Calculus I: MATH 171 Spring 2014

Text Book
Calculus I
Weir, Maurice D., Hass, Joel & Giordano,

Frank R. . Thomas Calculus. AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 2010, 12th
edition.
MATH 171
Spring 2014
Overview
A.1
Real Numbers and
the Real Line
Real Numbers
Real number are numbers that can be
expressed as decimals or no decimals:
2, -5,
-3/4 = -0.7500000..
1/3 = 0.33333333..
-
= 0.3
2 = 1.4142 .

= 3.14159265..
Real Number
Real Line
Inequalities
Set
Interval
Absolute Values
Three special subsets (groups) of real

numbers
Natural numbers
Integers
Rational numbers
Irrational number
Natural Numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .
Negative Numbers
-1, -2, -3, -4, -5,
Integer
0, 1, 2, 3,
Rational number
a / b where a and b are integers and b 0
, , 3/17,
Real number that are not rational number.

2, 5,
Note
Natural numbers are Integers
Integers are rational numbers
Real numbers are rational numbers and
irrational numbers
Real line
Real numbers can be represented as points

on a number line (called real line):
What Can We do with real numbers
Arithmetic operation
+, - , * , / , ^ ( exponentiation )

Comparison
Ordered relation
Order relation
a < b means a less than b
a > b means a greater than b
a b means a less than b or a equal to b
a b means a greater than b or a equal to b
These relations are known as inequalities
Representation on real line:
a < b and a > b
Examples
True Or False ?
2 < 3 , -5 < -4
3 > 2 , -23 > -32
25 25

Property of real numbers
Questions ?
For any two real numbers a and b, only one

of the following three statements is true:
1. a is less than b, (expressed as a < b)
2. a is equal to b, (expressed as a = b)
3. a is greater than b, (expressed as a > b)
Constant : a, b, c,
Variable (real variable) : x, y, z,
Any more operation on numbers ?
a2
positive, negative, non-positive, nonnegative number
a

Mathematics Symbols
means implies
p q means (p implies q)

or if p then q

(if p is true then we get q is true)
Example:
We can rewrite the statement
If ( x + 4 = 6) then ( x = 2)
by ( x + 4 = 6) ( x = 2)
means implies and is implied by

or
if and only if
p q means ( p q and q p )

or (if p then q) and (if q then p)
Example:
We rewrite the two statements
If ( x + 4 = 6) then ( x = 2) and
if ( x= 2) then (x + 4 = 6)
by ( x + 4 = 6) ( x = 2)
Example
Does ( x < 6 ) the inequalities below ?
a) x < 4
b) x-2<4
c) x/2 < 3
d) -x < -6
Questions?

Set Notation
Does
( x < -2) x /2 + 5 < 4 ?
A set is a collection of objects/element

Set of Integer, Set of rational numbers
If S is a set, notation a S means a is a
element of S and b S means b is not an
element of S.
{
}is used to represent set

Example
Set Notation (Symbol)
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A is the set of integers whose elements are 5
numbers 1,2 , 3, 4 and 5.
Symbol reads belong to
1 A, 2 A , 3 A, 4 A, 5 A
-2 A, 7 A , ..
Set of integer = {0, 1, 2, 3, }
Intervals
A subset of real numbers is called interval
(A subsection of real line is called interval)
S = { x | properties satisfied by x }
Examples:
A = { x | x is a integer and 0 < x < 6 }
A is the set of x where x is integer x and x
is greater than 0 and less than 6.
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Example:
Interval : -2 x 5
OR { x | -2 x 5 }
Interval is written as [-2, 5]
Geometrical representation:

0 < x < 6 written as (0, 6)

0 < x 6 written as (0,6]
Example
Does ( 2 < x < 6) the intervals below?
a) 0 < x < 4
b ) 0 < x -2 < 4
c) 1 < x/2 < 3
d) -6 < -x < 2
Questions ?
Intersection and Union of Intervals
Does
( -6 < x < 4 ) -7 < x/2 - 4 < -2 ?
Let I and J be two intervals.

Union of I and J
I J = { x | x I or x J }
Intersection of I and J
I J = { x | x I and x J }
Example
[2, 5] [5, 8] = [2, 8]
[-2, 3) [3, 9) = [-2, 9)
[2, 7] [5, 8] = [5, 7]
[-2, 5] [7, 9] = [-2, 5] [7, 9]
[-2, 5] [7, 9] = empty (nothing) =
Example 1
Solve the following inequalities and show
their solution sets on the real line:
a) 2x 1 < x + 3
b) -x/3 < 2x + 1
c) (x 2) (x + 3) 0
d) 6/(x-1) 5
Example (Question ?)
Solve the inequalities
a. 5x 3 7 3x
b. 2x 7x + 7/6

Absolute Values
Example 2
The absolute value of a number

x , x0
|x|=
-x , x < 0
| x y | = the distance between x and y
where x and y are points on real line
|x|=|x0|
Find absolute values

|3| , |0| , |-5| , | -|a| |

Show diagram for

| 5 2 | , | -2 - 7 |
Absolute Value Properties

1.
2.
3.
4
| -a |
= |a|
|ab| = |a||b|
|a/b| = |a|/|b|
|a+b| |a|+|b|
The triangle inequality
Example 3

Illustrating the Triangle Inequality

| -3 + 5 |
Note: ( if and only if ) or

Diagram for | x | a
Example 4
Example 5
Solving an Equation with Absolute Values

| 2x 3 | = 7
Solving Inequality Involving Absolute

Values
| 52/x| < 1
Example 6
Solve the inequality and show the solution
set on the real line:
a) | 2x -3 | 1
b) | 2x 3 | 1
Questions ?
Revision
< 3
Solve | 7 x / 2 |
Any more questions ?
Preparation
Read section 1.2
Do Exercise A.1:
Try odd numbers
Real Number
Real Line
Inequalities
Set
Interval
Absolute Values
Read section 1.1

Calculus I: MATH 171 Spring 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus I: MATH 171 Spring 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus I: MATH 171 Spring 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Text Book

Weir, Maurice D., Hass, Joel & Giordano,

Three special subsets (groups) of real

Real number that are not rational number.

Real numbers can be represented as points

What Can We do with real numbers

Property of real numbers

For any two real numbers a and b, only one

means implies and is implied by

A set is a collection of objects/element

0 < x < 6 written as (0, 6)

Intersection and Union of Intervals

Let I and J be two intervals.

The absolute value of a number

Find absolute values

Show diagram for

Absolute Value Properties

Illustrating the Triangle Inequality

Note: ( if and only if ) or

Solving an Equation with Absolute Values

Solving Inequality Involving Absolute

Any more questions ?

You might also like