Grigoras M 3 16

Direct Synthesis of 2,8- and 3,9- Bisbromine-functionalised
Indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles
MIRCEA GRIGORAS*, OANA-IULIANA NEGRU
P. Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Electroactive Polymers Department, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi,
Romania
Two indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles disubstituted in 2,8- or 3, 9- positions with bromine atoms were prepared in
good yields by condensation of 5-bromoindole or 6-bromoindole with benzaldehyde using hydroiodic acid
as catalyst followed by aromatization with iodine. The structures of compounds were proved by FT-IR,
1
H-, 13C-, and mass spectroscopy.
Keywords: indolocarbazoles, synthesis, bisbromine functionalised, spectral characterization
Among the five members of indolocarbazole family,

indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) isomer has attracted
considerable interest in the last years for organic electronics
[1, 2]. It is analogue of carbazole and contains indole unit
fused to the 2,3 positions of one of the benzenoid rings of
the carbazole moiety and the two nitrogen atoms are in ex
situ each to other yielding to a rigid and coplanar structure
with a more extended conjugation, stronger electron
donating character and higher charge carrier mobility
compared to carbazole [3-5]. Functionalized ICZs are used
as building blocks for synthesis of new hole-transport
materials having good thermal and photochemical stability
and applications in electrophotography [6], organic field
effect transistors [7-13], organic light emitting diodes [1317], photovoltaic solar cells [11, 18, 19], and dye-sensitized
solar cells [20].
The building of ICZ framework was performed by a
number of synthetic methods and the advance in literature
until 2008 has been overviewed in some reviews [21, 22].
The most old and common method used to synthesize
indolo[3,2-b]carbazole skeleton is based on double Fischer
indolisation of cyclohexane-1,4-dione bis phenylhydrazone
by treatment with a mixture of glacial acetic and
concentrated sulphuric acid [23]. However, the linear
isomer is obtained in low to moderate yields and is
accompanied by side products (angular isomer). Acidcatalyzed condensation of indole with aliphatic aldehydes
is an alternative route used by Bergman and Tholander to
build 6,12-disubstituted ICZ moiety [24]. Furthermore,
Dehaen et al [25, 26] have reported a three-stage one-pot
approach toward 6-monosubstituted- or 6,12-disubstituted5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles in moderate to good
yields (20-50%). The synthesis is based on the condensation
of an indole and an aldehyde using iodine as catalyst,
followed by intramolecular cyclization with an ortho ester
in presence of strong acids. In 2008 Deb and Bhuyan have
reported the synthesis of [3,2-b] ICZs from 3,3bis(indolyl)methane in the presence of iodine as catalyst
in refluxing acetonitrile [27]. The 3,3-bis(indolyl)methane
was obtained from two moles of indole and one mole of
aldehyde in presence of iodine at room temperature and
very short time [27]. In 2009, Dehaen et al have reported a
facile and general two-step method towards 6,12-diaryl5,11-dyhydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles by condensation of
indole and aromatic aldehyde using hydroiodic acid as
catalyst and aromatization of intermediary product with

iodine [28].
Although for synthesis of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole ([3,2b]ICZ) skeleton were developed some efficient methods,
a literature overwiew reveals only a few reports on the
synthesis of bisbromine-functionalized ICZs. Yudina and
Bergman [29] have synthesized 2,8-dibromo ICZ under
conditions described by Robinson [23] but starting from 4bromophenylhydrazine and 1,4-cyclohexanedione while
3,9-dibromo ICZ was synthesized by the same route using
3-bromophenylhydrazine and 1,4-cyclohexanedione [7, 8].
Leclerc et al have reported synthesis of 2,8- and 3,9-chlorine
disubstituted ICZ by Cadogan ring-closure reaction with
very low overall yields (6 and 7 %) [30]. Synthesis of
bromine-functionalized ICZ by direct bromination of ICZ
with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or bromine was tried but
results are contradictory. First, Dehaen and Snick have
reported that direct bromination of 5,11-dihexyl 6,12diphenyl [3,2-b]ICZ with NBS in acetic acid was inefficient,
the initial product being recovered [31]. However, they
claimed that the bromination of 2,8-dibromo 5,11-dihexyl6,12-diphenyldihydro[3,2-b] ICZ (the intermediar y
compound in synthesis of ICZ) in the same experimental
conditions yielded to expected 2,8-dibromo ICZ derivative
[31]. On the other hand, Cai et al. have reported the
synthesis of 2-bromo-5,11-dihexyl-6,12-diphenyl[3,2-b]ICZ
by direct bromination of ICZ with NBS in CCl4 [20]. Anyhow,
if the direct bromination is possible only ICZs functionalized
at 2, 8 positions should be obtained because the lone pair
electrons of nitrogen atoms activate the para positions for
electrophylic aromatic substitution.
In this work we report the successful synthesis and
characterization of two compounds: 2,8-dibromo-5,11di(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (1c) and 3,9-dibromo-5,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)6,12-diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2c)
(scheme 1) using bromine-substituted indoles as starting
compounds. These compounds will be used as monomers
in synthesis of indolocarbazole polymers by various
polycondensation reactions to obtain electroactive
polymers.
Experimental part
Materials and instruments
All starting organic compounds, 5-bromoindole (99%),
6-bromoindole (96%), benzaldehyde, tetraethyl
* email: [email protected]; Tel: 040-232-217454

