SPE 57690

Evaluating High-Angle Wells With Advanced Production-Logging Technology

Douglas Hupp, SPE, Schlumberger Oilfield Services, and DeWayne R. Schnorr, SPE

Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in Houston, Texas, 36 October 1999.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
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Abstract
High-angle wells with longer and longer departures are being
drilled at an ever-increasing pace on the North Slope of
Alaska and around the world. This type well is used to
penetrate new oil reservoirs and increase oil recovery in older
maturing oil fields. The older maturing oil fields are being
waterflooded with gas reinjection to maintain reservoir
pressure, which results in wells that produce oil with high
water cuts and high gas-oil ratios. These complex downhole
production profiles create a difficult production logging
environment.
A totally new logging tool is being used to determine the
production profile when a high-angle well is producing oil
with high water cut and high gas-oil ratios. This compact tool
directly measures water holdup and gas holdup distribution
around the wellbore, along with velocity data and X-Y caliper
all 18 in. above the bottom of the tool. Pressure, temperature,
inclination, with gamma ray and casing collar locator, are also
included in this compact tool. All measurements can be run
with an electric line unit or in memory mode. The memory
mode eliminates the need for electric line when logging
horizontal wells or wells that have high surface flowing
pressures.
Sigma/porosity and carbon-oxygen measurements can be
combined with this short production logging tool, when run on
electric line, so that the production profile and the reservoir
behind the casing can be evaluated on a single trip into the
well. The combination of the production profile and formation
evaluation is then used to determine how to produce the well
and manage the reservoir to maximize oil production and
recovery.

Production profiles from four different wells demonstrate the

value of these direct measurements and how they were used in
planning the remedial work to increase oil production and
reduce or eliminate unwanted gas and water production.
Introduction
The PS PLATFORM* production logging service combines
redesigned, improved standard production logging sensors
with new-technology sensors in a short, durable tool string.
This new service is not just a combination of existing tools
and sensors. Each sensor has been designed or redesigned to
enhance its measurement and reliability and streamline its
packaging. The main benefit of this combination of design and
technology is the ability to provide three important
measurements from sensors within 18 in. (46 cm) of the
bottom of the tool: spinner, X-Y caliper and local probes. Data
from these sensors and from Gradiomanometer*, pressure and
temperature sensors are combined to determine oil, free gas
and water production profiles in complex producing wells.
Evaluating production profiles in wells that produce oil with
high gas-to-oil ratios and high water cuts is difficult. These
evaluations become even more complex when the total
production rates are low, casing sizes are large, and wells
deviated. The flow regime across the perforations will vary
from bubble to slug flow, and in many cases will be stratified
with gas mixed with oil on the high side of the casing and with
water on the low side. Many of these wells do not produce at
stabilized pressures or flow rates, but tend to pulsate as the
well loads and unloads the produced fluids.
Determining the flow regime distribution, in terms of how
much of the cross-sectional area is filled with oil, gas and
water around the wellbore from one depth to another, is key to
evaluating deviated wells with large casings, high water cuts
and high gas-to-oil ratios. This can only be done through local
probe measurements across the casing at each depth in the
well. Each probe will determine the water holdup at its
position in the well as well as the oil and gas bubble size. This
information, combined with the spinner, pressure,
temperature, Gradiomanometer and well inclination is used to
determine the production profile of the well. It is not enough
just to acquire the log data. The log data must be evaluated by
*

Mark of Schlumberger

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

software packages that are designed for complex wells.

