Giza Mastabas 8.1
Giza Mastabas 8.1
Giza Mastabas 8.1
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100, Part 1
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
Giza Mastabas 3: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and
II, G 711020, 713040, and 7150 and Subsidiary Mastabas of Street 7100. Boston, 1978
Giza Mastabas 2: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Qar and Idu, G 7101
7102. Boston, 1976
Giza Mastabas 1: Dows Dunham and William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of
Queen Mersyankh III, G 75307540. Boston, 1974
Manuelian
Ann Macy Roth. Some Middle-Class Tombs at Giza: G 2061, G20712077, G 2232
2246 and G 25052509
Edward Brovarski. The Mastabas of Hordjedef (G 721020), Babaef (G 731020), an
Anonymous Prince (G 733040), Hetepheres II (G 7350), Horbaef and Meresankh II
(G741020), Minkhaf (G734040), and Ankh-haf (G 7510)
BOSTON
9 780878 467549
Giza Mastabas 8
GM8.1_dustjacket.indd 1
Europe:
Oxbow Books
10 Hythe Bridge Street
Oxford, 0x1 2ew
Phone: +44 (0)1865 241 249
Fax: 01865 794 449
Email: [email protected]
www.oxbowbooks.com
est of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu
laid out scores of mastaba tombs for the elite members of ancient Egyptian
society. Specific clusters of tombs seem to form architectural and archaeological
units, prompting the modern division of the Giza Necropolis into discrete
nucleus cemeteries. This book interprets the complete archaeological record of
the mastabas of Cemetery g2100, one of the six nucleus cemeteries at Giza. As a
key to understanding Old Kingdom mortuary development at Giza, it explores
the distinguishing features of such a grouping of tombs and tomb owners: relative
chronology and individual artistic styles; common administrative titles; possible
familial connections to the king; and the relationship of the earlier, major mastabas
to the subsequent, minor burials surrounding them.
More than a century has elapsed since the fourteen major mastabas and about
sixty-two smaller subsidiary tombs of Cemetery g2100 were first excavated by
the Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Giza under
George A. Reisner (18671942). In addition, the southern edge of Cemetery g2100
fell within the excavation concession granted to the German/Austrian expedition
under Georg Steindorff and then Hermann Junker, on behalf of institutions in
Leipzig, Hildesheim, and Vienna. The author has undertaken a re-examination
of this cemetery. The results incorporate excavations between 1845 and 1940, and
include objects from museums in Berlin, Birmingham, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen,
Hildesheim, Paris, Philadelphia, Rome, and Vienna. Art-historical treasures,
significant artifacts, and unique architectural elements unattested anywhere else at
Giza are set in their proper archaeological context, often for the first time. Examples
include the Boston reserve head of Nefer (mastaba g2110); Nefers chapel reliefs
spread today across three continents; one of the best-preserved and oldest female
mummies (g2220); and two complete chapels removed to EuropeMerib in Berlin
(g2100-1), and KaninisutI in Vienna (g2155). The chapel of Merib, long known
only from C.R. Lepsiuss illustrations from the 1840s, is represented in new color
photography prepared especially for this volume
The book contains historical and interpretive remarks, followed by individual
chapters on the major mastabas. Several detailed 3D computer illustrations
reconstruct unique views of the tombs from above and below ground. Part2 of Giza
Mastabas8 will describe the later, subsidiary structures in Cemetery g2100. Both
volumes enhance the much larger corpus of information available, in undigested form,
on the Museum of Fine Artss Giza Archives Project Web site (www.gizapyramids
.org). The work should prove useful to those investigating Old Kingdom history
and chronology, mortuary architecture, ceramic and faunal remains, inscriptional
material, and art-historical style.
Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g 2110 a (see Chapter 6, figs. 6.39,
6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136
The Author
Peter Der Manuelian received a BA from Harvard University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in
Egyptology from the University of Chicago in 1990. Joining the curatorial staff of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1987, he has been Giza Archives Director there
since 2000. The Giza Archives Project serves as a comprehensive online resource
for all archaeological research at the Pyramids (www.gizapyramids.org). He is the
author of Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II; Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism
of the Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty; and Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis, as well
as several Egyptological childrens books. Since 2000 he has also taught Egyptology
at Tufts University.
Volumes in Preparation
Peter Der Manuelian. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part 2, Subsidiary
Mastabas and Minor Burials
Edward Brovarski. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 2, The Mastabas of Nekhebu
(G2381), Mehu-akhti (G 2375), Other Mastabas of the Senedjemib Complex, and the
Intact Burial of Ptahshepses Impy
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great
Pyramid, and highlighting the mastabas of Cemetery g2100. November 16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.130.23
Jacket design by Peter Der Manuelian and Lauren Thomas
10/13/09 9:45 PM
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1
GM8.1.indb 1
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MFA 07.1002, detail of standing figure of Nefer from the north entrance thickness of the chapel of mastaba g2110 (see figs.6.50, 6.53).
ii
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Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
GM8.1.indb 3
iii
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Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a;
(see Chapter 6, figs.6.39, 6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, SC62136
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking
northwest from the top of the Great Pyramid. November 16, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.130.23
Frontispiece: MFA 07.1002, detail of standing figure of Nefer from
the north entrance thickness of the chapel of mastaba g2110
(see Chapter 6, figs.6.50, 6.53). Museum of Fine Arts, cr7351_d1
Endpapers: Overview plan of the Giza Necropolis, showing the location of
nucleus Cemetery g2100
iv
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vi
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliography and Publication Abbreviations . . . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
xv
xxxvii
xxxix
liii
29
34
34
35
37
41
42
47
4968
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
52
69
69
71
71
72
72
72
83
117150
117
117
117
118
120
120
120
124
151208
151
152
152
153
154
154
155
162
209238
209
210
210
212
213
213
213
216
239258
239
239
240
vii
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Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tomb Owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
241
241
241
242
259280
259
259
260
261
261
261
261
261
281
Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tomb Owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
281
281
282
282
282
283
293306
293
293
293
294
294
294
294
295
307366
307
307
309
310
311
311
311
318
367414
367
367
367
368
368
368
369
382
415420
415
415
415
415
416
416
416
416
421426
421
421
421
421
422
422
422
422
427454
427
427
428
428
429
433
433
434
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
I. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
II. Private Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
viii
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Contents
Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
471
473
475
ix
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PREFACE
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Grunert, and Elke Freier (Berlin); Zahi Hawass and Wafaa el-Saddik
(Cairo); Katja Lembke, Bettina Schmitz, and Antje Spiekermann
(Hildesheim); Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert and Friederike KamppSeyfried (Leipzig); David P. Silverman, Josef Wegner, and Jennifer
Houser Wegner (Philadelphia); Eleni Vassilika, Giovanni Bergamini,
Matilde Borla, and Elisa Fiore Marochetti (Turin); and Manfred
Bietak, Peter Jnosi, and Regina Hlzl (Vienna).
Berlin. Since Lepsius was active in Cemetery g2100, crucial
materials, in particular the chapel of Merib (g2100-1), are housed
at both the gyptisches Museum and the Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. At the Museum, Dietrich Wildung
kindly granted permission to publish the chapel of Merib (M1107)
and its related objects, and Klaus Finneiser was instrumental in
putting the relevant materials at my disposal. I also thank conservator
Rolf Kriesten, from Restaurierung am Oberbaum, for his spectacular
new photography and photo-montaging of Meribs many relief
blocks, prior to the chapels reassembly in the Neues Museum.
At the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Stephan Seidlmayer kindly provided much of the Merib
documentation from the original Lepsius expedition. I thank him
for his collaboration in the midst of his move from Berlin to the
Deutsches Archologisches Institut in Cairo. I am also indebted to
his colleagues at the BBAW, Stefan Grunert, and Elke Freier.
Birmingham, England. Philip Watson, Head of Collection
Management, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, was
instrumental in providing a photograph of the west wall fragment
from Nefers chapel (g2110), Birmingham 241/57.
Cairo and Giza. First and foremost, my thanks go to Zahi
Hawass, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities.
Our collaboration at Giza stretches back to my first season there, in
the summer of 1977, and I have valued his friendship, admired his
scholarship, and treasured his assistance ever since. He will recognize
many old friends in the following pages, whose tombs lie not a
stones throw from his office in the tafteesh at Giza. Inspectors at Giza
have become close friends over many years, and without them, my
work there would be impossible. Over many seasons I received every
kind of assistance, advice, and logistical support for my work in the
Western Cemetery. I thank in particular Adel Hussein, Mansour
Boraik, Mohamed Shiha, Amal Samuel, Mahmoud Afifi, Mohamed
Salah, Mohamed Sadek, Magdy Abdel Salam, and Hasan Mohamed.
I am also grateful to past chairmen of the EAO, including Abdel
Halim Nour el-Din and Mohammed Ibrahim Bakr, and chief
inspectors at Giza, including the late Ahmed Moussa.
On the other side of the Wall of the Crow, the expedition staff of
Ancient Egypt Research Associates, under the directorship of Mark
Lehner, have also shared their expertise, hospitality, and friendship
over many years. I consider myself doubly fortunate to benefit not
only from AERAs presence at Giza, but also at its US home base
in Boston. I am grateful for many fruitful discussions with Mark
Lehner, Ana Tavares, John Nolan, Camilla Mazzucato, and Farrah
Brown about the site, our ongoing collaboration, and GIS strategies.
Ana Tavares and her staff graciously undertook some re-surveying
of portions of Cemetery g 2100 in 2008, and Camilla Mazzucato
georeferenced several disparate Reisner-era plans of the area (see
fig.2.5). In Boston, Wilma Wetterstrom and I have shared graphic
design and publication information as our respective projects have
grown increasingly ambitious.
|
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xii
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xiii
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xiv
GM8.1.indb 14
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List of Figures
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
Figure
Frontispiece
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
xv
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2.6
3.7
2.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.1
3.2
3.3
G2100, plan.
3.21
3.4
3.22
3.23
3.5
3.6
xvi
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3.24
3.25
3.26
G2100-1, plan.
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
3.28
3.29
3.30
Plan of the floor and red paint lines on the ceiling of the
burial chamber of g2100a.
3.31
3.34
4.2
3.33
4.1
3.27
3.32
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
4.18
3.40
4.19
3.41
4.20
4.21
xvii
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4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.30
4.46
4.31
4.47
4.48
4.32
4.49
4.33
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
xviii
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4.57
5.14
4.58
5.15
4.59
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
4.60
4.61
5.2
5.3
5.4
G 2100-11, plan.
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
xix
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5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.48
5.49
5.50
6.3
G2110, plan.
6.4
5.51
6.5
5.52
6.6
6.1
6.2
xx
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6.7
6.24
6.8
6.25
6.9
6.26
6.10
G 2110, space between the core and casing along the east face,
looking north. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
A.M. Lythgoe, b887 [=b7439].
6.27
G 2110, space between the core and casing along the east face,
looking south. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
A.M. Lythgoe, b953 [=b7438]
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
G2110, view of street and chapel, from the top of the mastaba
core, looking east. November 20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.095.19.
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
xxi
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6.43
6.64
G 2110, south wall, lower half, looking south, August 29, 1937.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8862.
6.44
6.65
6.45
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.49
6.72
6.50
G 2110, chapel, west wall, south half, looking west. July 23,
1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani
Ibrahim, a5753.
6.51
6.73
6.52
6.74
6.53
6.54
6.55
6.56
6.75
6.57
6.76
6.58
6.59
6.77
6.78
6.60
6.79
6.80
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.61
6.62
6.63
xxii
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6.106
6.107
6.108
6.109
6.110
6.84
6.111
6.85
6.112
6.113
6.86
6.114
6.115
6.116
6.117
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.87
6.88
6.89
G 2110, west wall, detail of Nefers face from false door tablet,
Museo Barracco, Rome C.M.B1. pdm_1993.133.01.
6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.94
6.95
7.2
7.3
G2120, plan.
7.4
7.5
6.96
7.6
7.7
6.97
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
6.98
6.99
6.100
6.101
7.12
6.102
7.13
6.103
6.104
6.105
xxiii
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7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.41
7.26
3316 (=MFA33.1026), alabaster fragments of two flatbottomed bowls with contracted mouths from g2120a.
February22, 2002. Museum of Fine Arts, sc27879.
7.42
7.27
7.43
7.28
7.44
7.29
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.30
7.31
7.48
7.49
xxiv
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7.50
7.51
7.52
8.2
8.3
7.53
8.4
7.54
8.5
7.55
8.6
7.56
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
7.57
7.58
7.59
8.13
7.60
8.14
7.61
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
7.64
8.19
7.65
7.66
7.67
8.20
8.21
7.68
8.22
7.62
7.63
xxv
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8.46
8.47
8.25
8.48
8.26
8.49
8.50
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.23
8.24
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
9.7
8.41
9.8
8.42
9.9
9.10
8.43
8.44
8.45
xxvi
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9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.19
9.20
9.42
9.21
9.43
9.22
9.23
9.44
9.24
9.45
9.25
9.46
9.26
9.47
9.27
9.28
9.48
9.29
9.49
9.30
9.50
9.31
9.32
10.1
9.33
10.2
xxvii
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10.3
10.4
11.7
11.8
10.5
11.9
10.6
11.10
10.7
11.11
10.8
11.12
10.9
10.10
11.13
10.11
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
10.12
Drawing of limestone sarcophagus from g2135a, PelizaeusMuseum, Hildesheim 3051, after Junker, Gza1, p.55, fig.5.
10.13
10.14
10.15
G2140, plan.
11.20
11.2
11.21
11.22
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
G2150, plan.
12.2
xxviii
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12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
xxix
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12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
33157 (MFA33.1057), white sandstone whetstone, copperstained on all sides, from g2150a. Left; March 22, 1933. HU
MFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, c13412. Center:
September1, 2005. Museum of Fine Arts, sc154007. Right:
drawing.
33162 (MFA33.1061): 33 alabaster model basins from
g2150a. Above: March 15, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8299 (details from rows 1/12
1/112; 2/812). Right: May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_img00470.
33163 (MFA33.1062), alabaster model cylinder jar from
g2150a. Left: March 15, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8299 (detail, 2/5). Right: May15,
2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00497.
33164 (MFA33.1063): alabaster model barrel belted jar
from g2150a. Left: March 15, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8299 (detail, 2/6). Center:
May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00499. Right:
drawing.
33420, red granite sarcophagus from g2150a. Top left
(east side and south end): April05, 2006. Museum of Fine
Arts, sc169952. Remaining images: March15, 2006, Peter Der
Manuelian. Center left (south end): pdm_06353. Center right
(north end): pdm_06356. Bottom left (west side): pdm_06355.
Bottom right: drawing.
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.53
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.58
12.59
12.60
12.61
12.62
12.63
12.64
12.65
12.66
12.67
12.68
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
12.69
12.49
12.70
12.50
12.51
12.71
12.52
xxx
GM8.1.indb 30
7/22/09 10:42 PM
12.72
12.92
12.93
G2150, chapel, west wall, area between the two false door,
looking southwest. July23, 1930. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5748.
12.94
12.95
12.96
12.97
12.98
12.99
G2150, chapel, west wall, north false door, left (south jamb),
looking west. November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.090.01.
12.100
12.101
12.102
12.103
12.104
12.105
12.106
12.107
12.108
12.109
12.110
12.111
12.112
12.113
12.114
12.73
12.74
12.75
12.76
12.77
12.78
12.79
12.80
12.81
12.82
12.83
12.84
12.85
12.86
12.87
12.88
12.89
12.90
12.91
xxxi
GM8.1.indb 31
7/22/09 10:42 PM
13.21
13.1
13.22
13.23
13.2
G 2155, east face, north half, looking west. November 20, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.096.32.
13.24
13.3
G2155, plan.
13.4
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.5
Computer reconstruction of g2155, showing exterior mudbrick chapel and g2156, looking northwest. Courtesy
Dassault Systmes, 2009.
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.30
13.10
G2155, west face, looking east. November 15, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.073.05 and pdm_1993.073.06, with
pdm_1993.073.07 at right.
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
13.36
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.37
13.17
13.38
13.18
13.39
13.19
13.40
13.20
xxxii
GM8.1.indb 32
7/22/09 10:42 PM
List of Figures
Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
13.41
13.42
13.43
13.44
13.45
13.60
14.2
G 2160, plan.
14.3
14.4
13.46
13.47
14.5
13.48
14.6
13.49
14.7
13.50
14.8
13.51
14.9
13.52
14.10
13.53
13.54
13.55
13.56
13.57
13.58
13.59
15.2
G2170, plan.
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
xxxiii
GM8.1.indb 33
7/22/09 10:42 PM
15.8
G 2220, chapel and south end of east face of, looking west.
November 20, 1993. pdm1993.096.10.
16.2
G2220, plan.
