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Contents
Foreword ........................................................................... iii
Introductory note for teachers........................................... vii
Teachers note on evaluation ............................................... x
Unit One: Equality in Indian Democracy .......................... 2

Chapter 1: On Equality .................................................... 4
Unit Two: State Government ......................................... 16

Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health ................. 18
Chapter 3: How the State Government Works ................ 30
Unit Three: Gender ...................................................... 42

Chapter 4: Growing up as Boys and Girls ...................... 44
Chapter 5: Women Change the World ............................ 54
Unit Four: Media and Advertising.................................. 68

Chapter 6: Understanding Media ................................... 70
Chapter 7: Understanding Advertising ........................... 80
Unit Five: Markets ....................................................... 92

Chapter 8: Markets Around Us ...................................... 94
Chapter 9: A Shirt in the Market.................................. 104
Equality in Indian Democracy (continued)
Chapter 10: Struggles for Equality ............................... 114
References ................................................................... 122
UNIT
ONE
2
Equality in Indian Democracy
Teachers note
This Unit introduces the learner to the
critical role of equality in democracy, with
specific reference to India. The Constitution
of India guarantees equality to all citizens.
Despite this, the daily lives of people in
India are far from equal. Earlier
discussions on equality in Civics textbooks
most often reiterated certain provisions of
the Constitution without adequately
considering the reality of these in peoples
lives. This Unit adopts a different approach.
It discusses the need for equality through
highlighting the inequalities that continue
to be practised and experienced by various
communities.
The first chapter introduces the learner
to Kanta, Omprakash Valmiki and the
Ansaris, all of whom experience inequality
in different ways. It is through their
experiences that we introduce the concept
of dignity. The governments role in passing
laws and instituting policies is discussed
to show that commitment to the alleviation
of existing inequalities is a major part of
the work that governments undertake. The
chapter also briefly introduces an issue of
inequality in the United States of America
to highlight that this is a global phenomenon
and a feature of many democratic countries.
The second chapter of this Unit is

Chapter 10 of this book. It ties together
the main ideas on equality raised
throughout the text. A significant portion
of the last chapter is devoted to discussing
peoples contribution to the fight for
equality. This is achieved through focusing
on one social movement as well as
highlighting creative (writings, songs,
poems) ways through which people express
their demands for equality.
Both chapters aim to help the learner
understand that equality and democracy
are dynamic and not static concepts. This
dynamism is reflected in the governments
passing of new laws and programmes, and
in peoples movements around various
social and economic issues.
Kanta, Omprakash, the Ansaris, and the
Tawa Matsya Sangh all have diverse local
equivalents. Local situations should be
used as a practical reference to make the
discussion on underlying concepts more
relevant and appropriate. A discussion on
equality in the classroom requires empathy
as well as a firm commitment on the
teachers part to ensuring that the dignity
of all learners be respected.
CHAPTER
1
Manjit Kaur
Teacher
Teja Singh
Trader
Girish Rao
Student
Kanta Devi
Domestic worker
On election day, Kanta and her friend

Sujata are waiting to cast their votes...
Isnt it good Suja that we can all vote as
equal citizens of our country? Even Jain
Saheb is standing in the line with us!
Yes!
On Equality
India is a democracy. In the
Class VI book, we looked at
the key elements of a
democratic government.
These include peoples
participation, the
resolution of conflict, and
equality and justice.
Equality is a key feature of
democracy and influences
all aspects of its
functioning. In this chapter
you will read more about
equality what it is, why it
is important in a
democracy, and whether or
not everyone is equal in
India. Lets begin by
looking at Kantas story.
Go on, Kanta Its

your turn now.
I will vote for the

candidate who has
promised to bring
pipe water to
our area.
Sujata Kumari
Domestic worker
Abdul Rehman
Artisan
Shabnam Bano
Housewife
Afterwards...
Well see you
later, Kanta.
Yes...
Namaste
Saheb!
Gracy Laleng
Isaac Laleng
Consultant Government officer
Ruksana Mirza
Media person
Yog Raj
Unemployed
Ashok Jain
Industrialist
Gudia has been running fever

and I have to take her to the
hospital...but I will have to finish
the work at Sahebs house
first...and ask for some
advance...
At home...
Here have some of this
youll feel better. And
when I get back in the
evening, well go to the
hospital, okay?
Its no wonder that Gudia

falls ill often...the basti is
never cleaned!
Make sure to do the
corners properly.
Equal right to vote

The story above begins with Kanta standing in line
to cast her vote. Look again at the various people
who are standing in line with her. Kanta recognises
her employer, Ashok Jain and Chotte Lal, her
neighbour. In a democratic country, like India, all
adults irrespective of what religion they belong to,
how much education they have had, what caste they
are, or whether they are rich or poor are allowed to
vote. This, as you have already read in the Class VI
book, is called universal adult franchise and is an
essential aspect of all democracies. The idea of
universal adult franchise is based on the idea of
equality because it states that every adult in a
country, irrespective of their wealth and the
communities she/he belongs to, has one vote. Kanta
is excited to vote and happy that she is equal to all
of the others because each of them has one vote.
Heres your advance,

Kanta but dont make a
habit of it!
No Madam...
That evening...
Just few
more
minutes,
Beti.
But as her day goes on, Kanta becomes less certain

about what this equality really means.
What is it that makes Kanta unsure? Lets take a
look at a day in her life. She lives in a slum and has
a drain behind her house. Her daughter is sick but
she cannot take the day off from work because she
needs to borrow money from her employers to take
her child to the doctor. Her job as a domestic help
tires her out, and finally she ends her day by again
standing in a long line. This line, in front of the
government hospital, is unlike the one in the morning
because most of the people standing in it are poor.
Jain Madam
and Jain Saheb
may stand in line to
vote, but they
never have to do it
when their children
are sick...
Do you think Kanta has

enough reason to doubt
whether she really is equal?
List three reasons from the
story above that might
make her feel like this.
Other kinds of equality
Kanta is one of many people who live in democratic
India and who have the right to vote but whose daily
living and working conditions are far from equal.
Apart from being poor, people in India experience
inequality in different ways. Let us see what this
means by reading the two stories given below. Each
of these is based on real incidents in peoples lives
and reflects the different kinds of inequalities that
exist in India.
One of the more common forms of inequality in
India is the caste system. If you live in rural India
your caste identity is something that you probably
learned or experienced very young. If you live in
urban India some of you might think that people no
longer believe in caste. But just look at these
matrimonials shown from a leading English
newspaper and you will see how important the issue
of caste continues to be in the minds of highly
educated urban Indians.
Circle the reference to caste in the

matrimonial advertisements given
above.
Now let us read a story about the experiences of a

Dalit child attending school. You have already read
about Dalits in the Class VI book. Dalit is a term
that the so-called lower castes use to address
themselves. Dalit means broken and by using this
word, lower castes are pointing to how they were,
and continue to be, seriously discriminated against.
Omprakash Valmiki is a famous Dalit writer. In
his autobiography, Joothan, he writes, I had to sit
away from the others in the class, and that too on
the floor. The mat ran out before reaching the spot I
sat on. Sometimes I would have to sit way behind
everybody, right near the doorsometimes they
would beat me without any reason. When he was in
Class IV, the headmaster asked Omprakash to sweep
the school and the playground. He writes, The
playground was way larger than my small physique
could handle and in cleaning it, my back began to
ache. My face was covered with dust. Dust had gone
Chapter 1: On Equality
inside my mouth. The other children in my class
were studying and I was sweeping. Headmaster was
sitting in his room and watching me. I was not even
allowed to get a drink of water. I swept the whole
day,From the doors and windows of the school
rooms, the eyes of the teachers and the boys saw
this spectacle. Omprakash was made to sweep the
school and the playground for the next couple of
days and this only came to an end when his father,
who happened to be passing by, saw his son
sweeping. He confronted the teachers and then
walking away from the school holding Omprakashs
hand, he said loudly for all of them to hear, You are
a teacherSo I am leaving now. But remember this
much Master(He) will study right herein this
school. And not just him, but there will be more
coming after him.
Cover of Omprakash Valmikis book,
Joothan, which talks about his
experiences of growing up as a Dalit boy.
Why do you think Omprakash
Valmiki was being treated unequally
by his teacher and his classmates?
Imagine yourself as Omprakash
Valmiki and write four lines about
how you would feel if you were in
the same situation as him.
Why do you think the Ansaris

were being treated unequally?
What would you do if you were in
the Ansaris position and could
not find a place to live because
some people did not want to live
next to you because of the religion
you practice?
Social and Political Life
The second story is based on an incident that took

place in one of Indias larger cities and is common
practice in most parts of the country. It is a story
about Mr and Mrs Ansari who were looking to rent
an apartment in the city. They had the money and
so paying the rent was no problem. They went to a
property dealer for help to find a place. The dealer
informed them that he knew about quite a few
apartments that were available for rent. They visited
the first apartment and the Ansaris liked it very much
and decided to take it. However, when the landlady
found out their names, she made an excuse about
how she could not rent the house to someone who
ate meat because the building did not have any
non-vegetarian residents. Both the Ansaris and the
property dealer were surprised to hear this because
they could smell fish being cooked in the neighbours
house. The same excuse was repeated in the second
and the third apartments. Finally, the property dealer
told them that they might want to change their names
and call themselves Mr and Mrs Kumar. The Ansaris
were reluctant to do this and decided to look some
more. In the end, it took a whole month of looking at
apartments before they found a landlady who was
willing to give them a place on rent.
Recognising dignity
If you were one of the Ansaris

how would you have responded to
You have understood by now that the caste we are

born into, the religion we practice, the class
background we come from, whether we are male or
female these are often the things that determine
why some people are treated unequally. Omprakash
Valmiki and the Ansaris are being treated unequally
on the basis of differences of caste and religion.
the suggestion that you change

your name?
Can you think of an incident in
your life in which your dignity was
violated? How did this make you
feel?
When persons are treated unequally, their dignity

is violated. The dignity of both Omprakash Valmiki
and the Ansaris was violated because of the way in
which they were treated. By picking on him and
making him sweep the school, because of his caste,
Omprakash Valmikis schoolmates and teachers hurt
his dignity badly and made him feel as if he was less
than equal to all other students in the school. Being
a child, Omprakash Valmiki could do very little about
the situation that he was in. It was his father who,
on seeing his son sweep, felt angry by this unequal
treatment and confronted the teachers. The Ansaris
dignity was also hurt when persons refused to lease
their apartments to them. However, when the
property dealer suggested that they change their
name, it was their dignity or self-respect that made
them refuse this suggestion.
Omprakash and the Ansaris do not deserve to be
treated like this. They deserve the same respect and
dignity as anyone else.
Equality in Indian democracy

The Indian Constitution recognises every person as
equal. This means that every individual in the
country, including male and female persons from
all castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic
backgrounds are recognised as equal. This is not to
say that inequality ceases to exist. It doesnt. But
atleast, in democratic India, the principle of the
equality of all persons is recognised. While earlier
In the 1975 film, Deewar, a boy who

works as a shoeshine refuses to pick up a
coin thrown at him. He feels that there is
dignity in the work that he does and
insists that his fee be given respectfully.
The Parliament is the cornerstone of our

democracy and we are represented in it
through our elected representatives.
no law existed to protect people from discrimination

and ill-treatment, now there are several that work to
see that people are treated with dignity and as equals.
This recognition of equality includes some of the
following provisions in the Constitution: first that
every person is equal before the law. What this means
is that every person, from the President of the country
to Kanta, a domestic worker, has to obey the same
laws. Second, no person can be discriminated against
on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of
birth or whether they are female or male. Third, every
person has access to all public places including
playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons
can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing
ghats. Fourth, untouchability has been abolished.
The two ways in which the government has tried
to implement the equality that is guaranteed in the
Constitution is first through laws and second through
government programmes or schemes to help
disadvantaged communities. There are several laws
in India that protect every persons right to be treated
equally. In addition to laws, the government has also
10
set up several schemes to improve the lives of
communities and individuals who have been treated
unequally for several centuries. These schemes are
to ensure greater opportunity for people who have
not had this in the past.
One of the steps taken by the government includes
the midday meal scheme. This refers to the
programme introduced in all government elementary
schools to provide children with cooked lunch. Tamil
Nadu was the first state in India to introduce this
scheme, and in 2001, the Supreme Court asked all
state governments to begin this programme in their
schools within six months. This programme has had
many positive effects. These include the fact that
more poor children have begun enrolling and
regularly attending school. Teachers reported that
earlier children would often go home for lunch and
then not return to school but now with the midday
meal being provided in school, their attendance has
improved. Their mothers, who earlier had to interrupt
their work to feed their children at home during the
day, now no longer need to do so. This programme
has also helped reduce caste prejudices because both
lower and upper caste children in the school eat this
meal together, and in quite a few places, Dalit women
have been employed to cook the meal. The midday
meal programme also helps reduce the hunger of
poor students who often come to school and cannot
concentrate because their stomachs are empty.
While government programmes play an important
role in increasing equality of opportunity, there is
much that still needs to be done. While the midday
meal programme has helped increase the enrolment
and attendance of poor children in school, there
continues to be big differences in our country
between schools that the rich attend and those that
the poor attend. Even today there are several schools
in the country in which Dalit children, like
Omprakash Valmiki, are discriminated against and
treated unequally. These children are forced into
unequal situations in which their dignity is not
Children being served their midday meal

at a government school in Uttarakhand.
What is the midday meal

programme? Can you list three
benefits of the programme? How
do you think this programme
might help promote greater
equality?
Find out about one government

scheme in your area. What does
this scheme do? Whom is this
scheme set up to benefit?
11
respected. This is because people refuse to think of
them as equal even though the law requires it.
It is disgraceful to live at the cost of one's

self-respect. Self-respect is the most vital
factor in life. Without it, man is a cipher.
To live worthily with self-respect, one has
to overcome difficulties. It is out of hard
and ceaseless struggle alone that one
derives strength, confidence and
recognition.
Man is mortal. Everyone has to die some
day or the other. But one must resolve to
lay down one's life in enriching the noble
ideals of self-respect and in bettering one's
human life... Nothing is more disgraceful
for a brave man than to live life devoid
of self-respect.
B.R. Ambedkar
One of the main reasons for this is that attitudes

change very slowly. Even though persons are aware
that discrimination is against the law, they continue
to treat people unequally on the basis of their caste,
religion, disability, economic status and because they
are women. It is only when people begin to believe
that no one is inferior, and that every person deserves
to be treated with dignity, that present attitudes can
change. Establishing equality in a democratic society
is a continuous struggle and one in which individuals
as well as various communities in India contribute
to and you will read more about this in this book.
Issues of equality in other democracies

You are probably wondering whether India is the only
democratic country in which there is inequality and
where the struggle for equality continues to exist.
The truth is that in many democratic countries
around the world, the issue of equality continues to
be the key issue around which communities struggle.
So, for example, in the United States of America, the
AfricanAmericans whose ancestors were the slaves
who were brought over from Africa, continue to
describe their lives today as largely unequal. This,
despite the fact that there was a movement in the
late 1950s to push for equal rights for African
Americans. Prior to this, AfricanAmericans were
treated extremely unequally in the United States and
denied equality through law. For example, when
travelling by bus, they either had to sit at the back
of the bus or get up from their seat whenever a white
person wished to sit.
Rosa Parks was an AfricanAmerican woman. Tired
from a long day at work she refused to give up her
seat on a bus to a white man on 1 December 1955.
Her refusal that day started a huge agitation against
the unequal ways in which AfricanAmericans were
12
treated and which came to be known as the Civil

Rights Movement
Movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination on the basis of race,
religion or national origin. It also stated that all
schools would be open to AfricanAmerican children
and that they would no longer have to attend separate
schools specially set up for them. However, despite
this, a majority of AfricanAmericans continue to be
among the poorest in the country. Most AfricanAmerican children can only afford to attend
government schools that have fewer facilities and
poorly qualified teachers as compared to white
students who either go to private schools or live in
areas where the government schools are as highly
rated as private schools.
Rosa Parks, an AfricanAmerican

woman, changed the course of American
history with one defiant act.
13
Excerpt from Article 15 of the Indian Constitution
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race,
caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of
them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment;
or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained
wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
Challenge of democracy
No country can be described as being completely
democratic. There are always communities and
individuals trying to expand the idea of democracy
and push for a greater recognition of equality on
existing as well as new issues. Central to this is the
struggle for the recognition of all persons as equal
and for their dignity to be maintained. In this book
you will read about how this issue of equality affects
various aspects of our daily lives in democratic India.
As you read these chapters, think about whether
the equality of all persons and their being able to
maintain their dignity is upheld.
14
EXERCISES
1. In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important?
2. Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which
this Article addresses inequality?
3. In what ways was Omprakash Valmikis experience similar
to that of the Ansaris?
4.
What do you understand by the term all persons are

equal before the law? Why do you think it is important in
a democracy?
5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in

