ENGLISH FOR ANALYST

RECOMPILED BY UMAROK
(David Austin And Tim Crosfield)

Contents
Unit 1 Where do you work?...........................................................................
Unit 2 Parts of the body.................................................................................
Unit 3 Disinfectants and antiseptics...............................................................
Unit 4 The Ward
Unit 5 Arranged Admissions .
Unit 6

Observation of the patient...................................................................

Unit 7 The skin..............................................................................................

Unit 8

Respiration, the cough and sputum.....................................................

Unit 9 Vomitus...............................................................................................
Unit 10 Faeces ...............................................................................................
Unit 11 Urine..................................................................................................
Unit 12 Temperature........................................................................................
Unit 13 Pulse
Unit 14 Blood

UNIT 1
WHERE DO YOU WORK?
Nurse smith

where do you work?

Nurse Robinson

I work at saint Peters, in a surgical ward. and you-where do you work?

Nurse smith

I work in an orthopedic ward at queen Marys. Im an S.R.N. are you an

S.R.N?

Nurse Robinson

no, Im not. Im a student nurse.

And where do you work?

I work in..
At
A. Some Wards and Departments
Surgical ward..
Medical ward..
Orthopaedic ward
Gynaecological ward.
Geriatric ward.
Paediatric ward.
Dermatological ward
E.N.T ward..
Long-stay ward
Intensive care unit.
ICCU ..........
X-ray departement..
Operating theatre.

 Casualty and emergency departement (or unit)(or accident and emergency departement)
.
Central sterile supply departement.
Dispensary
Laboratory
Out-patients clinic
Maternity unit.
Occupational therapy departement
Physiotherapy departement
Antenatal clinic
Post-natal clinic
Psychiatric unit..
Admissions departement..
Infectious diseases unit.....
Anaesthetic room
B. What do they do?
Radiologist

radiology

radiological

Psychologist

psychology

psychological

Dermatologist

dermatology

dermatological

Gynaecologist

gynaecology

bynaecological

Venerologist

venerology

venerological

Pathologist

pathology

pathological

Histologist

histology

histological

Cytologist

cytology

cytological

Haematologist

haematology

haematological

Bacteriologist

bacteriology

bacteriological

Obstetrician

obstetrics

obstetric(al)

Paediatrician

paediatrics

paediatric

Geriatrician

geriatrics

geriatric

Psychiatrist

psychiatry

psychiatric
3

Anaesthetis

anaesthetics

anaesthetic

Surgeon

surgery

surgical

Physician

medician

medical

Ortopaedic surgeon

orthopaedics

orthopaedic

C. Who does what?

Someone who studies and practices dermatology is a dermatologist.
Someone who studies and practices radiology is a radiologist
Someone who studies and practices
1. gynaecology is a
2. bacteriology is a.
3. histology is a..
4. venereology is a..
5. psychology is a.
6. pathology is a..
D. Where could you find
1. a dermatologist?

In award.

2. a radiologist?

In an..departement

3. an obstetrician?

In aunit

4. a surgeon?

In atheatre

5. a physician?

In award

6. a paediatrician?

In award

E. Someone Who Studied

1. ..is an orthopaedic surgeon
2. blood is a
3. the bodys cell is a
4. is a gynaecologist
5. anaesthetics is an.
6. .is a surgeon
4

UNIT 2
PARTS OF THE BODY
A. Aches and pains
A pain

A swelling

Sprained

To ache

An ache

a graze

stiff

to hurt

A bruise

a sting

sore

to throb

A rash

a bite

to itch

A cut

to irritate

A scar
I have (Ive got) a pain in my chest.
My chest hurts.
My chest aches.
He has (hes got) a pain in his stomach.
His stomach hurts.
His stomach aches.
You have (youve got) a pain in your elbow.
Your elbow hurts.
Your elbow aches.
She has (shes got) a pain in her leg.
Her leg hurts
Her leg aches
Drill: Polite requests
Come in!
Come in, please!
Will you come in/,please/?
6

Would you come in/,please/?

Would you mind standing up, please/?
Patients is hospital are usually anxious and fearful. it is important that hospital staff put them
at their ease, by being polite and pleasant. the following drills teach you polite forms in
English .be careful about the way your voice rises and fall when you say these sentences.
listen to the way the teacher says the sentences.
Drill 1
Command

come in.

Request

come in, please!

Change these commands to police requests. be careful to make your voice rise and fall
correctly
1. come in

6. turn over

2. sit down

7. bend down

3. stand up

8. lie down

4. turn round

9. sit up

5. say ah

10.look up

Drill 2
Command

: come in

Request

: will you come in, please?

1. Raise your arm

6. Open your mouth

2. Move your head

7. Put out your tongue

3. Lift your leg

8. Bend your knees

4. Arch your bach

9. touch your toes

5. lower your foot

10.wriggle your fingers

Drill 3
Command

: come in

Request

: would you come in, please?

7

1. Roll your sleeve up

5. Take care, your trousers off

2. Take your shirt off

6. Keep your mouth open

3. Hold you head up

7. keep your eyes shut

4. hold your breath in

8. go to C.S.S.D

Drill 4
Command

Stand Up

Request

Would you mind standing up, please?

1. Stand up

5. Sit up

2. Sit down

6. Turn round

3. Lie down

7. Bend down

4. Turn over

8. Roll your sleeve up

B. Where is the pain?

Look at the figure and complete the following sentences.
He has a pain in his 1..
He has a stiff 2
He has a sting on his 3.
He has a rash on his 4..
He has a graze on his5..
He has a pain in his 6..
He has a cut on his 7
His 8..hurts
He has a scar on his 9
His 10aches
He has a sprained 11
He has a sore 12..
He has a bruise on his 13..
He has a swelling on his 14..
He has a pain in his15
8

He has cuts on his 16..

He has a swelling in his 17..
His 18.
He has a pain in his 19.
She has a sore 20.
She has a pain in her 21..
She has a rash in her 22
C. Put in the correct word from this list
Off, to, back, in, on, down, by, up, though, round, near
1. Ask the patient to come..and sit..
2. Ask the patient to stand.and turn.
3. Will you lie..on the couch, please?
4. Would you rollyour sleeve?
5. Ask Mr. smith to take ..his coat
6. Bend.and touch your toes, please.
7. Take..your trouser, please
8. Ask the patient to turn his head..the left
9. Will you put.your clothes, please?
10. Come..next week, please
D. Complete the following sentences with the correct word from this list
Your, his, her, my, our, its, their.
1. Tell Mrs. smith to raise.. Right arm.
2. Would you straighten left leg, please?
3. The baby has a pain in stomach.
4. John has a cut on thigh.
5. Ask me to lower arm.
6. You have a rash on.shoulders
7. Hes got a scar on left forearm.