Basic Tool String Configuration
The tool string is shown in Fig. 1. Its overall nominal length,
including the Gradiomanometer tool section, is 18.5 ft (5.6 m)
with nominal diameter of 1.69 in. (43 mm). The tool outside
diameter is 2.13 in (54 mm) when rollers are used. Without the
Gradiomanometer section, the length of the string is 13.4 ft
(4.1 m). When a second pressure gauge is added, the length
increases to 22.6 ft (6.9 m).
The tool string can be operated in either telemetry or
memory mode. The telemetry module can be run with any
kind of electric logging cable (including monoconductor and
coaxial cables). The memory mode can be used to log highpressure wells with slickline or horizontal wells with coiled
tubing. In the memory mode, the log data are memorized
downhole and retrieved at surface with a portable computer.
The sensors remain identical for either mode.
Telemetry Module. Standard monocable has the capability
of transmitting 150 kB/s of data and the coaxial cable has
transmitting capability to 200 kB/s. This high frequency of
data transmission allows other tools to be run with the PS
PLATFORM string.
Other tools that can be run with the string include the RST*
Reservoir Saturation Tool for sigma and carbon oxygen data
and the CMT Cement Mapping Tool for cement bond
determination. The RST tool determines oil, water and gas
saturations behind casing1 on the same trip as the production
logging data. A borax log can also be acquired with the RST
sigma log to identify cement channels behind casing from
open perforations. The CMT tool determines the cement
quality around the casing in eight different segments on the
same trip as the production log data are acquired. Other
sensors will be combinable with the PS PLATFORM string in
the future.
Recorder Section. The telemetry and power supply
electronic module can be removed from the Basic
Measurement sonde and replaced by downhole recorder
electronics and associated lithium battery. The power
consumption of the string, as depicted in Fig. 1, is so minimal
that more than 100 hr of continuous data can be recorded in
memory mode. The sampling rate of each sensor is
programmable individually down to 5 data points per second.
Logging sessions can also be programmed to adapt to
sophisticated logging programs that also include long
stabilization or buildup times. This function allows
autonomies far exceeding 100 hr. The recorder data storage
capacity is 32 MB.
Basic Measurement Sonde. Below the data acquisition
electronics (telemetry or recorder), the Basic Measurement
sonde regroups in a single highly compact device the
measurements traditionally taken in producing wells: gamma
ray, casing collar locator, pressure and temperature. Loggingwhile-drilling (LWD) technology was used in component

SPE 57690

design, hence ensuring a high degree of reliability. The CQG*

Crystal Quartz Gauge is used to deliver data with high
accuracy and resolution and fast temperature stabilization.
Fast stabilization is particularly needed when logging flow
profiles with high-temperature gradients.
UNIGAGE* Carrier. The UNIGAGE carrier offers the
possibility to acquire a second pressure measurement and is
equipped with the CQG quartz gauge.

Gradiomanometer Tool. The Gradiomanometer tool

measures fluid densities using a solid-state pressure
differential sensor designed to keep drifts well below 14 mpsi
in the full operating pressure-temperature envelope. The
pressure ports face the interior to minimize the risks of
damage from gas jetting.
Flow-Caliper Imaging Tool. The Flow-Caliper Imaging
tool is extremely compact, measuring only 5.2 ft (1.59 m)
(Fig. 2). This instrument is equipped with:
four electrical probes (FloView*) that deliver water holdup
and hydrocarbon bubble count measurements and images
without wellsite calibration
a relative bearing sensor that allows recording of the spatial
orientation of the four probes in the pipe cross section
a fullbore, high-resolution, directional spinner with foldable
blades to permit conveyance through restrictions
independent X and Y calipers to measure hole size and
geometry.
In addition, the Flow-Caliper Imaging tool has a selfcentralizing capacity and several spinner and caliper settings
to adapt the tool to various tubular or hole sizes. The
centralizer/caliper arm tips can be equipped with skids or
rollers for conveyance in either cased or open holes.
Interpretation Model.
The four electrical probes on the Flow-Caliper Imaging tool
are important for mapping and understanding phase
segregation in deviated and horizontal wells and for detecting
the first hydrocarbon entries.2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Multiphasic flow interpretation of PS PLATFORM
measurements is simplified by integration of these
measurements into a compact tool. A discussion follows of the
most commonly encountered cases of two- and three-phase
interpretation.
Two-Phase Flow Profile Computation. The total flow
rate curve, Qt, is first derived from the fullbore spinner output,
Sr. The casing internal diameter, D, is provided by the X-Y
caliper, and the cable speed, Cs, is delivered by the logging
system. Next, the water flow rate, Qw, is computed from the
water holdup, Yw, provided by averaging the measurements
delivered by the four electrical probes. The hydrocarbon
slippage velocity, Vsh, is provided by a phenomenological
model:

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS WITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

Sc = Sr - (Cs - T) / P .......................................... ( 1)
Vm = (E)(Sc)(P) ................................................ ( 2)
Qt = (Vm)(A) ..................................................... ( 3)
Qw = (Yw)(Qt -(1-Yw)(Aa)(VSh)) .................... ( 4)
Qh = Qt - Qw ...................................................... ( 5)