1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have
equal rights, and that the government should make
possible their full participation in society. The government
has to provide free education and integrate children with
disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states
that all public places including buildings, schools, etc.,
should be accessible and provided with ramps.
Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being
carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being
implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the
building more accessible for him? How would his being carried
down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?
Glossary
Universal adult franchise: This is a very important aspect of democratic societies. It means that
all adult (those who are 18 and above) citizens have the right to vote irrespective of their social or
economic backgrounds.
Dignity: This refers to thinking of oneself and other persons as worthy of respect.
Constitution: This is a document that lays down the basic rules and regulations for people and
the government in the country to follow.
Civil Rights Movement: A movement that began in USA in 1950s in which AfricanAmerican
people demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.
15
UNIT
TWO
16
State Government
Teachers note
These two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) on
State Government are an attempt to
discuss the functions and structure of
government through concrete situations.
We have chosen health as an example;
there could have been other, equally
important, choices.
Chapter 2 discusses health as an
important issue for people.. There are both
public and private aspects of health
provisioning. Healthcare in India is not
available to all. While the Constitution
supports a view that the right to health is
an aspect of our fundamental rights, its
provisioning is rather unequal. Through
the accounts provided, learners will begin
to visualise the ideal or desired role of
government, and the meanings behind its
structures. Some ways in which this
situation can be changed are also
discussed.
Chapter 3 focuses on how the
government functions, and discusses ideas
of representation, accountability and
public welfare. Though both the executive

and the legislature are presented, one
should not expect students to retain fine
distinctions. It would be best to patiently
encourage them to ask questions such as,
Who is the most powerful person?, Why
cant the MLA solve the problem?, etc.
Such queries will enable them to construct
a sense of the government apparatus.
It is important that learners acquire the
confidence to express their views on public
issues and understand the role of
government through the exercises given in
the chapters. You could choose familiar
issues such as water, transport, schoolfees, books, child-labour, etc., for them to
discuss and arrive at how these problems
need to be tackled. Allow them to express
these ideas through wall charts. Given that
discussions on the government and its
functioning often lead to boredom and
cynicism, we need to be able to make
the classroom session less didactic and
more interactive while teaching these
lessons.
17
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Role of the
Government
in Health
In a democracy people expect the
government to work for their welfare. This
could be through the provision of
education, health, employment, housing
or the development of roads, electricity
etc. In this chapter we shall examine the
meanings and problems related to health.
Look at the sub-headings of this chapter.
In what ways do you think this topic is
related to the work of government?
What is health?
We can think of health in many ways. Health means
our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. But
health isnt only about disease. You may have
associated only some of the situations in the above
collage with health. What we often ignore is the fact
that each of the above situations is related to health.
Apart from disease, we need to think of other factors
that affect our health. For example, if people get clean
drinking water or a pollution free environment they
are likely to be healthy. On the other hand, if people
do not get adequate food to eat or have to live in
cramped conditions, they will be prone to illness.
All of us would like to be active and in good spirits
in whatever we may be doing. It isnt healthy to be
dull, inactive, anxious or scared for long stretches of
time. We all need to be without mental strain. All of
these various aspects of our lives are a part of health.
Would you associate all or some of

these pictures with health ? In
what ways? Discuss in groups.
Pick two situations from the above

collage that are not related to
illness and write two sentences on
how they are related to health.
Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health
19
Healthcare in India
Can you provide a title to these

columns?
India has the largest number of medical

colleges in the world and is among the
largest producers of doctors.
Approximately15,000 new doctors qualify
every year.
Most doctors settle in urban areas.

People in rural areas have to travel long
distances to reach a doctor. The number
of doctors with respect to the population is
much less in rural areas.
Healthcare facilities have grown

substantially over the years. In 1950,
there were only 2,717 hospitals in India.
In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals. In
2000, the number grew to 18,218.
About five lakh people die from tuberculosis

every year. This number is almost
unchanged since Independence!
Almost two million cases of malaria are
reported every year and this number isnt
decreasing.
India gets a large number of medical

tourists from many countries. They come
for treatment in some of the hospitals in
India that compare with the best in the world.
We are not able to provide clean drinking

water to all. 21per cent of all
communicable diseases are water borne.
For example, diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis, etc.
India is the fourth largest producer of

medicines in the world and is also a large
exporter of medicines.
Half of all children in India do not

get adequate food to eat and are
undernourished.
In India, it is often said that we

are unable to provide health
services for all because the
government does not have enough
money and facilities. After reading
the above left hand column, do
you think this is true? Discuss.
20
Let us examine some of the aspects of healthcare in

India. Compare and contrast the situation expressed
in the first and second columns.
In order to prevent and treat illnesses we need

appropriate healthcare facilities such as health
centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing,
ambulance services, blood banks, etc., that can
provide the required care and services that patients
need. In order to run such facilities we need health
workers, nurses, qualified doctors and other health
professionals who can advice, diagnose and treat
illnesses. We also need the medicines and equipment
that are necessary for treating patients. These
facilities are required to take care of us.
India has a large number of doctors, clinics and
hospitals. The country also has considerable
experience and knowledge in running a public
healthcare system. This is a system of hospitals and
health centres run by the government. It has the
ability to look after the health of a large section of its
population scattered over hundreds of thousands of
villages. We will go into more detail on this later.
Moreover, there has been a phenomenal
advancement in medical sciences whereby many new
technologies and treatment procedures are available
in the country.
However, the second column points out how poor
the health situation in our country is. With all the
above positive developments we are not able to
provide proper healthcare facilities to people. This is
the paradox something that is contrary to what we
would expect. Our country has the money, knowledge
and people with experience but cannot make the
necessary healthcare available to all. In this chapter,
we will look at some of the reasons for this.
Patients usually have to wait in long

queues in public hospitals, like this one.
The story of Hakim Sheik

Hakim Sheik was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation
of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running
train and suffered head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and needed immediate
treatment.
He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they
did not have a spare bed. Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors
necessary for his treatment. In this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to
eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him.
Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he received treatment. He spent a lot of
money on his treatment. Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that
refused to admit him, Hakim Sheik and PBKMS filed a case in the court.
Read the story given above. Then
imagine that you are a Judge in
the court. What would you say to
Hakim Sheik?
21
THE COST OF A CURE
Aman and Ranjan are good friends.While Ranjan

comes from a well-to-do family, Amans parents have
to struggle to make ends meet...
Hi Aman! Good to
see you back! How have
you been?
The building looked so posh. I thought it

was a five star hotel! Daddy said that was
because it was a private hospital, with the
best of facilities.
The doctor asked for many tests...but

everyone was so friendly! The lady who took
my blood for testing told me so many jokes
that I forgot to feel the pain!
...and have you
heard the one
about Batman
on Reality TV?
I had viral fever and

had to go to the
hospital...
Oh! Me, too! I just got back to

school on Monday. My Daddy
took me to see the doctor
at the new hospital in
Kingsway. It was very exciting!
Daddy had to pay Rs 500 at the reception counter

itself before we even met the doctor! There was
nice music playing and everything was really clean
and shiny.
After the test results came, we went back to the

doctor. He looked through them and said everything
was fine, and I only had viral fever. He prescribed lots
of medicines and rest.
...and so young man this pink pill should be
taken three times a day, and the white tablet
once before bed time thats for the
bodyache! This one is a syrup dont
worry, its tasty
Thank you
Doctor...I feel
better
already!
You see, Ive been dying to tell you all
about it! But what about
you? Which hospital did
you go to?
...and it really did! We went to a big

Government Hospital. We had to wait in a long
queue at the OPD counter. I was feeling so sick
that I had to lean on Abba all the time!
Um...it wasnt as nice as yours

at all! At first, Abba didnt want
to take me because he said it
would take too much time...
When our turn came, the doctor examined me, and

asked for a blood test.Then we had to go and stand in
another long queue! People were crowding around in
the testing room too.
He seems to be suffering from

a bout of viral fever nothing
to worry about. All he needs is
this one fever-reducing
medicine.
We got the test results after three days...and went

back to the hospital.There was a different doctor
that day.
Show me his OPD
card...and the test results
quickly please!
My hospital was nice, but

they gave me too many
medicines and the whole
thing cost more than
Rs 3,500!
That much! My
treatment cost just
Rs 150!
Why did Ranjan have to spend so
much money? Give reasons.
What problems did Aman face in
the public hospital? How do you
think the hospital can work in a
From the above story, you must have understood

that we can roughly divide up various healthcare
facilities in two categories
better manner? Discuss.
(a) Public health services and
Where do you go when you are ill?

Are there any problems that you
(b) Private health facilities.
face? Write a paragraph based on

your experience.
What problems do we face in
private hospitals? Discuss.
A doctor in a rural healthcare centre

giving medicines to a patient.
24
Public and private healthcare services
Public health services

The public health service is a chain of health centres
and hospitals run by the government. They are linked
together so that they cover both rural and urban
areas and can also provide treatment to all kinds of
problems from common illnesses to special services.
At the village level there are health centres where
there is usually a nurse and a village health worker.
They are trained in dealing with common illnesses
and work under the supervision of doctors at the
Primary Health Centre (PHC). Such a centre covers
many villages in a rural area. At the district level is
the District Hospital that also supervises all the
health centres. Large cities have many government
hospitals such as the one where Aman was taken
and also specialised government hospitals such as
the ones in Hakim Sheiks story.
The health service is called public for many
reasons. In order to fulfil its commitment of providing
healthcare to all citizens, the government has
established these hospitals and health centres. Also,
the resources needed to run these services are
obtained from the money that we, the public, pay to
the government as taxes. Hence, such facilities are
meant for everyone. One of the most important
aspects of the public health system is that it is meant
to provide quality healthcare services either free or
at a low cost, so that even the poor can seek
treatment. Another important function of public
health is to take action to prevent the spread of
diseases such as TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera,
diarrhoea, chikungunya, etc. This has to be organised
by the government with the participation of people
otherwise it is not effective. For example, when taking
up a campaign to see that mosquitoes do not breed
in water-coolers, roof tops, etc., this has to be done
for all houses in the area.
Recall the case of Hakim Sheik. Would you like to
know what the court said in this case?
According to our Constitution, it is the primary
duty of the government to ensure the welfare of the
people and provide health care facilities to all.
The government must safeguard the Right to Life
of every person. The Court said that the difficulty
that Hakim Sheik had to face could have cost him
his life. If a hospital cannot provide timely medical
treatment to a person, it means that this protection
of life is not being given.
The Court also said that it was the duty of the
government to provide the necessary health services,
including treatment in emergency situations.
Hospitals and medical staff must fulfil their duty of
providing the necessary treatment. Hakim Sheik was
denied treatment at various government hospitals.
Therefore, the Court asked the State Government to
give him the money that he had spent on his
treatment.
A woman and her sick child at a

government hospital. According to
UNICEF, more than two million
children die every year in India from
preventable infections.
In what ways is the public health
system meant for everyone?
List some public health centres
(PHCs) or hospitals near your
place. From your experience (or by
visiting any one of them), find out
the facilities provided and people
who run the centre.
Private health facilities

There is a wide range of private health facilities that
exist in our country. A large number of doctors run
their own private clinics. In the rural areas, one finds
Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs). Urban areas
have large number of doctors, many of them
providing specialised services. There are hospitals
and nursing homes that are privately owned. There
are many laboratories that do tests and offer special
facilities such as X-ray, ultrasound, etc. There are
also shops from where we buy medicines.
25
As the name suggests, private health facilities are
not owned or controlled by the government. Unlike
the public health services, in private facilities,
patients have to pay a lot of money for every service
that they use.
A post-operative room in a leading

private hospital in Delhi.
Today the presence of private facilities can be seen

all around. In fact now there are large companies
that run hospitals and some are engaged in
manufacturing and selling medicines. Medical shops
are found in every corner of the country.
Healthcare and equality:

Is adequate healthcare available to all?
Private health facilities can mean

many things. Explain with the help
of some examples from your area.
In India, we face a situation where private services

are increasing but public services are not. What is
then available to people are mainly private services.
These are concentrated in urban areas. As these
services are run for profit, the cost of these services
is rather high. Medicines are expensive. Many people
cannot afford them or have to borrow money when
there is an illness in the family.
In order to earn more money, these private services
encourage practices that are incorrect. At times
cheaper methods, though available, are not used.
For example, it is common to find doctors prescribing
unnecessary medicines, injections or saline bottles
when tablets or simple medicines can suffice.
In fact, barely 20 per cent of the population can
afford all the medicines that they require during an
In rural areas, a jeep is often used to serve

as a mobile clinic for patients.
26
illness. Hence, even for those whom one might not
think as being poor, medical expenses cause
hardship. It was reported in a study that 40 per cent
of people who are admitted to a hospital for some
illness or injury have to borrow money or sell some
of their possessions to pay for the expenses.
For those who are poor, every illness in the family
is a cause of great anxiety and distress. What is worse
is that this situation tends to happen again and
again. Those who are poor are in the first place
undernourished. These families are not eating as
much as they should. They are not provided basic
necessities like drinking water, adequate housing,
clean surroundings, etc., and therefore, are more
likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their
situation even worse.
This pregnant lady has to travel many

kilometres to see a qualified doctor.
Sometimes it is not only the lack of money that

prevents people from getting proper medical
treatment. Women, for example, are not taken to a
doctor in a prompt manner. Womens health
concerns are considered to be less important than
the health of men in the family. Many tribal areas
have few health centres and they do not run properly.
Even private health services are not available.
What can be done?

There is little doubt that the health situation of most
people in our country is not good. It is the
responsibility of the government to provide quality
healthcare services to all its citizens, especially the
poor and the disadvantaged. However, health is as
much dependent on basic amenities and social
conditions of the people, as it is on healthcare
services. Hence, it is important to work on both in
order to improve the health situation of our people.
And this can be done. Look at the following example
27
The Kerala experience
In 1996, the Kerala government made some major
changes in the state. Forty per cent of the entire state
budget was given to panchayats. They could plan
and provide for their requirements. This made it
possible for a village to make sure that proper
planning was done for water, food, womens
development and education. This meant that water
supply schemes were checked, the working of schools
and anganwadis was ensured and specific problems
of the village were taken up. Health centres were
also improved. All of this helped to improve the
situation. Despite these efforts, however, some
problems such as shortage of medicines,
insufficient hospital beds, not enough doctors
remained, and these needed to be addressed.
The above map of India shows the state of

Kerala in pink.
Let us look at an example of another country and

its approach to issues of health.
The Costa Rican approach
The inside back cover (cover three) of this

book has a map of India. Using your
pencil outline the state of Kerala on
this map.
28
Costa Rica is considered to be one of the healthiest

countries in South America. The main reason for
this can be found in the Costa Rican Constitution.
Several years ago, Costa Rica took a very important
decision and decided not to have an army. This
helped the Costa Rican government to spend the
money that the army would have used, on health,
education and other basic needs of the people. The
Costa Rican government believes that a country has
to be healthy for its development and pays a lot of
attention to the health of its people. The Costa Rican
government provides basic services and amenities
to all Costa Ricans. For example, it provides safe
drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing.
Health education is also considered very important
and knowledge about health is an essential part of
education at all levels.
EXERCISES
1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept
than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and
explain the terms living standard and public health in
your own words.
2.
What are the different ways through which the

government can take steps to provide healthcare for all?
An important part of the

Constitution says it is the duty of
the State to raise the level of
nutrition and the standard of
living and to improve public
health.
Discuss.
3. What differences do you find between private and public
health services in your area? Use the following table to
compare and contrast these.
Facility
Cost of services
Availability of service
Private
Public
4. Improvement in water and sanitation can control many
diseases. Explain with the help of examples.
Glossary
Public: An activity or service that is meant for all people in the country and is mainly organised by
the government. This includes schools, hospitals, telephone services, etc. People can demand
these services and also raise questions about their non-functioning.
Private: An activity or service that is organised by an individual or company for their own profit.
Medical tourists: This refers to foreigners who come to this country specifically for medical treatment
at hospitals that offer worldclass facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in
their own countries.
Communicable diseases: These are diseases that are spread from one person to another in many
ways such as through water, food , air, etc.
OPD: This is the short form for Out Patient Department. This is where people are first brought in
and treated in a hospital without being admitted to any special ward.
29
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
How
the State
Government
Works
Last year, we discussed the
fact that government works at
three levels local, state and
national and looked at the
work of local government in
some detail. In this chapter,
we examine the work of the
government at the state
level. How does this take
place in a democracy?
What is the role of a
Member of the
Legislative Assembly
(MLA) and Ministers? How
do people express their
views or demand action
from government? We look
at these questions through
the example of health.
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY?
Hey, look at this...it says that
there is a water shortage in
our state, and people are
falling sick!
...In many villages, people were found to be

drinking unclean water. Streams have dried up, and
so have tanks. In the worst-affected areas, villagers
have been carrying water across great distacnes.
People at the district HQ Patalpuram receive water

supply once in three days.The District Hospital here is
overflowing with patients a large number of whom
are children with acute diarrhoea...
On the TV news, they said ten people
have died from diarrhoea! Is that
possible? Can one really die from it?
Who knows? Just
hope I dont get it!
This road is blocked due to the rally.

They have gheraoed the MLAs residence.
Really! Why? Has
he done something?
Ha ha they
seem more angry
about what he
hasnt done!
That afternoon...
Suddenly...
My mother said not to have any iced

drinks from the market. She gave one of
her lectures this morning, You have to
be responsible for your health,
Shirin!
Ha ha!
...and we demand that the

authorities take immediate action to
bring the public health situation
under control! Our MLA must take
the responsibility for this!
STOP!
What a loud voice he has...he must be

a leader or something...
Shh...I saw him on TV
too. He is a member of
the Opposition!
Who is an MLA?
In the above section, you have read about some
events in Patalpuram. You may be familiar with some
official names such as Collector, Medical Officer, etc.
But have you heard of an MLA and the Legislative
Assembly? Do you know the MLA of your area? Can
you identify which party she or he belongs to?
Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are
elected by the people. They then become members
of the legislative assembly and also form the
What is happening in Patalpuram ?