JANE JOHNSON
Jane Johnson works in a surgical ward in a London hospital. Jane does shift work, so she
does not go to work at the same time every day. When she is on an early shift, she goes on duty
at 7 am , and comes off duty at 3 pm. Late shift start at 2 pm. And finish at 10 p.m. Jane does not
like late shift
Jane always goes to work by bus when she is on an early shift. The bus stops outside the
out-patients department, when she is on a late shift, Jane generally walks from her home to the
hospital. When she come off duty at 10 pm, she is usually rather tired, and takes the bus home.
Sometimes she goes to the taxi-rank outside the main entrance of the hospital and goes home by
taxi.
Jane is not a qualified Analyst, she is a student Analyst, so she does not work in the ward
every day. On certain days, she has to attend lectures on

general analyst, anatomy and

physiology, hygiene and various other subjects. She want to pass the state final examinations and
become a state registered analyst. As a state registered analyst she becomes a staff and can, in
time, become a sister or even a analyst officer.
A. Answer the following questions
1. where does Jane Johnson work?
2. at what time does she go on duty when she is on an early shift?
3. when does she come off duty when she in on an early shift?
4. at what time do late shift start?
5. when do late shift finish
6. when does Jane go to work by bus?
7. where does the bus stop?
8. when does Jane walk from her home to the hospital?
9. when does she take the bus home?
10. what lectures does Jane attend?
11. what can she become when she has passed the state final examinations?
B. Read through the second paragraph of the text and underline all the words that can answer
the question how often?
10

Negatives with do and does: Look at these sentences

Jane works in a medical ward

Jane doesnt work in medical ward.

He always goes home by taxi.

He doesnt always go home by taxi

It stops outside the main gate.

It doesnt stop outside the main gate

I go to work at 7 oclock.

I dont go to work at 7 oclock

We always take the bus home.

We dont always take the bus home

The finish work at 630 p.m.

they dont finish work at 6.30 p.m.

C. Put the following sentences into the negative

1. she works in the x-ray departemen.
2. he usually studies hard.
3. she often walks pas the operating theater.
4. we have to stay until 10 oclock
5. I want to attend lecture.
6. it stop outside the hospital.
7. she does shift work.
8. you finish at 12 oclock.
Questions with do and does: look at these sentences
You do shift work.

Do you do shift work?

We go on duty at 3 p.m.

do we on duty at 3 p.m.?

I pass the surgical ward

do I pass the surgical ward?

They generally finish late

do the generally finish late?

She wants to go home now

do she want to go home now?

He usually does a late shift

does he usually do a late shift?

It stops near the hospital

does it stop near the hospital?

D. Make questions from these sentences

1. Jane work in a surgical ward.
2. she does shift work.
3. they go on duty at 2p.m.
4. the late shift finishes at 10 p.m.
11

5. we walk past the out-patients departement

6. she studies hard
7. the nurse generally walks to work
8. the bus stops outside the main gate
9. you have attend lecture
10. he usually finishes at 12oclock
Drill 1

I, she, he, and, it

I work in a hospital.-and Jane?

I do shift work.-and Mr. brown?
I work in surgical ward.-and Mary?
I go work by bus.-and john?
I come off duty at 7.30p.m.-and Jane?
I walk past operating theatre.-and the staff nurse?
I often help the sister .-and Jane?
I start 7a.m.-and the early shift?
I usually finish at 12 oclock .- and Jane?
I always study hard .-and Peter?
I attend lecture every day.-and john?
I want to pass the state finals.-and Jane?
I have go to home now.-and Mary?
I work in the x-ray departement.-and sister smith?
Drill 2 questions with do and does
Ask if Jane work in surgical ward

does Jane work in a surgical ward?

Ask if buses stop outside the gate

do buses stop outside the gate?

Ask if Jane goes on duty at 7 a.m.

Ask if they come of duty at 3p.m.
Ask if the patients often help the staff nurse
Ask if usually does split shifts
Ask if he always goes to work by bus
12

Ask if buses stop outside the hospital

Ask if Jane work in the out -.patients departement
Ask if the nurse attend lecture
Drill 3 ask the patient
Ask the patient about his eyes

do you eyes hurt?

Ask the patient about his head

does your head hurt?

Ask the patient about his

1. back

4. left arm

7. stomack

2. foot

5. right thigh

8. toes

3. ears

6. heels

9. ches

10. fingers

Drill Present continues

She always helps the staff nurse

at the moment
At the moment she is helping the staff nurse

We usually walk past the theatre

today
Today we are walking past the theatre

1. She usually works in the ENT ward

this month

2. he sometimes assists me

now

3. they carry out sterile procedures

at the moment

4. I attend lectures on physiology

this week

5. we administer drugs

today

6. she leans to nurse pneumonia patients

this week

7. he shows her the way to the CSSD

new

8. they give urinals and bedpans to bed-patients

at the moment

9. she assists the physiotherapist

this week

10. they study hard

now

13

Drill 4 Questions in the present continuous

ask if Jane is training at St. peters

is Jane training at St. peters?

Ask if they are working in a medical ward

are they working in a medical ward?

1. ask if she is learning to set trolleys

2. ask if the physiotherapist is helping this patient
3. ask if he is going to the ENT clinic
4. ask if the staff nurse is administering drugs
5. ask if Jane and Joan are giving injection
6. ask id Jane patients are suffering from cerebral haemorrhage
7. ask if this patients is suffering from pneumonia
8. ask if he is fetching the sterile dressing packs
9. ask if she is taking a patient to the x-ray departement
10. ask if the sister is talking to the students
put the verbs in brackets into correct present or past tense
notice that, in some of the sentences, time-phreses indicate which tense to we
jane and joan (be).Both nurse, they (work)..

14

UNIT 3
DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
Disinfectants are toxic chemical substances which destroy micro-organisms and living
tissue. Antiseptics are less toxic substances which inhibit the growth of micro-organisms.
Generally speaking, disinfectants are used for sterilizing inanimate objects, and antiseptics are
used for cleansing the skin and maintaining the sterility of boiled or autoclaved instruments.
These definitions are, however, not precise because the destructive power of a disinfectant
depends on its strength and the length of time for which it is used. Nowadays, disinfectants are
often referred to as bactericides because they kill bacteria, and antiseptics are called
bacteriostatics because they prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying
Some chemical agent commonly used as disinfectants or antiseptics
Substance

use

Proflavine

for disinfecting the skin and swabbing wounds

Gentian violet

for preparing the skin before operation

Tincture of iodine

for disinfecting the skin

Cetrimide

for disinfecting the skin, instruments and other equipment

Hibitane

for disinfecting the skin and instrument

Lysol

for disinfecting floors, baths, clothes , ect

Phenol

for disinfecting lines sanitary equipment and excreta

A. Answer these questions

1. what do disinfecting do?
2. what do antiseptics do?
3. what are disinfecting used for?
4. what are antiseptics used for?
5. what does the destructive power of a disinfecting depend on?
6. why are disinfecting sometimes called bactericides?
15

7. why are antiseptics sometimes called bacteriostatics?