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.18
16.19
16.20
16.21
16.22
16.23
16.24
16.7
16.25
16.8
16.26
16.9
16.27
16.28
16.29
16.30
16.31
16.32
16.33
16.34
16.35
16.13
16.36
16.37
16.14
16.38
16.15
16.16
16.39
16.17
16.10
16.11
16.12
xxxiv
GM8.1.indb 34
7/22/09 10:42 PM
16.40
16.41
16.42
16.43
16.44
16.47
16.48
16.49
16.50
16.51
16.52
16.53
16.54
16.55
16.45
16.46
xxxv
GM8.1.indb 35
7/22/09 10:42 PM
xxxvi
GM8.1.indb 36
7/22/09 10:42 PM
Mastabas
Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
Bibliography
andofPublication
Abbreviations
List of ABBREVIATIONS
HUBMFA
IFAO
JESHO
JNES
Kmi
KMT
meter
MS
A 1Aa 31
MDAIK
MFA
MIFAO
AT
ACE
MIO
AcOr
MMAB
ADAIK
MMJ
n.
note
AJA
NAWG
AnOr
APAW
n.d.
no date
OIP
ArOr
Archiv Orientln, Prague and Paris; vols. 14 and 15: Stuttgart and
Prague
Or
Orientalia, Rome
ASAE
OBO
ASE
OLP
AV
OMRO
BACE
PDM
BAe
PSBA
BdE
RACE
BeitrgeBf
REA
BMMA
RdE
BSA
RecTrav
circa
SAK
CdE
SAWW
CG
SDAIK
cm
centimeter
Sign List
DE
Discussions in Egyptology
EA
EDAL
TB
EEF
th.
thickness
EES
UGA
EG
VA
ERA
VIO
FuB
GM
w.
width
h.
height
WVDOG
HB
xxxvii
GM8.1.indb 37
7/22/09 10:42 PM
WZKM
ZS
ZDMG
xxxviii
GM8.1.indb 38
7/22/09 10:42 PM
Bibliography and
Publication Abbreviations
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xxxix
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Barta, Winfried. Die altgyptische Opferliste von der Frhzeit bis zur griechischrmischen Epoche. MS 3. Berlin: Bruno Hessling, 1963.
Bolshakov, Andrey O. Princes who became Kings: Where are their Tombs? GM 146
(1995), pp.1122.
xl
GM8.1.indb 40
7/22/09 10:42 PM
Mastabas
Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
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Drower, Letters from the Desert
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Duell, Prentice, et al. The Mastaba of Mereruka. OIP 31, 39. Chicago: Oriental
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Drring, Materialien zum Schiffbau im alten gypten
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Dunham, Dows. Department of Egyptian Art. In Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
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Dunham, Egyptian Department
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Dunham, Recollections of an Egyptologist
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Dunham and Simpson, Mersyankh
Dunham, Dows and Simpson, William Kelly. The Mastaba of Queen Mersyankh III
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Davies, Ptahhetep II
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Reisner, Mycerinus
Reisner, George A. Mycerinus. The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1931.
Sainte Fare Garnot, J. Etudes sur la ncropole de Gza sous la IVe Dynastie. RdE 9
(1952), pp.7079.
Seidlmayer, Stephan J., ed. Texte und Denkmler des gyptischen Alten Reiches.
Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae3. Berlin: Achet Verlag, 2005.
Russmann, Edna R. Eternal Egypt. Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British
Museum. London: American Federation of Arts and University of California Press
at Berkeley, 2001.
xlviii
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Mastabas
Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
Bibliography
andofPublication
Abbreviations
edition, pp.145207. Edited by I.E.S. Edwards, C.J. Gadd, and N.G.L. Hammond.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Smith, William, Stevenson. The Old Kingdom Linen List. ZS 71 (1935), pp.13449.
Smith, William, Stevenson. Old Kingdom Sculpture. AJA 45 (1941), pp.51428.
Smith, William Stevenson. The Origin of some unidentified Old Kingdom Reliefs.
AJA 46 (1942), pp.50931.
Sourdive, La Main
Sourdive, Claude. La Main dans lEgypte Pharaonique. Berne: Peter Lang, 1984.
Spalinger, Anthony. Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom. SAK 21 (1994), pp.275319.
Spalinger, The Private Feast Lists of Ancient Egypt
Spalinger, Anthony John. The Private Feast Lists of Ancient Egypt. A57. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996.
Simpson, Kayemnofret
Simpson, William Kelly. The Offering Chapel of Kayemnofret in the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1992.
Simpson, Sekhem-Ankh-Ptah
Simpson, William Kelly. The Offering Chapel of Sekhem-Ankh-Ptah in the Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1976.
Speidel, M. Alexander. Die Friseure des gyptischen Alten Reiches. Eine historische(jr-n). Konstanz: Hartungprosopographische Untersuchung zu Amt und Titel
Gorre Verlag, 1990.
u
t
Stadelmann, Rainer. Die n.tjw-, der Kngigsbezirk n pr- und die Namen der
Grabanlagen der Frhzeit. BIFAO Supplment 1981, pp.15364.
Stadelmann, R., Alexanian, N. Ernst, H, Heindl, G, and Raue, D. Pyramiden und
Nekropole des Snofru in Dahschur. Dritter Vorbericht ber die Grabungen des
Deutschen Archologischen Instituts in Dahschur. MDAIK 49 (1993), pp.25994.
Staehelin, Untersuchungen zur gyptischen Tracht
Staehelin, Elisabeth. Untersuchungen zur gyptischen Tracht im Alten Reich. MS8
Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling, 1966.
Stationen. Beitrge zur Kulturgeschichte gyptens Rainer Stadelmann Gewidmet
Guksch, Heike and Daniel Polz, eds. Stationen. Beitrge zur Kulturgeschichte gyptens
Rainer Stadelmann Gewidmet. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1998.
Steindorff and Hlscher, Die Mastabas westlich der Cheopspyramide
Steindorff, Georg and Hlscher, Uvo. Die Mastabas westlich der Cheopspyramide.
MU 2. Edited by Alfred Grimm. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1991.
Strouhal, Eugen, and Bare, Ladislav. Secondary Cemetery in the Mastaba of Ptahshepses
at Abusir. Prague: Charles University, 1993.
Strudwick, Administration
Strudwick, Nigel. The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom. The Highest Titles
and their Holders. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International, 1985.
Smith, HESPOK
Smith, William, Stevenson. A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old
Kingdom. 2nd edition. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
Studies Griffith
Studies Presented to F.Ll. Griffith. Edited by S.R.K. Glanville. London: Egypt
Exploration Society, 1932.
Smith, William, Stevenson. Inscriptional Evidence for the History of the Fourth
Dynasty. JNES 11 (1952), pp.11328.
Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Sudan (Fs Dunham)
Simpson, W.K. and W.M. Davis, eds. Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the
Sudan. Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the occasion of his 90th birthday, June1,
1980. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1981.
Smith, William, Stevenson. The Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Beginning of
the First Intermediate Period. In The Cambridge Ancient History 1, Part 2, third
xlix
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van Walsem, Ren. Sense and Sensibility. On the Analysis and Interpretation of
the Iconography Programmes of Four Old Kingdom Elite Tombs. In Dekorierte
Grabanlangen im Alten Reich. Methodik und Interpretation, pp.277332. Edited by
Martin Fitzenreiter and Michael Herb. IBAES Vol. VI. London: Golden House
Publications, 2006.
Whren, Max. Brot und Gebck im Leben und Glauben der alten gypter. Bern:
Schweizerisches Archiv fr Brot- und Gebckkunde, 1963.
Weeks, Kent, R., ed. Egyptology and the Social Sciences. Cairo: American University
in Cairo Press, 1979.
Verner, Miroslav. Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology.
Archiv Orientlni69 (2001), no.3, pp.363418.
GM8.1.indb 50
7/22/09 10:42 PM
Bibliography
and
Abbreviations
Mastabas
ofPublication
Nucleus Cemetery
g2100
li
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lii
GM8.1.indb 52
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INTRODUCTION
2
3
4
ote, for example, Dows Dunhams decision to take retirement from the
N
curatorship at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in order to publish the backlog
of Reisners Nubian excavations; Dunham, Recollections of an Egyptologist, p.48.
K.R. Weeks, Mastabas of Cemetery G6000.
A.M. Roth, A Cemetery of Palace Attendants.
There are four nucleus cemeteries west of the Great Pyramid (Cemeteries g1200,
g2100, g4000, and the Cemetery en Echelon), one east of the pyramid (Cemetery
7000), and one south (cemetery G1-S); see Reisner, GN1, pp.1219. For reviews
of this publication, see M.A. Murray, in The Museums Journal46, no.7 (October
1946), p.137; W.C. Hayes, in AJA50, no.3 (JulySept. 1946), pp.42223; R.O.
Faulkner, in JEA32 (1946), pp.105106; J.W. Crowfoot, Antiquity20, no.80
(December 1946), pp.18690; J. Capart, Erasmus1 (1947), pp.74346.
D. OConnor, Political Systems and Archaeological Data in Egypt: 26001780
B.C., World Archaeology vol. 6, no. 1, Political Systems (June, 1974), pp.2022.
liii
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15
11
ompare, for example, the remarks of Reisner, GN1, pp.7778; Helck, Zur
C
Entstehung des Westfriedhofes an der Cheops-Pyramide, ZS81 (1956),
pp.6265, and El-Metwally, Entwicklung der Grabdekoration, pp.108109.
12 F
or remarks on the organization of the necropolis at Saqqara, see A.M. Roth,
Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids,
Tombs, and Cemeteries, JARCE30 (1993), pp.3355.
13 The duration of funerary cults has recently been re-examined by Y. Shirai, Ideal
and reality in Old Kingdom private funerary cults, in The Old Kingdom Art and
Archaeology, pp.32533.
14 On the history of Wilhelm Pelizaeuss involvement with ancient Egypt, see
Bettina Schmitz in Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, pp.830. Junker describes the
history of his concession in Gza1, pp.iiivi; idem, Vorbericht 1912, pp.36,
and more recently, see P. Jnosi, sterreich vor den Pyramiden.
16
liv
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Section 1
Interpretive Remarks
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GM8.1.indb 2
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Chapter1
EXCAVATION HISTORY
AND SOURCES
1
2
3
5
6
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Fig.1.1. Cemetery g2100, looking northwest, from top of the Khufu Pyramid. November16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.131.12.
10
The west wall of Senenukas chapel was removed to the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston (MFA07.1000 + 07.1001 + 07.1003 + 07.1004 + 07.1005).
11
ontrary to Reisners statement, Merib was not a son of Khufu; see K.-H. Priese, Die
C
Opferkammer des Merib, p.27; Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.123 with n.706.
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12
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Fig.1.2. General view of the Western Cemetery, western half, looking north from upon the Khafre Pyramid (photographed in
the evening). First clearance of Cemeteryg2100 (indicated by arrow). December 1906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Said Ahmed, a13022 [=a6354].
Fig.1.3. General view of the Western Cemetery, western half, looking west from upon the Khufu Pyramid. June 1912.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Badawi Ahmed, a765.
GM8.1.indb 6
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Dump-heap
Approximate Plan
of Strip I, 19056
Railway
Working
sections
Lepsius 23
(G 2000)
C
C
C C C B B
C
C B B B B
C
C B B B B
C
A A A A A A A A
A A
German
work
redug
Nefer
(G 2110)
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
(G 2100)
A A A A A A
Merib
(G 2100-I)
George A. Reisner
Albert M. Lythgoe
16
17
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19
20
21
22
18
23
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Fig.1.5. Cemetery g2100, area east of g2170, and north of g2180 (= g4990), showing g2231x, g2227 (=g2177),
g2224, g2225, g2174, g2173, g2176, g2175, g2172, g2179, g2178, g2186, and g2184, looking south from a
photographic tower. January6, 1913. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a821.
G2000
G2150
G2220
G2170
Fig.1.6. Cemetery g2100, area east of g2170, g2184 (foreground left) and g2186 (foreground right), showing g2172,
g2175, g2227 (=g2177), g2174, g2173, g2225, and g2224, looking northwest from a photographic tower. January7,
1913. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a822.
10
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G2170
G2154
G2154a
G2220
Fig.1.7. Cemetery g2100, area north and east of g2170, g2154, and g2154a in the foreground. Further away are mastabas g2223, g2224, g2227
(=g2177), and g2175; looking southeast from photographic tower. January8, 1913. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a825.
25
24
The 1937 Harvard Directory lists: West, Louis Coulton [g. 11-12, A.M. Sc.].
11
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Fig.1.8. Cemetery g2100, looking northwest, from upon the Khufu Pyramid. 1912(?). GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5441.
middle row had their southern ends aligned with the southern
end of the core g2120, the southern core in the eastern line of the
western group. The northern row stood in a similar relation to
g2130. The cores were numbered by me as follows:
Western group, western line: from south to north, g2100 and
g2110.
Western group, eastern line: line 2: from south to north, g2120,
g2130, and g2210.
Eastern group, western line: line 3: from south to north, g2135,
g2140, and g2150.
Eastern group, eastern line: line 4: from south to north, g2155,
g2160, and g2170.
12
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Fig.1.9. Area south of Cemetery g2100 (g2100-11 and g2120), cleared by the GermanAustrian expedition, looking
northwest. 1912(?). GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5443.
Fig.1.10. Area west of Cemetery g2100 (right background: g2100-11, g2100-1, g2110), being cleared by the German
Austrian expedition, looking north. 1912(?). GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, aeos_1_5431.
13
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Fig.1.11. Western Cemetery, middle and northern sections, looking northwest, from the top of the Khufu Pyramid. June25, 1932. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a6973.
have renumbered them g2135 and g2155 and described them here
with Cem. g2100.
In spite of the fact that the western group of five cores all had
shafts with portcullis grooves and were all built by the same
gang of workmen about the same time, the cores were finished
as mastabas at different times. I place them in the order of their
finishing, as g2100, g2130, g2120, g2110, g2210. The first
mastaba of the eastern group to be finished, g2135 (Junker), was
finished about the same time as g2210. Thus it may be concluded
that the six cores of the eastern group were built before the cores
in the western group were finished and probably in continuation
of the western cores. The cores in the eastern group were finished
in the order, g2135 (connected with the western group), g2140,
g2150 (after Mycerinus), g2155 (about the time of Neferirkara).
The two cores, g2160 and g2170, were used unfinished and
uncased for unimportant persons about the same time as g2150
and g2155. Thus the cores were constructed from west to east and
finished as mastabas also from west to east with slight variation in
the order of growth.
The building of Cem. g2100 in two groups, of which only the
eastern group of six was laid on a unified plan, created streets
and avenues of different widths in two groups. The spaces in the
14
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26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
J unker, Vorbericht 1926, pp.11820. The 1926 season was actually the second
return to Giza by the Austrian expedition after World WarI. In winter, 1925, a
rescue campaign was undertaken to complete the documentation of the first
three seasons prior to the outbreak of the war. It was only after this 1925 season,
which never received an actual campaign number, that the expedition obtained
the funding to continue with a bona fide fourth season in 1926. For the 1925
salvage campaign, see Junker, Vorbericht 1925, pp.14754. The only work
mentioned here concerning Cemetery g2100 directly was the painting of two
watercolors by Uvo Hlscher, one of the complex of tombs of Qedfy, Nefer, and
Kaninisut, and the other of Nensedjerkai (ibid., p. 153).
Ibid., p. 120. Both SeshemneferII and KaninisutI are mentioned in the entry.
But this must be an error, at least in Kaninisuts case: Junker, Gza 2, p. 135
notes that the chapel reliefs were already sent to Vienna on April16, 1914 and
reassembled in the Kunsthistorisches Museum there in 1926.
15
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38
34
s an indication of the high esteem in which he held these diaries, Reisner wrote
A
in a letter to MFA Director A. Fairbanks, dated July11, 1918: Saids merits are,
however, far more than the technical skill and courage necessary to mechanical
jobs. He keeps a diary which if it were the only diary of the expedition would be
no mean scientific record of our work, illustrated with drawings of tombs and
strata of debris, and lists of the finds. This Arabic Diary is destined to a place in
the archives of the Egyptian Department of the Museum along with my Diary
(Reisner to Fairbanks, page4; archives of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
M
y explanation for the diaries remaining in Egypt after the close of Harvard
Camp in 1947 assumes that they were stored in the reiss dig house, rather than
with the rest of the archaeological archives in the main buildings, and thus
escaped packing and shipping by Dunham and Smith in 1947. It is difficult to
believe that Dunham would not have wished to take the books home, had he
known about them. But I have no reason to suspect an intentional withholding of
the documentation on the part of the Diraz family. I have so far seen no references
to the diaries in the post-1947 correspondence between employees of the MFA and
Mohamed and his brother Mahmoud Said Ahmed Diraz.
16
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40
41
42
43
ohamed Said Ahmed (Diraz) had twelve children in all. I am grateful to Giza
M
inspector Mohamed Shiha for his assistance in locating Hagg Hassan Mohamed
Said Ahmed Diraz.
For their assistance in relocating the diaries to Boston, I am indebted to Zahi
Hawass, Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities,
his staff, and to Hagg Hassan Mohamed Said Ahmed Diraz. For their help
in expediting the shipping, we thank Elhamy Boulos (Cairo), and Pat Loiko
(formerly Registrar, MFA, Boston). In addition to the diaries, tomb cards with
plans and sections of individual burial shafts were retrieved for the following
tombs: g2103h, i, j, k, y, z, and g2104b ande.
Images and passages referring to Mohamed and Mahmoud Said Ahmed
(Diraz) may be found in W.S. Smith, Harvard Camp, The Earliest American
Archaeological Center in Egypt, Archaeology2 (1949), pp.19495, and B.V.
Bothmer, Egypt 1950, esp. figs.4648.
It should be noted that, in 1912, Clarence Fisher apparently devised his own
system for numbering the subsidiary burial shafts, covered in Part2 of this study.
Giza pottery and stone vessel typologies were published in Reisner and Smith,
GN2, Appendix III, pp.60102.
Chapter IX:
Chapter X:
Chapter XI:
Chapter XII:
Chapter XIII:
Chapter XIV:
Appendixes:
Chapter XV:
17
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explanation
contracted body on the left side, with head facing north
tcsk
lcsk
hcsk
exsk
46
47
48
45
49
18
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Working with the SCA in Egypt, Giza Archives Project staff have
created new tomb numbers for several previously unnumbered
zones.50 In particular, the Central Field, excavated by Selim Hassan,
has now been named Cemetery g8000, and scholars have begun
citing these tombs under their new numbers.51 In Cemetery g2100,
covered in the present volume, several tombs, mostly those of the
Junker concession, have received new numbers. A concordance chart
is provided below.