Why is this problem serious?
What action do you think can be
taken in the above situation and
who do you think should take this
action? Discuss.
Chapter 3: How the State Government Works
31
Discuss the following terms with
your teacherpublic meeting,
States in India, constituency,
majority, ruling party and
opposition.
Can you explain the following
termsmajority, ruling party,
opposition with reference to your
state.
government. In this way we say that the MLAs

represent people. The example below will help us
understand this better.
Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly.
Each state is divided into different areas or
constituencies. For example, look at the map below.
It shows that the state of Himachal Pradesh is divided
into 68 assembly constituencies. From each
constituency, the people elect one representative who
then becomes a Member of the Legislative Assembly
(MLA). You would have noticed that people stand for
elections in the name of different parties. These MLAs,
therefore, belong to different political parties.
How do people who are MLAs become ministers or
chief minister? A political party whose MLAs have
won more than half the number of constituencies in
a state can be said to be in a majority
majority. The political
party that has the majority is called the ruling party
and all other members are called the opposition
opposition. For
example, the Legislative Assembly of the state of
Himachal Pradesh has 68 MLA constituencies.
The state of Himachal Pradesh is

coloured in green in the above
thumbnail map of India.
Using a pencil outline the following on the
map on inside back cover (cover three):
(i) the state that you live in;
(ii) the state of Himachal Pradesh.
32
Results of the Assembly Elections in H.P. in 2003
Political party
Number of MLAs elected
Indian National Congress (INC) ..................................................... 43

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ............................................................. 16
Other political parties ....................................................................... 03
Independents (who dont belong to any party)........................... 06
Total ................................................................................ 68
Candidates from various political parties won the

2003 assembly elections and became MLAs. Since the
total number of MLAs in the Legislative Assembly is
68, a political party would have needed to have more
than 34 MLAs in order to gain a majority. The Indian
National Congress with 43 MLAs had the majority and
it became the ruling party. All other MLAs became the
opposition. In this case, Bharatiya Janata Party was
the major opposition party, since it had the largest
number of MLAs after the Indian National Congress.
Among the opposition were other parties, including those
who had been elected as independent candidates.
After the elections, the MLAs belonging to the ruling
party will elect their leader who will become the chief
minister. In this case, the Congress Party MLAs chose
Shri Virbhadra Singh as their leader and he became
the chief minister. The chief minister then selects
other people as ministers. After the elections, it is
the Governor of the state who appoints the chief
minister and other ministers.
Construct a table, similar to the

one given for Himachal Pradesh,
for your state.
The Head of the State is the Governor.

She/He is appointed by the Central
Government to ensure that the State
Government works within the rules and
regulations of the Constitution.
At times, the ruling party may not

be a single party but a group of
parties working together. This is
called a coalition. Discuss with
your teacher.
The chief minister and other ministers have the

responsibility of running various government
departments or ministries. They have separate offices.
A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs,
whether from the ruling party or from the opposition
meet to discuss various things. Hence, some MLAs
have dual responsibilities: one as an MLA and the other
as a minister. We will read about this further.
33
A debate in the Legislative Assembly
Afreen, Sujata and many other students from their
school travelled to the state capital to visit the
Legislative Assembly which was housed in an
impressive building. The children were excited. After
security checks, they were taken upstairs. There was
a gallery from where they could see the large hall
below. There were rows and rows of desks.
This Assembly was going to have a debate on a
current problem. During this time, MLAs can express
their opinions and ask questions related to the issue
or give suggestions about what should be done by
the government. Those who wish to, can respond to
this. The minister then replies to the questions and
tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are
being taken.
The chief minister and other ministers have to
take decisions and run the government. We usually
hear about them or see them in the news channels
or in the papers. However, whatever decisions are
being taken have to be approved by the members of
the legislative assembly. In a democracy, these
members can ask questions, debate an important
issue, decide where money should be spent, etc. They
have the main authority.
MLA 1: In my constituency of Akhandagaon,
during the last three weeks, there were 15 deaths
because of diarrhoea. I think it is a shame that this
government has not been able to check the situation
of a simple problem like diarrhoea while proclaiming
itself to be a champion of technology. I would call
the attention of the minister in charge of health to
take immediate measures to control the situation.
MLA 2: My question is why are government
hospitals in such a bad situation? Why is the
government not appointing proper doctors and other
medical staff in the district? I would also like to know
how the government plans to deal with this situation
34
which is affecting a large number of people and is
also spreading. This is an epidemic.
MLA 3: My constituency of Tolpatti too has a
serious shortage of water. Women travel up to 3 or 4
kilometres to collect water. How many tankers have
been put into service to supply water? How many
wells and ponds have been cleaned and disinfected?
MLA 4: I think my colleagues are exaggerating the
problem. The government has taken steps to control
the situation. Water tankers have been put into
service. ORS packets are being distributed. The
government is doing everything possible to help
people.
MLA 5: We have very poor facilities in our hospitals.
There are hospitals that do not have a doctor and no
medical staff has been appointed for the last few
years. In another hospital, the doctor has gone on a
long leave. This is a shame. I think the situation is
going from bad to worse. How are we going to
ensure that ORS packets reach all families in the
affected areas?
MLA 6: The opposition members are unnecessarily
blaming the government. The previous government
did not pay any attention to sanitation. We have now
taken up a drive to clear the garbage that has been
lying around for years.
1
5
6
Can you identify the MLAs of the

ruling party and the opposition in
the illustration? Colour the ruling
party in one colour and the
opposition in another.
What were the main arguments

put forward by different MLAs
who thought that the government
was not taking the situation in a
serious manner?
If you were the health minister,
how would you respond to the
above discussion?
Do you think the above debate
would have been useful in some
ways? How? Discuss.
In the working of the government,
explain the difference between
being an MLA and an MLA who is
also a minister.
In the earlier section you have read about a debate

in the Legislative Assembly. The members were
debating the action taken or not taken by the
government. This is because the MLAs are together
responsible for the work of the government. In
common usage the word government refers to
government departments and various ministers who
head them. The overall head is the chief minister.
More correctly, this is called the executive part of
the government. All the MLAs who gather together
(assemble) in the legislative assembly are called the
Legislature. They are the ones who authorise and
supervise their work. As we saw in the earlier section,
it is from among them that the head of the executive,
or the chief minister is formed.
Working of the government

The Legislative Assembly is not the only place where
opinions are expressed about the work of the
government and action is demanded. You will find
newspapers, TV channels and other organisations
regularly talking about the government. In a
democracy, there are various ways through which
people express their views and also take action. Let
us look at one such way.
Soon after the discussion in the assembly, there
was a press conference organised by the health
minister. Large numbers of people from different
newspapers were present. The minister and some
government officials were also present. The minister
explained the steps the government had taken.
Reporters asked many questions at this meeting.
These discussions were then reported in different
newspapers. The following page has one such report.
During the next week, the chief minister and the
minister for health visited Patalpuram district. They
went to visit the families who had lost their relatives
and also visited people in the hospitals. The
government announced a compensation for these
36
Government smells the garbage
Chief Minister promises funds for work
Patalpuram | Ravi Ahuja
During the last few weeks,

there have been many
deaths in some districts of
our state. There has been a
strong reaction that the
government has not taken
this seriously. The health
minister explained today at
a press conference that his
government has asked all
the collectors and the chief
medical officers to take
urgent measures. The most
important problem is that
of drinking water. The
minister said that they
intend to supply drinking

water to every village
through tanker trucks.
The chief minister has
promised funds for this
work. They also plan to
start a campaign to inform
people about the steps that
can be taken to prevent
diarrhoea. When a reporter
asked him as to what steps
are being taken to see that
garbage that has been lying
around for months is
quickly collected, the chief
minister said that he would
look into this.
Write two measures that the

goverment undertook for
controlling diarrhoea?
What is the purpose of a
press conference? How does
the press conference help you
get information on what the
goverment is doing?
families. The chief minister also said that he thought

the problem was not only one of sanitation but also
of a lack of clean drinking water. He said that a highlevel enquiry committee will be asked to look into
the needs of the district to provide sanitation facilities
and would request the minister for Public Works to
take care of the needs of proper water supply in the
region.
As you saw above, the people in power like the
chief minister and the minister have to take action.
They do so through various departments like the
Public Works Department, the Agriculture
Department, the Health Department, the Education
Department and so on. They also have to answer
questions that are asked in the Legislative Assembly
and convince people asking the questions that proper
steps are being taken. At the same time, newspapers
and the media widely discuss the issue and the
government has to respond, for example, by holding
the press conferences.
37
The government can also decide to make new laws
for the state regarding sanitation and health facilities.
For example, it may make it compulsory for
municipal corporations to ensure that there are
adequate toilets in every urban area. It may also
ensure that a health worker is appointed in every
village. This act of making laws on certain issues is
done in the Legislative Assembly of each state. The
various government departments then implement
these laws. Laws for the entire country are made in
the Parliament. You will read more about the
Parliament next year.
In a democracy, people organise meetings

to voice their opinions and protest
against the government.
In a democracy, it is the people who elect their

representatives as Members of the Legislative
Assembly (MLAs) and, thus, it is the people who have
the main authority. The ruling party members then
form the government and some members are
appointed ministers. These ministers are in charge
of various departments of the government such as
health in the above example. Whatever work is done
by these departments has to be approved by the
members of the legislative assembly.
Name of department
Examples of their work
School Education
Public Works Department
Agriculture
Find out with the help of your
A wallpaper project
A wallpaper is an interesting activity through which
research can be done on particular topics of interest.
The following photographs explain the different
aspects involved in creating a wallpaper in a
classroom.
teacher, the work done by the

government departments
mentioned above, and fill in the
table.
After introducing the topic and having a brief discussion

with the whole class, the teacher divides the class into groups.
The group discusses the issue and decides what it would like
to include in the wall-paper. Children then work
individually or in pairs to read the collected material and
write their observations or experiences. They can do this
through creating stories, poems, case studies, interviews, etc.
The group looks at the material that they have

selected, drawn or written. They read each others
writing and provide feedback to each other. They
make decisions on what should be included and
finalise the layout for the wallpaper.
39
Each group then presents the wallpaper to the entire class. It is important that
more than one member of the group is asked to present and that each group is
allotted the same amount of time to discuss their work. After each group has
presented, it would be a good idea to have a feedback session on the following
What more could they do on their own? How could their work be organised
better? How could writing and presentation be improved upon?
This wallpaper about the 2006

dengue epidemic was prepared by
children of Class VI B of Kendriya
Vidyalaya II, Hindon, Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh.
Do a similar wallpaper project

about any issue connected with
the working of your State
Government like an education
programme, any law and order
issue, midday meal scheme, etc.
40
EXERCISES
1. Use the terms constituency and represent to explain
who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
2. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
3. Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and
other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
4. What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/
action was taken by the following? Fill in the table.
Public meeting
Legislative Assembly
Press conference
Chief Minister
5. What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in
the Assembly and the work done by government
departments?
Glossary
Constituency: A particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives.
This could be, for example, a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.
Majority: This is a situation when more than half the number in a group supports a decision or an
idea. This is also called a simple majority.
Opposition: This refers to elected representatives who are not members of the ruling party and
who play the role of questioning government decisions and actions as well as raise new issues for
consideration in the Assembly.
Press Conference: A gathering of journalists from the media who are invited to hear about and
ask questions on a particular issue and are then expected to report on this to the larger public.
41
UNIT
THREE
Gender
Teachers note
Gender is a term that you may often have
heard. It is a term, however, that is not
easily understood. It tends to remain
distant from our lives and restricted to
discussions during training programmes.
In fact, it is something that all of us
experience in our lives on a daily basis. It
determines, for example, who we are and
what we will become, where we can go and
where not, the life choices available to us
and those we eventually make. Our
understanding of gender is often based on
the family and society that we live in. This
leads us to think that the roles we see men
and women around us play are fixed and
natural. In fact, these roles differ across
communities around the world. By gender,
then, we mean the many social values and
stereotypes our cultures attach to the
biological distinction male and female. It
is a term that helps us to understand many
of the inequalities and power relations
between men and women in society.
The following two chapters explore the
concept of gender without actually using
the term. Instead, through different
pedagogic tools like case studies, stories,
classroom activities, data analysis and
photographs, students are encouraged to
question and think about their own lives
and the society around them. Gender is
often mistakenly thought to be something
that concerns women or girls alone. Thus,
care has been taken in these chapters to
draw boys into the discussion as well.
Chapter 4 uses two case studies, situated

in different places and points in time to
show how girls and boys are brought up
or socialised differently. This enables them
to understand that the process of
socialisation is not uniform; instead it is
socially determined and changes
continuously over time. The chapter also
addresses the fact that societies assign
different values to the roles men and
women play and the work they do, which
becomes a basis for inequality and
discrimination. Through a storyboard,
students discuss the issue of housework.
Done primarily by women, housework is
often not considered work and, therefore
made invisible and devalued.
Chapter 5 further develops ideas around
gender inequalities in the world of work and
describes womens struggles for equality.
Through a classroom activity, students
begin questioning existing stereotypes
regarding work and career choices. The
chapter also points out that opportunities
like education are not equally available to
boys and girls. By reading about the lives
of two Indian women, from the ninteenth
and twentieth centuries, students see how
women struggled to change their lives by
learning to read and write. Change on a
large scale usually takes place through
collective struggles. The chapter concludes
with a photo-essay that gives examples of
different strategies the womens movement
has used to fight for change.
43
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Growing up as
Boys and Girls
Being a boy or a girl is an
important part of ones
identity. The society we grow
up in teaches us what kind of
behaviour is acceptable for
girls and boys, what boys and
girls can or cannot do. We
often grow up thinking that
these things are exactly the
same everywhere. But do all
societies look at boys and
girls in the same way? We will
try and answer this question
in this chapter. We will also
look at how the different roles
assigned to boys and girls
prepare them for their future
roles as men and women. We
will learn that most societies
value men and women
differently. The roles women
play and the work they do are
usually valued less than the
roles men play and the work
they do. This chapter will also
examine how inequalities
between men and women
emerge in the area of work.
Growing up in Samoa in the 1920s
The Samoan Islands are part of a large group of small
islands in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean. In
the 1920s, according to research reports on Samoan
society, children did not go to school. They learnt
many things, such as how to take care of children or
do household work from older children and from
adults. Fishing was a very important activity on the
islands. Young people, therefore, learnt to undertake
long fishing expeditions. But they learnt these things
at different points in their childhood.
As soon as babies could walk, their mothers or
other adults no longer looked after them. Older
children, often as young as five years old, took over
this responsibility. Both boys and girls looked after
their younger siblings. But, by the time a boy was
about nine years old, he joined the older boys in
learning outdoor jobs like fishing and planting
coconuts. Girls had to continue looking after small
children or do errands for adults till they were
teenagers. But, once they became teenagers they had
much more freedom. After the age of fourteen or so,
girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the
plantations, learnt how to weave baskets. Cooking
was done in special cooking-houses, where boys were
supposed to do most of the work while girls helped
with the preparations.
A Class VII Samoan child

in his school uniform.
In what ways do the experiences
of Samoan children and teenagers
differ from your own experiences
of growing up? Is there anything
in this experience that you wish
was part of your growing up?
Growing up male in
Madhya Pradesh in the 1960s
The following is adapted from an account of
experiences of being in a small town in Madhya
Pradesh in the 1960s.
From Class VI onwards, boys and girls went to
separate schools. The girls school was designed very
differently from the boys school. They had a central
courtyard where they played in total seclusion and
Why do girls like to go to school

together in groups?
Chapter 4: Growing up as Boys and Girls
45
Make a drawing of a street or a
park in your neighbourhood. Show
the different kinds of activities
young boys and girls may be
engaged in. You could do this
individually or in groups.
Are there as many girls as boys in
your drawing? Most probably you
would have drawn fewer girls. Can
you think of reasons why there
are fewer women and girls in your
neighbourhood streets, parks and
markets in the late evenings or at
night?
Are girls and boys doing different
activities? Can you think of
reasons why this might be so?
What would happen if you
replaced the girls with the boys
and vice-versa?
safety from the outside world. The boys school had

no such courtyard and our playground was just a
big space attached to the school. Every evening, once
school was over, the boys watched as hundreds of
school girls crowded the narrow streets. As these
girls walked on the streets, they looked so purposeful.
This was unlike the boys who used the streets as a
place to stand around idling, to play, to try out tricks
with their bicycles. For the girls, the street was simply
a place to get straight home. The girls always went
in groups, perhaps because they also carried fears
of being teased or attacked.
After reading the two examples above, we realise
that there are many different ways of growing up.
Often we think that there is only one way in which
children grow up. This is because we are most
familiar with our own experiences. If we talk to elders
in our family, we will see that their childhoods were
probably very different from ours.
We also realise that societies make clear
distinctions between boys and girls. This begins from
a very young age. We are for example, given different
toys to play with. Boys are usually given cars to play
with and girls dolls. Both toys can be a lot of fun to
play with. Why are girls then given dolls and boys
cars? Toys become a way of telling children that they
will have different futures when they become men
and women. If we think about it, this difference is
created in the smallest and most everyday things.
How girls must dress, what games boys should play,
how girls need to talk softly or boys need to be tough.
All these are ways of telling children that they have
specific roles to play when they grow up to be men
and women. Later in life this affects the subjects we
can study or the careers we can choose.
In most societies, including our own, the roles men
and women play or the work they do, are not valued
equally. Men and women do not have the same
status. Let us look at how this difference exists in
the work done by men and women.
46
MY MOTHER
DOES NOT WORK
Ma, we are going on a
school excursion. Rosie Maam
needs volunteers. Cant you
take a holiday from office
and volunteer?
Harmeets mother
always comes for
excursions, beause
she doesnt work.
At the Singhs house

But isnt that correct aunty?
My mother is a housewife
she does not work!
Harsharan, Shonali
thinks that your wife
is not a working
person!
Shonali, how can

you say that! You
know that Jaspreet
aunty is up at 5 a.m.
everyday doing all
the housework!
Then Jaspreet, why dont

you just relax and let them
manage everything for a
change?
Yes, but thats not real

work, its just house work!
Oh! Thats what you
think, do you? Lets go over
to their house and ask
Jaspreet what she thinks!
What fun! Well take care

of everything tomorrow
with Papa!
Great idea!
OK, Ill go on strike
tomorrow!
Ha, ha!
Next morning, 7:30 a.m.