B. Vocabulary
1. We can say

Lysol is a poisonous substance or

lysol is a substance.

2. Instead of saying

micro-organisms are killed by disinfectants, we can say,

micro-organisms are . disinfectants.

3. We can say

Antiseptics prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying or

antiseptics the growth of bacteria.

4. We can talk about objects that are not alive or

5. We can say

Hydrogen peroxide is used for washing out wounds and cavities or

hydrogen peroxide is used for wounds and cavities.

6. We can talk about preserving the sterility of equipment or

. the sterility of equipment.
7. We can say

Instruments are sterilized by steam under pressure or

instrument are sterilized by ..

8. One word for

urine, faeces and sputum is .

9. We can talk about antiseptics or .

and disinfectants or .
10. Instead of saying

An exact definition, we can say, A definition.

11. We can talk about cleaning the kin or .. the skin.

12. We can talk about a chemical agent or a chemical ..
We can say
1. The surgeon examined johns wound
Or
The surgeon ..johns wound
2. He cut away the dead tissue
or
he. The dead tissue
3. He took away the small splinters of bone
or
hethe small splinters of bone
16

4. He carried out the operation

or
he .. the operations
5. He used a technique to make the risk of infection smaller
ok
he used a technique to . The risk of infection
6. He sewed up the wound
or
he the wound
7. He replaced the bones in their normal position
or
he..the bones..their.
B. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as one sentence
1. The letter was from Germany, we received it this morning
2. The doctor has just left. You wanted to see him
3. The story is very interesting, Ive just read it
4. The instrument is a wound probe, the sister is using it
5. The nurse comes on duty at 9.30 we saw her yesterday
C. Complete the following sentences with who or that leave out that where possible
1. The nurse..admitted john gave him an injection.
2. The instrument ..is on the table is a syringe
3. Only instrument have been sterilized are used in this departement
4. The instrument the doctor is using is a stethoscope
5. She is taking to the nurse.. We met last week
6. The gloves. She lost were old
7. The boy .. Had the accident was taken to hospital
8. The girl . She knocked down was taken to hospital
9. The girl .. Lives near me is a nurse

17

D. Complete the following sentences with the future tense, active or passive
1. The anaesthetist (give) john an anaesthetic
2. In theatre, his wound (explore) by the surgeon
3. I (visit) john tomorrow afternoon
4. The surgeon (remove) any small splinters of bone
5. Any dead of dirty tissue (remove) by the surgeon
6. The surgeon (reduce) the bones into their anatomical position
7. When the operation is completed, john (take) to an orthopedic
ward
8. The physiotherapist (see) john tomorrow
9. The patient (not, be) conscious when he arrives in the ward
10. We (go) on duty at 9.30 am tomorrow
Vocabulary = we can say
1. A doctor orders the use of a drug
or
a doctor a drug
2. the patient is coming round
or
the patient is
3. The patient complained of feeling sick
or
the patient complained of
4. She sleeping deeply
or
she is sleeping
5. Tprs are taken every 30 minutes
Or
Tprs are taken
6. The patient complains of pain again
or
18

the patient complains of pain

7. He is complaining of very bad pain
or
he is complaining of pain
8. The nurse offered him a urinal
of
the nurse offered him a
9. The surgeon who carried out the operation
or
the surgeon who the operation
10. The artificial airway was taken from his mouth
or
the artificial airway was from his mouth
B. Put the following sentences into the passive
1. A nurse removed the artificial airway from his mouth.
2. A nurse examined the toes of his injured leg.
3. A nurse took his pulse and blood pressure half-hourly.
4. A nurse gave him a pillow for his head.
5. A nurse gave him an intramuscular injection of pethidine.
6. A nurse asked Mr. and Mrs. Smith to come back the next day.
7. A nurse gave john a cup of tea.
8. A nurse offered him a urial.
Drill 1 past passive
The patient is admitted

yesterdayThe patient was admitted yesterday

The injection are given

last night
The injection were given last night

1. His bed-blocks are removed

yesterday

2. The injection is given at 10 oclock

yesterday morning

3. Her blood pressure is taken four-hourly

yesterday
19

4. He is examined in the casualty departement

yesterday evening

5. They are taken to hospital by ambulance

last night

6. The operation is performed by mr. Jones

this morning

7. His parent are asked to sign a consent form

last night

8. The new patient is taken to the x-ray departement

this morning

Drill 2 Questions
He was placed in a specially prepared bed
Was he placed in a specially prepared bed?
She was given a suitable premedication
Was she given a suitable premedication?
1. He was given an intra muscular injection?
2. They were asked to sign a consent form
3. They were allowed frequent sips of water
4. Her leg was put in plaster of paris
5. They were told to come back tomorrow
6. These instrument were sterilized
7. The patient was placed on his back
8. The injection were given at oclock
The Past Perfect Tense
I

Gone

Told

You

Heard

You

Asked

Assisted

He

Taken

Seen

She

Come

It

Used

We

Helped

We

Shown

They

Asked

They

sent

He
She
It

Ha
d

Had been

20

Seen

The past perfect tense is used for an action in the past which happened before another action,
also in the past, for example
The doctor told them that john had sustained a fracture
The nurse took johns pulse and blood pressure after she had admitted him
Soon after john had returned to the ward, he began to regain consciousness
The past perfect is often used with
before, after, as soon as, until, when
C. Complete the following sentences with the past perfect tense
1. We (give).. Him first aid by the time the ambulances arrived
2. The doctor wanted to know what the nurse (do) ..
3. Mary didnt get home untuk after her parents (go) ..to bed
4. I found my way to the clinic after i (ask) ..the theatre sister the way
5. You lost your new gloves soon after you (buy) .. Them, didnt you?
6. When john (recover) from his operation, he was sent home
7. The doctor did not arrive until the patient (finish)
8. As soon as the surgeon (examine) the x-rays, he started the operation
D. Complete the following sentences with the correct past simple op past perfect tense of the
verb in brackets
Remember, the past perfect marks the earlier of the actions
1. The

nurse

who

admitted

john

(ask)

what

(happen)

to him
2. He (tell) her that he (be knocked) down
3. Mary (work) at the hospital for six months before she (meet)
jane
4. When the nurse (set) the trolley, she (take) it
into the ward
5. After the disposable instrument (be used) they (be thrown)
away
21

6. After

the

surgeon

(examine)

the

patient,

he

(tell)

him there was nothing to worry about.