Previous tomb designation
Qedfy
g 2135a
Djednefret
g 2136a
Nimaatre
g 2136b
g 2136
g 2156
KaninisutIII
g 2156a
Irienre
g 2156b
Ankhmare
g 2156c
50
51
19
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1. WP rule
The whole is described before its parts. Architectural features are
described before the decoration added to them. The decorated wall
surfaces of a room are treated in a series of steps from the whole to
its parts.
2. OI rule
The outside is described before the inside. Decorated walls are treated
in order, beginning with the wall containing the entrance door, and
ending with wall containing the exit door, or, if there is no exit door,
then the wall farthest (across) from the entrance door wall.
3. CE rule
The center is described before the edges on self-contained elements
such as a false door.
4. AB rule
Scenes and registers above are generally described before those below.
Text-critical key:
[]
<>
{}
()
tr/trs
destroyed
omitted by the Egyptians by mistake
added by the Egyptians by mistake
approximate translation/restoration
traces
20
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Fig.1.14. Wireframe computer images for reconstructing the g2100 family complex (looking northwest), based on original HUMFA and German
Austrian Expedition plans and survey data. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.1.15. Rendered computer model of the g2100 family complex (looking northwest), based on original HUMFA and GermanAustrian Expedition
plans and survey data. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
21
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GM8.1.indb 22
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Chapter 2
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
AND CHRONOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Well into Khufus reign, plans were underway for the layout and
development of the Giza Necropolis (figs.2.12.2, 2.5). In addition
to the construction of the Great Pyramid itself, most likely organized
and overseen by Hemiunu,1 several discrete mastaba clusters were
constructed in the areas east and west of the pyramid construction
site. The Eastern Cemetery was reserved primarily for members
of the royal family, while the Western Cemetery came to hold
the tombs of the governing classes and high officials. In the early
twentieth century, George Reisner identified these separate areas
as core, or nucleus, cemeteries. The distinguishing feature of a
nucleus cemetery lies in the similar proportions and construction
of the individual mastabas, along with their arrangement in a wellordered, preconceived layout.2 In the Western Cemetery, Reisner
distinguished three initial nucleus cemeteries, and he numbered
them Cemetery g1200, g2100, and g4000 (fig.2.2).
It remains a matter of debate whether there is an earliest or most
important nucleus cemetery. Could construction have continued
in these separate areas simultaneously? Even the reasons behind
specific owners obtaining specific mastabas (royal assignment?
personal choice?) is unresolved. Nevertheless, our picture of the
development of the Giza Necropolis is slowly coming into focus,
thanks to publications in recent years by Simpson, Roth, Baud,
Brovarski, Harpur, Hawass, Weeks, Jnosi, Lehner, and others.3
These scholars, as well as the present author, owe an immense debt
to their predecessorsReisner, Hermann Junker, Selim Hassan,
and Abdel Moneim Abu-Bakrfor providing the foundation upon
which recent advances have built.
1
2
23
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Menkaure
Cem.
1200
Western
Cemetery
4000
Rock-cut tombs
Cem.
4000
2000
Cem.
2100
Khafre
Rock-cut tombs
Khufu
Central Field
Sphinx
Cem.
7000
7510
Eastern
Cemetery
300 m
Rock-cut tombs
American excavations
German/Austrian excavations
Egyptian excavations
24
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Fig.2.2. Western Cemetery from threequarters of the way up the Khufu Pyramid,
showing the three earliest nucleus cemeteries
marked in colors. December23, 1927.
HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a4874.
25
GM8.1.indb 25
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ion
American Concess
ion
B
G 2111
G 2100II
C
K
Z
A
G 2102
A B C D E
A B
G 2112a
A
G 2112c
G 2115
G 2104
F
A G 2114 H
D E
B C
G
F
G 2105
X Y
H
B A D
E F X
C G 2103
G 2112
G 2112b A
G 2110
E
B
G 2100
G 2100I
Concess
GermanAustrian
G 2113
G 2130
G 2120
A
A
G 2121
G 2131
G 2136b
Nimaatre
G 2141 A
G 4760 = VII N
G 2140
131
132
G 2135a
Qedfy
270
281
281
c
280
?
278
278
d
278
a
280
a
Nefer III
137
281
b
G 2136
Kahif
271
280
b
278
b
275
278
c
G 2136a
Djednefret
D C
Y X
G 2147
G 2148
B A
A B
A 2167B
E F G
A B C
X
Y
4984
A B C
Z 2168E F G
H
A B C D X
D
Y
Y X
N100,073
4981a
N100,116
A X
2181 A
2181a
B
G 2151
G2
G 2153
B
2171
A C E F G
A B C
2169 Z
A 2173C
S D B X
Z U
H G F
D C
B C D
2182
Z A
U
2183
B A d
2172
F
D
G 2157
D E
C G 2154
C
B A
B A
G 2154
X
V
B C
2178
X
D 2174
A B C
A B 2176 C
U V
W Z
2224
B C
2225
A
Y
X
D
A
G 2223
2221
2175
C D E F G
B C D
A
2177 A B
c
z aS Y X
E
bX Y
D
A B C
2179
A B C D E
F
a G
2184b
G 2223
Y
X
B
G H A
2462a
E F C D
2461 B
C D
A B
A
2462
2461 B A
2186
B C
D E F
c
A
X Y
Z
D
2464
N100,159
26
Fig.2.5. Overview plan of Cemetery g2100, based on Reisners Map 5 from GN1 (eg002028), with additions to the east from the unpublished Cemetery en Echelon plan
(eg000498), and various other sources. Original plans drawn by Alexander Floroff and traced by Nicholas Melnikoff. 2008 Survey by A. Tavares, El Azab A. Hassan, and Sayed
Talbeah, combined with GIS referencing and rectification by Camilla Mazzucato (Ancient Egypt Research Associates).
GM8.1.indb 26
A
C G 2152
A B
2166
4982
4981
X
A B C
C G 2136
B A
4983
Z U
V
X Y
G 2170
A B C
C D E
B
A
G 2162
U Z
G 2180 = G 4990
G 2156
S T
G 2161
G 2134a X
X
D
D E
C
2165 G
A
D B
G 2134
C D
G 4980
G 2163
G 2156a
Y Z
A C
G 2132
G 2133
G 2144
F
D
G 2146
G 2160
G 2155
X
G 2145
E
C
G 2143
267
130
G 4761 Nefer
266
133
G 2135
G 2150
G 2142
W
U
7/22/09 10:43 PM
G 2113
N M
G 2110
A
C
B
G 2111
E
F
A G 2114 H
D E
B C
ated
Unexcav
G 2112
G 2112b A
D E
A B
G 2112a
A
G 2112c
G 2115
G 2210
X Y
G 2130
A
A
E499,690
G 2131
G 2150
Y Z
A C
G 2133
G 2132
G 2134a X
ated
Unexcav
W
U
A
D B
G 2134
C
A
B
S T
Z U
V
X Y
G 2151
X
A
C G 2152
G 2139
61
2162
G 2170
G 2157
X
Y
B
2171
A C E F G
A B C
2169 Z
A 2173C
S D B X
Z U
H G F
D C
2172
E
Y
Z A
U
2183
B A d
X
V
B C
2178
X
D 2174
A B C
C G 2154a
C
B A
A B 2176 C
2224
B C
A
G 2223a
C
D
G 2222 B
A
ated
Unexcav
E499,730
2221
2175
C D E F G
B C D
A
2177 A B
c
z aS Y X
E
bX Y
D
A B C
2179
A B C D E
F
a G
2184b
U V
W Z
B A
G 2154
G 2223
2225
A
Y
X
D
G 2156
D E
A B
2163
G 2153
4
X
G 2138
C G 2136
A
G 2220
G 2137
B C
D E F
CEMETERY G 2100
Y
X
B
G H A
2462a
E F C D
2461 B
C D
A B
A
2462
2461 B A
2186
X Y
Z
D
2464
2463
A 2463
a
10
20 m
X
X
N100,159
N100,202
= Subterranean area
27
GM8.1.indb 27
7/22/09 10:43 PM
11
12
13
14
15
S ee Mastabas I/1 and II/1 at Dahshur: Alexanian, Das Grab des Prinzen
Netjer-aperef, fig.4, pl. 2; Stadelmann, Alexanian, Ernst, Heindl, and Raue,
Pyramiden und Nekropole des Snofru in Dahschur. Dritter Vorbericht ber die
Grabungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts in Dahschur, MDAIK49
(1993), p.273 fig.10, p.277, esp. 278 n. 40, and p.279 fig.12; also Alexanian,
Die Mastaba II/1 in Dahschur-Mitte, in Kunst des Alten Reiches, esp. pp.13.
For Meidum, cf. Petrie, Medum, pl. 7; Petrie, Mackay, and Wainwright, Meydum
and Memphis3, pls.1718 (Far Western Cemetery; Harpur, The Tombs of
Nefermaat and Rahotep at Maidum, pp.5152; De Morgan, Fouilles Dahchour1,
fig.3; cf. in general, Wildung, Meidum, in L4, esp. cols. 1213; and for a
brief announcement of a Dynasty4 shaft found within the Dynasty12 mastaba
of Nebit that also bears the T-shaped form, see Arnold, Die letzte Ruhesttte
gyptischer Beamter, Antike Welt6 (2002), pp.62829. On different aspects of
portcullis construction and deployment, see Reisner, GN1, pp.16875; Jnosi,
Die Grberwelt der Pyramidenzeit, p.36 fig.29, p.48 fig.41, p.52 fig.45. Arnold,
Building in Egypt, pp.7374, 22627, Clarke and Engelbach, Ancient Egyptian
Construction and Architecture, pp.7, 168, and Birrell, Portcullis Stones: Tomb
Security during the Early Dynastic Period, BACE 11 (2000), pp.1728.
R
eisner, GN1, pp.6670.
Helck, Wolfgang. Zur Entstehung des Westfriedhofes an der Cheops-Pyramide.
ZS 81 (1956), p. 65.
Cf. Kemp, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period,
c. 26861552 B.C., in Trigger et al., Ancient Egypt. A Social History, p.79. Junker
first suggested that g2100 might belong to Meribs mother, since she appears in
his mastaba chapel immediately to the south; Junker, Gza2, pp.122, 13132.
See Schott, Friedhofsbruche in Giza, in Studien zu Sprache und Religion
gyptens2, pp.112130.
17
18
19
20
28
GM8.1.indb 28
7/22/09 10:43 PM
Fig.2.6. Computer reconstruction of the mastabas of the g2100 family complex, looking northwest; from right to left: g2100 (Sedit), g2100-1 (Merib)
and g2100-11 (Nensedjerkai). Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
the streets and avenues with limestone debris (from the construction
of the pyramid itself?) level with the floors of adjacent chapels and
mastaba casings.
As he did throughout the necropolis, Reisner labeled the north
south corridors between the mastabas streets, while the eastwest
passages he designated as avenues.21 The northsouth running
streets 1 to 3 (counting from the west) in Cemetery g2100 measure
6.4, 6.2, and 6.8m in width respectively. This averages to 6.4m,
in comparison with 6m for Cemetery g1200, 6.7m for Cemetery
g4000, and 5m for the later Cemetery en Echelon at the eastern
edge of the Western Cemetery. The avenues of Cemetery g2100
(running eastwest) range from 6 to 6.4m.22
The uncertainties of tombnumber assignments during an
ongoing excavation resulted in Reisners numbering the two large
mastabas at the northern edge of the area under discussion in the
2200s, rather than 2100s, as if they were part of a separate cemetery.
It later became clear that they belonged to Cemetery g2100. The
present volume includes these tombs (g2210 and g2220), and also
21
23
22
eisner/Fisher, ASAE 1913 article with this explanation. For Reisners description
R
of the topography of Cemetery g2100, see his GN1, AppendixC, p.417.
Reisner, GN1, p.62.
refers to a few others out of the 2100 sequence. G2220 remains one
of the most problematic tombs of the group.23
A brief introductory list of the major mastabas and mastaba
owners, grouped by tomb number, follows below. For more
exhaustive remarks, the reader is directed to the individual mastaba
chapters in Part2.
here are additional mastabas bearing numbers in the 2100s, but these are clearly
T
later constructions, further to the east of the nucleus cemetery under discussion
here. Examples include g2184, the mastaba of Akhmeretnisut; g2190; and others.
29
GM8.1.indb 29
7/22/09 10:43 PM
Fig.2.7. Computer reconstruction of the burial shaft arrangement for the g2100 family complex, looking east towards the Khufu pyramid. From left to
right (north to south): g 2100a, g2100-1b, g2100-1c, and g2100-11a (with sarcophagus). Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
thus forms the first of this unique and contiguous family complex.
Only the gender of the skull and scattered bones found in shafta
allow us to determine that the owner was female, most likely the
mother of Merib, Sedit, who is represented several times in her
sons tomb chapel. No decoration of any kind survived from g2100
proper. A slab stela emplacement is present towards the south end
of the mastabas exterior east wall, but no stela or stela fragments
are known.24 Whatever form the mud-brick chapel built in front
(east) of the stela once took has also disappeared beneath subsequent
minor tomb construction.
g2110, Nefer
One of the most intriguing tombs of the entire Western Cemetery
belonged to Nefer, whose many titles included overseer of royal
scribal writing equipment, scribe of the palace, overseer of every
royal ornament, controller of regiments(?) of recruits, overseer of
the double storehouse of provisions, overseer of the weapons house
(armory?), great one of the tens of Upper Egypt, overseer of the double
treasury, master of secrets of the king in every place, and keeper of
25
26
24
27
s noted elsewhere the original reading of r nswt was ry-t nswt; see Brovarski,
A
The Senedjemib Complex, p.24, n.55 with important bibliography. For the sake
of convenience, the later interpretation of the title (r nswt, royal acquaintance)
is used throughout the present publication.
C
orrect Meresankh to read Wenankhes in the following publications:
Reisner, GN1, p.422; Baer, Rank and Title, p.146 [536]; Jnosi, Giza in der 4.
Dynastie, p.123; PMIII, p.72; Harpur, Decoration, p.286 (table2.3); Piacentini,
Les scribes, pp.9798. The correct reconstruction of Wenankhess name was first
discovered by Fischer, Varia, pp.3132.
S ee the discussion of fragment 3823 below in the chapter on g2110.
30
GM8.1.indb 30
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occupation and use under Nefer date posterior to Khufus reign. The
burial chamber is not lined, no canopic niche is present, and the
decoration of the chapel extends far beyond the simpler slab stela
decoration program favored in Khufus reign.
g2120, Seshatsekhentiu
Larger than either g2100 or g2110, mastaba g2120 belonged to a
man named Seshatsekhentiu. No titles survive on his fragmentary
slab stela, which, apart from a few granite sunk-relief fragments
bearing ry-tp and tyw,28 give the only indication of the tombs
ownership. Mud-brick offering rooms were replaced by an exterior
stone chapel and the addition of an (unfinished) monolithic false
door, while massive casing blocks served to wall up the earlier slab
stela. North of the false door, a painted masons graffito bore the date
rnpt-sp12, II mw, generally attributed to the reign of Khufu. To
the south, Meribs daughter, Nensedjerkai, built the enclosed portico
to her unusual mastabadirectly abutting, and thus post-dating
Seshatsekhentius casing stones.
g2130, Khentka
This mastaba, the second-largest and certainly one of the oldest of
Cemetery g2100, is primarily noteworthy as the only tomb to receive
solid limestone fill blocks, rather than loose debris, in its mastaba
core. It was clearly intended for an important individual, and
received a northern extension, presumably for the construction of
an additional shaft and burial chamber. An interior stone chapel was
added during the casing alterations, and severely damaged decorated
surfaces here hint at the high quality of the relief carving, as well as
at the tomb-owners name. Fragmentary texts on the chapels sole
false door preserve nt in one place and k in another, suggesting the
name Khentka (or Kakhent). The titles s nswt and smr [wty] are also
preserved here, although the tombs location in the Western (rather
than Eastern) Cemetery casts doubt on Khentkas royal lineage. Seal
impressions (32126) ending in w from the debris of shafta
28
See fig.7.19; Reisner, GN1, p. 427, fig.246; Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.79,
figs.106107.
g2135, Anonymous
Along with g2100-11 (Nensedjerkai) and g2155 (KaninisutI),
g2135 lies south of the eastwest boundary line dividing Reisners
American concession to the north from Junkers GermanAustrian
concession to the south. No substantial changes to this uncased
mastaba are evident after the initial construction of the core and
preparation of a slab stela emplacement and exterior mud-brick
chapel. Unfortunately, the emplacement is no longer visible, and
only a single slab stela fragment emerged from the debris, bearing
neither name nor title(s) of its owner. Therefore there is little that
can be said about the ownership history of g2135, other than that it
appears to form a transitional tomb between the earlier western half
and later eastern half (its actual location) of Cemetery g2100. The
Dynasty6 addition of g2136, the multi-shaft tomb of Kahif, to the
north side cannot be linked genealogically to g2135.
g2140, Anonymous
Alterations to this mastaba include the construction of an interior
stone chapel. However, the only decoration is a partially carved
architrave on the chapels single false door. The inscription terminates
before listing the name and title(s) of the tomb owner. The tomb
contains a single burial shaft.
g2150, Kanefer
Kanefers mastaba is the only one in its street (comprising g2135,
g2140, and g2220) to bear enough decoration to reveal the name
of its owner. Exterior casing, a north niche, and an interior chapel
with a serdab were all added to this mastaba core, which clearly
belongs to the second, later half of Cemetery g2100s core mastabas.