In most cases, the values of the spinner pitch, P, and the

threshold, Th, are predetermined when manufactured and
controlled in a laboratory flow loop to achieve reasonable
accuracy. The spinner efficiency factor, E, can be considered
equal to 1 in multiphase flow, however E can be as low as
0.83 in monophasic flows. The flow correction factor depends
on the size of the spinner blades, the inside diameter and
roughness of the casing and the viscosity of the fluid mixture.
Normally in 7-in. casing, it is equal to 0.90.
In addition to the above approach, an independent
hydrocarbon flow rate can be estimated from the probe bubble
count data. Although this method is perfectly valid, it has the
drawback of requiring several logging passes. There is a new
complementary equation that also leads to the hydrocarbon
flow rate estimation. It is based on a phenomenological bubble
size model and does not require several logging passes at
different logging speeds. The equation is as follows:

oil wells in Alaska have bottomhole flowing pressures below

bubble point pressure when producing, which means that there
is three-phase flow across the perforations. With these
conditions, it is recommended that the Gradiomanometer
mixture density measurement be used with the Flow-Caliper
Imaging tool measurements. The Gradiomanometer friction
corrections are computed using an algorithm that takes the
mixture velocity (Vm) computed from the fullbore flowmeter
and the hole diameter (D) measured by the Flow-Caliper
Imaging tool calipers. Note that the friction effect is typically
negligible below rates of 10,000 total downhole barrels per
day in 7-in. casing. After the raw density is corrected, the
following computations are performed to determine the
individual three-phase flow rates above each producing
interval.
Yh = 1 - Yw ........................................... ( 8)
h = [m - (Yw)( w)] / Yh .......................... ( 9)
Yo = [(Yh)(h - g)] / (o - g) ...................... (10)
Yg = Yh - Yo .............................................. (11)
Yl

= Yw + Yo ............................................ (12)

Qso = (Yw)( Yo)(Aa)(Vsg) ............................ (13)

Db = (D)((Dn/D))**(Yw**) ........................... ( 6)
.

Ql
Qo

= (Yl )(Qt) -Qsg ....................................... (14)

= Ql - Qw ............................................. (15)

Qg

= Qt - Ql .............................................. (16)

Qb = [(Bc)(Db) - Cs (1-Yw)](A) ....................... ( 7)

The phenomenological bubble size model, Db, reflects the
laboratory and field observations whereby bubbles of nominal
size, Dn, (a nominal bubble is a stand-alone bubble) coalesce
together when their concentration increases. Eventually bubble
sizes trend towards D, the pipe internal diameter, and Yw
trends to zero. The same observations have shown that Dn
takes typical values of 1.5 mm for the diameter of the bubbles.
However, at very high fluid speeds, typically over 200 ft/min
(1 m/s), coalesced bubbles can be fragmented.
A full biphasic flow profile can be established from the
Flow-Caliper Imaging tool alone. This tool also offers the
advantage of an independent hydrocarbon flow rate estimation
from the bubble count data. This is useful when the spinner is
affected by water fallback.
This effect occurs in deviated wells but only in multiphase
flow. Oil (or gas) on the high side of the casing flow at faster
velocities than water on the low side. At the hydrocarbon water interface, the water and hydrocarbon velocities are
similar. The water below this interface is flowing at a slower
velocity and may even flow in a downward direction as the
water falls back and is then circulated up the well. This
condition will occur in deviated wells. There is no water
fallback effect when the casing is filled with water.

Since the PFCS (Platform Flow-Caliper Sonde) delivers key

production logging parameters, a few computations have been
added to the log output in order to trigger zones of potential
data validity problems. For example, each electrical probe
raw electrical signal can be viewed to determine minimum and
maximum values, as well as the threshold used for detecting
hydrocarbon bubbles passing by the probes. Also, as bubble
size may become too small (less than 0.5 mm), to properly
detected by these probes, an estimated bubble size Dbe is
calculated in order to warn against this potential occurrence,
using the following equation:

Three-Phase Flow Profile Computation. All producing

New software has been developed, dedicated to production

Dbe = Sf (1 - Yw)(Vm + Cs) / Bc .............. (17)

When the Dbe curve stays stable and within reasonable
values (0.5 to 15 mm), it is a sign of coherent data acquisition.
The nominal bubble size Dne is also estimated by inverting
Eq. 6 for the phenomenological model and by using
Dne = (D)(Dbe / D)**(1 / (Yw)**) ......... (18)
The Dne curve is useful for selecting the fixed Dn value to
enter in the model (Eq. 6) for interpreting bubble count data.