7. Janes headache (not, get) better until she (take)
several aspirins.
8. The radiographer (tell) the patient not to move until she (take)
the x-ray
9. When

she

(take)

the

x-ray,

the

radiographer

(take

the patients back to the ward

10. After they (have) their dinner, they (go) to the
cinema
11. The surgeon who (perform) the operation (visit)
john next morning

22

UNIT 4
THE WARD
The ward is the patients home during his stay in hospital. It is the place in which he spends
his day, eats and sleep, and where his personal needs are catered for. A well-planned ward
provides a pleasant, safe and comfortable environment for patient and staff.
The planning of ward units for new hospital, and for modernization schemes in older one,
has received a great deal of consideration. In the past, in-patients were allowed up only for short
period during convalescence. The modern practice of early ambulation has made it essential to
provide adequate space for recreation and sufficient bathing and toilet facilities. Bright colours
have been used to create a cheerful atmosphere in the ward, and furniture ha been designed to
suit the different needs of patients.
Another problem on which hospital planner have focused their attention is the reduction of
unnecessary noise. The use of plastic equipment, and the provision of central dish-washing and
sterilizing departments have been a great help in eliminating noise.
The question of ward cleaning has also been taken into consideration by the planners.
Nowadays the floors and walls are made of material that can withstand very frequent washing
and polishing. Furniture and fittings have been designed to permit easy cleaning and
maintenance.

A. Answer the following questions

1. What does the patient do in the ward?
2. What is done for the patient in the ward?
3. Name there things that have received attention in the planning of new hospitals.
4. Where did in-patients spend most of their tome in the past?
5. When were in-patients allowed up in the past?
6. What is the modern practice?
7. What facilities has this modern practice made essential?
8. How have planners reduced noise in modern hospitals?
9. What are the floors and walls made of nowadays?
23

10. How have new furniture and fittings been designed?

B. Vocabulary
We can say
1. The ward is the place where the patients needs are taken care of. Or its the place where
the patients needs are
2. Ward planning has received much thought or ward planning has received
3. A patient who is kept in hospital or an
4. Patient were allowed up for short periods while they were getting better or they were
allowed up for short periods .
5. The modern practice of getting patient walking as soon as possible or modern practice
of .
6. There is sufficient space r there is .space.
7. Bright colours are used to produce a cheerful atmosphere or bright colours are used
a cheerful atmosphere.
8. Planners have concentrated their attention on noise problems or they have
.their attention on noise problems.
9. This has been a great help in getting rid or noise. Or this has been a great help in
noise.
10. The question of maintenance has been considered by the planners. Or the question of
maintenance ..by the planners.
11. Something has been designed to allow easy cleaning. Or something has been designed
..easy cleaning.
12. The setting up of central dish-washing departments has been a great help in eliminating
noise. Or the central dish- washing departments has been a great
help in eliminating noise.
C. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions
1. The ward is the patients home his stay ..hospital.
2. It is the place which he spends his days and here his needs are catered
3. A well-planned ward provides a comfortable environment both patients and
staff.
24

4. The planning . New ward units has received a great deal attention.
5. In-patient spent most of their time bed the past.
6. Early ambulation has made it essential to provide adequate space .recreation.
7. A problem ..which hospital planners have focused their attention is the
reduction . Unnecessary noise.
8. The us ..plastic equipment and the provision .central dish-washing
departments have been a great help eliminating noise.
The present perfect tense
The present perfect is used for action and states in the past when no definite time is
mentioned. The actions could have taken place at any time in the past up to the present. Ti
is often used with just, yet, already never and since.
I have just seen the nursing officer.
Jane has already finished her work.
Mary has never been in hospital before.
Jane has not qualified yet : she is still a student nurse.
D. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the present perfect tense of the
verbs in brackets.
1. The doctor .just (speak) .to the sister.
2. She (not, ask) ..for the patients notes yet.
3. He (be) . In this ward for the last three weeks.
4. Early ambulation (make) .. It essential to provide a lot of space.
5. Janes bus already(go) .
6. Hospital planners (focus) ..their attention on noise problems.
7. Colour schemes and design of furniture (received)
8. These patients . Never(have) operations before.
Compare the following sentences :
I have seen him before
I saw him last Saturday
25

We havent finished the course yet.

We finished the course yesterday.
Have they seen her?
Did they see her last night?
The present perfect is used when no definite time is mentioned. The past simple is used when
a definite time is mentioned.
E. Complete the following sentences with the correct tense, either present perfect or past simple.
1. Doctor (use) .disinfectants for nearly one century.
2. Scientists (discover) .many new antibioties since the last war.
3. Sir Alexander Fleming (discover) .penicillin in 1928.
4. Since the 1930s the search for better antibiotics (continue) ..
5. Lord Lister (use) ..carbolic cid to prevent infection at the end of the last
century.
6. Nurse smith (work) ..at St. Peters since she (quality)
in 1967
7. Joan (take) ..the patient to the x-ray department yesterday.
8. Nurse smith (just, take) a patient to theatre.

26

UNIT 5
ARRANGED ADMISSION

A Patient who has been on the waiting list for admission has received a letter telling him to
report to Dixon ward at Cambury hospital for admission on 24 th July at 2.30p.m at 2.30 he
arrives at the sisters office
Here is the admission card she filled in :
Cambury Hospital

Hosp.Reg.No

Admission card
SURNAME (IN BLOCK LETTERS)

Ward/Dept
FIRST OF BIRTH

McLEOD
ADDRESS & TELEPHONE NO.

PETER JOHN
DATE OF BIRTH

26 GREENEND

21-12-1934

WATERBEACH
WATERBEACH 234
CIVIL STATE

OCCUPATION

Married

(in the case of a child, fathers

occupation)
CARPENTER

RELIGION

NAMA & ADDRESS OF NEXT OF KIN

C OF E

MARY McLEOD (wife)

NAME & ADDRESS OF G.P

AS ABORT
TELEPHONE NO.

DR BEALE

(if not on the phone, give a number where

THE DARH, HIGH ST

messages may be sent. Add massages

only)

LANDBEACH
SURGEON OR PHYSICIAN IN CHARGE OF CASE
Mr. THORPE
Here is what they said
27

Patient

excuse me, nurse. Is this Dixon ward ?