Along with the tomb of Merib (g2100-1; chapel removed by Lepsius
to Berlin), g2150 is the only mastaba to display decoration on its
exterior facade, with carved scenes in raised relief still in place on
either side of the chapel entrance. Inside the chapel, all four walls are
carved, thus ranking Kanefers as one of the very few tombs whose
decoration could be called finished. For purposes of dating, the
tomb provides our clearest example of a terminus ante quem non,
in that both Khafres and Menkaures cartouches are present in
funerary estate place names on the chapels east wall. Despite the
original construction of the core under Khufu, the final occupation
of the tomb most likely dates to early Dynasty5. Kanefer is also
the only core mastaba owner to add a serdab and a second burial
shaft, to the west of his chapel. The two shafts might be thought to
31
GM8.1.indb 31
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Fig.2.9. Computer reconstruction of mastaba g2155 (KaninisutI), looking southwest, including the adjoining subsidiary mastabas g2156 (KaninisutII) to
the east and g2156a (KaninisutIII) to the north. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
correspond well to the two false doors in his chapel (similar to Meribs
arrangement in g2100-1), but for the fact that they both appear to be
inscribed for Kanefer himself (the northern false door is damaged).
Furthermore, other mastabas in the cemetery bear two false doors but
only a single (g2155) or even no (g222029) burial shaft.
Kanefer was a kings son,30 overseer of commissions, sole
companion, elder of the chamber of the double administrations,
controller of the two canals of the king, overseer of the marshlands,
master of secrets of every foreign land, controller of interpreters,
controller of the (two?) bowcase bearers, elder of the chamber,
controller of the palace, staff of the subjects, favorite of his god,
and sole companion. His wife, Shepsetkau, was priestess of the
goddesses Hathor and Neith. Presumably, the other woman, the
sole companion, royal acquaintance, Meresankh, who appears on
29
30
S hafts b and c of g2220 are later, intrusive additions. Shafta was apparently
never cut (or, less likely, was missed by the HarvardMFA Expedition).
Once again, mostly likely an honorary title. True princes of the blood royal
under Khufu should have been interred in the Eastern Cemetery, and in
Dynasty5 should be sought in cemeteries other than Giza. For an opposing
view, see Kanawati, Tombs at Giza2, p.17.
31
In addition, a certain Neferherenptah appears on the chapels south facade (see
fig.12.71), and a loose architrave of a sbty nswt, royal instructor, Neferherenptah
(3615), surfaced east of g2130 (fig.8.28).
32
GM8.1.indb 32
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32
33
S ee most recently on the chapel (Vienna, S 8006) Hlzl, Ka-ni-nisut, and idem,
Reliefs und Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches2, pp.3387. See also Junker, Gza2,
pp.13572; idem, Die Kultkammer des Prinzen Kanjnjswt= The Offering Room
of Prince Kaninisut; H. Satzinger, Das Kunsthistorische Museum Wien, pp.9093.
The anonymous slab stela fragment, Vienna Inv.-Nr. S7447, may derive from
g2155; see below, Chapter13, and Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pp.8891, and correct
the caption in Hlzl, Ka-ni-nisut, p.21, fig.10, to read KaninisutI rather than II.
the west. Reisner believed both burial chambers, those of g2160 and
g2170, dated to late Dynasty4 or early Dynasty5.34
g2220, Anonymous
This mastaba is perhaps the most enigmatic of the entire group.
Considered by some not to be a core mastaba of the original nucleus
Cemetery g2100, we have nevertheless included it, bringing the
total to twelve that other scholars have counted only as eleven.
Unfortunately, the unfinished state of the HarvardMFA Expedition
excavations here left the tomb largely uncleared on its eastern,
western, and northern sides.
This tomb is not only the largest in the nucleus cemetery
(62 x 20.4m), but is in fact, after tombs g2000 (=Lepsius 23;
105x53.2m), and g7510 (Ankh-haf; 101x52m), the largest mastaba
at Giza.35 While this chapel bears features seemingly later than
Khufus reign, it may nevertheless represent a secondary construction
phase for the mastaba. Despite Reisners numbering in the 2200s
instead of 2100s, it is difficult to explain away the significance of
this oversized mastaba for the nucleus cemetery in question. One
wonders if it is to be taken as the principal tomb of Cemetery
g2100, after the manner of g1201 (Wepemnefret) in Cemetery
g1200 and g4000 (Hemiunu) in Cemetery g4000. (Helck argued
in 1956 for such principal tombs for each of the three early nucleus
cemeteries [see above], although he cited g2100 rather than g2220
in the case of Cemetery g2100.36) As further evidence for its early
date, it might be argued that g2220 predates the core construction
of g2135 and g2155, for its location appears to have forced the two
latter tombs out of alignment with the rest of this cemetery. G2135
and g2155 had to be placed further south than any other Cemetery
g2100 mastabas. More research is clearly in order on the concept of
principal mastabas within nucleus cemeteries.
As originally constructed, g2220 aligned with g2210 along its
southern edge. Subsequent extensions can only be estimated, due
to the unfinished nature of the excavations, but they included an
interior stone chapel with two false doors. Extremely sophisticated
preparation of the fine limestone chapel blocks is in evidence here,
even though the walls bear only uncompleted decoration. The only
scenes begun are some large-scale standing figures of the tomb owner
and his family on the east wall.
Even more unusual is the apparent absence of a principal shafta
in the northern half of the mastabas superstructure. Instead, Reisners
expedition located two shafts, b and c, in an eastwest alignment
just to the northwest of the chapel. Both of these shafts are clearly
later intrusive additions. Shaftb, further away from the chapel,
contained the finely wrapped, mummified body of a female, placed
within a massive, undecorated cedar coffin (33421= MFA33.1016).
This is the best-preserved of all the core mastaba burials in Cemetery
g2100. Shaftc, by contrast, was left unfinished.
The identity of the tomb owner, most likely a male to judge
from the unfinished chapel reliefs rather than the female buried in
shaftc, remains unknown. If the chapel was a later addition, then the
presence of two false doors, often dated to Menkaure or later, need
not counter the interpretation of the mastaba core itself as belonging
to the original group of twelve Cemetery g2100 mastabas.
34
35
36
33
GM8.1.indb 33
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Relative Chronology
40
41
42
37
38
43
eisner, GN1, pp.12, 7576, 78. Reisners layout for the Western Cemetery is
R
schematically illustrated by Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.130, fig.10. For his
discussion of Junkers chronological reconstruction, see ibid., pp.13642.
Ibid., pp.13132.
Cf. Junker, Gza1, p.161.
R
eisner, GN1, pp.3031 and 3952, including a list of indexes for dating the
different stages of mastaba construction. See also J. Sainte Fare Garnot, Etudes
sur la ncropole de Gza sous la IVe Dynastie, RdE9 (1952), pp.7079.
Reisner, GN1, pp.5657. Jnosi gives slightly modified standard mastaba
measurements in Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.151: 23.6 x 10.5m.
34
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Abb. 2 Re konstr uktion eines grosteinigen Gr abtumulus mit Vorbau aus Ziegeln
Fig.2.10.
Janosi p. Typical
82 fig. 2 Khufu-era mastaba superstructure, with an exterior
chapel protecting the offering place containing the slab stela. After Jnosi,
Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.82, fig.2. Drawing by Liza Majerus.
44
45
46
f the ten core mastabas of Cemetery g1200, four tombs show annex extensions
O
to provide for additional burial shafts. All have lined burial chambers, and three
tombs were given massive stone extension walls on the east side for interior
stone chapels to replace the original cult focus with slab stela. See Jnosi, Giza in
der 4. Dynastie, p. 218, and Reisner and Fisher, Preliminary Report on the work
of the HarvardBoston Expedition in 191113, ASAE 13 (1914), pp.22752.
Absolute chronological reconstructions depend, of course, on the accuracy
assigned to our interpretation of the biennial cattle counts. For a recent
reexamination, suggesting a reduction by approximately 20 percent in the
interval between the counting and the doubling of regnal years, see J. Nolan,
The Original Lunar Calendar and Cattle Counts in Old Kingdom Egypt, in
Basel Egyptology Prize1, pp.7597.
Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p. 219, and A.M. Roth, The Practical Economics
of Tomb-Building in the Old Kingdom: A Visit to the Necropolis in a Carrying
Chair, in For His Ka. Essays Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer, pp.22740.
wall blocks then arose, followed in turn by more interior fill, and so
on until the core and retaining wall were complete. A slab stela was
probably present or planned for emplacement towards the southern
end of the eastern exterior wall in the majority of typeII tombs, and
was protected by one or more mud-brick offering rooms (fig.2.10).
No northern niche was envisioned at this original construction stage.
A single, two-meter square burial shaft was placed in the northern
half of the core and cased down through the superstructure in a
fashion similar to the cores exterior retaining wall.47 Ten mastabas of
Cemetery g2100 were constructed in this fashion, termed by Reisner
typeIIa. His typeIIb was applied to g2130, which is the only core
mastaba in this nucleus cemetery to be filled with small, cut limestone
blocks rather than simply debris.48 This fact probably explains the
currently depleted state of g2130s core, since this tomb is the only
one to provide a ready-made source of small blocks for quarrying away
for other structures. Both the interior core and the exterior casing have
been largely removed from g2130 (see figs.8.18.3).
Three more of Reisners core types, reserved primarily for later
structures, appear in this cemetery: types IV, VII, and IX. Two of
these apply to tombs later than the original twelve core mastabas.
Type IV, as represented in this case by g2220,49 shows a massive
core of large nummulitic limestone blocks. Type VII designates a
filled mastaba with large, sloping nummulitic limestone slabs in
the retaining wall, interior chapel, and two 2-meter square burial
shafts. The tomb of Merib (g2100-1) fits this description,50 but it
is considered an annex building abutting g2100, rather than an
independent, original core mastaba of Cemetery g2100. Finally,
Reisners typeIX is differentiated by its construction of an exterior
stone chapel. Tombs g2110 (Nefer) and g2120 (Seshatsekhentiu),
both originally of core type IIa before the addition of their exterior
chapels, fit into this category.51
52
35
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2
m
Type W
(G 4940)
Filling
Filling
0
Type Z
(G 2150)
Filling
Type Y
(G 7350)
Filling
Type X
(G 5080)
4
m
2
m
Fig.2.11. Reisners casing types, as attested in Cemetery g2100; after Reisner, GN1, p.179, figs.8486, 89. Redrawn by Ruth Bigio.
2
m
Casing x: finely fitted and smoothly dressed fine white limestone to a
sloping surface: blocks of stone laid with the grain horizontal
SAMPLE:
The chapel area of g2155 (Kaninisut I) lies at this writing completely buried
under sand fill. Other tombs at Giza with roofing stones intact or partially intact
G 2150
includetype
g2100-11
Casing
Z (Nensedjerkai), g2155 (KaninisutI; see esp. Junker, Gza2,
p.140), g5340 (Kasewedja), g2135a (Qedfy; Junker, Gza6, pp.8889), g4940
GN I, Fig. 86
53
54
55
57
58
36
GM8.1.indb 36
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Casing type
Mastaba
type
IIa
21.6 x 12
24.8 x 14.4
IIa
g2120 !
Seshatsekhentiu
g2130 !
Khentka
g2210 (?)
28 x 12.4
30.4 x 14.8
IIa
x (GN1,
p.422 but
y-finished on
p.180
y-unfinished
30.8 x 12.1
36.15 x 15.1
IIb
y-finished
26.35 x 11.75
34.5 x 17.4
IIa
g2135
(?)
23.45 x 10.3
IIa
stepped,
drab (GN1,
p.433)
uncased
g2140
(?)
23.2 x 10.4
IIa
g2150 !
Kanefer
g2155 !
KaninisutI
g2160 (?)
23.2 x 10.4
25.2 x 12
IIa
23.5 x 10.5
32.2 x 12.4
IIa
23.6 x 10.4
IIa
y and w
mixed
uncased
g2170
(?)
23.2 x 10.8
IIa
uncased
g2220
(?) 62 x 20.4
66.8 x 25.2
(est. Reisner,
GN1, p.451)
IV-iii
unfinished
g2100
Sedit
g2110
Nefer
Extension
Core
mastaba (m)
21.6 x 12
uncased
63
64
59
60
61
62
or an exceptional example of a slab stela set into the mastabas extension casing,
F
see the tomb of Meretites (g4140): Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pp.93, 9495,
figs.13237, 167.
On the possibility that g2155 also once contained an unusual slab stela, possibly
proving original ownership of the mastaba by someone other than KaninisutI,
see below, Chapter13, and Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pp.8891. For speculation on
the original appearance of g2110 (Nefer), and mention of the patch stone just
north of the interior chapel of g2130 (Khentka), cf. ibid., pp.16162, 16869,
and below, Chapters6 and 8.
37
GM8.1.indb 37
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table scene
Nefer
seated
destroyed
fragment of estate figure
scribes, bringing animals, birds
scribes, bringing animals
standing
couple
standing couple
offering list
seated deceased
journey to west
table scene
standing
female
text
3 standing scribes
destroyed
Nefer
standing
G 2110
standing
scribes
couple
bearers sons daughter
10 male offering bearers
standing
deceased
& son
unfinished
2 male priests
2 male offerers
2 male offerers
seated
couple
dec.
standing
destroyed
destroyed
G 2155
undecorated/destroyed
destroyed
unfinished
deceased
seated
destroyed
standing couple
son
unfinished
architrave
text
destroyed
destroyed
G 2130
undecorated
undecorated
undecorated
undecorated
G 2220
offering libation
offering duck
standing couple
offering incense
offering linen
offerings
seated deceased
sarcophagi
table scene
standing couple
G 2100-I
Merib
standing,
son
1offering list
5 estates
5 female estates
butchery, offerers, livestock
standing
standing couple
2 male offerers
deceased,
2 male offerers, dwarf & monkey
son & male offerers
ka priest
ka priest
bearer
table bearer
scene
Merib
seated
table scene
standing
deceased
wife & daughter
G 2150
bearers
butchers
Merib
standing
son
daughter
son
son
Merib
standing
2 male offerers
2 male offerers
2 male offerers standing deceased & son
2 female offerers
Priests
Priests
Bearers
Bearers
Bearers
Animals
Animals
estates
estates
estates
bearers
butchery
table offerer
scene scribe
bearer
2 boats
journey to
West
G 2140
Merib
standing,
son
10
m
38
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and annex tomb g2156 abutting the east wall), and g2210 (eastern
extension for interior stone chapel).
Reisner developed an elaborate scheme for designating no less
than thirteen different chapel types at Giza.65 His types1 through 4a
occur in Dynasty4. Type1 represents the mud-brick exterior chapel,
type2 the exterior L-shaped chapel, type3 the interior L-shaped
chapel, and type4 the northsouth offering room with two false
door niches in the west wall and an asymmetrical entrance from the
east. The only mastaba chapel in Cemetery g2100 to bear a different
type number from those outlined above is g2100-11, the unique
structure of Nensedjerkai, which falls outside (i.e., later than) our
group of original core mastabas. Her tomb contains a roofed exterior
chapel built against the facade of a mastaba, with the false doors in
the west wall of the corridor (type8).66
Alterations to the cult focus resulted in superceding the slab
stela with a stone chapel built either inside the mastaba core, or over
the previous mud-brick offering rooms out in the street.67 But it
is a curious feature that the majority of the chapels of Cemetery
g2100 remained unfinished. Only two or possibly three chapels out
of all the original twelve Cemetery g2100 core mastabas may be
considered finished in terms of their decoration: g2130 (Khentka),68
g2150 (Kanefer), and g2155 (KaninisutI).69 KaninisutIs chapel,
however, is of Dynasty5 date, and is set in the southern annex of the
core mastaba.70 Turning now to the unfinished chapels, we find the
chapel of g2110 (Nefer) bears no decoration on its false door jambs71
or north wall (figs.6.74, 6.796.80). Nothing remains of the walls
of the stone chapel of g2120 (Seshatsekhentiu), but his monolithic
false door is unfinished (figs.7.87.10). The sculptors working on
g2140 proceeded no farther than the beginning of a tp nswt
formula on the architrave of the chapels false door (figs.11.1611.18).
They abandoned the carving before reaching the location normally
reserved for the deceaseds name. And finally, the chapel of g2220
shows only rough outlines of the tomb-owner and family standing
on the east wall (figs.16.5016.55). Figures2.122.13 summarize the
surviving decorative progream of the chapels.
Interior chapels were added to six tombs: g2130, g2210 (postextension), g2140, g2150, g2155 (in southern extension), and g2220.
Although g2100-1 (Merib) also possessed a stone interior chapel,
his is a special case, namely, an annexed addition forming a family
complex with the owner of g2100 (and later with Meribs daughter,
Nensedjerkai, owner of g2100-11). Nefer, owner of g2110, provides
the only example of a stone exterior chapel added subsequent to the
casing of the core mastaba. In addition, Nefers chapel shows the
unique layout of an entrance at the south side of the east wall, rather
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
than the customary north side. While the orientation of the chapels
original wooden door is clear, and even related to the presence and
absence of decoration on the chapels south wall, no convincing
argument is yet forthcoming to explain this divergence in Nefers
L-shaped chapel layout. Were the architects forced to relocate the
door further south in order to protect the interior (and sole) false
door niche from direct exposure across from the entrance door?
Was a preexisting structure already in the street that necessitated the
southward slide of Nefers entire chapel along his mastabas recently
cased east exterior wall, resulting in the unusual arrangement?72 If
the subsidiary mastaba g2115 did not exist at the time of Nefers
alterations, would his exterior chapel have been placed further north,
so that the false door and entrance could take their usual postions,
i.e. the entrance towards the northern end of the east wall, and the
false door towards the southern end of the chapels west wall?