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

logging data depth matching, editing, and flow profile

interpretation, that goes far beyond the interpretation of field
quicklook programs.
Examples
Example A (Fig. 3, Table 2)
Objectives: 1. Determine water entries. 2. Identify intervals
having miscible gas breakthrough. 3. Determine if all the oil is
coming with the miscible gas.
Given: Surface production rate is 330 STB oil, 2920 BWPD
and 7 MMscf gas. Casing is 7 in., 26 lbm/ft, grade N-80. Oil
gravity is 25.7 API gravity. Gas density s 0.78 g/cm3. Water
salnity is 20 kppm
Interpretation: The holdup map (track 5) clearly indicates
all the oil and gas is from the upper perforations (X-0942 X0950 ft). The water holdup calculated from the FloView and
Gradiomanometer combination and production from the
spinner indicate 2270 BWPD is also coming from the upper
perforations. The perforations from X0960 to X0965 ft and
X0980 to X1021 ft are not producing, and 1975 BWDP is
being produced from below X1042 ft. There is a cement cap at
X1042 ft and it is set in the middle of the bottom perforations.
See Table 2.
Example B (Fig. 4, Table 3)
Objectives: 1. Determine if all the water is coming from the
bottom perforations. 2. Identify the intervals producing
miscible gas and determine if oil is being produced from these
intervals.
Given: Surface production rate was 990 STB oil, 4490
BWPD and 670 Mscf gas. Casing is 7 in., 26 lbm/ft, grade N80. Oil gravity is 25.7 API gravity. Gas density is 0.78 g/cm3.
Water salnity is 20 kppm
Interpretation. The well is producing more gas than
reported: 5 MMscf calculated from PS PLATFORM data
versus the 670 Mscf reported. The upper perforations from
X0611 to X0616 are producing 4 MMscf gas and 2560
BWPD, with no oil. The two middle perforations are
producing oil from part of the perforations. The top 4 ft of the
bottom perforations are producing oil; the water is coming
from deeper in the perforations. The FloView log aided the
interpretation in the bottom perforations. See Table 3.
Example C (Figs. 5 and 6, Table 3)
Objectives: 1. Determine if all the water is coming from the
bottom perforations. 2. Identify the intervals producing
miscible gas and determine if oil is being produced from the
same intervals.
Given: Surface production rate was 960 STB oil, 1490
BWPD and 3510 Mscf gas. Casing is 7 in., 29 lbm/ft, grade N80. Oil gravity is 25.7 API gravity. Gas density is 0.78 g/cm3.
Water salinity is 20 kppm.
Interpretation:. The well is producing with a very low
bottomhole flowing pressure of 1400 Psi (normally about
2400 Psi). The fullbore spinner is affected by water fallback
effect from X0477 to X0779 ft. See Table 4.

SPE 57690

The GeoQuest PL Advisor interpretation program was used

to determine the flow rate from the lower perforations. Water
fallback effect indicates oil and gas are being produced from
the lower perforations. Miscible gas and water are being
produced from the upper perforations.
Figure 6 shows FloView data as a fluid holdup map, with
four depths in the well shown in cross-sectional views. The
lowest map represents 98% water holdup. The next indicates
oil flowing on the high side of the casing. The top crosssectional maps are above the miscible gas entries, and the
miscible gas pause almost fills the total cross-sectional area
inside the casing.
Example D (Figs. 7, Table 4)
Objectives: 1. Identify possible water shutoff zones, 2.
Determine production splits.
Given: Surface production rates were 241 STB oil, 1295
BWPD and 360 Mscf gas. Casing is 7 in., 29 lbm/ft, grade N80. Oil gravity is 32 API gravity. Gas density is 0.78 g/cm3.
Water salinity is 10 kppm.
Interpretation: This well is producing at a high water cut,
approximately 85%, with little formation gas.
The
Gradiomanometer shows little deflection in this case due to
the high water cut and lack of gas production. The bubble
count rate clearly identifies the entry points of the
hydrocarbon and their relative rates. An isolation packer can
be seen from X1150 to X1300 based on the caliper response.
The bubble count increases in the restricted internal diameter
of the isolation packer due to the consentration of flow. The
perforations below the isolation packer are producing minor
amounts of hydrocarbons.
The GeoQuest PL Advisor interpretation program was used to
determine the flow rates utilizing the FloView holdup and
bubble count in addition to the full compliment of PS Platform
sensors. Trace oil is being produced from the lowest
perforated interval as identified by the FloView probes.
Approximately 35% of the water are being produced from
below X0965 with only 30 BOPD. The majority of the oil is
being produced from X0345 to X0365.
Conclusions
Interpreting complex producing wells is challenging, but a
higher degree of confidence in interpretations can be gained
when using new technology, sensors and software designed
for these complex environments. There are still more answers
needed from production logging, but these can be added to the
PS Platform with introduction of new sensors that measure gas
holdup directly.
Nomenclature
Sr = Spinner raw measurement
Sc = Spinner corrected for cable speed
Cs = Cable speed
Th = Spinner threshold velocity
P = Spinner blade pitch
V = Velocity