Sister

yes, this Dixon

Patient

well, Im peter Mcleod, you sent me a letter telling me to report here at half past two

Sister

thats right. Mr. Mcleod. Would you come in and sit down, please? We have to fill in an
admission card

Patient

thank you

Sister

now, your surname is Mcleod- would you mind spelling it, please?

Patient

MC capital LEOD

Sister

Thanks you, and your Christian names?

Patient

peter john

Sister

where do you live?

Patient

26 Greenend, Waterbeach

Sister

are you on the phone?

Patient

yes, Waterbeach 234

Sister

and when were you born?

Patient

21st December 1934

Sister

are you married?

Patient

yes. I am

Sister

and what your occupation?

Patient

Im carpenter

Sister

What your religion?

Patient

church of England

Sister

it say here, Name and address of next of kind who is your nearest relation?

Patient

my wife, Mary

Sister

and you live at the same address?

Patient

yes, of course

Sister

now, who is your family doctor?

Patient

Dr Beale

Sister

and his address?

Patient

the oaks, high street, landbeach

28

Sister

do you know which doctor is in charge of you case?

Patient

er.. I believe its Dr Thorpe

Sister

ah yes. Mr. Thorpe, hes a surgeon, you see, well, thank you, Mr. McLeod. If you
would just wait here for a minutes, Ill get a nurse to come and take care of you

A. Practice these question

Where do you live?
Whats your religion?
Whos your nearest relation?
(and) whats your occupation?
(and) when were you born?
(now) whos your family doctor?
Are you married?
Are you on the phone?
Ado you know which doctor is in change of your case?
(and) your Christian names?
(and) his address?
(and) you live at the same address?
Would you sit down, please?
Would you mind spelling it, please?

29

UNIT 6
OBSERVATION OF THE PATIENT
After admission, general observation of the patient is made regularly. Here the staff nurse
is telling the student about observation patient
Staff

you know that we have to keep an eye on all patients all the time dont you?

Student

yes, we have to keep on the look out for changes in their condition

Staff

thats right. We sort of changes?

Student

Er. Changes in t.p.r changes in colour. What mental state hes in. and of course
anything on his record card. I must say it seems an awful lot. How do we find the
time to do it?

Staff

you must get into the habit of observing the patients when youre carrying out normal
nursing duties. After a time in becomes second nature

Student

they gave us a list of things to look for in training school. I expert Ill get used to it
soon

Staff

dont forget that its very important to chat to patient, if you get on friendly terms with
them its a great help

Student

why?

Staff

well it makes them more relaxed, also they may tell you something about their lives
which has some bearing on their illness

Student

and what about the quiet ones?

Staff

there may be a lot of reasons why they dont want to talk to you.
They may be frightened. They may be depressed. They may not be able to speak the
language. The important thing is that even though, youre rushed off your feet you
must find time to talk to people. Youll be surprised how important it is

A. Answer the following questions

1. Who has to observe the patients in a ward?
2. What do they have to look for?
3. What may a change in a patients temperature indicate?
30

4. Do you only have to observe patients?

5. When do you observe patients?
6. Should the nurses keep themselves to them selves?
7. Why do you think that it is important to have patients who are relaxed?
8. Why may some patients be reluctant to talk to you?
9. Should you talk to patients if you busy?
10. Who are the people on the ward who come into most contract with the patients?

31

UNIT 7
THE SKIN
The skin is the outer covering of the body. It consists of two coast the epidermis or cuticle,
and the dermis or corium. Beneath these, there is a layer of adipose tissue which connect the skin
to the underlying structures. This layer is known as the subcutaneous layer.
The skin is usually warm, dry, and elastic, but changes in its condition can occur both in
illness and in health. The skin of patients who are dehydrated as a result of prolonged pyrexia is
dry and inelastic. In some infectious diseases, it is hot and wet due to hyperpyrexia and profuse
sweating. In cases of shock and hemorrhage, it is cold and clammy, in skin diseases, it can be
either excessively moist or excessively dry and scaly.
The color of the skin can also very considerably, it can be flushed in pyrexia, pallid in
shock, cyanosed in anoxaemia or yellowish in jaundice.
A. Answer the following question with complete sentences?
1. Which two layers does the skin consist of?
2. Which layer connects the skin to the underlying structures?
3. What is the normal condition of the skin?
4. What is the condition of the skin in dehydrated patients?
5. What can cause dehydration ?
6. When can the skin be hot and wet?
7. When is the skin cold and clammy?
8. When can the skin be excessively dry and scaly?
9. What colour can the skin be in patients with fever?
10. What is the colour of the skin in patients suffering from shock?
11. What is the colour of the skin in patients who have too little oxygen in their blood?
12. What colour is the skin in jaundiced patients
B. Medical terms often seem long and unnecessarily complicated. However, if we stop to study
them a little more closely, we shall that they are by no means difficult as the first appeared.
32

They are usually made up of simpler parts which we have taken from Greek or Latin. Let us
examine some of the words derived from Greek and latin that we have in this lesson.
Dermis

pyrexia

Epidermis

hyperpyrexia

Cuticle

hemorrhage

Subcutaneous

pallid

Corpuscle

cyanosed
anoxeamia

C. Vocabulary
Make a list of new words in the text
Divide them up into columns
Names for parts

conditions, diseases

of the skin

and symptoms

epidermis

pyrexia

adjectives and adverbs

dehydrated

D. Label the diagram

Try not to look at the labeled diagram on the first page of this lesson until you have finished.
Another way to practice is to give the numbers and ask a friend to give the names.

33

UNIT 8
RESPIRASION, THE COUGH AND SPUTUM
Respiration
Changes in the rate and type of respiration are one of the principal symptoms of disorders
of the respiratory system. They are also symptoms of diseases affecting other parts of the body.
Respiratory disturbances can be seen in cardiac disease, cerebral depression, uraemia, and
dlabetic coma.
When observing a patient, the rate and depth, and the ease or difficulty of breathing are
noted. It is also important to observe whether breathing is noisy or quiet.
The following are some of the terms commonly used to describe the different types of
respiration :
Apnoea a period during which breathing is absent.
Dyspnoea difficult breathing
Orthopnoea the patient can breathe comfortably only when sitting or standing erect
Hyperpnoea breathing of increased rate ad depth.
Shallow breathing seen when chest movements are painful.
Stertorous breathing noise, snoring breathing.
The cough
Coughing is a reflex action which occurs when the aspiratory passages are irritated.
Coughing expels irritants such as excess sputum and foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. A
cough is known as non- productive when no sputum is expectorated, and when sputum is
expectorated, the cough is known as productive.
Sputum
The following terms are used to describe various types of sputum :
Mucoid sputum is clear, tenacious mucus which is produced in the early stages of
respiratory tract infection.