As the protective locus for the all-important offering ritual, the
chapel73 must be viewed in conjunction with the layout of the false
door(s).74 The chronological progression at Giza is generally agreed
to follow from slab stela to exterior chapel and false door, to interior
chapel.75 In those tombs with preserved chapels, all contain a single
false door except for the two false doors in the chapels of g2100-1
(Merib), g2150 (Kanefer), g2155 (KaninisutI), and g2220.76 In
the cases of g2150 (Kanefer), g2155 (KaninisutI), and the chapel of
g2100-1 (Merib), both doors appear dedicated to the tomb-owner
himself, and not to a spouse or any other individual(s).77 Strudwick
has determined that the west wall between the two false doors
generally displays one of three decorative schemes: a standing figure
just south of the north false door and facing left (south); a standing
figure just north of the south false door and facing right (north);
and a seated figure just north of the south false door and facing right
(north).78 Since the earlier, L-shaped chapels with a single false door
follow the first decorative scheme listed above (a standing figure at
right, facing left [south]), Strudwick labels this the oldest of the three
schemes.79 Cemetery g2100 tombs that follow this layout on their
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
irect exposure of false doors across from the chapel entrance are attested in
D
the chapels of g2100-1 (Merib), g2150 (Kanefer), and g2155 (KaninisutI).
However, in each of these cases we have two false doors, whereas Nefer shows
only one.
For recent discussions on tomb decoration in the Old Kingdom, see R. van
Walsem, Iconography of Old Kingdom Elite Tombs; and Fitzenreiter and Herb,
Dekorierte Grabanlangen im Alten Reich.
O
n false doors in general see Reisner, GN1, pp.33046; idem, The Position
of Early Grave Stelae, in Studies Griffith, pp.32431; S. Wiebach, Die
gyptische Scheintr; Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges, pp.7075; D. Arnold,
Lexikon der gyptischen Baukunst, pp.22627; A. Rusch, Die Entwicklung
der Grabsteinformen im Alten Reich, ZS 58 (1923), pp.10124; Junker,
Gza12, pp.6875; Hassan, Gza5, pp.65180; G. Haeny, Scheintr, in L
5, cols. 56374; Strudwick, Administration, pp.952; and Piacentini, Les Scribes,
pp.9699.
F
or more on the discussion of false door versus slab stela as original cult focus
at Giza, see G. Haeny, Zu den Platten mit Opfertischszene in Helwan und
Giseh, in Fs. Ricke, esp. pp.15859; Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pp.16162; and
Fitzenreiter, Zum Phnomen der isolierten Speisetischtafel in der 4.Dynastie,
GM208 (2006), pp.1928.
Tombs outside of the original 12 nucleus mastabas with two false doors include
g2100-i (Merib), g2100-ii (Nensedjerkai), g2151 (Ptahwer), g2041 (Senenuka),
and g2136 (Kahif ).
K
anefers northern false door is preserved only in its lower jambs, but the tomb
owners name and standing figure is preserved on the left (southern) jamb.
Strudwick, Administration, p. 44, with figs.79.
Ibid., p. 49.
39
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Fig.2.13. Schematic comparison of chapel wall decoration programs attested in Cemetery g2100.
80
81
hese tombs all show two false doors. The exception, g2100 (Nefer), displays
T
a single false door, atypically placed at the north end of the west wall, and
accompanied by Strudwicks third decorative layout scheme: the deceased seated
at left and facing right (north).
Cf. Strudwick, Administration, p.50, who cites the tomb of Senedjemib Inti
(g2370) as one of the first at Giza to show the Prunkscheintr.
40
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Fig.2.14. Comparison of north niches attested in Cemetery g2100 (all images by Peter Der Manuelian).
a: g2100-1 Merib, November21, 1993. pdm_1993.107.21.
b: g2110 Nefer. November21, 1993. pdm_1993.108.19.
c: g2130 Khentka, November3, 1993. pdm_1993.055.12.
d: g2150 Kanefer, November4, 1993. pdm_1993.060.16.
e: g2155 KaninisutI, November20, 1993. pdm_1993.096.30.
contain two, and one that contains four serdabs.82 (This is in stark
contrast to Dynasty5 at Giza, where 168 mastabas with 229 serdabs
are attested.83) Most of these are located behind the west wall of
82
83
41
GM8.1.indb 41
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1 a? (traces)
3.7 x 1.15
2b
3.55 x 1.50
g2130 !
Khentka
g2210 (?)
4.50 x 1.60
3 a(?) 4 a(?)
g2135
(?)
1a
g2140
(?)
2.65 x. 1.10
3a
g2100 [
Sedit
g2110 !
Nefer
g2120 !
Seshatsekhentiu
Reisner
chapel type
g2150 !
Kanefer
g2155 !
KaninisutI
g2160 (?)
3.15 x 1.05
4a
ext. mud brick: lg
3.70 x 1.50
4 a;
ext. c.b chapel i f
1? destroyed
g2170
(?)
1? destroyed
g2220
4a
later, intrusive or both, Reisner began from the end of the alphabet
and worked backwards (z, y, x, etc.).86
Burial shafts are composed of one or more of three principal
elements: 1) the shaft itself, descending through the mastaba
superstructure down into the bedrock; 2) a short connecting
passage, usually leading off to the south from the shaft; and 3) the
burial chamber itself. Some of the burial shafts in Cemetery g2100
contain all three of these elements, and are finished with great care
and precision. Generally speaking, the more sophisticated the shaft,
the older its date, i.e. the greater the likelihood that construction
occurred during Khufus reign. Others are little more than unfinished
shallow pits of irregular shape. Since the present volume considers
primarily the original nucleus mastabas of Cemetery g2100, we
will focus on the principal shafts for these tombs, which are, not
surprisingly and with few exceptions, the deepest and most carefully
prepared. For the twelve core mastabas there are fourteen shafts
to summarize.87 The discrepancy between numbers of tombs and
numbers of shafts lies in the fact that the tomb of Kanefer (g2150)
contains two burial shafts (a and b), while that of g2220 apparently
lacks a principal shafta but has two, later intrusive ones (b and c).
Were we to consider solely the principal shafts, we would find a total
of eleven shafts for twelve mastabas.
The burial shafts of most of the nucleus mastabas of Cemetery
g2100 are approximately 2m square. This is also true of most shafts
in mastaba cores of Reisners typesII, III, and IV throughout the Giza
Necropolis. Where the shafts pass through the mastaba core, they are
cased in a manner similar to that of the mastabas exterior retaining
wall casing. Burial chambers opened off a small passageway leading
from the south wall of the shaft. In the earlier, Khufu-era mastabas,
the chambers were lined with fine white limestone blocks. Square
canopic pits were often cut in the southeast corner of the burial
chamber, and sarcophagi were placed along the west wall, oriented
northsouth. Unfortunately, all the nucleus mastaba burial shafts in
Cemetery g2100, and indeed most primary burial shafts throughout
the Western Cemetery, were plundered long before the arrival of any
of the modern archaeological expeditions.88 What usually remained
for the excavators was either a bare floor or scattered bones, the latter
accompanied by an empty or fragmentary stone sarcophagus or
wood coffin, and miscellaneous funerary implements.
Reisner discerned nine different types of burial shafts for the
Giza Necropolis, but only a few of them need concern us here for
the tombs of Cemetery g2100. These are described, in Reisners own
terms,89 as follows, with my addition of the tombs under discussion
added in parentheses:
86
87
88
84
85
hese statue fragments include 32123, 3311 = MFA 33.1021 (both from debris
T
of shaftb), 3312 (=MFA 33.1022, from debris on top of the mastaba), and
3314 (=MFA 33.1024, from debris of shafta). For more information see below,
Chapter12 (g2150).
Among the later subsidiary mastabas added to Cemetery g2100, those with
serdabs include g2100-11 (Nensedjerkai), g2136 (Kahif ), g2173, and g2175
(Khnumnefer and Nedju); see below, Part2, and Lehmann, Der Serdab in den
Privatgrbern des Alten Reiches, catalogue nos.G110a, G111, G114, and G115.
89
42
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90
91
92
hile the termination of the portcullis grooves at bedrock level might suggest
W
that the subterranean portion of the shaftis of a later date, note that the burial
chamber contained lined walls and a canopic niche, both features contemporary
with original Khufu-era mastaba construction.
See also image pdm_1993.086.05 for g2210a on www.gizapyramids.org..
Junker, Gza1, p.41, discusses these toeholds, noting that his older workmen
were content to use them to ascend and descend the shafts without mishap, and
preferred them to ropes or ladders.
Tomb
Shaft
Shaft status
(2007)
visible down
about 710m
g2100
Sedit
g2100
Sedit
g2100
Sedit
g2100
Sedit
g2100-1
Merib
filled
Visibility of
Toeholds
on N and
E; in stone
courses
unknown
Visibility of
Bedrock
not visible
filled
unknown
not visible
filled
unknown
not visible
g2100-1 !
Merib
g2100-11 [
Nensedjerkai
g2100-11 [
Nensedjerkai
g2110
!
Nefer
b
a
visible down
none
about 1.5m (N
and W sides)
visible down
none
about 1.5m
unfilled
none
filled
unfilled
g2120 !
Seshatsekhentiu
g2130 !
Khentka
filled; visible
down about
1m
visible about
25m down
g2210
(?)
g2135
(?)
visible about
25m down
g2140
(?)
filled
g2150 !
Kanefer
visible about
25m down
g2150 !
Kanefer
filled
not visible
not visible
not visible
not visible
on E: begin
at top;
continue
down
through
bedrock;
on N begin
about 10m
down,
continue
through
bedrock
unknown
not visible
on N and
E; continue
down
through
bedrock
on N and
E; continue
down
through
bedrock
on N and E;
begin about
15m down,
beyond stone
courses in
bedrock
unknown
not visible
1 toehold
on N, about
4m below
beginning of
bedrock
unknown
visible
to burial
chamber
not visible
43
GM8.1.indb 43
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Tomb
Shaft
g2155 !
KaninisutI
g2160 (?)
g2170
(?)
g2220
(?)
g2220
(?)
Shaft status
(2007)
visible about
30m down
filled
Visibility of Visibility of
Toeholds
Bedrock
none
visible about
20m down
1 toehold
on W (in
bedrock);
beginning
about 10m
down
none visible
visible about
15m down
unknown
not visible
on N (in
bedrock);
beginning
about 20m
down
1
g2100 [
Sedit
4
g2110 !
Nefer
1
g2120 !
Seshatsekhentiu
g2130 !
Khentka
g2210
(?)
g2135
(?)
g2140
(?)
g2150 !
Kanefer
g2150 !
Kanefer
g2155 !
KaninisutI
Burial
chamber
(lined)
2.05 x 2.1 x 7.8 3.55 x 3.45
x 3.0
2.1 x 2.05 x
11.05
3.1 x 3.6 x
2.5 x 2.5 (at
top), 2.15 x 2.15 2.55
(at bottom)
x 7.3
3.1 x 3.1 x
2.6 x 2.5 (at
top), 2.4 x 2.35 2.85
(at bottom)
x 7.0
1.95 x 2.15 x
4.25 x 3.8
7.85 (21.7)
x 3.3
3.01 x 3.06
2.1 x 2.1 (at
top), 1.8 x 1.8 x 3.05
(at bottom)
x 7.0
shafta: 2.1 x
2.07 x. 8.5
shaftb: 1.6 x
1.6 (at top),
1.5 x 1.5 (at
bottom) x 8.4
2.12 x 2.12 x
12.0
g2160
(?)
g2170
(?)
g2220
(?)
g2220
(?)
Burial
chamber
(unlined)
4.25 x 4.15 x 3.25
3.45 x 3.8 x 2.5
4.15 x 4.65 x 2.88
Burial
chamber
(lined)
shaftb: 2.05
x 1.8 (at top),
1.8 x 1.5 (at
bottom) x 4.4
shaftc: 2.25
x 2.2 (at top),
1.8 x 1.85 (at
bottom) x 22.4
Burial
chamber
(unlined)
2.7 x 2.65 x 1.5
94
95
93
not visible
The chart below shows the Reisner shaft typology and shaftand
burial chamber dimensions for the nucleus mastabas of Cemetery
g2100:93
Tomb
Tomb
96
or a discussion of the correlation between false doors and burial shafts, see
F
P. Jnosi, Aspects of Mastaba Development: The Position of Shafts and the
Identification of Tomb Owners, in Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001.
Proceedings of the Symposium (Prague, September25th27th, 2001), Archiv
Orientln 70, No. 3 (2002), pp.33750.
With its uneven floor, shafta of g2160 also extends below the passage leading to
the burial chamber, but the depth of the cutting is minimal.
See Reisner, GN1, pp.16364, with fig.72.
44
GM8.1.indb 44
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Canopic niche in SE
corner (m)
.57 x .53 x .55 depth
.8 x .6 x .6 depth
97
98
99
+
g2210 (?) a
g2155 !
KaninisutI
g2220 (?)
17.2
37.84
15.12
21.16
g2150 !
Kanefer
g2110 !
Nefer
g2100 [
Sedit
g2120 !
Seshatsekhentiu
g2130 !
Khentka
g2135 (?)
14.0
23.1
13.11
26.87
12.24
36.74
11.16
28.45
9.61
27.38
9.21
28.09
g2220
(?)
7.37
10.32
g2160
(?)
7.15
10.73
g2140
(?)
4.83
7.0
g2170
(?)
2.76
3.32
g2150 !
Kanefer
2.58
2.46
45
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Tomb
g2100
[
Sedit
g2100-1
!
Merib
g2100-11
[
Nensedjerkai
g2110
!
Nefer
g2120
!
Seshatsekhentiu
g2130
!
Khentka
g2210
(?)
g2135
(?)
g2140
(?)
Suggested date
Khufu
Remarks
Son of Sedit
Early Dynasty5
Daughter of
Merib
Core: Khufu
Khafre
Khufu
Khufu
Khafre
Core: Khufu
Khufu
Khafre
g2150
!
Kanefer
g2155
!
KaninisutI
g2160
(?)
Userkaf
Dynasty 5
Core: Khufu
g2170
(?)
Dynasty 5
Core: Khufu
g2220
(?)
Menkaure(?)
Core: Khufu
Early Dynasty 5
46
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Section 2
Catalogue of the Major Mastabas
47
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GM8.1.indb 48
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Chapter 3
THE TOMB OF SEDIT:
Mastaba g2100
S ee Reisner, GN1, pp.41819, Map5 and figs.34 (shaft), 75 (blocking), 174 (II
ann. Chapel), 238 (section through northern chapel), 239 (objects); pls. 27ae,
28ad, 40a.
A minor contradiction has crept into Reisners publication here. In his GN1,
p.92, fig.32, and p. 106, he calls the chamber type1cm (opening at or near
middle of chamber wall, with rise to roof and a drop to floor of chamber), versus
the perhaps less accurate type1cl cited on p.418 (opening low down in north
wall with a small step down from floor of passage to floor of chamber and a high
rise to roof of chamber).
Excavation
The family complex of three mastabas, g2100, g2100-1, and g210011 (fig.3.13.4) has a convoluted archaeological history, ranging from
the year 1845 to 19051906, 1912, and beyond. The northernmost
mastaba under discussion, g2100, was first investigated by the
HarvardMFA Expedition during its initial season in Cemetery
g2100, under A.M. Lythgoe, in 19051906 (fig.3.4). Unfortunately,
no excavation diary is available for this season; only a few tomb cards
detailing the clearance of shaftf survive (see below). Lythgoe also
cleared the extension of this mastaba immediately south, the tomb of
Merib (g2100-1= Lepsius24), whose decorated chapel had already
been removed to Berlin by the Lepsius expedition in 1845. Finally,
the southernmost extension of the complex, the tomb of Meribs
daughter, Nensedjerkai (g2100-11), fell to the Junker concession,
and was cleared in 1912. The street area immediately in front (i.e.,
east) of the complex was examined during the 19051906 season
under Lythgoe (fig. 3.5), and diary entries record additional work
decades later, from February917 and on March2, 1933.
Shafta, the principal shaft, was excavated in 1906, as recorded
by excavation photographs (figs.3.203.25). However, the shaft must
have been subsequently refilled, since a re-excavation was conducted
between December29, 1935 and January8, 1936, according to entries
in the reiss diary (figs.3.26, 3.32, 3.343.36). Curiously, these entries
mention the daily progress in clearing the shaft, and then describe
the burial chamber and its contents, as if it were being cleared for the
first time. The objects were removed on January8, 1936, and final
photography of the chamber was completed on January12.
For shaftd we likewise have excavation photographs dating
to 19051906 (figs. 3.373.39). Additional clearance was done on
April2829, 1932, as noted in the expedition diary of N.F. Wheeler.
Wheelers diary records that shafte was cleared on April27, 1932
(containing only the phrase: depth 7.35m; no chamber), and the
reiss diary mentions a return to the shaft for purposes of drawing,
he figure of 9.12m comes from N.F. Wheelers diary entry for April29, 1932
T
(p.1178); the published description on AppendixC of GN1, p.419 merely states:
ends at rock. Furthermore, notes for AppendixC stored in the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, call the shaft type8X rather than 7X.
The figure of 4.0m comes from Wheelers diary entry for April27, 1932
(p.1177).