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS WITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

E = Spinner correction factor

= 3.1416
D = Pipe diameter as measured by the X-Y calipers
Aa = (D2 - D2)/4 = Annular area between the ID of casing
and OD of tool
A = (d2 )/4, Casing ID area
Qt = Total volume
Y = Holdup of phase
= Density of fluid
Q = Flow rate
d = Tool diameter
VS = Slip velocity (algorithm)
QS = Slipped rate
Bc = Bubble count (number of bubbles per second)
Db = Bubble diameter
Dn = Nominal, stand-alone bubble diameter
Sf = Statistical factor (1.5 for spherical bubbles)
Qb = Bubble flow rate
Subscripts
m = mixture
h = hydrocarbons
l = liquid
w = water
o = oil
g = gas
Acknowledgments
The authors thank ARCO Alaska Inc. and BP Exploration
(Alaska), Inc. for helping in the field testing of this new
logging technology. Thanks are also extended to UNOCAL
for allowing the use of field data acquired in their wells.
References
1. Schnorr, D.R.
Determining Oil, Water and Gas
Saturations Simultaneously Through Casing by Combining
C/O & Sigma Measurements, SPE 35682, SPE Western
Regional Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska, 22-24 May, 1996.
2. Dideck, M. et al. New Production Logging Tool Enables
Problem Well Diagnosis: A Case Study, SPWLA, June,
1996.
3. Boyle, K. et al. Applications of a New Production
Logging Tool to Locate Fluid Entries and Borehole Flow
Imaging, SPE 36221, October 1996.
4. Halford, F.R. et al. A Production Logging Measurement
of Distributed Local Phase Holdup, SPE 35556, April
1996.
5. Theron, B.E. et al.
Stratified Flow Model and
Interpretation in Horizontal Wells, SPE 36560, October
1996.
6. Lenn, C. et al. Flow Diagnosis in an Extended Reach
Well at the BP Wytch Farm Oilfield Using a New
Toolstring combination Incorporating Novel Production
Logging Technology, SPE 36580, October 1996.

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

SPE 57690

Table 1. PS PLATFORM Sensors and Lengths

Sonde/Sensor
Basic
Measurement
sonde

Logging Function/Measurement
Telemetry and Power Supply (or)
Batteries and recorder
Gamma ray, collar locator, temperature,
sapphire or CQG pressure gauge

Length, ft
7.9

UNIGAGE carrier

4.2
CQG gauge

Gradiomanometer
tool
Flow-Caliper
Imaging tool

5.0
Gradiomanometer
Flowmeter, X-Y caliper, water holdup,
bubble count, relative bearing, centralizer

5.1

When only spinner, temperature and pressure are needed, the tool length is 13 ft.
Table 2. Example A --- Production by Interval Converted to Surface Production
Depth
(ft)
X0944-X0950

Oil
(STB)
305

Water
(bbl)
2270

Gas
(Mscf)
5000

GOR
(scf/STB)
16400

WC
(%)
88

X0960-X0964

---

---

X0980-X1042

---

---

X1042 & below

1975

Total

305 STB

4245 BWPD

5000 Mscf

100

16400

93

Table 3. Example B --- Production by Interval Converted to Surface Production

Depth
(ft)
X0611-X0616

Oil
(STB)
15

Water
(bbl)
2560

Gas
(Mscf)
4000

GOR
(scf/STB)
infinite

WC
(%)
96

X0718-X0739
X0739-X0749
X0749-X0770

0
175
0

0
0
0

0
465
0

--2657
---

--0
---

X0788-X0818
X0818-X0863

105
0

730
0

224
0

2133
---

87
---

X0880-X0884
X0884-X0914
X0914 & below

820
0
0

0
1165
?