Oh God! Look at the time!
Wheres my breakfast? Why arent
the children ready?
Hurry, hurry! And

ask Harmeet to switch
on the pump!
Oh-ho! Thats
the school bus! Ill
have to drop
them in the car.
HONK
HONK
How would I know?

Im on strike, remember?
Besides, Mangala has also
taken leave today.
But, what about the kids lunch boxes?
Oh no! Forgot
about that!
Ill give you some money. Just

buy something from the
canteen today...
Ma already gave us
money for that!
Evening, 6.00 p.m.
DING
DING
Im exhausted! How about
some tea? Oh, I forgot...your
strike...Ill make some myself.
The house looks like it

was hit by a hurricane!
Harmeet, where
on earth are the
tea leaves?
Did you expect it to remain in exactly the

same condition in which you left it this
morning, dear?
Hee hee...
I wonder if they
still believe I dont
work?...and now I have
to remind them that
Chachaji and Chachiji
are coming
for dinner.
Valuing housework
Harmeets family did not think that the work Jaspreet
did within the house was real work. This feeling is
not unique to their families. Across the world, the
main responsibility for housework and care-giving
tasks, like looking after the family, especially
children, the elderly and sick members, lies with
women. Yet, as we have seen, the work that women
do within the home is not recognised as work. It is
also assumed that this is something that comes
naturally to women. It, therefore, does not have to
be paid for. And society devalues this work.
48
Lives of domestic workers
In the story above, Harmeets mother was not the
only one who did the housework. A lot of the work
was done by Mangala, their domestic helper.
Many homes, particularly in towns and cities,
employ domestic workers. They do a lot of work
sweeping and cleaning, washing clothes and
dishes, cooking, looking after young children or
the elderly. Most domestic workers are women.
Sometimes, even young boys or girls are employed
to do this work. Wages are low, as domestic work
does not have much value. A domestic workers
day can begin as early as five in the morning and
end as late as twelve at night! Despite the hard
work they do, their employers often do not show
them much respect. This is what Melani, a
domestic worker had to say about her experience
of working in Delhi My first job was with a rich
family that lived in a three-storeyed house. The
memsahib was very strange as she would shout
to get any work done. My work was in the kitchen.
There were two other girls who did the cleaning.
Our day would begin at 5 oclock. For breakfast
we would get a cup of tea and two dry rotis. We
could never get a third roti. In the evening, when
I cooked the food, the two other girls would beg
me to give them an extra roti. I would secretly
give it to them and make an extra one for myself.
We were so hungry after working through the day!
We could not wear chappals in the house. In the
winter, our feet would swell up with the cold. I
used to feel scared of the memsahib but also felt
angry and humiliated. Did we not work all day?
Did we not deserve to be treated with some
respect?
Melani with her daughter.
Were Harmeet and Shonali correct

in saying that Harmeets mother
did not work?
What do you think would happen
if your mother or those involved
in doing the work at home went
on a strike for a day?
Why do you think that men and
boys generally do not do
housework? Do you think they
should?
In fact, what we commonly term as housework

actually involves many different tasks. A number
of these tasks require heavy physical work. In
both rural and urban areas women and girls have
to fetch water. In rural areas women and girls
carry heavy headloads of firewood. Tasks like
49
washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping and picking up
loads require bending, lifting and carrying. Many
chores, like cooking, involve standing for long hours
in front of hot stoves. The work women do is
strenuous and physically demanding words that
we normally associate with men.
Another aspect of housework and care-giving that
we do not recognise is that it is very time consuming.
In fact, if we add up the housework and the work,
women do outside the home, we find that women
spend much more time working than men and have
much less time for leisure.
Below is some data from a special study done
by the Central Statistical Organization of India
(1998-1999). See if you can fill in the blanks.
State
Women Paid Women Unpaid

(Work hours (Housework
per week)
hours per week)
Haryana
Tamil Nadu
23
19
30
35
?
?
Men Paid
Men Unpaid
Men
(Work hours (Housework
(Total)
per week)
hours per week)
38
40
2
4
?
?
What are the total number of work

hours spent by women in Haryana
Womens work and equality
and Tamil Nadu each week?
As we have seen the low value attached to womens

household and care-giving work is not an individual
or family matter. It is part of a larger system of
inequality between men and women. It, therefore,
has to be dealt with through actions not just at the
level of the individual or the family but also by the
government. As we now know, equality is an
important principle of our Constitution. The
Constitution says that being male or female should
not become a reason for discrimination. In reality,
inequality between the sexes exists. The government
is, therefore, committed to understanding the reasons
for this and taking positive steps to remedy the
situation. For example, it recognises that burden of
child-care and housework falls on women and girls.
How does this compare with the

total number of work hours spent
by men?
Many women like Shonalis mother in

the story and the women in Tamil Nadu
and Haryana who were surveyed work
both inside and outside the home. This is
often referred to as the double burden of
womens work.
50
Women
(Total)
This naturally has an impact on whether girls can

attend school. It determines whether women can
work outside the house and what kind of jobs and
careers they can have. The government has set up
anganwadis or child-care centres in several villages
in the country. The government has passed laws that
make it mandatory for organisations that have more
than 30 women employees to provide crche facilities.
The provision of crches helps many women to take
up employment outside the home. It also makes it
possible for more girls to attend schools.
Children at an Anganwadi centre in a

village in Madhya Pradesh.
51
What do you think this poster is trying to say?
This poster was created by a womens group in

Bengal. Can you write an interesting slogan for
the poster?
52
EXERCISES
1. Are the statements given alongside true or false. Support
your answer with the use of an example
a. All societies do not think

similarly about the roles that boys
and girls play.
2. Housework is invisible and unpaid work.
b. Our society does not make

distinctions between boys and
Housework is physically demanding.
girls when they are growing up.
Housework is time consuming.

Write in your own words what is meant by the terms
invisible, physically demanding, and time consuming?
Give one example of each based on the household tasks
c. Women who stay at home do

not work.
d. The work that women do is less
undertaken by women in your home.
valued than that of men.

3. Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and
another for girls. If there is a difference between the two
lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does
this have any relationship to the roles children have to
play as adults?
4. If you have someone working as a domestic help in your
house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more
about her life Who are her family members? Where is
her home? How many hours does she work? How much
does she get paid? Write a small story based on these
details.
Glossary
Identity: Identity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. Typically, a person can have several
identities. For example, a person can be a girl, a sister and a musician.
Double-burden: Literally means a double load. This term is commonly used to describe the womens
work situation. It has emerged from a recognition that women typically labour both inside the
home (housework) and outside.
Care-giving: Care-giving refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing. Besides
physical tasks, they also involve a strong emotional aspect.
De-valued: When someone is not given due recognition for a task or job they have done, they can
feel de-valued. For example, if a boy has put in a lot of effort into making a special birthday gift for
his friend and this friend does not say anything about this, then the boy may feel de-valued.
53
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Women Change
the World
In the previous chapter, we saw how womens
work in the home is not recognised as work. We
also read how doing household work and taking
care of family members is a full time job and
there are no specific hours at which it begins or
ends. In this chapter, we will look at work
outside the home, and understand how some
occupations are seen to be more suitable for
men than for women. We will also learn about
how women struggle for equality. Getting an
education was, and still is, one way in which new
opportunities were created for women. This
chapter will also briefly trace the different types
of efforts made by the womens movement
to challenge discrimination in more recent
years.
Who does what work?
Draw images of the following
A farmer
A factory worker
A nurse
A scientist
A pilot
A teacher
See what images your class drew by filling in the

table below. Add up the number of male and female
images separately for each occupation.
Category
Teacher
Farmer
Male image
Female image
Are there more images of men

than women?
In what kinds of jobs were there
more images of men than women?
Factory worker
Have all the nurses been drawn as
Nurse
Scientist
Pilot
females? Why?
Are there fewer images of female
farmers? If so, why?
Chapter 5: Women Change the World
55
83.6 per cent of working women in India

are engaged in agricultural work. Their
work includes planting, weeding,
harvesting and threshing. Yet, when we
think of a farmer we only think of a
man.
Source: NSS 61st Round (2004-05)
How does your class exercise

compare with Rosie Maams
class exercise?
56
Rosie Maams class has 30 children. She did the

same exercise in her class and here is the result.
Category
Male image
Female image
Teacher
25
Farmer
30
Factory worker
25
30
Scientist
25
Pilot
27
Nurse
Fewer opportunities and rigid expectations
A lot of the children in Rosie Maams class drew
women as nurses and men as army officers. The
reason they did this is because they feel that outside
the home too, women are good at only certain jobs.
For example, many people believe that women make
better nurses because they are more patient and
gentle. This is linked to womens roles within the
family. Similarly, it is believed that science requires
a technical mind and girls and women are not capable
of dealing with technical things.
Because so many people believe in these
stereotypes
stereotypes, many girls do not get the same support
that boys do to study and train to become doctors
and engineers. In most families, once girls finish
school, they are encouraged by their families to see
marriage as their main aim in life.
Breaking stereotypes
Engine drivers are men. But 27-year-old Laxmi Lakra, from a
poor tribal family in Jharkhand has begun to change things.
She is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.
Laxmis parents are not literate but they struggled and
overcame many hardships to make sure their children got an
education. Laxmi studied in a government school. Even in school,
Laxmi helped with the housework and did odd jobs. She studied
hard and did well and then went on to get a diploma in
electronics. She then took the railway board exam and passed
it on her first attempt.
Laxmi says,I love challenges and the moment somebody says it
is not for girls, I make sure I go ahead and do it. Laxmi has had
to do this several times in her life when she wanted to take electronics; when she rode
motorcycles at the polytechnic; and when she decided to become an engine driver.
Her philosophy is simple As long as I am having fun without harming anyone, as long as I am
doing well and helping my parents, why should I not lead a lifestyle of my choice?
(Adapted from Driving Her Train by Neeta Lal, Womens Features Service)
57
Read the story below and answer
the questions
If you were Xavier, what subject
would you choose and why?
In your experience, what are some
of the other pressures that boys
experience?
It is important to understand that we live in a

society in which all children face pressures from the
world around them. Sometimes, these come in the
form of demands from adults. At other times, they
can just be because of unfair teasing by our own
friends. Boys are pressurised to think about getting
a job that will pay a good salary. They are also teased
and bullied if they do not behave like other boys.
You may remember that in your Class VI book you
read about how boys at an early age are encouraged
not to cry in front of others.
Xavier was happy with the results of his Class X

board exams.Though his marks in Science and
Maths were not high, he had done well in his
favourite subjects History and Languages. When
his parents saw his report card, however, they did
not look pleased at all...
Why do you want to take History?

Think about your future.
You have to get a good job!
History will not help. It has no scope!
But, but, I dont like
Maths or Science!
My Goodness! Xavier, you have

managed only 65% in Maths.Your marks
in Physics are low too...
I know Mama, but its
okay, because I dont
want to take Maths or
Science. I want to
study History.
Be sensible, son. Take Maths, and you can

study computers side by side. The job market
for computers is very good.
58
Learning for change

Going to school is an extremely important part of
your life. As more and more children enter school
every year, we begin to think that it is normal for all
children to go to school. Today, it is difficult for us
to imagine that school and learning could be seen
as out of bounds or not appropriate for some
children. But in the past, the skill of reading and
writing was known to only a few. Most children learnt
the work their families or elders did. For girls, the
situation was worse. In communities that taught sons
to read and write, daughters were not allowed to learn
the alphabet. Even in families where skills like
pottery, weaving and craft were taught, the
contribution of daughters and women was only seen
as supportive. For example, in the pottery trade,
women collected the mud and prepared the earth
for the pots. But since they did not operate the wheel,
they were not seen as potters.
In the nineteenth century, many new ideas about
education and learning emerged. Schools became
more common and communities that had never
learnt reading and writing started sending their
children to school. But there was a lot of opposition
to educating girls even then. Yet many women and
men made efforts to open schools for girls. Women
struggled to learn to read and write.
Ramabai (18581922), shown above

with her daughter, championed the cause
of womens education. She never went to
school but learnt to read and write from
her parents. She was given the title
Pandita because she could read and
write Sanskrit, a remarkable
achievement as women then were not
allowed such knowledge. She went on to
set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune
in 1898, where widows and poor women
were encouraged not only to become
literate but to be independent. They were
taught a variety of skills from carpentry
to running a printing press, skills that
are not usually taught to girls even today.
The printing press can be seen in the
picture on the top left corner. Ramabais
Mission is still active today.
59
Learning to read and write led some

women to question the situation of
women in society. They wrote stories,
letters and autobiographies describing
their own experiences of inequality. In
their writings, they also imagined new
ways of thinking and living for both
men and women.
Let us read about the experience of Rashsundari

Devi (18001890), who was born in West Bengal,
some 200 years ago. At the age of 60, she wrote her
autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban
is the first known autobiography written by an Indian
woman. Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a
rich landlords family. At that time, it was believed
that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would
bring bad luck to her husband and become a widow!
Despite this, she taught herself how to read and write
in secret, well after her marriage.
I would start working at dawn, and I would still
be at it until well beyond midnight. I had no rest in
between. I was only fourteen years old at the time. I
came to nurture a great longing: I would learn to
read and I would read a religious manuscript. I was
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain and her dreams about Ladyland

Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was born into a rich family who owned a lot of land. Though she knew how
to read and write Urdu, she was stopped from learning Bangla and English. In those days, English was
seen as a language that would expose girls to new ideas, which people thought were not correct for
them. Therefore, it was mostly boys who were taught English. Rokeya learnt to read and write
Bangla and English with the support of her elder brother and an elder sister. She went on to
become a writer. She wrote a remarkable story titled Sultanas Dream in 1905 to
practise her English skills when she was merely 25 years old.This story imagined
a woman called Sultana who reaches a place called Ladyland. Ladyland is a
place where women had the freedom to study, work, and create inventions
like controlling rain from the clouds and flying air cars. In this Ladyland, the
men had been sent into seclusion their aggressive guns and other
weapons of war defeated by the brain-power of women. As Sultana
travels in Ladyland with Sister Sarah, she awakes to realise that she
was only dreaming.
As you can see, Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was dreaming of women
flying planes and cars even before girls were being allowed to
go to school! This was the way in which education and learning
had changed Rokeyas own life. Rokeya did not stop at getting
education just for herself. Her education gave her the power
not only to dream and write, but also to do more to help
other girls go to school and to build their own dreams. In
1910, she started a school for girls in Kolkata, and to this day,
the school is still functioning.
unlucky, in those days women were not educated.
Later, I began to resent my own thoughts. What is
wrong with me? Women do not read, how will I do
it? Then I had a dream: I was reading the manuscript
of Chaitanya Bhagabat (the life of a saint) Later in
the day, as I sat cooking in the kitchen, I heard my
husband say to my eldest son: Bepin, I have left my
Chaitanya Bhagabat here. When I ask for it, bring it
in. He left the book there and went away. When the
book had been taken inside, I secretly took out a
page and hid it carefully. It was a job hiding it, for
nobody must find it in my hands. My eldest son was
practising his alphabets at that time. I hid one of
them as well. At times, I went over that, trying to
match letters from that page with the letters that I
remembered. I also tried to match the words with
those that I would hear in the course of my days.
With tremendous care and effort, and over a long
period of time, I learnt how to read
After learning the alphabet, Rashsundari Devi was
able to read the Chaitanya Bhagabat. Through her
own writing she also gave the world an opportunity
to read about womens lives in those days.
Rashsundari Devi wrote about her everyday life
experiences in details. There were days when she
did not have a moments rest, no time even to sit
down and eat!
Schooling and education today

Today, both boys and girls attend school in large
numbers. Yet, as we will see, there still remain
differences between the education of boys and girls.
India has a census every 10 years, which counts the
whole population of the country. It also gathers
detailed information about the people living in
India their age, schooling, what work they do, and
so on. We use this information to measure many
things, like the number of literate people, and the
ratio of men and women. According to the 1961
census, about 40 per cent of all boys and men
Unlike Rashsundari Devi and Rokeya

Hossain, who were not allowed to learn
to read and write, large numbers of girls
attend school in India today. Despite this,
there continue to be many girls who leave
school for reasons of poverty, inadequate
schooling facilities and discrimination.
Providing equal schooling facilities to
children from all communities and class
backgrounds, and particularly girls,
continues to be a challenge in India.
61
(7 years old and above) were literate (that is, they
could at least write their names) compared to just
15 per cent of all girls and women. In the most recent
census of 2001, these figures have grown to 76 per
cent for boys and men, and 54 per cent for girls and
women. This means that the proportion of both men
and women who are now able to read and have at
least some amount of schooling has increased. But,
as you can also see, the percentage of the male group
is still higher than the female group. The gap has
not gone away.
Here is a table that shows the percentage of girls
and boys who leave schools from different social
groups. Scheduled Caste (SC) is the official term for
Dalit, and Scheduled Tribe (ST) is the official term
for Adivasi.
School level
All boys SC boys ST boys
All girls
SC girls
ST girls
Total
Primary (Classes 1-5)
34
37
49
29
36
49
31
Elementary (Classes 6-8)
52
57
69
53
62
71
52
Secondary (Classes 9-10)
61
71
78
65
76
81
63
Source: Select Education Survey, GOI 2003-2004