49
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Finds
3614: Broken and scattered human bones, including skull; stored in Giza
magazine as of January2006 (figs.3.93.10, 3.33)12
Found in shaftb, in debris of pit:
32460: 51 fragments of pottery bowl (twelve rim, only two fitting),
typeXXVIII; RW, fine red slip; d.28cm
32461: 14 fragments of pottery bowl (five rim, only two fitting),
typeXXVIII; RBrW, red slip; d.18cm
Found in shaftd, perhaps thrown out from shafta:
MFA 06.1892: fragmentary large travertine (alabaster) shoulder jar with
neck and ledge rim; typeSXVa (1); h. 29.4cm; d.rim 15.6cm;
d.neck, 13.8cm; d. max., below shoulder 29.2cm; d.base,
14.4cm; th. of walls in some places 4cm; one place patched out
with plaster (fig.3.11)13
(1)flint flake with rounded butt and pointed end; l., 9.5cm
(2)RP: fragmentary deep bowl with plain rim and contracted mouth;
type uncertain
(3)RP fragments of bowl with recurved rim; typeXXXII or XXXVI
(4)BrW smooth; bowl with recurved rim; fragments
(5)WSRW: large jar of type AIIb; fragments14
(6)alabaster fragment of shallow dish with plain rim
Found in shaftf:15
2500/1:16 worked flint flake from a depth of about 40 cm in shaft filling;
l.9.5cm (fig.3.13)
No number: fragments of limestone sarcophagus lid, from a depth of
13.5m, with traces of dark red color
No number: fragments of Dynasty4 ceramics, and of an alabaster dish
No number: red-polished ware; details not recorded
No number: red-polished ware; details not recorded
No number: smooth brown ware; details not recorded
No number: large polished brown ware covered with white slip
No number: fragments of alabaster dish; details not recorded
No number: fragments of alabaster vase or vases, from northeast corner of
shaft filling, at a depth of 3.5m; details not recorded
2500/7: flints (called alabaster fragments by Lythgoe), from northeast corner
of shaft filling, at a depth of 3.5m (fig.3.13)
East of g2100:
332183 (shipped to Boston May 1933): fragment (one-half ) of alabaster
dish, typeXb; h.2.5cm; diam.9.6cm (fig. 3.14)17
332184 (shipped to Boston after May1, 1947): steatite amulet of lion(?);
no hole; portion of face broken off; traces of black paint on
haunches; h.1.6cm; w.1cm; l.2.8cm (fig.3.15)
332189 (shipped to Boston after May1, 1947(?)): limestone stela or tablet
fragment from debris east of mastaba, near g2102, on February17,
1933 (N.F. Wheeler diary, p.1224), with two figures in raised relief
and inscriptions in sunk relief; h.30cm; w.54.5cm. Seated male
figure at right before table piled with offerings. At left standing
male figure inclines toward the seated figure, extending the cut
haunch of an ox (fig.3.16).
12
5
6
7
8
9
13
14
15
16
17
50
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g
HG
u C
C5
?
Architecture
18
19
20
21
22
23
he pencil sketch for this fragment in the Object Register, p.1189, hints at a hand
T
followed by a horizontal sign here.
An attempt at reconstructing the exterior chapel walls is provided by Jnosi, Giza
in der 4. Dynastie, Plans23.
Reisner, GN1, pp.8586.
R
eisner, GN1, p.176.
On short- and long-form stelae, see Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pp.1, 11718;
figs.17576.
The northern niche of g2041 is visible fairly near the middle of the eastwest
avenue obscured between g2100 and g2110 as one looks west, but it would have
been obscurred by the height of mastabas g2111, g2113, and surrounding tombs.
its west side, this seems to prove at least the intention of covering
the entire double mastaba, g2100 as well as g2100-1, with massive
casing blocks. But clear proof that the massive casing intended for
g2100 was never completed lies in the southern exterior wall of
g2111, which is located further south than the exterior of the casing
indicated by the eastwest corner markings of the large foundation
block (fig. 3.4, lower right). G2111s southern face could not have
extended so far to the south if massive casing stones had previously
been added to the northern edge of mastaba g2100.
At this writing, several of the later shafts on top of g2100 are
filled in, and perhaps some of the fill from shafta forms the hill
in the street at the north end of the tombs east side, forming a
considerable rise between g2100 and g2130. This area appears to
have been completely excavated in 19056 by the Expedition. The
shafts in the street east of g2100 (figs.3.43.5) show a present-day
exposure of varied material, from the remains of mud-brick walls to
stratigraphy of limestone chips, gravel, mud, and even a fine browncolored dirt. Several massive, rectangular limestone blocks cross the
street east to west at the join of g2100 and g2100-1 but it remains
unclear whether these stones were shaft walls, part of the leveling
and paving of the street itself, or both.
The core of g2100 has suffered more on the west side of the
tomb (fig.3.20), and several areas at the mastabas northern end
expose crumbling, friable, yellow limestone blocks.
GM8.1.indb 51
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and the head of the humerus is 35mm. Both of these features are
characteristic of a female. Estimated age and sex: female, aged 45 to
49 years old.24
Elements in favor of a male attribution (in which case, most
likely the father of Merib):
The mandible identified as g2100a is that of a young adult, aged
about 24 to 30 years (based on the degree of molar tooth wear) and,
from what can be seen of the jaw morphology, it is that of a male, not
that of a woman aged 45 to 49 years. There is no way of ascertaining
that the bones located in the Giza magazine in November, 1993 are
the same bones in the original Reisner expedition photograph, since
the same bones are not shown in both images.25
A chance to reexamine these bones arose on January1, 2006. By
this time, they had been moved to the large storage facility far west
of the Western Cemetery.
Date
Decoration
Titles of Sedit
28
29
30
31
52
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Fig. 3.1. Plan and section of the Merib family complex including (in chronological order) the mastabas of Sedit (g2100), Merib
(g2100-1), and Nensedjerkai (g2100-11). Adapted from Priese, Die Opferkammer des Merib, inside back cover.
53
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Fig.3.2. Computer reconstruction of mastaba g2100 (Sedit), looking southwest, with the contiguous mastabas g2100-1 (Merib) and g2100-11
(Nensedjerkai) in the background. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Z
Y
G 2113
D
C
A
G 2100
G 2110
C D
G 2111
A D
G 2103
C
B
J
G
I
Y
B
E
G 2104
C D
F
G
G 2105
H
F
Z
A
B
G 2114
C
G
H
E
G 2112
G 2112b A
B
A G 2112a
X
A
A
X
G 2112c
A B
G 21
G 2130
10 m
54
slab stela
GM8.1.indb 54
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Fig. 3.4. G 2100, east face, cleared southwards to the north niche of g2100-1 (=Lepsius 24, Merib); shafts associated with g2114 and g2105 in the street,
looking southwest. 1906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, a511 [=a5965] (rephotographed as c5280).
10
cm
36-1-2
Fig. 3.5. Shafts along the east face of g2100, looking northwest. 19051906.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1345 [=c12424].
55
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Fig. 3.7. 3613, alabaster model dishes from g2100a; rows 2, 3, and 4, nos.19 in each row; 27 model dishes. February 14, 1936. HU-MFA Expedition
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8609.
Figs. 3.8. 3613, two alabaster model dishes from g2100a.
May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00520 and
pdm_img00525.
a
0
10
cm
36-1-3
Fig. 3.9. 3614, bones of human skeleton from g2100 a, profile of teeth in
the lower jaw. November 22, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.110.25.
Fig. 3.10. 3614, bones from g2100 a. January16, 2006. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_06287.
56
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10
20
cm
Fig. 3.11. MFA 06.1892, restored alabaster jar from g2100d and drawing, 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, B656
[=g7473] and drawing.
06.1892
Fig. 3.13. Two views of flints from g2100f (originally labeled by A.M. Lythgoe as g2500). Date not listed. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
photographer not listed, c13020 (left) and c13021 (right).
57
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10
cm
cm
Fig. 3.15. 332184, steatite amulet from east of g2100. May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, composite from
images pdm_img00573, 00574, 00575, 00577, 00578. Line drawing sketch from HUMFA Expedition Object
Register.
Fig. 3.16. 332189, fragment of a tablet of Nefri from east of g2100. Left: February17, 1933.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8280 (detail). Right: line drawing sketch from
HUMFA Expedition Object Register.
58
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Fig. 3.17. G2100, east face, slab stela emplacement, looking west. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c857 [=c12421].
mastaba
filling
Fig. 3.18. Northwest corner of g2100, lined casing block, and west side of mastaba, looking south.
November15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.077.03.
base line
0
59
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Fig. 3.20. West side of g2100, looking northeast. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b955 [=b7421].
Fig. 3.21. Filling and toeholds in the shaft of g2100a, looking northeast.
19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1653
[=c12442].
Fig. 3.22. Excavating shafta of g2100, with pit d in the background, left,
looking northeast. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, c1475 [=c1244].
60
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Fig. 3.23. G2100a, looking south down the emptied shaft. 19051906.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b718 [=b7428].
Fig. 3.24. G2100a, corridor from the shaft on the north wall, with
entrance to the burial chamber showing blocking in the passage, looking
north out the door of the burial chamber. 19051906. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b893 [=b7327]. For a computer
reconstruction of this image, compare also fig.1.12.
Fig. 3.26. G2100a, northeast corner of the burial chamber after clearance,
looking northeast. January 12, 1936. HU-MFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, A 7380.
61
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7.80 m
2.90 m
10 courses
Section
Plan
0
G 2100 A
62
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Fig. 3.28. Computer reconstruction of g2100a, looking southeast, with shafts g2100-1b and g2100-1c in the background. Courtesy Dassault
Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 3.29. Computer reconstruction of g2100a, looking southeast, showing portcullis stone in shaft, corridor blocking, and burial chamber.
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
63
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3 blocks
5 blocks
wood
wood
pot
wood
wood
bone
wood
wood
plaster
cast
pot
wood
plaster
G 2100 A
0
2
m
G 2100 A
Ceiling
64
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GM8.1.indb 65
Fig. 3.31. G2100a, southeast corner of the burial chamber, wih tumbled
limestone blocks, scattered bones (3614), and model vessels (3613),
looking southeast. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b934 [=b7323].
Fig. 3.32. G 2100a, burial chamber, after clearance, with the canopic pit
in the southeast corner, looking southeast. January 12, 1936. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7381.
Fig. 3.33. G 2100a, deposit in the canopic pit in the floor of the southeast
corner of the burial chamber, with tumbled limestone blocks, scattered
bones (3614), and model vessels (3613), looking southeast. 19051906.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b883 [=b7320].
65
7/22/09 10:44 PM
66
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Fig. 3.41. G 2100f in foreground with shaft b of g2100-1 (= Lepsius 24) in background, looking southeast. February 1906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b1556 [=b7856].
67
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GM8.1.indb 68
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Chapter 4
THE TOMB OF MERIB:
Mastaba g 2100i (annex)
Excavation
eisner gives two different types for shaftc: 3cr in GN1, p.111 but 3br in
R
AppendixC on p.421. The b refers to the long axis of the chamber being at
right angles to the adjoining side of the shaft, while c denotes that the chamber
is square or roughly square; cf. Reisner, GN1, p.91. The r is correct (indicating
the entrance of chamber at roof level; ibid., pp.9293).
5 Minor discrepancies in Reisner, GN1, p.111 (area: 9.0sq.m and capacity 17.1cu.m)
versus ibid., AppendixC, p.421: area 8.99sq.m and capacity 17.52cu.m.
6 This measurement comes from Junker, Gza2, p.124.
7 The chapel in Berlin bears the accession number 1107.
8 Lepsius, Denkmaeler1Text, pp.4649.
9 L
epsius, Denkmaeler2, pls.1822.
10 For a slightly different description of portions of the following, taken from
Lepsiuss Notizbuch, see Priese, Die Opferkammer des Merib, p.16.
69
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11
12
I n der Publikation scheinen die Blendthren auf dem roten Streifen zu stehen.
Dieser Fehler der Zeichnung ist nach dem Durchschnitte nach c d (LD122) zu
verbessern.
L
epsius is referring here to the smaller shaft located directly behind (west of ) the
decorated chapel; this shaft was designated shaftc by Reisners expedition.
Lepsius mentions two skulls found, one from shaftc and one
from shaftb. Based on nothing more than the thickness of the
cranium, he designated the shaftc skull as female, and the second
as male. Rather than ascribe this skull to Meribs mother, Sedit,
however, we have more compelling evidence to place her in shafta
of g2100 proper (see above). If the shaftc skull really did belong to
a female, then perhaps Meribs daughter Sednet was the occupant of
shaftc. His other daughter, Nensedjerkai, possessed her own tomb
immediately to the south (see below, g2100-11); she clearly takes the
more favored position, holding onto her fathers staff on the south
entrance thickness to his chapel. There no mention of Meribs wife
on the walls of his chapel.14
Moving beyond Lepsiuss work and into the twentieth century,
we find that no preserved diary entries exist for the Lythgoe season of
19051906. But later entries are recorded by both Noel Wheeler and
the HUMFA Expedition reis. The earliest entries here, concerning
primarily the clearance of shaftsb and c, run from April18 to May3,
1932, and January15 to February17, 1933. The fill of shaftb was
mostly sand, as was to be expected since Lepsius had already cleared
it in 1842; the chamber was reached on April29, 1932, at which
point work began on shaftc, directly west of the removed chapel.
The entry for May3 notes that the masonry on the south side was
unstable, and work stopped until additional safety measures could
be taken. January15, 1933 saw the first return to shaftc. Several
stones from the south wall of the pit had been undermined by sand
13
14
70
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and had to be removed. Once again, sand and fallen stones alone
filled the shaft, since Lepsius had preceded the expedition with his
own clearance in 1842. On January28, 1933, work was expanded to
the street in front (east) of the mastaba, and the fragmentary stela
(332189) from a minor mastaba was discovered. The Expedition
reached the burial chamber of shaftc on February5, 1933, and the
chamber was cleared on February67. The Wheeler diary mentions
only the clearance of debris from the street in front of the mastaba
until February1617, when the mud-brick structure of g2102 came
to light. Wheelers diary entry for March2, 1933 contains a sketch
plan of the street area just in front (east) of the chapel of Merib. The
diary states: Clearing street. Uncovered part of original mud-brick
exterior chapel of g2100, and the opening of the interior chapel
(in Berlin).15 The sketch plan indicates the location and lettering
of the shafts, with some discrepancies from the published Map5 of
Reisners GN1.
Finds
15
16
17
Architecture
Enveloping the southern end of the core mastaba g2100, this tomb is
often referred to as g2100-1Annex in the original excavation records.
It also bore the number g2500, assigned by Lythgoe. But this number
only survives on a few handwritten tomb cards, and was abandoned
thereafter.29 Foundation blocks showing both of the chapels
false doors are still in place post-Lepsius, as shown by Expedition
photography from 1933 (fig.4.3) and 1938 (fig.4.4). At this writing,
Lepsiuss removal of the chapel allows one of the most informative
sectional views of the interior of a mastaba. The massive exterior
casing blocks are clearly visible (figs.4.1214), with rubble fill in the
mastaba core, topped by large roofing slabs (fig.4.14). Massive casing
blocks continue around the back (west) side of the mastaba. The roof
even preserves an impressive fossil between shaftsb and c (fig.4.15).
The street in front of the mastaba is choked with later shafts
and subsidiary burials, many of which are no longer visible at this
writing. It is difficult to imagine unimpeded access to Meribs chapel,
supporting the probability that these subsidiary burials had nothing
to do with Merib or his family.
Viewed clockwise, from the east, to the south, to the west faces
of the mastaba, the casing stones terminate at the same location on
the west face relative to the east face (fig.4.16). The roofing slabs
on top of the mastaba terminate here too, forming a distinct east
west line (fig.4.18). However, at the northwest corner of the earlier
mastaba, g2100, to the north, one may see four foundation stones
marked for the placement of courses of casing stones upon them
(above, figs.3.18, 4.19). These layout guides align precisely with the
massive casing stones of Merib further to the south. One might thus
24
25
26
27
28
29
epsius, Denkmaeler1, Text, p.48: die Scherben von etwa 3 greren etwas
L
ber 1 Fu hohen Vasen aus roter gebrannter Erde
L
epsius, Denkmaeler1, Text, p.48: von mehreren kleineren; nur die kleinsten
(zwei von der Form a (eine in Berlin Nr. 1235) waren erhalten.
L
epsius, Denkmaeler1, Text, p.48: 9 von der Formb, gleich kleinen Schsselchen
(Berlin No.13191322, 1345, 1347, 1352, 8634). For confirming object information
on these basins and for supplying photography, I am grateful to Klaus Finneiser,
gyptisches Museum, Berlin.
Lepsius, Denkmaeler1, Text, p.48: mehrere Stcken Nilthon, wie es scheint
vom Verschlu der Vasen.
L
epsius, Denkmaeler1, Text, p.48: eine kleine verzierte Kugel.
These tomb cards, eg014935014938, are quoted above in the chapter on mastaba
g2100.
71
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Date
Decoration
30
31
32
It is unlikely that Merib would have bothered to encase the mastaba of an
individual unknown to him.
Junker, Gza2, pp.12135.