344
0
0

420
0
0

0
100
?

Total

1115 STB

4455 BWPD

5033 Mscf

4514

80

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS WITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

Table 4. Example C --- Production by Interval Converted to Surface Production

Depth
(ft)
X0303-X0366
X0366-X0377

Oil
(STB)
0
0

Water
(bbl)
785
0

Gas
(Mscf)
4900
0

GOR
(scf/STB)
infinite
---

WC
(%)
100
---

X0386-X0477

965

420

510

528

30

X0779-X0786

30

17

567

X0800-X0816
165
700
88
533
The temperature indicates a water channel below the bottom perforations.
Total

1160 STB

1905 BWPD

5515 Mscf

4754

81
62

Table 5. Example D --- Production by Interval Converted to Surface Production

Depth
(ft)
X0295-X0320
X0345-X0365
X0436-X0456
X0587-X0672
X0815-x0843
X0965-X1016
X1024-X1146
Below X1325

Oil
(STB)
20
105
40
5
20
10
20
1

Water
(bbl)
0
600
130
325
0
435
130
9

Gas
(Mscf)
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
2

GOR
(scf/STB)
0
0
0
0
0
636
0
55

WC
(%)
0
85
77
98
0
97
86
90

Total

221

1629

32

88

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

SPE 57690

Electronics

Pressure
Temperature
Gamma Ray
Casing Collar

X-Y Caliper

Locator

Fullbore Spinner

UNIGAGE Carrier With

Quartz
Pressure Gauge

FloView Probes

Fullbore Spinner
X-Y Caliper
FloView Probes

Figure 1. PS PLATFORM tool string and sensors: FloView,

spinner, X-Y caliper, Gradiomanometer, temperature, pressure,
gamma ray, collar locator, and optional UNIGAGE carrier.

Figure 2. Spinner, caliper, FloView section.

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS EITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3-Production log data and interpretation example A. Production logs were run on this deviated
well to identify the depth of oil and water entry into the borehole. FloView data clearly identify the
first hydrocarbon entry at X0950. Gradiomanometer data indicate this is mostly gas with some oil.
No oil or gas is being produced from below the top set of perforations. The produced oil in this well
is the result of miscible gas injection.

10

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

SPE 57690

Fig 4-Production log data and interpretation example B. Production logs were run in this
deviated well to see if the lowest perforations could be plugged without losing oil production.
Oil, water and gas are being produced from below X0890, indicating that any water shutoff
work would significantly decrease the oil production potential from this well. Secondary
recovery gas breakthrough can be seen in the top perforated interval at X0620.

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS WITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

Fig 5-Production log data and interpretation example C. This well is strongly affected by water
fallback between X0300 and X0800. FloView data clearly identify the first hydrocarbon entry
as coming from the lowest perforated interval at X0800. The high gamma ray reading is due to
scale. A channel can be seen from the temperature log below X0820.

11

12

D. HUPP, D. R. SCHNORR

X0300

X0400

Figure 6-This figure depicts the water holdup cross sections from the FloView tool in a
deviated hole across a producing interval. The bottom cross section indicates 98% water
holdup. The 2% hydrocarbon holdup is being produced from a lower perforated interval. A
small amount of oil is being produced from the bottom of the perforations at X0380. The
majority of the hydrocarbon entry is seen at X0355. The cross sections clearly identify the
hydrocarbon holdup and confirm it is occurring in the top of the casing.

SPE 57690

SPE 57690

EVALUATING HIGH-ANGLE WELLS WITH ADVANCED PRODUCTION-LOGGING TECHNOLOGY

Fig 7-Production log data and interpretation example D. This well is producing at a high water
cut (85%) with little gas. The bubble count clearly indicates the hydrocarbon entry points and
relative hydrocarbon flow rates. The high bubble count rates at X1150 to X1300 are due to a
restriction from an isolation packer. The location of the isolation packer can be seen from the
X-Y caliper. The largest hydrocarbon entry can be seen on the bubble count and holdup
maps at X0350.

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