430
http://www.revistadechimie.ro
REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No.3 2016
Scheme 1. Chemical structures of 2,8-dibromo-5,11di(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. (1c) and 3,9dibromo-5,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2c)
ammonium bromide, HI (57%), 2-ethylhexyl bromide, and

iodine and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
and used without further purification.
1
H and 13C- NMR spectra were recorded at room
temperature with a Bruker Avance DRX-400 spectrometer
(400 MHz or 100 MHz) as solutions in CDCl3 or dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetramethylsilane as an internal
standard. UV-visible and fluorescence measurements were
carried out in CHCl 3 solutions with a Specord 200
spectrophotometer and Perkin Elmer LS 55 apparatus,
respectively. ESI-MS analysis was performed using an AGQTOF instrument and methanol/chloroform as solvent.
2,8-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (1b)
Equimolar amounts of 5-bromoindole (2.5 g, 12.75
mmol) and benzaldehyde (1.35 g, 12.75 mmol) were
charged to a 100 mL round-bottom flask and dissolved in
acetonitrile (10 mL). While stirring, HI (57%) (0.126 g, 1.27
mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was
maintained at room temperature for 18 h then allowed to
heat at 80oC for 7 h. After that the formed precipitated was
filtered off and washed with cold acetonitrile and dried to
yield 2.77 g product. It is a mixture of 2,8-dibromo-6,12diphenyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (only
isomer trans) (1a) and 2,8-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1). For complete
aromatization, the product was suspended in acetonitrile
(50 mL) and iodine (0.50 g, 2 mmol) was added. The
reaction mixture was heated at 80 o C for 28 h. The
precipitate was filtered off, washed with cold acetonitrile
and dried until constant weight, to give 1.8 g compound 1
(50% yield) as yellow solid. M.p.>250 oC. ESI-MS: m/z=
566.9844
1
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), : 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.41 (s,
2H), 7.69-7.78 (m, 10H), 10.66 (s, 2H, -NH),
13
C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), : 108.96, 112.58, 117.00,
119.37, 123.18, 123.69, 127.26, 127.84, 128.89, 129.46,
133.76, 135.97, 140.28
FTIR (KBr, cm-1): 3429, 3065, 3027, 1603, 1540, 1449,
1349, 1277, 1213, 1140, 1089, 1059, 1027, 878, 805, 781,
704, 672, 567 cm-1.
UV-vis (THF) abmax: 287, 329, 344, 403, 424 nm; emmax:
451 nm
3,9-dibromo-6,12,diphenyl 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (2b)
3,9-dibromo-6,12, 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole
was synthesized from 6-bromoindole and benzaldehyde
by the same procedure as described for 2,8-dibromo-6,12diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. The yield is
42 %. M.p. >250 oC. ESI-MS: m/z=566.9821
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), : 6.94-7.01 (d, 4H), 7.60