34

Mucopurulent sputum is a mixture of mucus and pus which is produced in the latter stages
of respiratory tract infection.
Purulent sputum consists mainly of pus, and is seen in cases of bronchiectasis and lung
abcess.
Rust coloured sputum is tenacious and contains altered blood. It occurs in cases of lobar
pneumonia.
Haemoptysis is the term used to describe the coughing up of bright red, frothy blood from
the lungs. It is seen in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, carcinoma of the lung and bronchiectasis.
Interview
A patient with chest trouble and a high temperature has come to the casualty and
emergency department of a hospital. Here is part of the interview between the patient and a
doctor.
Doctor

Good afternoon, Mrs. Williams. Im Doctor Martin. Now, youre having some trouble
with your chest, arent you ?

Patient

Yes, doctor, I am. Ive got a terrible cough and a pain down here in my chest.

Doctor

How long have you had the cough ?

Patient

Oh, it started about a month ago a nasty tight cough then it seemed to go away.
Then, about a week ago, it came back again.

Doctor

Are you bringing anything up when you cough ?

Patient

Yes. The last couple of days Ive been bringing up sticky, reddish-brown phlegm.

Doctor

Next time you bring something up, Id like you to spit it into this mug, please.

Patient

O.K.

Doctor

Do you smoke much ?

Patient

No not really. Fifteen to twenty a day.

Doctor

Have you ever coughed up any blood ?

Patient

No, never.

Doctor

Have you had a temperature ?

Patient

Well, Ive been feeling feverish for two or three days. I took my temperature this
morning just before I came here and it was 102. oh, I feel awful !

35

Some important words and phrases

Chest trouble

to bring something up

Trouble with ones chest

phlegm

A tight cough

to cough up

A loose cough

feverish

Nasty
A. Practice these sentences
Are you having chest trouble ?
Are you having trouble with your chest ?
Is it a tight cough ?
Is it a loose cough ?
Are you bringing anything up when you cough ?
Do you smoke much ?
Have you ever coughed up any blood ?
Have you had a temperature ?
Im having chest trouble.
Im having trouble with my chest.
Ive got a terrible cough.
Ive got a nasty, tight cough.
Ive got a loose cough.
Ive been bringing up sticky, reddish-brown phlegm.
Id like you to spit it into this mug. Please.
Ive been feeling feverish for two or three days.
I took my temperature this morning.
A feel awful !
B. Vocabulary
1. We can say

main or most important or p

2. Another word for

disease, condition, something wrong is d

36

3. We can say

cough up or ex

4. Instead of saying

distance from top to bottom, we can say d

5. We can say

standing or sitting or pointing up or

6. Another word for

throw out is e

7. Another word for

too much is e

8. Instead of saying

an unwanted substance or object, we can say a

f..b

9. Instead of saying

holding on, adhesive, sticky, we can say t

10. We can say

a collection of pus somewhere in the body or an

11. We can say

made up of many small bubbles or f

12. Instead of saying

of the lugs, we can say p

C. Complete the following sentences

1. Sputum consisting of mucus and pus is known as sputum.
2. Breathing of increased rate and depth is known as h
3. A tight cough is one that produces no sputum: it is also known as a cough.
4. Absence of breathing is known as
5. is the term used to describe the coughing up of blood from the lungs.
6. breathing is noisy, snoring breathing.
7. A productive cough is one which produces sputum: it is also known as a l cough.
8. Sputum consisting mainly of pus is known as sputum.
9. breathing is the type of breathing seen when chest movements are painful.
10. Sputum seen in pneumonia is often colored.
11. is the term used to describe a condition in which the patient can breathe with
comfort only when he is sitting or standing erect.
12. sputum is clear, tenacious mucus.

37

UNIT 9
VOMITUS
When a patient is sick, the contents of the stomach are ejected though the mount. These
ejected stomach contents are correctly known as vomitus. Vomitus usually consists of partiallydigested food, but may consist of bile, blood or a foul- smelling, brown fluid. Vomiting, or
emesis, is one of the principal symptoms of disorders of the digestive system but it is also a
symptom of many other illnesses.
When vomiting is a symptom, the consistency of the vomitus and the frequency of
vomiting are noted. The patient is asked whether nausea precedes vomiting, if pain is present and
whether it is relieved by vomiting. It is also important to ascertain whether vomiting occurs in
connection with the taking of food and, if it does, whether it occurs immediately after or some
time after a meal.
A nurse who is taking t.p.rs has a chat whit Mr. smith
Patient

hello, nurse

Nurse

hello, Mr. smith, how are you felling this morning?

Patient

not too bad, thanks, but I m felling a bit queasy.

Nurse

have you been sick?

Patient

not this morning, but I was sick as a dog just after you went off duty yesterday
afternoon.

Nurse

oh? After youd had your tea?

Patient

no. before tea, all of sudden I was violently sick.

Nurse

did you have nausea before you were sick?

Patient

pardon?

Nurse

did you feel queasy before you were sick?

Patient

no. it came on suddenly.

Nurse

did you have any pain?

Patient

no. none at all. I was felling fine. Then I was sick. Then I felt fine again.

Nurse

but youre felling a bit queasy before you were sick?

Patient

well, Im not really sure, perhaps Im imagining it.

38

Nurse

its nothing to worry about. well tell Dr Higgins when he does his round and see
what he says.

Patient

I suppose it could have been the chocolates.

Nurse

chocolates?

Patient

well, I had visitors yesterday afternoon, you know. They brought me a box of
black magic. I was a bit lonely when may visitors went theres one
chocolates left ..would you like it?

Important word and phrases

Not too bad, thanks.

All of sudden

Queasy

to come on

To be sick

to go off

As sick as a dog

pardon?

A. Practice these sentences

How are you feeling this morning?
Not too bad, thanks.
Im feeling a bit queasy.
Have you been sick?
I was sick as a dog yesterday afternoon.
All of a sudden I was violently sick.
Did you have nausea before you were sick?
Did you feel queasy before you were sick?
Pardon?
It came on suddenly.
It went off suddenly.
Did you have any pain?
No. none at all
Perhaps Im imagining it.
Its nothing to worry about.
Well tell Dr Higgins when he does his round.
39

Well see what he says.