Compare PMIII, p.71: Menkaure or Shepseskaf (Reisner) or early Dynasty5
(Junker); Baer, Rank and Title, p.79 [182]: early Dynasty5; Barta, Opferliste,
p.156: Dynasty4, Pre-Menkaure; Baud, Famille royale et pouvoir1, pp.3540,
2, p.458 [73]: DjedefreKhafre; Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges, p.224: Khufu;
Harpur, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs, p.267 [93]: Shepseskaf to Userkaf; JacquetGordon Domaines funraires, p.229 (13G45): late Dynasty4early Dynasty5;
Junker, Gza2, pp.39, 135: early Dynasty5; Kanawati, Egyptian Administration,
pp.18, 9596, 153 [122]: early Dynasty 5; Priese, Die Opferkammer des Merib,
p.28: end of Dynasty 4 to begin Dyn. 5; Reisner, List of Finished Mastabas in
the Nucleus Cemeteries, p.1: Dynasty45 (mastaba; no core); Reisner, GN1,
pp. 216, 311: late Menkaurelate Neferirkare or slightly later; Reisner, List of
Finished Mastabas, p.22: Dynasty45; Reisner, Mycerinus, p.99: (the later
stone chapel, built round the southern end of the mastaba and more nearly of
the type of Medum mastabas, was actually built in the reign of Chephren);
Schmitz, Untersuchungen zum Titel S-Njwt, p.26: early Dynasty5; Strudwick,
Administration, p.94 [59]: Menkaure to end of Dynasty4 (Strudwick notes that
Meribs chapel shows one of the earliest examples of the deceased standing and
facing left between two false doors on the west wall).
33
34
35
36
37
38
72
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B M t C
8
G 9
~
`
M
Text: (5)sf n tf (6)r nswt (7)wfw-mr-nrw
Translation: (5)His bodily son, (6)royal acquaintance, (7)Khufumer
netjeru.
BM
M .
C t
1
B
m
m
m
Text: (1)tmty nr b nrw (2)tmty nr nb ryt (3)tmty nr dw twy
(4)Mrb
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
n the preference for reading tmty, instead of swty, for seal-bearer, see
O
Fischer, Varia Nova, pp.5052.
A better reading for this festival than smdt may be mnt, consisting of the
number 15 (m + + element nt, cf. Edel, Altgyptische Grammatik, 408); see
Luft, Die chronologische Fixierung, p.163 (3.1.17).
For this title, see Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles2, p.770, no.2799; idem,
Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles, p.106, no.243.
Spalinger labels this feast list under his oddities category, The Private Feast Lists
of Ancient Egypt, p.158: This very mixed up arrangement still reveals that when
w occurs feasts8 [prt Mn] and 9 [(bd n) s] tend to move around it to a
small degreee. However, the opening of wtyt+ wgy cannot be left unnoticed.
For comments on this ceremony, see Junker, Gza2, p.117, and Hannig,
gyptisches WrterbuchI, p.305 {6620}.
For this title, see Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles2, pp.77172, no.2802;
idem, Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles, p.106, no.243; and more
recently K.O. Kuraszkiewicz, The title tmtj nrgods sealerin the
Old Kingdom, in The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, pp.193202, with
important bibliography on p.196, n.14.
For this title, see Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles2, p.771, no.2801; idem,
Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles, p.106, no.243.
C
@
B|
1
C
1.t @
M
~
C
m
m
B m
+
L U
wp
M I1
M
a
a
.
% { - r
B
The ns bird | (Sign List G37) is written in front of Mrb, at the bottom of
column3.
Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl. 22a; Priese, Die Opferkammer des Merib, pp.21,
43; Junker, Gza2, p.128, fig.11; Harpur, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs, p.472,
fig.62; and B. Schmitz, in Schmitz and Steffgen,Waren sie nur schn? Frauen
im Spiegel der Jahrtausende, p.77, where the author notes that Meribs daughter
Nensedjerkai grasps her fathers staff, a motif otherwise reserved primarily for
sons, and p.79, fig.21 (partial line drawing); El-Metwally, Entwicklung der
Grabdekoration, p.212 fig.31.
73
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short, curled wig and simple, short kilt. His sister Sednet is emptyhanded. Wearing bracelets, a long garment, and striated wig, she rests
one hand on her lap while the other is bent back across the breast.
The inscriptions above the children consist of four columns
plus Meribs name, followed by three horizontal lines, all divided
by register lines. An interesting solution to the sloping batter of
the exterior wall is used here to retain the sense of symmetry in
the inscription. In the first vertical column (s nswt n tf smr), the
hieroglyphs inch further left with each successive word, towards the
exterior sloping wall, in order to fill up the increasingly empty space.
Thus the reversed s of smr is far to the left of the nswt sign at the top
of the column. Yet the hieroglyphs remain vertical. This should be
compared to the north entrance thickness of Nefer (g2110; figs.6.50,
6.53), where the hieroglyphs actually lean to align with the sloping
exterior wall. Both solutions make for a successful composition.
Behind Merib, whose standing figure appears directly beneath the
entrance drum, three registers of livestock proceed unaccompanied
into the chapel.
1
g
tm
m
m
~
C
@
)
.
M
1
_ C B
C
H
L UUu
$
g w
[
U
T
T
T
T
u A T TT TTTTTT
u
~
C
~
5
5
the chapel to the right (west). These probably belong to the scene
that continues on the east wall.
C
#
3
s w C
C
C
L
2
51
52
53
48
49
50
ould b be a reversal for b, horn of the gods, or similar? Cf. Jones, Index of
C
Ancient Egyptian Titles2, p.771, no.2800; idem, Glossary of Ancient Egyptian
Nautical Titles, p.106, no.243.
For the translation valuables or treasure, see Fischer, A Group of Sixth
Dynasty Titles Relating to Ptah and Sokar, JARCE3 (1964), p.26, n.9.
Lines67 are translated by Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age, p.407
(text307).
54
Only one animal appears in this register; should suckled calf be taken as the
type of stalled ox? Since the pr sign precedes the mt hobble (V19), perhaps the
word should be read pr-mt.
H
annig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.574 (omitted from
Hannig, gyptisches WrterbuchI).
L
epsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.22b; Junker, Gza2, p.128, fig.11; Priese, Opferkammer
des Merib, pp.21, 4649; Schmitz, in Schmitz and Steffgen, Waren sie nur
schn? Frauen im Spiegel der Jahrtausende, p.80, fig.22 (partial line drawing);
El-Metwally, Entwicklung der Grabdekoration, p.210 fig.27. For the fatherson
pose as an example of filial emphasis, see H.G. Fischer, Some Iconographic
and Literary Comparisons, in Fragen an die altgyptische Literatur, p.159 with
n.15, and p.168, fig.4.
Illustrated and translated by H. Altenmller, Presenting the nt-r-offerings to
the tomb owner, in The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, p.30, fig.4.
74
GM8.1.indb 74
7/22/09 10:44 PM
mm
m
t ~
C
@
)
.
1
B M C _
5
L
H
L
uUU C
C
CC
C
!
C a
s
~
|BM
A F
7
8
10
U
=
11
57
58
_ B M ~
BM
55
56
60
61
62
63
64
75
GM8.1.indb 75
7/22/09 10:44 PM
C |
U
C
F
|| | F ||
2 =
|
|
|
2
2
2 = K
|
| ||
|
the same wall, passes behind his body. Between these three figures,
both the left and right. The staves held by both figures of Merib act
11
offerings in baskets upon their heads. Register4 shows, from left
Khufu
to right, a scribe, a man with a bird, another with a calf and gazelle,
and two men with linen. In register5, a slaughter scene takes place;
in the center, two men sever a bulls haunches. Two more present
10 9
1
2
3
8
the haunches, and a scribe with a writing kit appears at either end,
10
! 7
are thesandals
mn bwt wfw
firm
(3)
Above the standing couple at left (north) is inscribed:
14
6
13 16 12 15 11
4
5
2 <
2
22
K1 =
Khufu
of
C
= 2
C
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
C10 |
M { g
9
2
2
|
Hd
= || 6
C
~
C |
F
U
1
{
g
C |
3|
10
G
1 | 2|
9F
|12 |8|11 |
@
13
|
~
t
| C ||
4 | 5
C
CM F
2
2
of
w
mt
the
island
the
(4)
16
15
14 Wb.3, 80.14;
6
7
13
12
11
[
=
4
5
@ _?1
Gza3,
C
2
|
Junker,
.
2
C
hemet-animal
K
2
=
C
1
2
3
10
9
8
@
p.79;
|
2K =
JacquetU
<|
| |
2
BM , n
Gordon,
||U 2
|
U
Text: (1)s nswt n tf snwt(y) npw (2)tmty nr b nrw dw twy
13
12|
11
|
46
5
F
domaines
|
1
|
C
{
2
funraires
F
|
24 |= 65
7 2| 13
1612
1511
14 p.230.
|
K
2
! wwy
|two=islands
C ||CU
Translation: (1)Kings son of his body, who belongs to the snwt-utensil
the 14
16 nm 15
| ofC
62
7
(5)
<
65
|
F
of Anubis (2)seal-bearer of the god of (the ships) Ba-netjeru (and)|
Khnum
2
2
| | =2
<of K |
U
|12 11 U|
13
6 2
C
F
| |
{| |1
2
U
FSabu|the
|
sbw wr| |
6
2
2
{ |1
great
!
=
|
K
C
|
C
| U
|
(6) <
F U
2
=2
|
<
F
6 | | | |
Gordon has studied the series of sixteen figures, nine men and seven |
{ |1
C
67
2 | U
women, that occupy the central portion of the wall. She notes the
|
6
likelihood that estates 17 were located in Lower Egypt, and 816 in{ |
1
(7)C [ st ntr wpy
CRa-wepy
|=the field|of2
Upper Egypt, and cites the similarity of arrangement with the tombs| <
|
of Seshathetep (g5150=LG36) and Khufukhaf (g71307140).68
2
U|
6
|
{ 1
|
C
|
|
|
GM8.1.indb 76
<
6
1
C
13
12
11
16
15
14
15
15
14
14
14
m/f
Text
Translation
nw wfw
Remarks
|
|
15
16
2 =
|
|
|
2
K 2
|
|
76
68
67
16
pp.6778. See also Fischer, The Orientation of Hieroglyphs, p.142(g); the tomb
of Djau, Urk.1, 118.13; Priese, Opferkammer des Merib, p.27: Versorger(?) des
(Gottes) Anubis(?), and Speiser(?) des (Gottes) Anubis(?). See also Fischer,
The Orientation of Hieroglyphs, p.142(g).
The presence of the n above the nb sign is taken as part of the word lord,
rather than an indirect genitive; cf. Simpson, Kayemnofret, p.10. Phonetic
Facing
complementation is present in both cases here: C + .
right8
2 funraires,
3 pp.22931 (no. 13G45);
10
Jacquet-Gordon, Les noms 1des domaines
see 9
also, in general, Junker, Gza12,
pp.11418.
(8)
Kawab,
KhafkhufuI
and II, pp.1517,
pls.20,
(2G4). For Seshathetep (g5150=LG 36), see Junker, Gza2, pp.16, 182, fig.28;
idem, Gza3, pp.1516, and Kanawati, Tombs at Giza2, pls.7b, 45; Lepsius,
Denkmaeler2, pl.23; Jacquet-Gordon, Les noms des domaines funraires, pp.251
52 (23G5).
66
16
|
F
|
= 2
C
U
| |
7/22/09 10:44 PM
10
nt wfw
(9)
=
C |
|
|
|nfr tpt wfw perfect of offerings
(10) !
is Khufu
2 2
C |
|
|
|
C
|
K 2
U
|
[ grgt
wfw
the foundation of
(11)
|
|
2
Khufu
=
2 2 | C
C |
|
U |
|
F
|
2
K
=
C
U|
F
<
F
|
C
r
wfw
|
of the lake of
!
2
| |
(12)
2
|
mouth
F
Khufu
2
|
| 2
2 =
1
{
|C| |
CU
=
|K
C
C
|
|
|
|
2 |
F
|
|
|= |
C
|
F
<
U
| 2
6|1
| U
| C
2C
|{21
nwt
2
C
C
nesha plant
2
|
|
<| K
|
|U
U
F
F
2
U
|
|
{
6| || C
F
| F
|
1
|
2
|2
|
= | C| |
island of the
||
K 2
|! w n 2| the
2
(14)
U
=
C
nesha
plant
|
|
=
F
C
<
F
| 2 | U
U
2
C
2
6
|
1
|
6
|
|
C
2
{
K
|
Hannig,
the seat of the god
| (15) U
=| [2
C
st s
gyptisches
< |
Aqes
F
WrterbuchI,
|
2 | UF
p.1583 {43081}
|
6
|
{
1
|
|
C
|
| | (16) ! = wy nm2
two islands of
C the
<
Khnum
2
U|
{
1
6
|
|| C
g MC
C
g
{
@
F
? MC
_1
. ,
@
V ! MB
2
13
13
16
7
12
15
16
11
14
15
14
11
13
15
12
14
10
12
11
14
16
15
14
13
12
11
15
14
15
14
16
10
-
g MC d
n
p
C{
n
@
g
t
F
w
a
CC
~ oY
%
?
.
_ 1
@
k + @
1
. V , MB
11
16
12
13
11
8 14
10
16
13
12
10
11
9 15
15
11
12
16
5
6
1016
3
13
10
12
10
13
37
5
2
4
1
10
Text: (1)s nswt n tf smr ry-b (2)tmty nr b nrw dw twy (3)wt npw
wr mw mw r nswt rp (4)my-r m (5)mry nbf mrr nbf Mrb
Translation: (1)Kings son of his body, companion, lector priest
(2)seal-bearer of the god of (the ships) Ba-netjeru (and) Duwatawy, (3)embalmer of Anubis, great one of the Tens of Upper Egypt,
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
or this title see M. Brta. The Title Inspector of the Palace during the Egyptian
F
Old Kingdom, Archv Orientln67, no.1 (1999), pp.120, citing this tomb
on p.5.
Phonetic complementation is present in both cases here: C + .
L
epsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.20f; a detail of Meribs head is discussed and illustrated
in Smith, HESPOK, p.302 and pl.46c, in Cherpion, in Egyptian Art in the Age
of the Pyramids, p.105, fig.63, and in Capart, Documents2, pp.2425, pl.24. See
also Priese, Opferkammer des Merib, pp.2021.
O
n this festival, occasionally written wg, see Luft, Die chronologische Fixierung,
p.150 (3.1.7), and E. Winter, Das gyptische Wag-Fest, esp. pp.37, 71. On feast
lists in general, see Spalinger, The Private Feast Lists of Ancient Egypt.
L
epsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.20f incorrectly places a @
sign here as if the title
ry-b were intended.
P
honetic complementation is present in both cases here: C + .
Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.22c; Priese, Opferkammer des Merib, pp.23, 32, 59.
77
GM8.1.indb 77
7/22/09 10:44 PM
leaves a large area around the top of the crown free,76 and a simple
kilt with belt tie but no pleating indicated. There is clear evidence
of major recarving on the upper half of the torso, particularly visible
on the arms and around the shoulders and neck area. The result is
a rather awkward appearance to the transition from head to torso.
Above Merib are six columns of identifying text, along with
a scene caption beneath his arm. The right-hand portion of the
wall shows seven registers of highly repetitive offerings; from top
to bottom they include: hanging meats, bread (or beer jars with
tall, dome-shaped stoppers), bread, cakes, bread loaves and four
vessels,77 bread, and six tables of dates, grapes, and other fruits and
vegetables. Beneath the offerings are two registers facing Merib, each
with two males. The upper register shows a seated scribe offering
a papyrus document to Merib, with an empty-handed assistant
behind. Below are two standing figures, the first with a bolt of cloth
in his outstretched hands,78 and tied bundles before, the second
with a papyrus document in his right hand, and a tied bag behind
him that is often used for sticks and staves.79 The lowest register
beneath Meribs seated figure shows six males. Four march to the
left, preparing a libation, bearing tables of breads and cakes, and a
haunch. The final two at right are engaged in cutting a foreleg from
a sacrificial ox.
6
{ g
C
M { g
C
~
H
d
)
F
@
CM |
C
n ?
, _
E !
n |
BM
! V
H
u
U
A
!
Text: (1)m s wdnw nt t pt k
Translation: (1)Viewing the document of the offerings (of ) beer, bread,
cakes, and oxen.
2
t
1
1.
n
~
C
BM _
Text: (1)s nswt n tf (2)snwt(y) npw smr (3)tmty nr b nrw dw
twy Mrb
Translation: Kings son of his body, (2)who belongs to the snwt-utensil
of Anubis, companion, (3)seal-bearer of the god of the (ships) Banetjeru, and Duwa-tawy, Merib.
u
UH
77
78
79
80
This feature is taken by Fischer and Cherpion as a sign of early Old Kingdom
date: Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges, pp. 5556, critre 28; Fischer, A Scribe
of the Army in a Saqqara Mastaba of the Early Fifth Dynasty, JNES18 (1959),
pp.23839.
N
ote that Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.22c simply repeats the bread loaves across
the entire second register from the top. However, the bread loaves terminate
towards the right in favor of four ceramic vessels.
To judge from Freys color reconstruction (Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.22c), the
fact that this item is painted white suggests it is linen, contra Priese, Opferkammer
des Merib, p.23. But a papyrus document could also be colored white.
S ee Fischer, Varia, pp.22930, with fig.35 from the tomb of Ti at Saqqara.
Phonetic complementation is present in both cases here: C + .
76
81
82
Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pls.19, 20ae; Priese, Opferkammer des Merib, cover, and
pp.22, 5558.
Cf. Dominicus, Gesten und Gebrden, pp.58.
78
GM8.1.indb 78
7/22/09 10:44 PM
M
_
)
B 9
nC
Text: tmty nr w my-r kt nb(t) nt nswt snwt(y) npw smr wty Mrb
Translation: Seal-bearer of the god of the fleet, overseer of all royal
construction projects, who belongs to the snwt-utensil of Anubis, sole
companion, Merib.
=
_g
t
M 1
g
. ~
m
C
1
B
n G H 9 8 `
B M_
BE
M
Text: Mrb
Translation: Merib.
