
    coupling.
    Unlike friction clutch, slip within coupling does not cause damage
    within working components.

    Slip:
    Slip is the ratio of the different of speeds of rotation of the
    impeller & runner ., to the speed of rotation of impeller and
    expressed in percentage. Speed of runner always lags behind
    that of impeller
    Percentage slip = (N-n/N)*100
    where runner speed n=0, slip = 100%
    Torque is not transmitted
    When N = n, slip = 0 , Torque is fully transmitted

    Torque capacity of fluid coupling

    Characteristics of the fluid coupling

    Comparison of Fluid coupling & Torque converter


    Fluid coupling acts as an automatic clutch without torque
    multiplication.
    Torque converter is essentially an automatic clutch & torque
    multiplying device.
    Fluid coupling has two principal components impeller &
    runner.
    Torque converter has three components Impeller, runner,
    reactor (or) stator.
    The vanes of fluid coupling are straight & radial shaped.
    The vanes of torque converter are curved shape.
    Torque converter can be converted in to fluid coupling while
    transmitting torque ratio of 1:1.

    Comparison of Torque converter & Gear box

    Both are torque multiplying devices.


    In torque converter, torque ratio get varied automatically in a
    continuously variable manner.
    Gear box has definite speed ratio & changes are in steps.
    In torque converter during torque ratio variation, there is no
    interruption of power from the engine to road wheels.
    In gear box during gear shifting engine power is cut off.
    Torque converter is smooth, vibration less & silent in operation.
    Gear box has vibrations, jerks & noises.
    Separate gear drive is necessary for reversing in torque converter.
    Gear box is self contained with reversing mechanism.
    Torque converter efficiency is maximum for a part of its speed
    range.
    Gear box efficiency is constant throughout.

    Torque converter

    Direction of fluid

    Principle of torque converter

    Principle of operation of Torque converter


    The phenomenon of torque conversion by hydrodynamic
    means is illustrated graphically by polar diagram, where
    distance radially outward from the base circle represent forward
    or positive moments of momentum of the spinning fluid and
    distance inward from that circle negative moments.
    The spinning velocity of fluid and its moment momentum both
    are maximum at the runner entrance at the top of diagram. When
    the runner is at rest or nearly so the spinning velocity and
    moment of momentum of the fluid are quickly reduced to
    zero, and owing curvature of the running blades a reverse or
    negative spinning motion is imparted to the fluid.
    The torque imposed on the runner is proportional to the sum of
    the forward moment of momentum at the entrance and reverse
    moment of momentum at the exit as shown.

    Contd.
    But while fluid undergoes a great change of motion in runner
    and as a result subjects the latter to heavy torque it gives up
    little energy to the runner because latter is either standstill or
    turning at a very low speed.
    On leaving the runner the fluid therefore still possesses most of
    the kinetic energy with which it entered the member.
    In reaction member the spinning motion is reversed and the
    fluid leaves that member with a positive moment of
    momentum nearly equal to the negative moment of momentum
    with which it entered.
    The reaction member is subjected to a torque opposite in direction
    to that on the runner and proportional to the difference between
    the negative moment of momentum at entrance and positive
    moment of momentum at exit, of course it is proportional to the
    sum of the two.

    Contd
    The fluid now enters the impeller already possessed of a
    certain forward spinning velocity and the impeller needs
    to add only enough to bring the total velocity up to that
    at which the fluid entered the runner.
    In the case represented by the diagram, if the moment
    of momentum added to the fluid in the impeller is
    represented by1, the change of moment of momentum in
    the reactor is about 1.4, and the change of moment of
    momentum in the runner is 2.4.
    There fore torque ratio in this particular case is 2.4.

    Vanes are curved to accelerate fluid flow

    Stator Operation

    Stator assembly mounts on One-way


    clutch.
    Stator multiplies torque
    At 90% speed ratio, the stator rotates
    same speed as turbine and impeller
    and coupling phase occurs.
    Pg 90C

    Construction of Torque converter


    A hydrodynamic torque converter is a device used for
    multiplying torque (or) turning moment by hydrodynamic
    means, that is making use of kinetic energy of a fluid in motion.
    It consists of three vaned members.
    An impeller secured to the input shaft, a runner secured to the
    output shaft and a reaction member fixed in position.
    An three being enclosed in a housing filled with hydraulic fluid.
    The impeller serves to impart a whirling motion to the fluid, the
    runner is kept rotating by the whirling fluid, and the reaction
    member changes the direction of the whirling motion between
    runner outlet and impeller inlet in such a way that the K.E left
    in the fluid will help to drive the impeller.

    Contd..
    The input torque which the converter is able to take is
    proportional to the difference between the moments of
    momentum of the fluid at the entrance and exit of the impeller.
    Since the moment of momentum is proportional to the product
    of the spinning velocity and the radius of the spinning motion,
    it is obvious that the torque capacity increases with the exit
    diameter of the impeller and as the entrance diameter
    decreases.

    Variation of Efficiency & torque with speed ratio

    Variation of Efficiency with speed ratio


    When starting from rest, efficiency = 0 i,e both output speed and
    output are zero.
    Efficiency = 0 when the load is removed, runner is allowed to
    race.
    As the runner gains speed, efficiency increases.
    Max value of efficiency at design point (orbitrarily set).
    Max efficiency is of 85% to 90% based on
    1. No of stages
    2. No of blades
    3. Refinement of blades
    4. Blades entrance & exit angles
    At a certain speed ratio, coupling point output torque = input
    torque.

    Variation of torque with speed ratio


    Output torque is max when starting 1/ N2
    T.C of cars has stall torque ratio of 2.0 & 2.5.
    Possible to get high torque ratios, but not practical, since is
    low , trouble of overheating.
    Reducing gear is used for high ratios
    Another reason for moderate stall torque its efficiency as
    F.C decreases further .i,e for high torque ratio vanes have to be
    curved sharply.
    Single stage T.C 2 to 4
    Two stage T.C 3 to 5
    Three stage T.C 4.5 to 6

    Multi stage torque converter

    Poly phase torque converter

    Poly phase torque converter

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