HashemiteUniversityDr.

HazimDwairi

Example74:CompatibilityTorsion
MacgregorandWight,FourthEditioninSIunits.

The one-way joist system shown in Fig. 7-29 supports a total factored dead load of 7.5 kN/m2
and a factored live load of 8 kN/m2. Totaling 15.5 kN/m2. Design the end span, AB, of the
exterior spandrel beam on grid line 1. The factored dead load of the beam (i.e., self-weight) and
the factored loads applied directly to it total 16 kN/m. The spans and loadings are such that the
moments and shears can be calculated by using the moment coefficients from ACI Section 8.3.3
(see Section 10-2 of this book). Use fy = fyv = 420 MPa and fc = 30 MPa.

300 mm

A
900 mm

7200mm
6600mm

B
600mmx600mm

350mm

9300 mm

350mm

10000 mm

650 mm

470 mm

Figure729
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1. Compute the bending moments for the beam. In laying out the floor, it was found that joists
with an overall depth of 470 mm would be required. The slab thickness is 110 mm. The spandrel
beam was made the same depth, to save forming costs. The columns supporting the beam are 600
mm square. For simplicity in forming the joists, the beam overhangs the inside face of the
columns by 50 mm. Thus, the initial choice of beam size is h = 470 mm, b = 650 mm, and d =
405 mm.
Although the joist loads are transferred to the beam by the joist webs, we shall assume a uniform
load for simplicity. Very little error is introduced by this assumption. The joist reaction per meter
of length of beam is:
2

15.5

9.30

72.1

The total load on the beam is:

72.1

16

88.1

Themomentsintheedgebeamareasfollows:
Exteriorendnegative:
Midspanpositive:
Firstinteriornegative:

239.9
274.1

383.8

2. Compute b, d, and h. Since b and h have already been selected, we shall check whether they
are sufficiently large to ensure a ductile flexural behavior. Going through such a check, we find
.
at the first interior negative moment point and that the ratio, , is smaller at
that:
other points. Thus, the section has adequate size for flexure. The areas of steel required for
flexure are as follows:
Exterior end negative: As =1791 mm2
Midspan positive: As = 2046 mm2
First interior negative: As = 2865 mm2
Note: The actual steel will be chosen when the longitudinal torsion reinforcement has been
calculated.
3. Compute the final M, V, and T, diagrams. The moment and shear diagrams for the edge
beam, computed from the ACI moment coefficients (ACI Section 8.3.3; Section 10-2 of this
book): are plotted in Fig. 7-30a and b. The joists are designed as having a clear span of 9300 mm
from the face of one beam to the face of the other beam. Because the exterior ends of the joists
are "built integrally with" a "spandrel beam." ACI Section 8.3.3 gives the exterior negative
moment in the joists as:

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24

Rather than consider the moments in each individual joist, we shall compute an average moment
per meter of width of support:
15.5 9.3
55.9 .
24
Although this is a bending moment in the joist, it acts as a twisting moment on the edge beam.
As shown in Fig. 7-3la, this moment and the end shear of 72.1 kN/m act at the face of the edge
beam. Summing moments about the center of the columns (point A in Fig. 7-31a) gives the
moment transferred to the column as 81.5 kN-m/m.

For the design of the edge beam for torsion, we need the torque about the axis of the beam.
Summing moments about the centroid of the edge beam (Fig. 7-31b) gives the torque:
81.5 88.1 0.025 79.3 . /
OR:
55.9 72.1 0.325 79.3 . /

The forces and torque acting on the edge beam per meter of length are shown in Fig. 7-31 b. If
the two ends of the beam A-B are fixed against rotation by the columns, the total torque at each
end will be:

2
If this is not true, the torque diagram can vary within the range illustrated in Fig. 7-22. For the
reasons given earlier, we shall assume that T = tln/2 at each end of member: A-B. This gives the
torque diagram shown in Fig. 7-30c.
The shear forces in the spandrel beam are:

88.1 6.6/2 290.7

EndA:
.

AtdfromendA:
88.1
0.405 255

1.15 290.7 334.3

EndB:
.

AtdfromendB:
88.1
1.15
0.405

298.7

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+274.1

239.9
383.8
(kN.m)
334.3
298.7
30.7

255
290.7

(kN)
261.7

261.7

(kN.m)
55.1

(kN.m)

55.1

Figure730

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650mm
16kN/m

325mm
72.1kN/m

81.5kN.m/m
25mm

55.9kN.m/m

88.1kN/m

88.1kN/m

79.3kN.m/m

79.3kN.m/m
88.1kN/m

Figure731

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4. Should torsion be considered? If T, exceeds the following. it must be considered:

0.083

The effective cross section for torsion is shown in the Fig below. ACI Section 11.6.1 states that
the overhanging flange shall be as defined in ACI Section 13.2.4. The projection of the flange is
the smaller of the height of the web below the flange (360 mm) and four times the thickness of
the flange (440 mm):
650mm

470 650
470 650

110
360

360 345,100
360 110 1010
345,100
0.083 0.75 30

2960
13,773,327 .
13.8 .