What percentage of children leave
school at the elementary level?
At which level of education do you
see the highest percentage of
children leaving?
Why do you think that the
percentage of Adivasi girls and
boys leaving school is higher than
You have probably noticed in the above table that

SC and ST girls leave school at a rate that is higher
than the category All Girls. This means that girls
who are from Dalit and Adivasi backgrounds are less
likely to remain in school. The 2001 census also
found that Muslim girls are less likely, than Dalit
and Adivasi girls, to complete primary school. While
a Muslim girl is likely to stay in school for around
three years, girls from other communities spend
around four years in school.
that of any other group?
There are several reasons why children from Dalit,

Adivasi and Muslim communities leave school. In
many parts of the country, especially in rural and
poor areas, there may not even be proper schools
nor teachers who teach on a regular basis. If a school
62
is not close to peoples homes, and there is no
transport like buses or vans, parents may not be
willing to send their girls to school. Many families
are too poor and unable to bear the cost of educating
all their children. Boys may get preference in this
situation. Many children also leave school because
they are discriminated against by their teacher and
classmates, just like Omprakash Valmiki was.
Percentages
50
40
From the given table, convert the
30
figures of primary class children

who leave school into a bar
diagram. The first two
percentages have already been
20
10
All
boys
34%
converted for you in the bar

diagram on the left.
SC
boys
37%
0
Boys and girls
Womens movement
Women and girls now have the right to study and go
to school. There are other spheres like legal reform,
violence and health where the situation of women
and girls has improved. These changes have not
happened automatically. Women individually, and
collectively have struggled to bring about these
changes. This struggle is known as the Womens
Movement. Individual women and womens
organisations from different parts of the country are
part of the movement. Many men support the
womens movement as well. The diversity, passion
and efforts of those involved makes it a very vibrant
movement. Different strategies have been used to
spread awareness, fight discrimination and seek
justice. Here are some glimpses of this struggle.
63
Campaigning
Campaigns to fight discrimination
and violence against women are an
important part of the womens
movement. Campaigns have also led
to new laws being passed. A law was
passed in 2006 to give women who
face physical and mental violence
within their homes, also called
domestic violence, some legal
protection.
Similarly, efforts made by the
womens movement led the Supreme
Court to formulate guidelines in 1997
to protect women against sexual
harassment at the workplace and
within educational institutions.
In the 1980s, for example, womens
groups across the country spoke out
against dowry deaths cases of
young brides being murdered by their
in-laws or husbands, greedy for more
dowry. Womens groups spoke out
against the failure to bring these
cases to justice. They did so by
coming on to the streets, approaching
the courts, and by sharing
information. Eventually, this became
a public issue in the newspapers and
society, and the dowry laws were
changed to punish families who seek
dowry.
Satyarani, an active member of the womens movement,

sitting on the steps of the Supreme Court surrounded by legal
files gathered during the course of a long legal battle to seek
justice for her daughter who was murdered for dowry.
Raising Awareness
An important part of the womens
movements work is to raise public
awareness on womens rights issues.
Their message has been spread through
street plays, songs and public meetings.
Protesting
The womens movement raises its voice when violations against women take place or
for example, when a law or policy acts against their interests. Public rallies and
demonstrations are a very powerful way of drawing attention to injustices.
Showing Solidarity
The womens movement is also about showing
solidarity with other women and causes.
Below: On 8 March, International Womens Day, women all over

the world come together to celebrate and renew their struggles.
Above: Women are holding up
candles to demonstrate the
solidarity between the people of
India and Pakistan. Every year, on
14 August, several thousand people
gather at Wagah on the border of
India and Pakistan and hold a
cultural programme.
EXERCISES
1. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or
cannot do, affect womens right to equality?
2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so
important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and
Rokeya.
3. Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested
in getting an education. Re-read the last paragraph on page
62 and explain why this statement is not true.
4. Can you describe two methods of struggle that the
womens movement used to raise issues? If you had to
organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what
women can or cannot do, what method would you employ
from the ones that you have read about? Why would you
choose this particular method?
Glossary
Stereotype: When we believe that people belonging to particular groups based on religion, wealth,
language are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work, we
create a stereotype. For example, in this chapter, we saw how boys and girls are made to take
certain subjects not because he or she has an aptitude for it, but because they are either boys or
girls. Stereotypes prevent us from looking at people as unique individuals.
Discrimination: When we do not treat people equally or with respect we are indulging in
discrimination. It happens when people or organisations act on their prejudices. Discrimination
usually takes place when we treat some one differently or make a distinction.
Violation: When someone forcefully breaks the law or a rule or openly shows disrespect, we can
say that he or she has committed a violation.
Sexual harassment: This refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature and
against the wishes of a woman.
67
UNIT
FOUR
68
Media and Advertising
Teachers note
Today, the media and advertising are a
pervasive presence in the lives of young
people, who may or may not have taken
the opportunity to seriously reflect upon
this fact. This Unit offers some ways by
which we can begin to think about these.
The focus in Understanding Media is on
explaining the strong links between media
and technology and media and big
business. It explains how the media sets
the agenda through influencing our
perception of issues worth devoting time
and attention to, and issues that are
neglected or overridden. In Understanding
Advertising we have focused both on
critically analysing how advertising
strategies influence customers, as well as
demonstrating what goes into the making
of an advertisement. The significance of a
brand and the need to promote the
uniqueness of a product is a key part of
advertising. The chapter identifies the
mechanisms that advertisements use to
appeal to the consumer, and explains how
these are powerfully linked to the
consumers self-image.
Chapters 6 and 7 foreground the
widespread effects of the media and
advertising, and attempt to connect the
issues under discussion to the learners
own lives. At the end of the media chapter,
we expect the learner to recognise the role
of big business in the media coverage of
events the way news is selected for
coverage, and the explicit/implicit

dimensions of that coverage. We use two
fictitious news reports to demonstrate that
there is seldom just one version of a story
or an event. Building on this, we expect
the learner to develop the skills required
to critically analyse a newspaper report or
a TV story through scrutinising the
information provided, as well as
understanding the logic behind the
exclusion of certain perspectives.
In the advertising chapter, two fictitious
advertisements have been created to
systematically take the learner through the
techniques of crafting advertisements that
appeal to the consumer. The examples
focus on the significance of the key terms
brand and brand values that are integral
to advertising. These ideas can be
strengthened by selecting examples from
actual advertisements and structuring
similar questions around them.
Both chapters conclude by linking their
contents to the idea of democracy. Both
emphasise, through using examples of
local media as well as social advertising,
how mainstream media and advertising
tend to favour those who have greater
financial as well as social resources. This
point can be reinforced in the classroom
by using local examples of media stories,
as well as posing questions about the ways
in which advertising is changing what is
locally available as well as locally valued.
69
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Understanding Media
What is your favourite TV programme? What do you like listening to on
the radio? Which newspaper or magazine do you usually read? Do you
surf the internet and what have you found most useful about it? Did you
know that there is one word that is often used to collectively refer to
the radio, TV, newspapers, Internet and several other forms of
communication. This word is media. In this chapter, you will read
more about the media. You will find out what is required to make it
work, as well as the ways in which the media affects our daily lives. Can
you think of one thing that you have learnt from the media this week?
Everything ranging from the stall at the local fair to
the programme that you see on TV can be called
media. Media is the plural form of the word medium
and it describes the various ways through which we
communicate in society. Because media refers to all
means of communication, everything ranging from
a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called
media. TV, radio and newspapers are a form of media
that reaches millions of people, or the masses, across
the country and the world and, thus, they are called
mass media.
Look at the collage on the left and

list six various kinds of media that
you see.
Media and technology

It would probably be difficult for you to imagine your
life without the media. But cable television and the
widespread use of the Internet is a recent
phenomenon. These have been around for less than
twenty years. The technology that mass media uses
keeps changing.
Newspapers, television and radio can reach
millions of people because they use certain
technologies. We also tend to discuss newspapers
and magazines as the print media; and TV and radio
as the electronic media. Why do you think
newspapers are called print media? As you read
further, you will find that this naming is related to
the different technologies that these media use. The
following photographs will give you a sense of the
ways in which technology that mass media uses has
changed over the years and continues to change.
Changing technology, or machines, and making
technology more modern, helps media to reach more
people. It also improves the quality of sound and the
images that you see. But technology does more than
this. It also changes the ways in which we think about
our lives. For example, today it is quite difficult for
us to think of our lives without television. Television
has enabled us to think of ourselves as members of
a larger global world. Television images travel huge
An artists impression of Gutenberg

printing the first sheet of the Bible.
Ask older members of your family

about what they used to listen to
on the radio when there was no
TV around. Find out from them
when the first TV came to your
area. When was cable TV
introduced?
How many people in your
neighbourhood use the Internet?
List three things that you know
about some other part of the
world from watching television?
Chapter 6: Understanding Media
71
distances through satellites and cables. This allows
us to view news and entertainment channels from
other parts of the world. Most of the cartoons that
you see on television are mostly from Japan or the
United States. We can now be sitting in Chennai or
Jammu and can see images of a storm that has hit
the coast of Florida in the United States. Television
has brought the world closer to us.
With electronic typerwriters, journalism
underwent a sea-change in the 1940s.
Media and money

The different technologies that mass media use are
expensive. Just think about the TV studio in which
the newsreader sits it has lights, cameras, sound
recorders, transmission satellites, etc., all of which
cost a lot of money.
In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader
who needs to be paid but also a number of other
people who help put the broadcast together. This
includes those who look after the cameras and lights.
Also, as you read earlier the technologies that mass
media use keep changing and so a lot of money is
spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these
costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money
to do its work. As a result, most television channels
and newspapers are part of big business houses.
John L. Baird sits in front of the

apparatus with which he demonstrated to
the Royal Institute, his invention, the
televisor, an early television.
Can you list three different
products that are advertised
during your favourite TV
programme?
Take a newspaper and count the
number of advertisements in it.
Some people say that newspapers
have too many advertisements. Do
you think this is true and why?
72
Mass media is constantly thinking of ways to make

money. One way in which the mass media earns
money is by advertising different things like cars,
chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, etc. You must
have noticed the number of advertisements that you
have to see while watching your favourite television
show. While watching a cricket match on TV, the
same advertisements are shown repeatedly between
each over and so you are often watching the same
image over and over again. As you will read in the
following chapter, advertisements are repeated in the
hope that you will go out and buy what is advertised.
Media and democracy

In a democracy, the media plays a very important
role in providing news and discussing events taking
place in the country and the world. It is on the basis
of this information that citizens can, for example,
learn how government works. And often, if they wish
to, they can take action on the basis of these news
stories. Some of the ways in which they can do this
is by writing letters to the concerned minister,
organising a public protest
protest, starting a signature
campaign, asking the government to rethink its
programme, etc.
The cost to advertise on a news channel

varies from Rs 500 to Rs 8,000 per 10
seconds depending on the popularity of
the channel.
Given the role that the media plays in providing

information, it is important that the information be
balanced. Let us understand what we mean by a
balanced media report by reading two versions of
the same news event given on the next page.
73
India Daily Report
News of India Report
ctories
Crackdown on polluting fa
rupt traffic
Protestors block roads and dis
Mo reo ver the lev els of
Radhika Malik | INN
lution in the city will be
Violent protests by owners pol
atly red uce d by this
and workers brought the gre
sure. Mr. Jain a wellcity to a standstill today. clo
wn figure in the city
Peo ple get ting to wo rk kno
d, W ith our city
could not do so on time sai
bec om ing
dua lly
bec aus e of hug e traf fic gra
iass new business hub,
jam s. The ow ner s and Ind
is important that it be a
workers are protesting the it
an and gre en city .
governments decision to cle
luting factories should
clo se dow n pol lut ing Pol
mo ved . The fac tor y
factory units. Although the be
ner s and wo rke rs
government did take this ow
the
acc ept
uld
decision rather hastily, the sho
cation being offered by
protestors have known for relo
government instead of
quite some time that their the
testing.
uni ts are not leg al. pro
Are the above stories in the two

newspapers similar? And if not,
why not? What, in your view, are
the similarities and the
differences?
If you read the story in the News
of India, what would you think
about the issue?
Closure of factories caus

es unrest
Daily News Service
he clo su re of on e lak h
fa cto rie s in th e
citys residential areas is
likely to become
a serious issue. On Monda
y, thousands of factory
owners and workers took
to the streets to strongly
pr ot es t th is cl os ur e.
Th ey sa id th at th ei r
livelihoods would be los
t. They say that the fault
lies with the municipal
corporation because it
continued to issue licen
ses for new factories to
be set up in residential are
as.They also say that
there were no adequate
relocation efforts. The
owners and workers pla
n a one-day city bandh
to protest against this clo
sure. Mr. Sharma, one
of the factory owners said,
The government says
that it has done a lot to rel
ocate us. But the areas
they have sent us to have
no facilities and have
not been developed for the
last five years.
The fact is that if you had read either newspaper

you would only know one side of the story. If you
had read the News of India, you would most likely
think of the protestors as a nuisance. Their
disrupting traffic and continually polluting the city
with their factories leaves you with a bad impression
about them. But on the other hand, if you had read
the story in the India Daily, you would know that
the protests are because a lot of livelihoods will be
lost if the factories close because the relocation efforts
have not been adequate. Neither of these stories is a
balanced report. A balanced report is one that
discusses all points of view of a particular story and
then leaves it to the readers to make up their minds.
Writing a balanced report, however, depends on
the media being independent. An independent media
means that no one should control and influence its
coverage of news. No one should tell the media what
74
can be included and what should not be included in
a news story. An independent media is important in
a democracy. As you read above, it is on the basis of
the information that the media provides that we take
action as citizens, so it is important that this
information is reliable and not biased.
However, the reality is that media is far from
independent. This is mainly because of two reasons.
The first is the control that the government has on
the media. When the government prevents either a
news item, or scenes from a movie, or the lyrics of a
song from being shared with the larger public, this
is referred to as censorship
censorship. There have been periods
in Indian history when the government censored the
media. The worst of these was the Emergency
between 1975-1977.
Do you think it is important to

know both sides of the story?
Why?
Pretend that you are a journalist
for a newspaper and write a
balanced story from the two news
reports.
What does TV do to us and what can we do with TV?

In many of our homes, TV is on a lot of the time. In many ways, a lot of our impressions
about the world around us are formed by what we see on TV: it is like a window on the
world. How do you think it influences us? TV has different types of programmes, soap
operas, like Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, game shows, like Kaun Banega Crorepati, reality TV
shows like Big Boss, news, sports and cartoons.
Before, in between and after each programme
are advertisements. Since TV time costs so much
money, only those programmes that can attract
the maximum number of viewers are shown. Can
you think of what such programmes might be?
Think of what are the kinds of things that TV
shows and what it does not. Does it show us
more about the lives of the rich or the poor?
We need to think about what TV does to us,
how it shapes our views of the world, our beliefs,
attitudes and values. We need to realise that it gives us a partial view of the world.While
we enjoy our favourite programmes, we should always be aware of the large exciting
world beyond our TV screens. There is so much happening out there that TV ignores. A
world beyond film stars, celebrities and rich lifestyles, a world that all of us need to reach
out to and respond to in various ways. We need to be active viewers, who question
whatever we see and hear, while we may enjoy it too!
75
While the government does continue to censor
films, it does not really censor the medias coverage
of news. Despite the absence of censorship by the
government, most newspapers nowadays still fail to
provide a balanced story. The reasons for this are
complicated. Persons who research the media have
said that this happens because business houses
control the media. At times, it is in the interest of
these businesses to focus on only one side of the
story. Medias continual need for money and its links
to advertising means that it becomes difficult for
media to be reporting against people who give them
advertisements. Media is, thus, no longer considered
independent because of its close links to business.
Besides the above, the media also tends to focus
on a particular aspect of a story because they believe
this makes the story interesting. Also, if they want
to increase public support for an issue, they often
do this by focusing on one side of a story.
Setting agendas
The media also plays an important role in deciding
what stories to focus on, and therefore, decides on
what is newsworthy. For example, the annual
function at your school is unlikely to make the news.
But if a famous actor is invited as the Chief Guest,
then the media might be interested in covering it. By
focusing on particular issues, the media influences
our thoughts, feelings and actions, and brings those
issues to our attention. Due to the significant
influence it plays in our lives and in shaping our
thoughts, it is commonly said that the media sets
the agenda.
Very recently, the media drew our attention to
alarming levels of pesticides in cola drinks. They
published reports that indicated the high level of
pesticides and, thus, made us aware of the need to
regularly monitor these colas according to
international quality and safety standards. They did
76
this despite the governments resistance by boldly
declaring that colas were unsafe. In covering this
story, the media positively helped us focus on an
issue that affects our lives and one that we might
not even have been aware of it had it not been for
media reporting.
There are several instances when the media fails
to focus on issues that are significant in our lives.
For example, drinking water is a major problem in
the country. Every year, thousands of people suffer
and die because they do not get safe drinking water.
However, we seldom find the media discussing this
issue. A well-known Indian journalist wrote of how
the Fashion Week, in which clothes designers show
their new creations to rich people, formed the front
page headlines of all the newspapers while several
slums were being demolished in Mumbai, the very
same week, and this was not even noticed!
Fashion shows are very popular with the

media.
What is the consequence of the
media setting the agenda by
reporting on the Fashion Week
rather than the slum demolitions?
Can you think of an issue that
As citizens of a democracy, the media has a very

important role to play in our lives because it is
through the media that we hear about issues related
does not seem important to you

because it is never featured in the
media?
Local media
Recognising that the media will not be interested in
covering small issues that involve ordinary people and
their daily lives, several local groups have come forward
to start their own media. Several people use community
radio to tell farmers about the prices of different crops
and advise them on the use of seeds and fertilisers.
Others make documentary films with fairly cheap and
easily available video cameras on real-life conditions
faced by different poor communities, and, at times, have
even given the poor these video cameras to make films
on their own lives.
Another example is a newspaper called Khabar Lahriya which is a fortnightly that is run by
eight Dalit women in Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh. Written in the local language,
Bundeli, this eight-page newspaper reports on Dalit issues and cases of violence against
women and political corruption. The newspaper reaches farmers, shopkeepers, panchayat
members, school teachers and women who have recently learnt to read and write.
77
The print media offers a large variety of

information to suit the tastes of different
readers.
78
to the working of the government. The media decides

what to focus on and in this way it sets the agenda.
The government can, at times, prevent the media
from publishing a story and this is called censorship.
Nowadays, medias close relationship with business
often means that a balanced report is difficult to come
by. Given this, it is important for us to be aware that
the factual information that a news report provides
is often not complete and can be one-sided. We,
therefore, need to analyse the news by asking the
following questions: what is the information I am
learning from this report? What information is not
being provided? From whose point of view is the
article being written? Whose point of view is being
left out and why?
EXERCISES
1. In what ways does the media play an important role in a
democracy?
2. Can you give this diagram a title? What do you understand
about the link between media and big business from this
diagram?
3. You have read about the ways in which the media sets
the agenda. What kind of effect does this have in a
democracy? Provide two examples to support your point
BIG BUSINESS HOUSES
Some own radio,