B. Answer the following questions with complete sentences
1. What are ejected through the mouth when a patient is sick ?
2. What are the ejected contents of the stomach correctly known as ?
3. What does vomitus usually consist of ?
4. What may vomitus consist of ?
5. What is vomiting one of the principal symptoms of ?
6. What details are noted when a patient is sick ?
7. What is the patient asked ?
8. What is it also important to ascertain ?
C. Label the diagram
D. Vocabulary
1. We can say

vomiting or

2. Bones are solid, flatus is a gas and blood is f

3. Another word for

thickness, firmness of a substance is c

4. We can say

feel sick or have n

5. Instead of saying

come before, happen before, we can say p

6. We can say

help, lighten or

7. We can say

find out or a

8. Instead of saying

together with, we can say in c with.

9. We can say

it started suddenly or it suddenly.

10. We can say

it stopped or it

11. We can say

the secretion of the liver or b

40

UNIT 10
FAECES
In the adult, normal faeces are brown, semi-solid and have a characteristic odour. Faeces
consist of indigestible or undigested food, altered bile pigments, water, mucus, cells from the
intestinal tract, and bacteria. When observing faeces, the following points are noted : the
frequency of defaecation and whether flatus is passed, the colour and consistency of the stools,
and the presence of any abnormal substances or objects. Fresh blood in a stool is usually due to
bleeding in the stomach or small intestine and produces dark, tarry stool-melaena. The absence
of bile pigments and the presence of large amounts of fat produce stools that are putty-colored
and extremely offensive.
Constipation is a condition in which the passing of stools is difficult and infrequent.
Diarrhoea is a condition in which frequent loose or liquid stools are passed.
Stomach trouble
Mr. mills has a history of stomach trouble. He has an appointment at a medical outpatients clinic at 14.30 on Monday, July 1 st. he arrives on time, and after a few minutes, the
doctor is ready to see him.
Doctor

good afternoon. Mr. mills, isnt it?

Patient

yes. Good afternoon, doctor.

Doctor

sit down, please. Now, let me see, youve been having trouble with your stomach,
havent you?

Patient

yes. I have this pain, and now my stools are all black and tarry.

Doctor

how long have you had the pain?

Patient

oh, for about two years. But its been getting much worse since the beginning of
may.

Doctor

do you have it all the time?

Patient

no, it comes on about an hour to an hour and half after Ive had a meal.

Doctor

does it last long?

Patient

no. I usually have a biscuit and a gall of milk, and then it goes off.

Doctor

have you ever vomited any blood?

41

Patient

never.

Doctor

have you been feeling a bit weak or tired or cold?

Patient

well, I have been feeling a bit weak since I came home from my holidays.

Doctor

when was that?

Patient

three weeks ago.

Doctor

for how long have you been passing these tarry stools?

Patient

since last Friday.

Doctor

are they loose?

Patient

no, theyre not. Theyre all black and hard.

Doctor

how often do you have take your bowels open?

Patient

once a day. I usually take a laxative.

Doctor

well, thanks you, Mr. mills. Now would you mind undressing? Id like to examine
you.

A. Practice these sentence

Now, let me see.
Youve been having trouble with your stomach, havent you?
My stools are all black and tarry.
How long have you had the pain?
For about two years.
Its been getting much worse since the beginning of may.
Do you have it all the time?
No, it comes on after Ive had a meal.
Does it last long?
I usually have a glass of milk and then it goes off.
Have you ever vomited any blood?
For how long have you been passing these tarry stools?
Since last Friday.
Have you been feeling weak?
Ive been felling a bit weak since I came home from my holidays.
When was that?
42

Three weeks ago.

Are your stools loose?
How often do you have your bowels open?
I usually take a laxative.
Would you mind undressing?
Since for
Look at these sentences
Its been getting much worse since the beginning of may.
Ive been feeling a bit weak since I came home from my holidays.
Ive been passing these terry stools since last Friday.
Ive had the paint for about two years.
Shes been waiting for tree hours.
Hes been in hospital for months.
We use since when a definite point in time is mentioned.
We use for when a length of time is mentioned.
B. Look at these examples
He began studying orthopaedics in 1962
Hes been studying orthopaedics since 1962.
She started working at the hospital last Monday.
Shes been working at the hospital since last Monday.
Now you change the sentences in the same way
1. It started hurting in the middle of January.
2. He started coughing up blood last June.
3. I started passing tarry stools on Wednesday.
4. The gynaecologist started operating at 10.30.
5. She began smoking heavily at Christmas.
43

6. He began vomiting blood this morning.

7. The pain started getting worse last Easter.
C. Look at these examples
She began waiting three hours ago
Shes been waiting for tree hours
I began feeling ill a month ago.
Ive been feeling ill for a month.
Now you change the sentences in the same way
1. it started hurting about three weeks ago.
2. he began complaining about the paint a year ago.
3. I started attending the out- patient clinic two months ago.
4. I began bringing up phlegm two days ago.
5. he started feeling weak fortnight ago.
6. it began raining half an hour ago.
7. she started taking laxatives six months ago.
8. they started living in Sweden years ago.
D. Complete the following sentences with since or for
1. Ive coughed up blood several times ..i last saw the doctor.
2. Ive been waiting to see the physiotherapist half an hour.
3. He hasnt had any trouble with his chest .1967.
4. Have you passed any tarry stools .you last saw me?
5. Shes been having stomach trouble months.
6. Hes been in theatre an hour.
7. Theyve been waiting to see him ..9.30.
8. Hes been complaining of pain the last three weeks.
9. Ive had trouble with my breathing i had pneumonia
10. Hes had heart trouble .years.

44

E. Vocabulary
Complete the following sentences
1. If something cannot be digested, it can be called .
2. If something has not been digested, it is
3. We can say, the passing of faeces, or .
4. We can talk about gas or air in the bowels or
5. We can say, altered blood in the stool, or .
6. We can say, organic coloring matter, or .
7. We can say, the intestines, or the
8. We can say, an unpleasant smell, or an unpleasant
9. If someone passes frequent, loose stools, he has .
10. If someone passes stools with difficulty and irregularly, he has
11. We can ask, how often do you pass faeces? Or .
12. We can say, a medicine which helps defecations, or a .