(s, 2H), 7.65-7.79 (m, 10H), 10.74 (s, 2H, -NH)
13
C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), : 113.59, 117.20, 118.17,
119.71, 120.32, 121.22, 122.62, 128.32, 129.44, 129.87,
133.80, 136.32, 142.66
FTIR (KBr, cm-1): 3424, 3056, 3022, 1604, 1536, 1435,
1349, 1305, 1211, 1147, 1053, 1026, 919, 840, 803, 775,
749, 704, 584, 519 cm-1.
442 nm
1
2,8-dibromo-5,11-di(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1c)
In a two-necked round bottom flask equipped with a
dropping funnel and magnetic stirring bar were introduced
1b (1.2 g, 2.13 mmol), tetraethyl ammonium bromide
((C2H5)4NBr, 3.5 mg, 0.01 mmol) and DMSO (50 mL). A
solution of NaOH (3.5 mL, 50% w/w) was added dropwise
under Ar atmosphere and stirred for 30 min, followed by
addition of 2-ethylhexyl bromide (1.64 g, 8.54 mmol). The
reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature
overnight and then heated to 55oC and maintained at this
temperature for 4 h. Subsequently the reaction mixture
was cooled down to room temperature and poured into
400 mL methanol with stirring, neutralized with a solution
of HCl (1M). The precipitated yellow-green solid was
filtered and washed with methanol 3 times, and dried until
constant weight. The yellow-green solid was obtained with
a yield of 1.9 g, 70%. ESI-MS: m/z= 791.2312
1
H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), : 0.58-0.95 (m, 10H), 1.041.32 (m, 8H), 1.71 (m, 4H), 3.81 (d, 2H), 6.4 (d, 2H), 7.1 (d,
2H), 7.3 (dd, 2H), 7.62-7.73 (m, 10H).
13
C-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), : 10.42, 14.00, 23.04, 23.14,
28.16, 29.84, 39.16, 48.44, 110.49, 110.52, 118.45, 122.59,
124.34, 125.14, 127.76, 128.54, 129.11, 129.14, 131.12,
133.24, 138.02, 141.98
FTIR (KBr, cm-1): 3057, 3026, 2956, 2926, 2862, 1599,
1518, 1458, 1443, 1340, 1283, 1228, 1165, 1098, 1067,
1024, 876, 791, 732, 702, 645, 586 cm-1.
441 nm and a shoulder at 467 nm
3,9-dibromo-5,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2c)
The compound was synthesized according to the
general procedure for the 1c and was obtained as yellow
solid (72 % yield). ESI-MS: m/z= 791.2231
1
H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), : 0.58-0.95 (m, 10H), 1.051.07 (m, 8H), 1.43 (s, 2H) 1.85 (m, 4H), 3.74 (d, 2H), 6.196.21 (d, 2H), 6.87-6.89 (d, 2H), 7.39 (s, 2H), 7.62-7.68 (m,
10H).
13
C-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), : 10.45, 13.96, 23.02, 23.09,
25.61, 27.97, 29.65, 30.32, 39.05, 48.39, 67.97, 112.08,
431
Scheme 2. Synthesis of
indolo[3,2-b]carbazole
monomers. (a) benzaldehyde,
CH3CN, HI (57%), r.t. 18h and then
80oC for 7h. (b) CH3CN, I2, reflux,
3 days (c) DMSO, NaOH,
2-ethylhexyl bromide
118.31, 119.12, 120.97, 121.63, 122.72, 123.39, 128.42,

129.01, 129.06, 131.18, 133.20, 138.19, 144.16
FTIR (KBr, cm-1): 3075, 3055, 3024, 2959, 2928, 2873,
2857, 1597, 1521, 1460, 1435, 1382, 1352, 1314, 1230,
1163, 1066, 1024, 927, 888, 828, 797, 737, 703, 590 cm-1.
434 nm and a shoulder at 455 nm
Results and discussions
The structure of ICZ moiety allows tuning its properties
by introduction of functional groups in many possible
positions. The [3,2-b] ICZ isomer is currently disubstituted
at carbons 2,8- and 3,9-, which are analogues with
carbazoles positions 3,6 and 2,7, respectively. When ICZ
is synthesized from indole and aldehyde [18, 19], positions
6 and 12 of ICZ are substituted and the nature of
substituents is imposed by the aldehyde used in the
condensation. In many cases, to increase the solubility of
the monomers and polymers in common organic solvents
and to decreases the intermolecular interactions, the two
N-H sites of ICZ were substituted with long and branched
alkyl chains or aromatic substituents. The connection
position of ICZs in the polymer chain determines the
conjugation length and allows easy tuning electronic and
optical properties. Polymers containing [3,2-b]ICZ units
connected in the conjugated main chain by positions 2
and 8 have less effective conjugation than polymers with
3,9-disubstituted [3,2-b]ICZ, where conjugation is through
a terphenyl unit.
For the introduction of bromine functional groups at 2,8or 3,9- of ICZ we proposed an alternative synthetic scheme
based on the use of pre-functionalised indole derivatives
containing bromine at 5- or 6- position. Interestingly, the
bromine-substituted indoles, accessible commercial
products, were not used in synthesis of functionalised ICZs.
Therefore, as shown in Scheme 2, 5-bromoindole and 6bromoindole (available commercial products) were used
in condensation with equimolar quantities of benzaldehyde
and in presence of 2% mole hydroiodic acid (57%) as
catalyst to obtain the corresponding dibromine-substituted
[3,2-b] ICZs as a mixture of aromatic and dihydro- isomers.
The dihyro- compounds are composed from a mixture of
trans (predominant) and cis isomers.
1
H-NMR spectra of compounds 1b and 2b presented in
Figure1 and 2 prove their proposed structure for ICZ skeleton
and show four signals, assigned to NH protons, protons of
phenyl substituents and protons from ICZ group. Bromine
substituent influences the peaks position of neighboring
protons and NH protons.
432
Fig. 1. 1H-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 2,8-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1b)
Fig. 2. 1H-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 3,9-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2b)
Figure 3 and 4 shows the 13C-NMR spectra of the two