TV, newspaper
advertise
their
products
of view.
4. As a class project, decide to focus on a particular news
People buy
products
seen in the
media.
Money,
therefore,
flows back to
big business
houses
topic and cut out stories from different newspapers on

this. Also watch the coverage of this topic on TV news.
Compare two newspapers and write down the similarity
and differences in their reports. It might help to ask the
MEDIA
following questions
a. What information is this article providing?
promotes
products
through
advertisements
b. What information is it leaving out?
READERS,
VIEWERS,
LISTENERS
c. From whose point of view is the article being written?

d. Whose point of view is being left out and why?
Glossary
Publish: This refers to newsreports, articles, interviews, stories, etc., that are printed in newspapers,
magazines and books for a wide audience to read.
Censorship: This refers to the powers that government has to disallow media from publishing or
showing certain stories.
Broadcast: In this chapter this word is used to refer to a TV or radio programme that is widely
transmitted.
Public protest: When a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition to
some issue. Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads etc. are some of the
ways in which this is done.
79
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Understanding
Advertising
Today we are surrounded by advertisements or
ads as we call them. We watch these on
television, listen to them on radio, see them on
the streets and in newspapers and magazines.
Even taxis and rickshaws carry advertisements
on them. When we go to cinemas, we see
advertisements before the film begins and on
the Internet, they often pop-up when we go into
different websites. What do advertisements do?
How do they attract our attention? Read more to
find out
Advertisements draw our attention to various

products and describe them positively so that we
become interested in buying them. In this chapter,
we will focus on the two advertisements that you see
above to understand what advertising does and how
it works.
Look at the two advertisements

above and fill the table.
Top Taste Daal
Care Soap
What are the advertisements selling?

How do they describe the product?
What is the text trying to say?
Guests should be served this.
What do the pictures convey?
Love of a mother.
Would you want to buy these products

after seeing the advertisement?
Building brands and brand values

Have you ever heard of the word brand
brand? Advertising
is all about building brands. At a very basic level,
branding means stamping a product with a
particular name or sign. This is done in order to
differentiate it from other products in the market.
So, let us look again at the advertisements above.
Why do you think the manufacturers of the soap
and the daal gave their products a specific name?
Do you think there is a problem in

using the image of the mother as
the only person who takes care of
the child in the Care Soap
advertisement?
Chapter 7: Understanding Advertising
81
Daals or pulses are usually sold loose in the
market. We usually know daals by their different
types like masoor ki daal, urad ki daal, etc. These
names are not brand names. When a company takes
masoor ki daal and puts it into a packet, it will need
to give the daal a special name. It needs to do this so
that we dont confuse the daal in that particular
packet with the daal that is sold loose. They decide
on a name like Top Taste Daal. This naming of the
product is called branding.
Branding actually came from cattle

grazing. Cattle of different owners
grazed together in ranches and they often
got mixed up. The owners thought of a
solution. They started marking their
cattle with the owners sign by using a
heated iron. This was called branding.
Similarly, in the case of the soap, there are many

soaps in the market today. In bigger towns and cities,
we no longer just say soap but rather refer to them
using the different names of companies that make
them. Given the many soaps in the market, the
company will have to give the soap a different and
special name. By doing this they create another
brand of soap.
Just naming the product may not make us buy it.
The manufacturers that made the soap and the daal
still have to convince us that their soap and daal are
better than the others available in the market. This
is where advertising comes in. It plays a crucial role
in trying to convince us to buy the product that is
advertised.
The task of creating a brand does not stop at giving
the product a special name. For example, just when
Top Taste Daal begins to be sold, another company
decides to also sell daals in a packet and calls this
Best Taste Daal. So, now there are two branded
daals in the market. Both the companies are keen
that you buy their daals.
The consumer is confused because you really
cannot tell the difference between Top Taste Daal
and Best Taste Daal. The manufacturer has to give
the consumer a reason to prefer a particular brand
of daal. Just naming a daal does not help sell it. So,
advertisers begin claiming certain special values for
their brand. In this way, they try to differentiate it
82
from other similar products. Look below at how the

two daals try and do this.
Manufacturers spend crores of rupees

to make sure that we see their
advertisements wherever we go.
From the advertisements, you can now see that

the two daals are saying different things. Top Taste
Daal is appealing to our social tradition of treating
guests extremely well. Best Taste Daal is appealing
to our concern for our childrens health and that
they eat things that are good for them. Values such
as treating our guests well and making sure our
children get nutritious food are used by brands to
create brand values. These brand values are
conveyed through the use of visuals and words to
give us an overall image that appeals to us.
Brand values and social values

Advertisements are an important part of our social
and cultural life today. We watch advertisements,
discuss them and often judge people according to
the brand products they use. Given that
advertisements are such a powerful source of
influence in our lives, we need to be able to
understand the ways in which they work.
83
Let us look more closely at the two advertisements
that we began the chapter with. If we ask all of the
questions listed, we will realise the way in which
these two advertisements work.
Branded daals cost much more than daals that
are sold loose because they include the costs of
packaging and advertising. So, many people cannot
afford them. However, because of the advertisement,
people who cannot afford Top Taste Daal might begin
to feel that they are not treating their guests properly.
Gradually, people will come to believe that only
branded daals are good and will want to buy the
daal that comes in a sealed packet rather than that
which is sold loose. But, in reality there is little
difference between daals that are sold loose and those
sold in a packet. We are just made to imagine the
difference because of the advertisement.
What does this advertisement

want me to feel when I use this
brand?
Who is this advertisement talking
to and who is it leaving out?
If you have money to buy these
products, how would you feel
when you see these
advertisements? If you do not
have money, then how would you
feel?
84
In the Care Soap advertisement, once again a

personal emotion is being used. As a mother, if you
want to show your child you care, then you have to
buy this expensive soap. The advertisement uses the
mothers concern for her child. It tells the mother
that her love and care is best shown through using
this particular brand of soap. Because of this,
mothers begin to feel that using this soap is a sign
of how much they love their child. In this way, the
advertisement uses the love of a mother for her child
to sell this expensive soap. Mothers who cannot
afford this soap might begin to feel that they are not
giving their children the best care.
As you can see with the two advertisements, they
often target our personal emotions. By linking our
personal emotions to products, advertisements tend
to influence the ways in which we value ourselves
as persons.
Often several of our cricket heroes and our
favourite film stars also try and sell products to us
through advertisements. We may feel tempted to buy
these products because persons whom we consider
our heroes tell us that they are worth buying. In
addition, advertisements often show us images of
the lifestyles of rich people and seldom show us the
reality of peoples lives that we see around us.
This collage,
prepared by school
children, shows
celebrities
promoting
products.
It was recently
reported that a top
cricketer signed a
three-year contract
to do various
advertisements for
Rs 180 crores.
A popular model
may charge
Rs 5 lakh or more
per advertisement.
Advertisements play a big role in our lives. We not

only buy products based on them, but often, having
certain brand products influences the ways in which
we think about ourselves, our friends and our family.
It is, therefore, important to know how advertising
works and understand what it does before we choose
to buy the products that advertisements sell. We need
to be able to critically understand why they use
particular images, the personal emotion that they
are appealing to and the ways in which this affects
how we think about ourselves when we use the
product or are not able to buy it.
The telecast rate for a 30 second

advertisement on a major TV channel is
Rs 1.65 lakh.The cost of bringing out a
quarter page colour advertisement in a
leading newspaper is Rs 8.36 lakh.
85
How does an advertisement get made?
Advertising is a very important part of getting people
to buy a brand. This does not happen easily and
several hundred books have been written on this.
Advertisements aim to get people to buy a particular
brand. This basically means that after we see an
advertisement we should want to buy the brand. Let
us see how the persons who make advertisements
decide on what images, text and personal emotions
to use to sell the product.
THE LOVING SOAP

At the office of a
prominent advertising agency...
As you know, our company has a strong
presence in all the metros and major
cities.We would like to introduce our
new freshness soap as a very special
soap in the market, and aim to capture
a large number of customers within the
first six months of its release!
We need an advertising campaign that will

create a new interest amongst consumers
who are already used to many brands.
Sir, our first task as an advertising agency

is to determine the consumer profile for
your soap, that is, identify the typical
user of such a high quality soap. We will
conduct market surveys to get a better
idea of this.Then we will visualise a
campaign that will appeal to our specific
Target Audience.
Excellent! Then please
bring in the best market
research professionals for
the job.
A couple of weeks later...
Market surveys have revealed that young

mothers between the ages of 21 and 40 are
concerned about the soap they use for their
children, and are willing to pay a higher price
for a better product. We should create a brand
identity that appeals to them.
The creative team at the agency starts thinking...

All the existing brands of
baby soap in the market
emphasise naturalness, etc.
We need a different angle.
How about associating our soap with

the loving care of the mother! We
should say that you cannot fully
express your love for your child
without your soap!
We need a
good brand
name to go
with that.
Hmm...good idea.
How about
Care Soap?
The agency makes a
presentation to the client...
Our campaign will be based on the concept:
Care Soap Express Your Love Afresh. The
visuals will focus on mothers and children to
re-inforce our brand strategy!
Yes, thats a
brilliant idea!
The visuals and advertisements are

then tested amongst the target audience.
Yes. I think this promotes a
new way of expressing love
and care. I would like to try
this new brand.
Thank you
Madam!
I like the concept!
Once the marketing strategy is considered successful, the advertisement

campaign is finalised and released in various media along with the launch of the new care soap.
Advertising and democracy
There are various ways in which advertising links to
issues of equality in a democratic society.
Who do you think is the target

audience for the social
advertisements below?
What is the message that each
social advertisement is trying to
Advertising a product costs a lot of money. Usually,

crores of rupees are spent advertising a brand.
Producing and showing advertisements in the media
is very expensive. Because there are so many
advertisements in the market today, companies have
to show the advertisement again and again to have
it stick in peoples minds.
get across?
Having read about diarhhoea
epidemic in the chapter on State
Government, can you make a
social advertisement on what
precautionary steps should be
taken to prevent diarrhoea?
What this often means is that only large companies

can advertise. If you own a small business, you will
not have the money to show your product on TV or
national newspapers and magazines. So, persons
who sell papad, pickles, sweets and jams that they
have made at home are not considered as fashionable
as brand products. They often have to sell their
Social advertising
Social advertisements refer to advertisements made by the State or private agencies
that have a larger message for society. The following are two social advertisements:
Social
advertisement
regarding
educational
rights of
disabled
children.
Social
advertisement
regarding
crossing of
unmanned
railway
crossings.
88
products in weekly markets and neighbourhood
shops that you will read about in the following unit.
It also makes us believe that things that are
packaged and have a brand name are far better than
things that do not come in packets. We forget that
the quality of a product has little to do with the
packaging that it comes in. This shift to packaged
products negatively affects the sales of several small
businesses forcing people out of their livelihoods.
In a democracy in which all people are equal and

should be able to lead a life of dignity, advertising
tends to promote a certain lack of respect for the
poor. They are not the faces we most often see in
advertisements and so we tend to dismiss their lives
as worthless.
Advertising makes us believe that things

that are packaged are better than things
that do not come in packets.
Advertising, because it appeals to personal

emotions also tends to make people who cannot
afford certain brands feel bad. They feel that they
are unable to give their loved ones the best care that
brand products appear to offer.
89
Juice sellers like this one are losing

customers who, because of advertising,
prefer branded drinks.
90
Advertising by focusing on the lives of the rich and

famous helps us forget about issues of poverty,
discrimination and dignity, all of which are central
to the functioning of equality in a democracy. More
than just selling us products, advertisements tell us
how we should live our lives, what we should aspire
and dream for, how we should express our love, what
it means to be smart, successful and beautiful. As
citizens of a democratic society, it is important for
us to be aware of the strong influence that advertising
has on our lives. By critically understanding what
advertisements do, we can make better decisions
about whether we wish to buy a product or not.
EXERCISES
1. What do you understand by the word brand? List two
reasons why building brands is central to advertising?
2. Choose two of your favourite print advertisements. Now,
look at each of these and answer the following questions:
a. What visuals and text is being used in these
advertisements to attract my attention?
b. What values are being promoted in these
advertisements?
c.
Who is this advertisement speaking to and who is it

leaving out?
d. If you could not afford the brand that is being

advertised how would you feel?
3. Can you explain two ways in which you think advertising
affects issues of equality in a democracy?
4. Making an advertisement requires a lot of creativity. Let
us imagine a situation in which a manufacturer has just
made a new watch. She says that she wants to sell this
watch to school children. She comes to your class and
asks you all to create a brand name as well as an
advertisement for the watch. Divide the class into small
groups and each group create an advertisement for this
watch. Share it with the class.
Glossary
Product: This refers to a thing or service that has been made for being sold in the market.
Consumer: This refers to the person for whom the goods or products have been made and who
pays money to buy and use them.
Brand: This refers to a special identification or name that is associated with a product. Such
identification is created through the process of advertising.
To influence: This refers to the power to change what someone believes or does.
Lifestyle: In this chapter, this word refers to peoples lives being identified by the products they
own, the clothes they wear, the places they eat in, etc.
91
UNIT
FIVE
92
Markets
Teachers note
These two chapters focus on aspects of
life and commercial cycles associated with
markets. While some of these processes
may be visible and, therefore, easily
observable, there are also others that are
relatively unfamiliar.
Chapter 8 discusses Markets Around
Us. At one level, we study different market
sites: a weekly market, neighbourhood
shops, a shopping complex, etc. At another
level, we explore the intricate question,
how do goods reach these markets? We
examine how a chain of markets operates
and the role of wholesale markets within
this, through the case study of a wholesale
vegetable market. We usually associate
market with marketplaces, but buying and
selling takes place in diverse ways and the
chapter discusses how all of this falls
within a larger understanding of markets.
Chapter 9 looks at how markets offer
people different opportunities. This is done
through the story of a shirt, and the chain
of markets involved in the process.