2960

360mm

110mm

470mm
360mm

Since the maximum torque of 261.7 kN.m exceeds this value, Torsion must be considered.
5. (a) Equilibrium or compatibility torsion? The torque resulting from the 25-mm offset of the
axes of the beam and column (see Fig. 7-31a) is necessary for the equilibrium of the structure
and hence is equilibrium torque. The torque at the ends of the beam due to this is:
6.2
7.3 .
88.1 0.025
2
On the other hand, the torque resulting from the moments at the ends of the joists exists only
because the joint is monolithic and the edge beam has a torsional stiffness. If the torsional
stiffness were to decrease to zero: this torque would disappear. This part of the torque is
therefore compatibility torsion.
Because the loading involves compatibility torsion, we can reduce the maximum torsional
moment, Tu, in the spandrel beam, at d from the faces of the columns to:
345,100
0.33 0.75 30
55.1 .
2960
but not less than the equilibrium torque of 7.3 kN-m/m. Assuming the remaining torque after
redistribution is evenly distributed along the length of the spandrel beam. The distributed
reduced torque, t, due to moments at the ends of the joists has decreased to:
55.1
9.5 . /
6.6
2 0.405
5. (b) Adjust the moments in the joists. The moment diagram for the joists, with the exterior
per meter of width of floor, is plotted in Fig. 7-33a. The torsional
negative moment of

moments in the spandrel beam - mainly compatibility moments - can be dissipated by torsional
cracking of the spandrel beam. ACI Section 11.6.2.2 allows the negative moment at the joint
between the joists and the spandrel beam to be decreased to the value given by (17-31)
decreasing from -55.9 kN.m/m to -9.5 kN.m/m, for a reduction of 46.4 kN.m/m in the moment
in the one-meter wide strip of joists. This causes a redistribution of the end moment. The
6

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moment at the spandrel beam end of the joist, end 1, will decrease by 46.4 kN.m/m. Half of this,
23.2 kN.m/m, is carried over to the far end of the joist, as shown in Fig. 7.33b. The changes in
the joist end moments at the faces of the spandrel beam and interior beams are +49 kN.m/m and
-25.8 kN.m/m. At midspan, the change is +11.6 kN.m/m. The resulting moment diagram per
meter of width is shown in Fig. 7-33c. Each joist supports a 900-mm-wide strip and hence
supports 90 percent these moments. The exterior negative-moment steel in the joist should be
designed for a negative moment since it is necessary to develop torsional cracks in the spandrel
beam before the redistribution can occur. A good rule of thumb is to design the exterior negative
steel for the moment computed from

, as shown by the dashed line in Fig. 7-33c.

Figure733

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6. Is the section big enough for the torsion? For a solid section, the limit on shear and torsion
is given by:

0.6

1.7

470

40

12.7 650
2 40
2
377 557

12.7
377
1868

557

209,989

298.7 10
650 405

55.1 10
1868
1.7 209,989

0.75 0.1730

0.630

1.781 3.423
Thesectionislargeenough.

7. Compute the stirrup area required for shear in the edge beam. From (ACI Eqs. (11-1) and
(11-2)),

405
0.17
0.1730 650
240.313
1000

Attheleftendofthebeam(EndB):
334.3
0.75

AtdfromEndB:

298.7
0.75

Figure 7-35a illustrates the calculation of

240.313

205.42

205.42 10
420 405

240.313

1.2076

157.95

157.95 10
420 405

0.9286

. Figure 7-35b is a plot of the As/s required

for shear along the length of the beam. The values of As/s for shear and As/s for torsion (step 8)
will be superimposed in step 9.

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334.3/0.75=445.7kN
298.7/0.75=398.3kN

Vc=240kN

240.0
1.208

340

0.929

387.6
0.866
0.586

73.5
18.4

18.4
0.490

73.5
0.490

0.123

No.13@125mm=2.064

No.13@150mm=1.720
1.909
1.566
No.13@200mm=1.290

20@200mm

1@75mm+
12@125mm

Figure735

1@75mm+
7@150mm

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8. Compute the stirrups required for torsion. From (ACI Eq. (1 1-21)), taking = 45o and
Ao= 0.85Aoh gives:
10
2

0.85

6.6

0.85

209,989

55.1
2 0.405

420

9.5

6.6697

10

At end B, Tu = 62.8 kN.m, Tu/= 62.8 kN.m, and At/s= 0.5583

At d from end B, Tu = 55.1 kN.m, Tu/ = 73.5 kN.m, and At/s= 0.4902
At d from end A, Tu = 55.1 kN.m, Tu/ = 73.5 kN.m, and At/s= 0.4902
Where Tu is in kN.m and these values are plotted in Fig. 7-35c. At/s is plotted in Fig. 7-35d
9. Add the stirrup areas and select the stirrups.