compounds with tentative assignments of signals, based
on 2D-HMQC and COSY-NMR experiments.
Normalized UV absorption and fluorescence spectra of
dilute solutions in THF of the synthesized compounds are
shown in figure 5. All compounds show absorptions in the
range of 240-470 nm, with two strong absorption peaks in
the wavelength regions of 250-300 nm and 300-350 nm,
respectively, which were assigned to the * transition,
while there were only weak absorptions beyond 400-440
Fig. 3. 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 2,8dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1b)
Fig. 4. 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 3,9dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (2b)
Fig. 5. UV-vis absorption (a) and

fluorescence emission (b) spectra of dilute
THF solutions (10-5 mol/L)
of 1b, 1c, 2b and 2c
nm due to the n-* transitions. The absorption spectra of

1b (424 nm) and 1c (431 nm) are red-shifted with respect
of the corresponding 2b (415 nm) and 2c (421 nm)
respectively, due to the effect of substitution on the electron
delocalization of the molecules. In the same time, the
introduction of alkyl groups at nitrogen atoms of ICZs has
as result a slight bathocromic shifting (6-7 nm) of UV
spectrum with that of the corresponding non-alkylated
derivatives due to the electron donating of alkyl groups.
The fluorescence spectra of 2,8- and 3,9-dibromoICZs
have similar shape with maxima at 451 nm for 1b and 442
nm for 2b, assigned to emission from indolcarbazole group
(ex = 286 nm). They are independent of the wavelength
of excitation. The spectra of alkylated compounds (1c and
2c) are slightly blue shifted with respect of the
corresponding non-alkylated derivatives 1b and 2b,
respectively, having emission maximum at 441 nm with a
shoulder at 467 nm for compound 1c and 434 nm with a
shoulder at 455 nm for compound 2c.
Conclusions
We report here a very simple and efficient procedure for
the synthesis dibromoindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles or
dibromoindolo[2,3-b]carbazoles from the reaction of
bromindole derivatives with benzaldehyde using in a first
stage hydroiodic acid (HI, 57%) as a catalyst, obtaining a
mixture of 2,8- or 3,9-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,6,11,12tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1a, 2a) and 2,8- or 3,9dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-6,12-dyhydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (1b, 2b), then iodine was used as an oxidation
reagent to convert 1a and 2a to 1b and 2b. Alkylation of
NH group was carried out with 2-ethylhexyl bromide in
DMSO using NaOH and alkylated compounds are soluble
in chloroform.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank to the Romanian National
Authority for Scientific Research (UEFISCDI) for financial support
(Grant PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0274, Contract 148/2011).
433
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Manuscript received: 22.01.2015
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Direct Synthesis of 2,8- and 3,9- Bisbromine-functionalised

Among the five members of indolocarbazole family,

catalyst and aromatization of intermediary product with

* email: [email protected]; Tel: 040-232-217454

REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No.3 2016

Scheme 1. Chemical structures of 2,8-dibromo-5,11di(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. (1c) and 3,9dibromo-5,11-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2c)

ammonium bromide, HI (57%), 2-ethylhexyl bromide, and

H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), : 6.94-7.01 (d, 4H), 7.60

118.31, 119.12, 120.97, 121.63, 122.72, 123.39, 128.42,

Fig. 1. 1H-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 2,8-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1b)

Fig. 2. 1H-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 3,9-dibromo-6,12-diphenyl5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (2b)

Figure 3 and 4 shows the 13C-NMR spectra of the two

REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No.3 2016

Fig. 3. 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 2,8dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (1b)

Fig. 4. 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) of 3,9dibromo-6,12-diphenyl-5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2b]carbazole (2b)

Fig. 5. UV-vis absorption (a) and

nm due to the n-* transitions. The absorption spectra of

REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No.3 2016

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