Together with understanding each step of
the manufacture and circulation of a shirt,
we realise that some people stand to gain
in the market transaction whereas others
do not gain as much, or none at all. The
opportunities are highly unequal. Ways do
exist, such as those of cooperative
marketing, which can provide a better
return to the producers. However, we need
to find many more viable avenues for
equitable distribution.
These chapters offer an opportunity of
bringing in the experience of local markets
for discussion in the classroom. A visit to
a wholesale market would be of interest,
and would allow the learner to find out the
profit margins and details of daily earnings
so that those inequalities can be directly
examined. The experiences of markets are
varied and also quite rich. Hence, one
should allocate time for some questions,
not addressed in the text, which students
may wish to discuss.
93
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Markets Around Us
We go to the market to buy many things vegetables, soap, toothpaste, masala,
bread, rice, dal, clothes, notebooks, biscuits, etc. If we make a list of the goods
that we purchase, it would be really long. There are many kinds of markets that
we may visit for our everyday needs: these can include shops, hawkers stalls in
our neighbourhood, a weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a
mall. In this chapter, we look at some of these markets and try to understand
how the goods that are sold there reach buyers, who these buyers are, who these
sellers are, and the sorts of problems they face.
95
Why do people go to a weekly
market? Give three reasons.
Who are the sellers in a weekly
market? Why dont we find big
business persons in these
markets?
Why are things cheap in the
weekly market?
Explain with an example how
people bargain in the market. Can
you think of a situation where the
bargain would be unfair?
Sameer: Seller of clothes
Sameer is a small trader in the weekly

market. He buys clothes from a large
trader in the town and sells them in six
different markets in a week. He and
other cloth sellers move in groups.They
hire a mini van for this. His customers
are from villages that are near the
marketplace. At festival times, such as
during Deepavali or Pongal, he does
good business.
96
Weekly market
A weekly market is so called because it is held on a
specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have
permanent shops. Traders set up shops for the day
and then close them up in the evening. Then they
may set up at a different place the next day. There
are thousands of such markets in India. People come
here for their everyday requirements.
Many things in weekly markets are available at
cheaper rates. This is because when shops are in
permanent buildings, they incur a lot of expenditure
they have to pay rent, electricity, fees to the
government. They also have to pay wages to their
workers. In weekly markets, these shop owners store
the things they sell at home. Most of them are helped
by their family members and, hence, do not need to
hire workers. Weekly markets also have a large
number of shops selling the same goods which means
there is competition among them. If some trader were
to charge a high price, people would move to another
shop where the same thing may be available more
cheaply or where the buyer can bargain and bring
the price down.
One of the advantages of weekly markets is that
most things you need are available at one place.
Whether you want vegetables, groceries or cloth
items, utensils all of them can be found here. You
do not have to go to different areas to buy different
things. People also prefer going to a market where
they have a choice and a variety of goods.
Shops in the neighbourhood

We have seen that the weekly markets offer a variety
of goods. However, we also buy things from other
kinds of markets. There are many shops that sell
goods and services in our neighbourhoods. We may
buy milk from the dairy, groceries from departmental
stores, stationery, eatables or medicines from other
Sujata and Kavita were sent to buy
groceries from their neighbourhood
shop.This was the shop they usually
went to. It was crowded today. The
shop owner managed the shop
herself with two helpers.When they
managed to get into the shop, Sujata
dictated a list to her. She in turn
began asking her helpers to weigh
and pack the items. Meanwhile
Kavita looked around
On the top left shelf there were
different brands of detergent cakes.
Another shelf had toothpastes,
talcum powder, shampoo, hair oil.
The different brands and different
colours looked so attractive. On the
floor lay a few sacks.
It took almost 20 minutes to weigh
and pack all the groceries. Then
Sujata showed her notebook. The
woman noted the amount of
Rs.1550 in the notebook and gave
it back. She also noted the amount
in her big register. Then Sujata took the heavy bags out of the shop. Her family will pay for the
purchases in the first week of next month.
shops. Many of these are permanent shops, while

others are roadside stalls such as that of the
vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor, the mechanic,
etc.
Shops in the neighbourhood are useful in many
ways. They are near our home and we can go there
on any day of the week. Usually, the buyer and seller
know each other and these shops also provide goods
on credit. This means that you can pay for the
purchases later, as we saw in Sujatas case, for
example.
Why did Sujata carry a notebook?

Do you think this system is
useful? Can there be problems?
What are the different kinds of
shops that you find in your
neighbourhood? What do you
purchase from them?
Why are goods sold in permanent
shops costlier than those sold in
the weekly markets or by roadside
hawkers?
Chapter 8: Markets Around Us
97
You might have noticed that there are different
kinds of sellers even in the neighbourhood markets.
Some of them have permanent shops and others sell
their goods on the roadside.
Anzal Mall is a five-floor shopping
complex. Kavita and Sujata were
enjoying going up and down in
the lift. It seemed as if it was
made of glass and they were able
to see outside as they went up.
It was fascinating to see so many
different kinds of shops such as
the ice-cream, burger, pizza and
other food shops; shops full of
home appliances; footwear and
leather items as well as
bookshops.
While wandering about on the
third floor they entered a shop
that was selling branded readymade clothes.The security guard
looked at them as if he wanted
to stop them but he did not say
anything. They looked at some
dresses and then looked at the
price tag. None of them was less
than Rs 2,000, almost five times the weekly market price! Sujata whispered to Kavita, Ill take you to
another shop which has good quality ready-made clothes at more reasonable prices.
Why do you think the guard

wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata
from entering the shop? What
would you say if someone stops
you from entering a shop in a
market?
98
Shopping complexes and malls

So far we have seen two kinds of marketplaces
weekly markets and markets in our neighbourhood.
There are other markets in the urban area that have
many shops, popularly called shopping complexes.
These days, in many urban areas, you also have large
multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops
on different floors, known as malls. In these urban
markets, you get both branded and non-branded
goods. As you have read in the chapter on advertising,
branded goods are expensive, often promoted by
advertising and claims of better quality. The
companies producing these products sell them
through shops in large urban markets and, at times,
through special showrooms. As compared to nonbranded goods, fewer people can afford to buy
branded ones.
Why do people not bargain in

shops located in malls whereas
they bargain in weekly markets?
Chain of markets
In the previous sections, you have read about
different markets from where we buy goods. From
where do you think shop-owners procure their goods?
Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in
homes. However, we dont buy directly from the
factory or from the farm. Nor would the producers
be interested in selling us small quantities such as
one kilo of vegetables or one plastic mug.
The people in between the producer and the final
consumer are the traders. The wholesale trader first
buys goods in large quantities. For example, the
vegetable wholesale trader will not buy a few kilos of
vegetables, but will buy in large lots of 25 to 100
kilos. These will then be sold to other traders. In
these markets, buying and selling takes place
between traders. It is through these links of traders
that goods reach faraway places. The trader who
finally sells this to the consumer, is the retailer. This
could be a trader in a weekly market, a hawker in
the neighbourhood or a shop in a shopping complex.
We can understand this with the help of the
following examples
Every city has areas for wholesale markets. This
is where goods first reach and are then supplied to
other traders. The roadside hawker whom you read
about earlier would have purchased a large quantity
of plastic items from a wholesale trader in the town.
He, in turn, might have bought these from another,
even bigger wholesale trader in the city. The city
How do you think your

neighbourhood shop gets its
goods? Find out and explain with
some examples.
Why is a wholesale trader
necessary?
Azadpur
Daryaganj
Keshopur
Okhla
The above map of Delhi shows four of the

10 wholesale markets in the city.
99
wholesale trader would have bought a large quantity
of plastic items from the factory and stored them in
a godown. In this way, a chain of markets is set up.
When we purchase, we may not be aware of the chain
of markets through which these goods travel before
they reach us.
Aftab The wholesaler in the city

Aftab is one of the wholesale traders who purchases in bulk. His
business starts around 2 oclock in the morning when vegetables
reach the market. This is the time when the vegetable market or
mandi starts buzzing with activity. The vegetables come in trucks,
matadors, tractor trolleys from farms both near and far. Soon the
process of auctions begins. Aftab participates in this auction and
decides what he will buy. Today, for example, he bought 5 quintals of
cauliflower, 10 quintals of onions. He has a shop in the market where
he stores the vegetables that he has bought. From here he sells to
hawkers and shopkeepers who start coming to the market around
six in the morning. They have to organise their purchases so that
they can start their shop for the day around ten in the morning.
Markets everywhere
So far we have seen different marketplaces where
people buy and sell a variety of goods and services.
All these markets are in a specific locality and work
in a particular manner and time. However, it is not
always necessary that one has to go to the market to
purchase goods. You can place orders for a variety
of things through the phone and these days through
the Internet, and the goods are delivered at your
home. In clinics and nursing homes, you may have
noticed sales representatives waiting for doctors.
Such persons are also engaged in the selling of goods.
Thus, buying and selling takes place in different
ways, not necessarily through shops in the market.
The markets that we looked at above are the ones
that we recognise easily. However, there are markets
that we may not be so aware of. This is because a
100 Social and Political Life
People in urban areas can enter markets
without stepping out of their homes via
the Internet. They use their credit cards to
make online purchases.
large number of goods are bought and sold that we

dont use directly. For example, a farmer uses
fertilisers to grow crops that he purchases from
special shops in the city and they, in turn get them
from factories. A car factory purchases engine, gears,
petrol tanks, axles, wheels, etc. from various other
factories. We dont usually see all the buying and
selling, but only the final product the car in the
showroom. The story is similar for any other good.
Markets and equality

In this chapter, we have looked at shop owners in a
weekly market and those in a shopping complex.
They are very different people. One is a small trader
with little money to run the shop whereas the other
is able to spend a lot of money to set up the shop.
They also earn unequal amounts. The weekly market
trader earns little compared to the profit of a regular
shop owner in a shopping complex. Similarly, buyers
are differently placed. There are many who are not
able to afford the cheapest of goods while others are
busy shopping in malls. Thus, whether we can be
buyers or sellers in these different markets depends,
among other things, on the money that we have.
A car being put together in a factory.
We have also examined the chain of markets that

is formed before goods can reach us. It is through
101
Malls, like the one above, sell expensive

and branded goods.
this chain that what is produced in one place reaches

people everywhere. When things are sold, it
encourages production and new opportunities are
created for people to earn. However, do they offer
equal opportunities? We will try to understand this
through the story of a shirt in the next chapter.
EXERCISES
1. In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?
2. Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping
complex on the following:
Market
Kind of goods sold
Prices of goods
Sellers
Buyers
Weekly market
Shopping complex
3. Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose
does it serve?
4. All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a
marketplace. Do you think this is true of shops with
expensive products? Explain with examples.
5. Buying and selling can take place without going to a
marketplace. Explain this statement with the help of
examples.
Glossary
Weekly market: These markets are not daily markets but are to be found at a particular place on
one or maybe two days of the week. These markets most often sell everything that a household
needs ranging from vegetables to clothes to utensils.
Mall: This is an enclosed shopping space. This is usually a large building with many floors that has
shops, restaurants and, at times, even a cinema theatre. These shops most often sell branded
products.
Wholesale: This refers to buying and selling in large quantities. Most products, including vegetables,
fruits and flowers have special wholesale markets.
Chain of markets: A series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products
pass from one market to another.
103
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
A Shirt in
the Market
This chapter tells us the story
of a shirt ! It begins with the
production of cotton and ends
with the sale of the shirt. We
shall see that a chain of
markets links the producer of
cotton to the buyer of the
shirt in the supermarket.
Buying and selling takes place
at every step in the chain.
Does everyone benefit equally
from this? Or do some people
benefit more than others? We
shall find out.
Did Swapna get a fair price on the
cotton?
A cotton farmer in Kurnool

Swapna, a small farmer in Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh)
grows cotton on her small piece of land. The bolls of
the cotton plant are ripe and some have already
burst, so Swapna is busy picking cotton. The bolls,
which carry the cotton in them, do not burst open
all at once so it takes several days to harvest the
cotton.
Once the cotton is collected, instead of selling it at
Kurnool cotton market, Swapna and her husband
take the harvest to the local trader. At the beginning
of the cropping season, Swapna had borrowed
Rs 2,500 from the trader at a very high interest rate
to buy seeds, fertilisers, pesticides for cultivation.
At that time, the local trader made Swapna agree to
another condition. He made her promise to sell all
her cotton to him.
Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs
such as fertilisers and pesticides and the farmers
have to incur heavy expenses on account of these.
Most often, the small farmers need to borrow money
to meet these expenses.
At the traders yard, two of his men weigh the
bags of cotton. At a price of Rs 1,500 per quintal,
the cotton fetches Rs 6,000. The trader deducts
Rs 3,000 for repayment of loan and interest and pays
Swapna Rs 3,000.
Swapna: Rs 3,000 only!
Why did the trader pay Swapna

a low price?
Where do you think large farmers
would sell their cotton? How is
their situation different from
Swapna?
1.Trader sells the

cotton at the Kurnool
cotton market.
2. Ginning mill
buys the cotton.
3. Ginning mill removes

the seeds and presses
the cotton into bales.
4. Spinning
mill buys
the bales.
5. Spinning
mill spins the
cotton into
yarn.
6. Spinning
mill sells the
yarn to yarn
dealers.
Trader: Cotton is selling cheap. There is a lot of cotton

in the market.
Swapna: I have toiled so hard for four months to
grow this cotton. You can see how fine and clean the
cotton is this time. I had hoped to get a much better
price.
Chapter 9: A Shirt in the Market
105
Trader: Amma, I am giving you a good price. Other
traders are not even paying this much. You can check
at the Kurnool market, if you do not believe me.
Swapna: Dont be angry. How can I doubt you? I
had only hoped that we would earn enough from the
cotton crop to last us a few months.
Though Swapna knows that cotton will sell for at
least Rs 1,800 per quintal, she doesnt argue further.
The trader is a powerful man in the village and the
farmers have to depend on him for loans not only for
cultivation, but also to meet other exigencies such
as illnesses, childrens school fees. Also, there are
times in the year when there is no work and no
income for the farmers, so borrowing money is the
only means of survival.
Swapnas earning from cotton cultivation is barely
more than what she might have earned as a wage
labourer.
The cloth market of Erode

Erodes bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one
of the largest cloth markets in the world. A large
variety of cloth is sold in this market. Cloth that is
made by weavers in the villages around is also
brought here for sale. Around the market are offices
of cloth merchants who buy this cloth. Other traders
from many south Indian towns also come and
purchase cloth in this market.
A shop in Erode.
On market days, you would also find weavers

bringing cloth that has been made on order from the
merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order
to garment manufacturers and exporters around the
country. They purchase the yarn and give
instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth
that is to be made. In the following example, we can
see how this is done.
2
3
Putting-out syste
m weavers producing
system
cloth at home
The merchant distributes work among the weavers
based on the orders he has received for cloth. The
weavers get the yarn from the merchant and supply
him the cloth. For the weavers, this arrangement
seemingly has two advantages. The weavers do not
have to spend their money on purchase of yarn. Also,
the problem of selling the finished cloth is taken care
of. Weavers know from the outset what cloth they
should make and how much of it is to be woven.
However, this dependence on the merchants both
for raw materials and markets means that the
merchants have a lot of power. They give orders for
what is to be made and they pay a very low price for
making the cloth. The weavers have no way of
1.This is a merchants shop in the bazaar.

Over the years, these traders have
developed extensive contacts with
garment firms around the country from
whom they get orders. These traders
purchase the yarn (thread) from others.
2. The weavers live in villages around
and take the yarn supplied by these
traders to their homes where the looms
are located in sheds adjacent to their
houses. This photograph shows a
powerloom in one such home.
The weavers and their families spend
long hours working on these looms.
Most weaving units have about 2 8
powerlooms on which the yarn is woven
into cloth. A variety of sarees, towels,
shirting, ladies dress material and
bedsheets are produced in these looms.
3. They then bring back the finished cloth
to the traders. Here, they can be seen
getting ready to go to the merchant in the
town. The trader keeps an account of the
yarn given and pays them money for
weaving this into cloth.
What are the following people
doing at the Erode cloth market
merchants, weavers, exporters?
In what ways are weavers
dependent on cloth merchants?
107
If the weavers were to buy yarn on
their own and sell cloth, they
would probably earn three times
more. Do you think this is
possible? How? Discuss.
Do you find similar putting-out
arrangements in making papads,
masalas, beedis? Find out about

this in your area and discuss in
class.
You might have heard of
cooperatives in your area. It could
be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc.
Find out for whose benefit they
were set up?
knowing who they are making the cloth for or at what

price it will be sold. At the cloth market, the
merchants sell the cloth to the garment factories. In
this way, the market works more in favour of the
merchants.
Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money
at high interest rates to buy looms. Each loom costs
Rs 20,000, so a small weaver with two looms has to
invest Rs 40,000. The work on these looms cannot
be done alone. The weaver and another adult member
of his family work upto 12 hours a day to produce
cloth. For all this work, they earn about
Rs 3,500 per month.
The arrangement between the merchant and the
weavers is an example of putting-out system,
whereby the merchant supplies the raw material and
receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the
weaving industry in most regions of India.
Weavers cooperative
We have seen that the weavers are paid very little by the
merchant under the putting out system. Weavers cooperatives
are one way to reduce the dependence on the merchant and to
earn a higher income for the weavers. In a cooperative, people
with common interests come together and work for their mutual
benefit. In a weavers cooperative, the weavers form a group and
take up certain activities collectively. They procure yarn from
the yarn dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The
cooperative also does the marketing. So, the role of the merchant
is reduced, and weavers get a fair price on the cloth.
At times, the government helps the cooperatives by buying cloth from them at a reasonable
price. For instance, the Tamil Nadu government runs a Free School Uniform programme in
the state.The government procures the cloth for this programme from the powerloom weavers
cooperatives. Similarly, the government buys cloth from the handloom weavers cooperatives
and sells it through stores known as Co-optex. You might have come across one of these
stores in your town.
Women workers sewing buttons in a

garment factory.
The garment exporting factory near Delhi

The Erode merchant supplies the cotton cloth
produced by the weavers to a garment exporting
factory near Delhi. The garment exporting factory
will use the cloth to make shirts. The shirts will be
exported to foreign buyers. Among the foreign buyers
are businesspersons from the US and Europe who
run a chain of stores. These large stores do business
strictly on their own terms. They demand the lowest
prices from the supplier. In addition, they set high
standards for quality of production and timely
delivery. Any defects or delay in delivery is dealt with
strictly. So, the exporter tries his best to meet the
conditions set by these powerful buyers.
Faced with such pressures from the buyers, the
garment exporting factories, in turn, try to cut costs.
They get the maximum work out of the workers at
the lowest possible wages. This way they can
maximise their own profits and also supply the
garments to foreign buyers at a cheap price.
What are the demands foreign

buyers make on the garment
exporters? Why do the garment
exporters agree to these
demands?
How do the garment exporters
meet the conditions set by the
foreign buyers?
109
Why do you think more women are
employed in the Impex garment
factory? Discuss.
The Impex garment factory has 70 workers. Most

of them are women. Most of these workers are
employed on a temporary basis. This means that
whenever the employer feels that a worker is not
needed, the worker can be asked to leave. Workers
wages are fixed according to their skills. The highest
paid among the workers are the tailors who get about
Rs 3,000 per month. Women are employed as helpers
for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging.
These jobs have the lowest wages.
Payment to workers (per month)

Write a letter to the Minister
asking for what you think would
Tailoring ....................................................... Rs 3,000
be proper payment to the workers.
Ironing .......................................................... Rs 1.50 (per piece)

Checking ...................................................... Rs 2,000
The shirt below shows the profit
Thread cutting
and buttoning ............................................. Rs 1,500
made by the businessperson, and

the various costs that he had to
pay. Find out from the diagram
below, what the cost price
The shirt in the United States
includes.
A number of shirts are on display at a large clothes

shop in the United States, and are priced at $26.
That is, each shirt sells for $26 or around Rs 1,200.
Use the diagram shown in the margin to fill
in the blanks below.
Profit
Rs 600
Advertising
Rs 300
Storage, etc.
Rs 100
Purchase
Rs 200
The businessperson purchased the shirts from

the garment exporter in Delhi for Rs _______ per shirt.
He then spent Rs _______ for advertising in the media,
and another Rs _______ per shirt on storage, display
and all other charges. Thus, the cost to this person
is Rs 600 while he sells the shirt for Rs 1,200. Rs
__________ is his profit on one shirt! If he is able to
sell a large number of shirts, his profit will be higher.
The garment exporter sold the shirt at Rs 200 per
piece. The cloth and other raw materials cost him
Rs 70 per shirt. The workers wages cost another
Rs 15 per shirt. The cost of running his office came
to Rs 15 per shirt. Can you calculate the profit per
shirt for the garment exporter?
Compare the earnings per shirt of

the worker in the garment factory,
Who are the gainers in the market?
abroad. What do you find?
A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to

the buyer at the supermarket. Buying and selling
takes place at every step in the chain. Let us recall
who were the people who were involved in this
process of buying and selling. Did they all gain as
much? There were people who made profits in the
market and there were some who did not gain as
much from this buying and selling. Despite their
having toiled very hard, they earned little. Can you
place them in the table shown here?
What are the reasons that the

businessperson is able to make a
the garment exporter and the

businessperson in the market
huge profit in the market?