UNIT 11
URINE
Normal urine is an amber fluid which of approximately 96 % water, 2 % urea and 2 %
salts. It has a slightly acid reaction, and a specific gravity of between 1.004 and 1.025. the
amount of urine passed depends on the fluid in take and the needs of the body. When the fluid in
take is decreased, or when there is profuse sweating, excessive emesis or diarrhea, the volume of
urine passed is decreased. It is darker and has a higher specific gravity than usual
When the fluid intake is increased, and in cod weather, the volume of urine passed is
increased. It is lighter and has a lower specific gravity than usual
The following terms are used to describe abnormalities in the excretion of urine :
Polyuria

an increase in the amount of urine excreted

Oliguria

a decrease in the amount of excreted

Dysuria

difficult micturition

Anuria or suppression
Retention

failure of the kidneys to excrete urine

urine is excreted by the kidneys but retained in the bladder

45

Frequency

micturition occurs more frequently than usual

Incontinence

absence of control over the passing of urine

Haematuria

the presence of blood in the urine

Proteinuria or albuminuria

the presence of protein in the urine

A. Answer the following questions

1. What is the medical term for difficulty in passing water?
2. What is another way of saying anuria?
3. What four things can lead to oliguria?
4. What is the opposite of acid?
5. What can cause urine to have a higher specific gravity than usual?
6. When is urine darker than usual?
7. What is a commoner way of saying to micturate?
8. What is the medical term for absence of control of misturition?
9. How is the production of urine affected by cold weather?
10. What is another way of saying heamaturia?

UNIT 12
TEMPERATURE
Human beings maintain an almost constant body temperature. The normal temperature of
some adult is as low as 970F and in others, it is as high as 900F. there is also a normal daily
variation of about on degree. The temperature is lowest in the early hours of the morning and
highest in the evening.
Body heat is produced by metabolic and muscular activity. It is lost by evaporation of
sweat from the skin, expiration of air from the lungs and excretion of urine and feaces.
The balance between heat production and heat loss is maintained by the heat-regulating
centre in the hypothalamus, which is sensitive to minute variations in the temperature of the
blood passing through it
A rise in blood temperature produces an increase in the flow of blood to the surface of the
body. Sweat gland activity is increased, muscle tone diminished and there is unwillingness to
move about
46

A fall in blood temperature produces a decreased flow of blood to the superficial vessels.
There is decreased activity of the sweat glands, increased muscle tone and desire to move about.
Shivering, which is a reflex contractions of the muscle, way occur to increase heat production.
Fahrenheit and centigrade
The Fahrenheit thermometric scale extend from 00 to 2120.
00F

= -180C,

320F

= 00C (freezing point)

And 2120F

= 1000C (boiling point)

Normal body temperature is 98,40F

To convert degree Fahrenheit into centigrade, we subtract 32, multiply Bt 5, and divide by 9
Example 1000F
100-32 = 68
68 x 5 = 340
340 / 9 = 37,7
1000F = 37,70C
To convert from centigrade into Fahrenheit, we multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32
Example 250
25 x 9 = 225
225/5 = 45
45 + 32 = 77
250C = 770F

A. Which words in the text have the same meaning as

1. Near the surface .
2. Unchanging .
3. Alteration .
4. Extremely small .
47

5. Decreased .
6. Breathing out .
7. Controlling .
8. Changing into vapour .
9. Reluctance .
10. Discharge of waste products .
B. Write five sentences using the following verbs
1. To Maintain

3. to increase

2. to produce

4. to decrease

48

UNIT 13
PULSE
The pulse is the wave of distension produce in the arteries when the left or the heart
contracts and pumps blood into the aorta. It is most easily felt where a large superficial artery
crosses a bone. The most convenient point is on the anterior surface of the wrist, where the radial
artery crosses the radius.
The pulse rate is the frequency of the heart beat. This can very considerably. The normal
pulse rate of some adults is as slow as 50 per minute, and others as fast as 90 per minutes the
average is said to be 72. in the infant, the pulse rate can be as rapid as 140.
The pulse volume indicates the amount of blood in circulation, and the propulsive power of
the heart.
The pulse rhythm is normally even in time and force, but irregularities occur in health and
in illness. In all cases where irregularities are noted, the heart apex beat is counted. The apex beat
can be located in the fifth inter costal space about two inches to the left of the sternum.
Comparison of adjectives
Look at these sentences
Pulse rate is not normally slower than 50 per minute.
This patients temperature is as high as it was yesterday.
Temperature is lowest in the morning and highest in the evening.
The patients temperature was the highest we have ever recorded.
With long adjectives, we usually use more/less and most/ least:
The most convenient point to take a persons pulse is on the anterior
Surface of the wrist: it is less convenient to take the apex beat.
A. Fill in the missing words
1. Normal urine is (light) ..urine passed when the fluid intake is decreased.
2. The patient is feeling (good) she was yesterday.
3. He received (expensive) ..treatment available.
4. Pulse rate is usually (high) after exercise.
49

5. The pain is (bad) .it was yesterday.

6. This is (bad) .attack of asthma ive ever had.
7. It was (large) ..cyst the surgeon had ever removed.
8. Mr. Smith was (sick) a dog this morning.
9. Shes (uncooperative) .patient in the ward!
10. The new chemical thermometers are (convenient) .mercury
thermometers.
Comparison of adverbs
Look at these sentences
Pulse rate is most easily felt at the wrist.
She recovered more quickly than they had expected.
His temperature decreased less rapidly than they had hoped.
We usually use more/less and most/least for short adverbs as well as for long ones.
B. Fill in the missing words
1. You will get home (quick) ..by taxi .on foot.
2. Autoclaving sterilizes (efficient) boiling.
3. Rabbits are (high) .develope ..humans, but some people say they
are ..fertile.
4. Good, his heart is beating (strong) .it was an hour ago.
5. Im glad to say she comes for check-ups (regular) .she used to.
When?
Prepositions of time
We say at for fixed points of time

as half past three

We say on for days of the week

I have my hair done on Mondays.

We say in for periods of time

in summer, in February, in 1969, in the morning

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F. Fill in the blanks with at, on or in

1. .Mondays. I go on dutysix oclock.the morning and come off
duty.two oclock.the afternoon
2. He never works ..night
3. She was born.1928
4. My birthday is .. January
5.

i have holidays ..Christmas.. Easter and ..the summer

6. What shall we do.. Sunday?

7. Where were you.. Thursday evening?
8. ..the evenings, we watch the box
9. The patient woke up several times..
10. Our club usually meet.. The second Thursday..the month, but
..the summer, we meet..the weekend instead
G. Vocabulary
1. Instead of saying the left ventricle gets smaller, we can say he left ventricle
2. Blood flows from the hearth through the .i es
3. Blood returns to the heart through the .s.
4. Instead of talking about the bloods journey round the body, we can say the
.of the blood.
5. The top, or sharpest, point of a triangle is its ..
6. Instead of saying a pulse, we can say a w of d .
7. Another way of saying increase in size is d.
8. Instead of saying can be found, we can say can be
9. One word for between the ribs is
10. The ribs attached to the s ..interiorly. (a .is another word for in
front)
11. Another word for to show is to
12. We can say pushing power or p power.

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