AtdfromEndB:
0.9286

04902

1.909

For No. 13M double-leg stirrups. s = 135.1 mm

Av+t/s is plotted in Fig. 7-35e. The maximum allowable spacings are as follows:
for shear (ACI Section 11.5.4.1), d/2 = 202.5 mm;
for torsion (ACI Section 11.6.6.1), smaller of 300 mm and ph/s = 1868/8 = 233.5 mm.
The dashed horizontal lines in Fig. 7-35e are the values of Av+t/s for No. 13M closed stirrups
at spacings of 125 mm (= 2 x 129/125 = 2.064), 150 mm and 200 mm. Stirrups must extend to
points where Vu,/ = Vc/2, or to (d + b), where b, is the width of the portion of the edge beam
with closed stirrups, which is 405 + 650 = 1055 mm, past the point where torsional
reinforcement is no longer needed, that is, past the points where Tu/ = (the torque given by (718))/ = 13.8/0.75 = 18.4 kN-m. These points are indicated in Fig. 7-35c to e. Since they are
closer than 1055 mm to midspan, stirrups are required over the entire span.
Provide No. 13M closed stirrups:
End A: One @ 75 mm, seven @ 150 mm
End B: One @ 75 mm, 12 @ 125 mm, then @ 200 mm on centers throughout the rest of the
span
10

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10. Design the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion.

(a) Longitudinal reinforcement required to resist Tn,

where At/s is the amount computed in step 8. This varies along the length of the beam. For
simplicity; we shall keep the longitudinal steel constant along the length of the span and shall
45 . We have
base it on the maximum At/s = 0.4902 mm2/mm. Again,

0.4902 1868 1 1 916

Alternatively, use (7-30) to compute the required amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Instead
of (7-31),
cot

where Tn = nominal resisting torque.

ph = perimeter of closed stirrup = 2(377 + 557) = 1868 mm
Ao = area enclosed by centerline of the shear flow path = 0.85Aoh and
Aoh is the area inside the centerline of the closed stirrups = 377 x 557 = 209,989 mm2
= inclination of cracks. The same valve of must be used in (7-30) and (7-31).
ACI Section 11.6.3.6 (a) suggests the use of = 45o. Substituting in (7-30) gives:
2

1868
209,989

0.85

420

cot 45

12.459

10

The minimum Al is given by ACI Eq. (11-24):

5
,

12

where At/s shall not be less than bw/6fyv = 650/(6 x 420) = 0.2579. Again, At/s varies along the
span. The maximum Al will correspond to the minimum At/s. In the center region of the beam,
No. 13M stirrups at 200 mm have been chosen. (See Fig. 7-35e.) Assuming half of those stirrups
are for torsion, we shall take At/s = 112 x 2581200 = 0.645 mm2/mm:
,

530 345,100
12 420

0.645

1686 1.0

670

UseAl=916mm2

From ACI Section 11.6.6.2, the longitudinal steel is distributed around the perimeter of the
stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. There must be a bar in each comer of the stirrups,
11

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and these bars have a minimum diameter of 1/24 of the stirrup spacing, but not less than a No. 10
bar. The minimum bar diameter corresponds to the maximum stirrup spacing: For 200 mm.
200/24 = 8.33 mm.
To satisfy the 300-mm-maximum spacing, we need 3 bars at the top and bottom and one
halfway up each side. As per bar = 916/8 = 114.5 mm2. Use No. 16M bars for longitudinal
steel Al.
The longitudinal torsion steel required at the top of the beam is provided by increasing the area
of flexural steel provided at each end and by lap-splicing 3 No. 16M bars with the negativemoment steel. The lap splices should be at least a Class B tension lap for a No. 16M top bar (see
Table 8-4), since all the bars are spliced at the same point.

Exterior end negative moment: As = 1791 + 3 x 114.5 = 2134.5 mm2. Use No. 19M bars
because bars must be anchored in column.
Use 8 No. 19M = 2272 mm2. These fit in one layer.
First interior negative moment: As = 2865 + 3 x 114.5 = 3208.5 mm2.
Use 7 No. 25M = 3570 mm2. These fit in one layer, minimum width 462 mm.
The longitudinal torsional steel required at the bottom is obtained by increasing the area of steel
at midspan. The increased area of steel will be extended from support to support.
Midspan positive moment: As = 2046 + (3 x 114.5) = 2389.5 mm2
Use 5 No. 25M = 2550 mm2. These fit in one layer.
The steel finally chosen is shown in Fig. 7-36. A section through the beam at the first interior
support is shown in Fig. 7-34. The cutoff points for the flexural steel were based on Fig. A-5b.
except that the area of positive moment steel anchored in the supports by hooks and lap splices
was taken equal to the larger of the amounts given in Fig. A-5h and the bottom layer of = 3 x
114.5 = 343.5 mm2. This was rounded up arbitrarily to 2 No. 22M bars.
No.13stirrups

7No.25
x1=377mm
2No.16

5No.25

y1=557mm

Figure 7-34
12

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2m
7No25

LapSplice
2No.22Mbars

No.13
closed
stirrups
1@75mm
12@125mm

1.5m
3No16

1No16eachside

5No25
No13closedstirrups
20@200mm

8No19

No.13
closed
stirrup

Hook
2No.22Mbars

1@75mm
7@150mm

Figure 7-35

13