You have read the chapter on
advertising. Why does the
businessperson spend Rs 300 per
shirt on advertising? Discuss.
People who gained in the market
Market and equality
1.
________________________
The foreign businessperson made huge profits in the

market. Compared to this, the garment exporter
made only moderate profits. On the other hand, the
earnings of the workers at the garment export factory
are barely enough to cover their day-to-day needs.
Similarly, we saw the small cotton farmer and the
weaver at Erode put in long hours of hard work. But
they did not get a fair price in the market for what
they produced. The merchants or traders are
somewhere in between. Compared to the weavers,
they have earned more but it is still much less than
the exporter. Thus, not everyone gains equally in
the market. Democracy is also about getting a fair
wage in the market. Whether it is Kanta or Swapna,
if families dont earn enough how would they think
of themselves as equal to others?
2.
________________________
3.
________________________
People who didnt gain

as much in the market
1.
________________________
2.
________________________
3.
________________________
On one hand, the market offers people

opportunities for work and to be able to sell things
that they grow or produce. It could be the farmer
selling cotton or the weaver producing cloth. On the
other hand, it is usually the rich and the powerful
111
Did you know that the readymade clothes

that you buy require the work of so many
different persons?
that get the maximum earnings from the market.

These are the people who have money and own the
factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc.
The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful
for various things. They have to depend for loans (as
in the case of Swapna, the small farmer), for raw
materials and marketing of their goods (weavers in
the putting out system), and most often for
employment (workers at the garment factory).
Because of this dependence, the poor are exploited
in the market. There are ways to overcome these such
as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring
that laws are followed strictly. In the last chapter,
we will read about how one such fish-workers
cooperative was started on the Tawa river.
EXERCISES
2. Describe the conditions of employment as well as the

wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do
you think the workers get a fair deal?
3. Think of something common that we use. It could be
sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through
what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of
the people that help in the production or trade?
4. Arrange the statements given alongside in the correct
order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls
accordingly. The first two have already been done for you.
1. Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.

2. Customers buy these shirts in a
supermarket.
3. Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
4. Garment exporters buy the cloth from
merchants for making shirts.
5. Yarn dealers or merchants give the
yarn to the weavers.
6. The exporter sells shirts to the
businessperson from the USA.
7.Spinning mill buys the cotton and sells
yarn to the yarn dealers.
8.Weavers return with the cloth.
9. Ginning mill cleans the cotton and
makes it into bales.
1. What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead

of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?
Glossary
Ginning mill: A factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. The cotton is pressed into
bales to be sent for spinning into thread.
Exporter: A person who sells goods abroad.
Profit: The amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the costs. If the costs are
more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss.
113
CHAPTER
10
Struggles for
Equality
In this book, you have read
about people like Kanta, the
Ansaris, Melani and Swapna.
The thread that connects all
of these lives is that they have
been treated unequally. What
do people do when they face
such inequalities? History is
full of examples of persons
who have come together to
fight against inequality and
for issues of justice. Do you
recall the story of Rosa Parks
in Chapter 1? Do you
remember the photo-essay on
the womens movement in
Chapter 5? In this chapter you
will learn about some of the
ways in which people have
struggled against inequality.
As you have already read in this book, the Indian
Constitution recognises all Indians as equal before
the law and states that no person can be
discriminated against because of their religion, sex,
caste or whether they are rich or poor. All adults in
India have the equal right to vote during elections
and this power over the ballot box has been used
by people to elect or replace their representatives.
What do you think is meant by the

expression power over the ballot
box? Discuss.
But this feeling of equality that the ballot box

provides, because the vote of one person is as good
as that of another, does not extend to most peoples
lives. As you have read, the increasing privatisation
of health services and the neglect of government
hospitals have made it difficult for most poor people
like Kanta, Hakim Sheik and Aman to get good
quality health care. These people do not have the
resources to afford expensive private health services.
Similarly, the man who sells juice does not have
the resources to compete with all of the major
companies who sell branded drinks through
expensive advertising. Swapna does not have
sufficient resources to grow cotton and, so, has to
take a loan from the trader to grow her crop. This
forces her to sell her cotton at a lower price. Melani,
like the millions of domestic workers across the
country, is forced to endure the insults and hardship
of working as a domestic help because she has no
resources to set up something on her own. Poverty
and the lack of resources continue to be a key reason
why so many peoples lives in India are highly
unequal.
On the other hand, the Ansaris were discriminated
against not because they did not have the resources.
In fact, despite having the money to pay the required
rent, they were not able to find an apartment for
over a month. People were reluctant to lease them
an apartment because of their religion. Similarly, the
main reason that the teachers forced Omprakash
Valmiki to sweep the school yard was because he
was Dalit. Youve also read that the work women do
Chapter 10: Struggles for Equality
115
In India, it is the case that the poor
consist of a majority of members of Dalit,
Adivasi and Muslim communities and
are often women.
According to the 2001 Census data

women form 48 per cent of the
population, Muslims form 13 per cent
of the population, Dalits form 16 per cent
and Adivasis 8 per cent.
is often considered of less value than that done by

the men. All of these persons are discriminated
against primarily because of their social and cultural
background as well as because they are women.
Discrimination on the basis of a persons religion,
caste and sex is another significant factor for why
people are treated unequally in India.
Often, poverty and lack of dignity and respect for
certain communities and groups come together in
such powerful ways that it is difficult to identify where
one aspect of inequality ends and the other begins.
As you have read, Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim girls
drop out of school in large numbers. This is a
combined outcome of poverty, social discrimination
and the lack of good quality school facilities for these
communities.
Struggles for equality

Throughout the world in every community, village,
city and townyou will find that there are some people
who are known and respected because of their fight
for equality. These people may have stood up against
an act of discrimination that they faced or which
they witnessed. Or they may be well-respected
because they treat all persons with dignity and are,
therefore, trusted and called upon to resolve issues
in the community.
Can you think of one person in

your family, community, village,
town or city whom you respect
because of their fight for equality
and justice?
Often, some of these persons become more widely

recognised because they have the support or
represent large numbers of people who have united
to address a particular issue of inequality. In India,
there are several struggles in which people have come
together to fight for issues that they believe are
important. In Chapter 5, you read about the methods
used by the womens movement to raise issues of
equality. The Tawa Matsya Sangh in Madhya Pradesh
is another example of people coming together to fight
for an issue. There are many such struggles such as
those among beedi workers, fisherfolk, agricultural
labourers, slum dwellers and each group is struggling
for justice in its own way. There are also many
attempts to form cooperatives or other collective ways
by which people can have more control over
resources.
Tawa Matsya Sangh

When dams are built or forest areas declared
sanctuaries for animals, thousands of people are
displaced. Whole villages are uprooted and people
are forced to go and build new homes, start new lives
elsewhere. Most of these people are poor.
In urban areas too, bastis in which poor people live
are often uprooted. Some of them are relocated to
areas outside the city. Their work as well as their
childrens schooling is severely disrupted because
of the distance from the outskirts of the city to these
locations.
This displacement of people and communities is a
problem that has become quite widespread in our
The reservoir of the Tawa river.
country. People usually come together to fight against
this. There are several organisations across the
country fighting for the rights of the displaced. In
this chapter we will read about the Tawa Matsya
Sangh a federation of Fisherworkers cooperatives
an organisation fighting for the rights of the
displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in
Madhya Pradesh.
Originating in the Mahadeo hills of Chindwara
district, the Tawa flows through Betul, before joining
the Narmada in Hoshangabad. The Tawa dam began
to be built in 1958 and was completed in 1978. It
submerged large areas of forest and agricultural land.
The forest dwellers were left with nothing. Some of
the displaced people settled around the reservoir and
apart from their meagre farms found a livelihood in
fishing. They earned very little.
A dam is built across a river at sites where one can collect

a lot of water. This forms a reservoir and as the water
collects it submerges vast areas of land.This is because the
wall of the dam across the river is high and the water
spreads over a large area.This is a photo of the submergence
caused by the Tehri dam in Uttarakhand.The old Tehri town
and 100 villages, some totally and some partially, were
submerged by this dam. Nearly one lakh people were
displaced.
What issue is the Tawa Matsya

Sangh (TMS) fighting for?
Why did the villagers set up this
organisation?
Do you think that the large-scale
participation of villagers has
contributed to the success of the
TMS? Write two lines on why you
think so.
In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing

in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors. These
contractors drove the local people away and got cheap
labour from outside. The contractors began to
threaten the villagers, who did not want to leave, by
bringing in hoodlums. The villagers stood united and
decided that it was time to set up an organisation
and do something to protect their rights.
The newly formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS)
organised rallies and a chakka jam (road blockade),
demanding their right to continue fishing for their
livelihood. In response to their protests, the

government created a committee to assess the issue.
The committee recommended that fishing rights be
granted to the villagers for their livelihood. In 1996,
the Madhya Pradesh government decided to give to
the people displaced by the Tawa dam the fishing
rights for the reservoir. A five-year lease agreement
was signed two months later. On January 2, 1997,
people from 33 villages of Tawa started the new year
with the first catch.
With the TMS taking over the fishworkers were
able to increase their earnings substantially. This
was because they set up the cooperative which would
buy the catch from them at a fair price. The
cooperative would then arrange to transport and sell
this in markets where they would get a good price.
They have now begun to earn three times more than
they earned earlier. The TMS has also begun giving
the fishworkers loans for repair and the buying of
new nets. By managing to earn a higher wage as
well as preserving the fish in the reservoir, the TMS
has shown that when peoples organisations get their
rights to livelihood, they can be good managers.
Top: Members of the TMS protesting at a

rally. Above: A member of the
cooperative weighing the fish.
Can you think of an incident in

your life in which one person or a
group of people came together to
change an unequal situation.
119
Adaptation of a song written as part of the
Right to Information campaign by Vinay
Mahajan:
Creative expression against inequality
The Right To Know

My dreams have the right to know
Why for centuries they have been
breaking
Why dont they ever come true
My hands have the right to know
Why do they remain without work all
along
Why do they have nothing to do
My feet have the right to know
Why from village to village they walk
on their own
Why are there no signs of a bus yet
My hunger has the right to know
Why grain rots in godowns
While I dont even get a fistful of rice
While some join protest movements to fight inequality,

others might use their pen, or their voice, or their ability to
dance to draw attention to issues of inequality. Writers,
singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in
the fight against inequality. Often, poems, songs and stories
can also inspire us and make us believe strongly in an issue
and influence our efforts to correct the situation.
The Indian Constitution as a living document

My old mother has the right to know
Why are there no medicines
Needles, dispensaries or bandages
My children have the right to know
Why do they labour day and night
Why is there no school in sight
What is your favourite line in the
above song?
What does the poet mean when he
says, My hunger has the right to
know?
Can you share with your class a
local song or a poem on dignity
that is from your area?
The foundation of all movements for justice and the

inspiration for all the poetry and songs on equality
is the recognition that all people are equal. As you
know, the Indian Constitution recognises the equality
of all persons. Movements and struggles for equality
in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution
to make their point about equality and justice for
all. The fishworkers in the Tawa Matsya Sangh hope
that the provisions of the Constitution will become a
reality through their participation in this movement.
By constantly referring to the Constitution they use
it as a living document, i.e., something that has
real meaning in our lives. In a democracy, there are
always communities and individuals trying to expand
the idea of democracy and push for a greater
recognition of equality on existing as well as
new issues.
Over 1,500 persons attended a public

hearing in Lucknow in 2001 to protest
violence against women. Over 15 cases of
violence against women were heard by a
jury of eminent women who played the
role of judges. This people's jury helped
highlight the lack of support in the legal
system for women who seek justice in
such cases.
Issues of equality are central to a democracy. In

this book, we have tried to highlight issues that pose
a challenge to this idea of equality in a democracy.
These, as you have read, include the privatisation of
health services in the country, the increasing control
that business houses exert on the media, the low
value given to women and their work, and the low
earnings made by small farmers who grow cotton.
These issues substantially affect poor and
marginalised communities, and therefore, concern
economic and social equality in the country.
This is the core of the struggle for equality in a
democracy. The dignity and self-respect of each
person and their community can only be realised if
they have adequate resources to support and nurture
their families and if they are not discriminated
against.
What role does the Constitution

play in peoples struggles for
equality?
Can you make up a social

advertisement on equality? You
can do this in small groups.
121
References
Dreze, Jean and Aparajita Goyal. 2003. Future of Mid-day Meals.
In Economic and Political Weekly.
Hossein, Sakhwat Rokeya. 1905. (reprint) 1988. Sultanas Dream .
Feminist Press, New York.
Kumar. Krishna. 1986. Growing Up Male in Seminar 318.
Mazumdar, Indrani. 2007. Women and Globalization: The Impact on Women
Workers in the Formal and Informal Sectors in India. Stree, Kolkata.
Mead, Margaret. 1928, 1973. (edition) Growing Up In Samoa.
American Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.
Parks, Rosa. 2000. Quiet Strength. Grand Rapids, Zondervan, Michigan.
Rashsundari Devi. 1999. Words to Win. Translated and with an
introduction by Tanika Sarkar. Zubaan, New Delhi.
Roy, Tirthankar. 1999. Growth and Recession in Small-Scale Industry: A
Study of Tamil Nadu Powerlooms Economic and Political Weekly.
Valmiki, Omprakash. 2003. Joothan: A Dalits Life. SAMYA, Kolkata.
Zubaan. 1996. Poster Women: A Visual History of the Womens Movement
in India. Zubaan, New Delhi.
www.cehat.org/rthc/policybrieffinal.pdf
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Unit One: Equality in Indian Democracy .......................... 2

Unit Two: State Government ......................................... 16

Unit Three: Gender ...................................................... 42

Chapter 5: Women Change the World ............................ 54

Unit Four: Media and Advertising.................................. 68

Chapter 7: Understanding Advertising ........................... 80

Unit Five: Markets ....................................................... 92

Chapter 9: A Shirt in the Market.................................. 104

Equality in Indian Democracy (continued)

Chapter 10: Struggles for Equality ............................... 114

References ................................................................... 122

The second chapter of this Unit is

On election day, Kanta and her friend

Go on, Kanta Its

I will vote for the

Gudia has been running fever

Its no wonder that Gudia

Equal right to vote

Heres your advance,

But as her day goes on, Kanta becomes less certain

Do you think Kanta has

Circle the reference to caste in the

Now let us read a story about the experiences of a

Why do you think the Ansaris

Social and Political Life

The second story is based on an incident that took

If you were one of the Ansaris

You have understood by now that the caste we are

the suggestion that you change

When persons are treated unequally, their dignity

Equality in Indian democracy

In the 1975 film, Deewar, a boy who

The Parliament is the cornerstone of our

no law existed to protect people from discrimination

Social and Political Life

Children being served their midday meal

What is the midday meal

Find out about one government

It is disgraceful to live at the cost of one's

One of the main reasons for this is that attitudes

Issues of equality in other democracies

Social and Political Life

treated and which came to be known as the Civil

Rosa Parks, an AfricanAmerican

Social and Political Life

What do you understand by the term all persons are

5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in

public welfare. Though both the executive

Would you associate all or some of

Pick two situations from the above

Chapter 2: Role of the Government in Health

Can you provide a title to these

India has the largest number of medical

Most doctors settle in urban areas.

Healthcare facilities have grown

About five lakh people die from tuberculosis

India gets a large number of medical

We are not able to provide clean drinking