2
g w
$
A
u
4
2
L
y #
6
84
85
86
87
n the reading of this sign, cf. Fischer, Varia Nova, pp.18082; Scheele,
O
Die Stofflisten, pp.7273; Edel, Beitrge zum gyptischen LexikonVI. Die
Stoffbezeichnungen in den Kleiderlisten des Alten Reiches, ZS102 (1975),
p.102; Junker, Gza5, p.44.
For this transliteration, preferring tst over nt or ryt, see Fischer, Notes on
Some Texts of the Old Kingdom and Later, in Studies in Honor of William
Kelly Simpson1, pp.27374; idem, Varia Nova, pp.180, 23839 with figs.12;
idem, Egyptian Women, pp.2021. For nt, see Ziegler, Le mastaba dAkhethetep,
pp.11620, with n.b; Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch, p.76. An older solution,
m sp pr rywt, may be found in Junker, Gza3, pp.21013; Junker, Gza5, p.47
(my-r pr rywt), with long discussion pp.5056. The tomb of Seneb at Giza
shows a phrase almost identical to that of Merib, cf. Junker, Gza5, pp.41, 43
fig.7 (false door, north outer jamb, east side, middle section): Viewing the
production of the house of weavers and the northern house.
Note the full writing of r with the r.
Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.19 omits the mt feather off the back of the Anubis
jackal.
Note the reversal with the mr sign preceding the s.
.
1
1
BM _
m
A
83
~
C
@
t
88
89
79
GM8.1.indb 79
7/22/09 10:44 PM
#C
{ MC
MC
@
Text: rn
Translation: Young oryx94
:C
Text: rn nww
Translation: Young addax antelope.
MB
90
91
92
93
g {
g MC
C
g
@
F M
)
C
?
t C
n
C
,
.
1
M
1 @ !
_
B
Text: (1)s nswt n tf tmty nr [dw twy]95 (2)wt npw tmty nr b
nrw smr (3)my-r kt nb(t) nt nswt (4)wr mw mw ry t nswt snwt(y)
npw ry-b (5)my-r m (6)mry nbf mrr nbf Mrb
Translation: (1)Kings son of his body, seal-bearer of the god of the
(ship) [Duwa-tawy], (2)embalmer of Anubis, seal-bearer of the
god of the (ship) Ba-netjeru, companion, (3)overseer of all royal
construction projects, (4)great one of the tens of Upper Egypt, who
belongs to the snwt-utensil of Anubis, lector priest, (5)overseer of the
army, (6)beloved of his lord, whom his lord loves,96 Merib.
94
95
96
97
80
GM8.1.indb 80
7/22/09 10:44 PM
g . % M B
-
2
one beer vessel.104 Both hands are balled into fists. The inscriptions
that are normally apportioned to individual figures in this ritual are
somewhat jumbled together in Meribs version. The standing figure
has merely the identifying caption instead of the longer text wd
t n ry-wb. The central figure is identified similarly simply, but
his caption may actually be part of the phrase found in front of the
wdpw figure presenting the actual offerings. The standard caption
for the embalming priest is snmt n wt, Supplying the akh by the
embalming priest.
12
Text: (3)nt pt (4)t k (5)t-wr t-rt (6)t r (rp) mst sr (7)m w ry-b (8)nt t
Translation: (3)a thousand jars of beer, and cakes, (4)a thousand loaves
of bread, and oxen, (5)great loaf, baked bread, (6)cranes, greylag
geese, white-fronted geese, mesit-geese,99 greylag geese,100 (7)oryx, ox,
suckled calf,101 (8)beer, bread.
~
M
G
@
H
B
G
98
99
100
101
102
103
J unker notes that this scene would normally be expected on the south wall;
Gza2, p.130.
On the reading mst instead of st, see Lapp, Opferformel, p.123, 215.1113.
For the sequence of fowl names, cf. Lapp, Opferformel, pp.12024; Edel,
Hieroglyphische Inschriften des Alten Reiches, pp.7071.
See Lapp, Opferformel, pp.12426, for the reading of the cattle names in the
Old Kingdom.
The ritual offering scenes and their accompanying texts have been studied by
Lapp, Opferformel, pp.15364. Meribs scene is illustrated on p.153, fig.28. See
also Junkers discussions, Giza 2, pp.6266, 13031 (Merib) and pp.148, 169
(g2155, Kaninisut). Figures in identical poses may be found in the tombs of
Seshathetep (g5150) and Nisutnefer (g4970); see Junker, Gza2, p.187, fig.33,
and idem, Giza 3, pp.7475, figs.9ab; Smith, HESPOK, pp.165, 358.
This is the earlier form of the ritual; the later form shows the arm at the breast;
cf. Lapp, Opferformel, p.159, fig.32; see also Dominicus, Gesten und Gebrden,
pp.6165.
g 8 `
scene.102 The
6s
{ A ! A
Ag
10
6 s G
o
Offerings intended for Merib are listed around and below the
offering table:
5
11
104
105
106
J unker notes that Lepsiuss watercolor has one object black and the other white,
but a collation of the original stone in Berlin indicated merely a pointed object
in the priests left hand, and a rounded one in the right. The painted plaster
reproduction of the scene today shows both objects painted black; cf. Giza2,
p.65, and compare the figures on the north and south entrance thicknesses
to the tomb of KaninisutI (g2155), our figs.13.2713.37 below, and Junker,
Gza2, pp.14647, figs.1516.
Note that the t that belongs with snmt, and is most often found above the
back of the bird, has been shifted to belong to the bird due to the extended
left hand of the kneeling priest, giving the incorrect reading snm t; see Lapp,
Opferformel, pp.155, 184, where he notes this early form of the ritual spell
evolved into the later version st n wt.
Note that Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.19, and hence Junker, Giza2, p.63, no.3,
(above) omitted the ry-wb text. This omission has found its way into the
literature; see, for example, Lapp, Opferformel, p.153, fig.28.
81
GM8.1.indb 81
7/22/09 10:44 PM
West Wall, North False Door, Tablet (figs. 4.51, 4.56, 4.59
4.60).107
M_
B
g w
$
AuAA
A
1
2
7 6
y
8
9
[m
[ [T[
2
T
C
I
2
m
/
I
ZZ
B t
BM
10
?
11
110
12
111
112
13
113
107
108
109
hile the Priese plaster cast leaves this box blank, the Lepsius watercolor has
W
four t signs in linen; these are clearly visible on the wall today (figs.4.51, 4.56).
While the Priese plaster cast leaves this box blank, the Lepsius watercolor has
four mnt signs; these are clearly visible on the wall today (figs.4.51, 4.56).
While the modern plaster reproduction of the chapel wall in Berlin leaves the first
two boxes blank, Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.19, shows the t sign, most likely
within a bolt of cloth that resembles the mn biliteral . This figure appears
on several other Giza slab stelae: Wepemnefret (g2101), Kanefer (g1203), Iunu
(g4150; no longer visible today), and the anonymous g4860; cf. Manuelian,
Slab Stelae, pp.3233, esp. pp.38, 42, 98, 108, pls.14, 2526, 2930,
L
epsius, Denkmaeler2, pls. 1920 (our fig.4.56) has
, but both the
photograph and Prieses reconstruction, (our fig.4.60), show the vessels listed
above. For discussions of furniture and other such list items see E. Brovarski,
An Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb and Nomenclature for Furniture
in the Old Kingdom, in Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson1, pp.117
55, and idem, Inventory Offering Lists and the Nomenclature for Boxes and
Chests in the Old Kingdom, in Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in
Honor of Edward F. Wente, pp.2754.
82
GM8.1.indb 82
7/22/09 10:44 PM
_9 {
@
BM
Text: (1)wr mw mw r nswt ry-b (2)smr wty Mrb
Translation: (1)Great of the tens of Upper Egypt, royal acquaintance,
lector priest, (2)sole companion, Merib.
C
@
MB
Text: (1)s nswt n tf (2)tmty nr w Mrb
Translation: (1)Kings son of his body, (2)seal-bearer of the god of the
fleet, Merib.
Titles of Merib
114
115
116
117
Family:
Other People118
, Ishi
ry-tp s-b, chief of the bag
118
83
GM8.1.indb 83
7/22/09 10:44 PM
Fig. 4.1. G2100-1, general view showing the area around the chapel removed by Lepsius, looking northwest. January 9, 1938.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7896.
N
G 2100I
G 2100
G 2100II
B
E
A
K
Z
A
G 2102
E
C
B
J
G
I
Y
X
Fig. 4.2. G2100-1, plan.
B
E
G 2104
C D
F
G
G 2105
H
10 m
G 2120
G 2103
A D
B
X
G 2130
84
slab stela
GM8.1.indb 84
7/22/09 10:44 PM
Fig. 4.3. G2100-1, showing the area around the chapel removed by Lepsius, looking west. March 10, 1933. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8289.
Fig. 4.4. G2100-1, street east of the area around the chapel removed by Lepsius, looking southwest towards the tomb of
Nensedjerkai (g2100-11). January 3, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7891.
85
GM8.1.indb 85
7/22/09 10:44 PM
Fig.4.5. Computer reconstruction of mastaba g2100-1 (Merib), looking northwest, with the contiguous mastaba g2100
(Sedit) and mastaba g2110 (Nefer), with protruding exterior chapel, in the background. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.4.6. Computer reconstruction of the decorated chapel entrance facade of mastaba g2100-1 (Merib), looking southwest,
with the contiguous mastaba g2100-11 (Nensedjerkai), in the background. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
86
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Fig. 4.7. Lepsius plan and sections of g2100-1, from Lepsius, Denkmaeler1, pl.22.
87
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Fig. 4.13. Berlin M 1607, unbaked mud seals from g2100-1b. 2008.
Courtesy gyptisches Museum, Berlin.
Fig. 4.15. G 2100-1, fossil located on top of the mastaba, looking west.
August 11, 2005. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_03564.
88
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Fig. 4.16. Joint between g2100-1 to the left (south) and g2100 to the
right (north), looking southwest. February 1906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b1555 [=b7854].
Fig. 4.17. Area of the joint on the west side of g2100-1 (behind
meter stick) and g2100 (left foreground), looking south.
November15, 1987. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.077.09.
Fig. 4.18. Joint between g2100-1 to the left (north) and g2100 to the right
(south), looking east across the top of mastaba. November18, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.094.15.
89
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N
0
E
1
m
Fig. 4.20. G2100-1, north niche, looking west. November 21, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.107.22.
1/2 0 niche.
Fig. 21. G2100-1, plan and section of north
Fig. 4.22. G2100-1b, mouth of shaft, looking north. November 4, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.064.11.
90
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4.9 m
10.9 m
Section
Plan
91
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16.4 m
4.1 m
11 courses
Fig. 4.24. G2100-1c, view into the partially dismantled shaft, looking west. November 4, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.064.17.
Section
Plan
92
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G 2100 C
7/22/09 10:45 PM
Fig.4.26. Computer reconstruction of the burial chamber of g2100-1c, looking northeast. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.4.27. Computer reconstruction of the chapel entrance facade of g2100-1, looking west. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
93
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Fig.4.28. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, chapel entrance facade from g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs and digital montage by Rolf Kriesten,
Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
94
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Fig. 4.29. G2100-1, entrance facade and chapel as originally exhibited in the gyptisches Museum, Berlin. Date not listed.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0568.
95
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Fig.4.31. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, south entrance thickness and east (blank) and south (livestock; next page) rebates from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008.
Photographs and96digital montages by Rolf Kriesten, Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
GM8.1.indb 96
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Fig. 4.32. G2100-1, chapel, south entrance thickness and rebate with livestock; after Lepsius,
Denkmaeler2, pl.22a.
97
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Fig.4.34. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, north entrance thickness from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs and digital
98
montage
by Rolf Kriesten, Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
GM8.1.indb 98
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Fig.4.36. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2100-1, looking east towards the east wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
99
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Fig.4.37. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, east wall from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs and digital montage by Rolf Kriesten,
Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
100
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101
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Fig. 4.38. G2100-1, chapel, east wall; after Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pls.2122d.
102
Fig. 4.39. G2100-1, chapel, east wall; modern painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian, digital montage of pdm_1993.030.01 and
pdm_1993.030.06.
GM8.1.indb 102
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Fig.4.40. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, south wall from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs and digital
montage by Rolf Kriesten, Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
GM8.1.indb 103
103
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Fig.4.41. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2100-1, looking south towards the south wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
104
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Fig. 4.43. G2100-1, chapel, south wall; after Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.20ef.
GM8.1.indb 105
105
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Fig.4.44. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, north wall from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs
106
and digital montage by Rolf Kriesten, Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see
Part2 of the present work.
GM8.1.indb 106
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Fig.4.45. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2100-1, looking north towards the north wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
107
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Fig. 4.47. G2100-1, chapel, north wall; after Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pl.22c.
108
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Fig.4.48. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2100-1, looking west towards the west wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 4.49. G2100-1, chapel, south wall and south half of west wall; modern
painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.030.12.
Fig. 4.50. G2100-1, chapel, north wall and north half of west wall; modern
painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.030.08.
109
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Fig.4.51. gyptisches Museum, Berlin 1107, west wall from chapel of g2100-1. September2, 2008. Photographs and digital montage by Rolf Kriesten,
Restaurierung am Oberbaum, Berlin. For the epigraphy of this wall, see Part2 of the present work.
110
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111
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Fig. 4.54. G2100-1, chapel, west wall, south false door; modern
painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.030.09.
Fig. 4.55. G2100-1, chapel, west wall, south false door tablet; modern
painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.030.05.
112
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Fig. 4.56. G2100-1, chapel, west wall; after Lepsius, Denkmaeler2, pls.1920.
113
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Fig. 4.60. G2100-1, chapel, west wall, north false door tablet; modern
painted plaster reproduction in Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.030.03.
114
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Fig. 4.61. G2100-1, chapel, west wall, offering scene above north false door; modern painted plaster reproduction in
Berlin. 1989. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.030.23.
115
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GM8.1.indb 116
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Chapter 5
THE TOMB OF NENSEDJERKAI:
Mastaba g 2100-ii (annex) = g 2101
area 10.2sq.m; capacity 20.4cu.m
passage: 1.0 x 1.3m and 1.7m high; step down from floor of
passage to floor of chamber 0.29m
blocking: probably with masonry, type IIb(1)
coffin: limestone coffin with rs(w)-lid; outside 2.2x 0.9m
h.0.8m; inside 1.8 x 0.5m; d. 0.63
canopic pit: 0.5 x 0.5m and 0.5m deep
burial: skeleton dismembered and scattered by thieves; also
animal bones from meat offerings
Shaftb; 1.6 x 1.6m; no chamber; type7x
Excavation
This tomb is the smallest and latest of the family complex of three
mastabas (g2100, belonging to Meribs mother Sedit; g2100-i
belonging to Merib; and g2100-ii Nensedjerkai4). The Harvard
MFA Expedition conducted no work in this area. Lepsius was
unaware of its existence when he discovered and removed the chapel
of Merib just to the north. In 19051906, Lythgoe began excavating
portions of the family complex, but the dividing line between the
American and German (later Austrian) concessions ran eastwest,
separating the south face of Meribs tomb from the north face of
Nensedjerkais. The latters tomb therefore lay outside (i.e., south of )
the American concession, and was not discovered until February10,
1912, when Hermann Junker cleared the area (fig.5.1). Subsequent
excavation of the shafts resulted in the discovery of Nensedjerkais
sarcophagus on March9, 1913.
Finds
Alabaster arm of a female statue, found bei der Mastaba zweifellos zum
Grabe der N-sr-kj gehrend5
Rectangular limestone sarcophagus from shafta: uninscribed, with rs(w) lid
bearing wide, rounded lug handles on short ends intact; h.80cm;
w.90cm; l.2.20m; th.20cm; depth 50cm; presumably still in
situ (figs.5.205.23)6
5
6
7
8
J unker, Gza2, p.106, gives 50 cm instead of Reisners 60 cm for the depth of the
sarcophagus; see below under finds.
For the most likely more correct reading of the name, n-sr-k, my ka does
not sleep, instead of nn-sr-k, see Edel, Altgyptische Grammatik, pp.55859,
1076; Junker, Gza2, p.111.
Ibid., p.104; no measurements or illustrations provided .
Junker, Gza2, pp.106, fig.6, 110; Donadoni-Roveri, Sarcofagi egizi, p.126,
(B42); Junker, Vorbericht 1912, pp.611; idem, Vorbericht 1913, p.182
(=p.32 of separately printed version); Reisner, GN1, p.422.
J ones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles1, pp. 14647, no. 572.
K
unsthistorisches Museum Vienna S8550; Junker, Gza8, pp.17476, fig.91,
pl.28a; Hlzl, Reliefs und Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches3, CAA22 (in
preparation). Images of this architrave are available on the Giza Archives Project
Web site (www.gizapyramids.org): aeos_8550_50458 (color), aeos_1_5315 and
o_neg_nr_0039.
117
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reed leaf ) appears on the lower portion of the right (north) jamb of
the northern false door in Nensedjerkais interior chapel (see below).
Architecture
9
10
11
12
13
14
omparative rectangular basins cut in the floor may also be found in front
C
of the northern niche of g2150 (Kanefer) (figs.12.4812.50), and in the floor
of the north chapel of g2000 (Lepsius 23) (HUMFA Expedition Photograph
c1028 on www.gizapyramids.org). For another view of Nensedjerkais basin see
pdm_1993.115.20.
16 J unker suggested that Nensedjerkai predeceased her father Merib, and that he
was responsible for her tomb and its eastern extension, but it is not clear what
evidence led him to this conclusion; cf. Junker, Gza2, p.108.
17 A good view of this area may be seen on the Giza Archives Project Web site (www
.gizapyramids.org) in image pdm_1993.026.24.
18 On the Giza Archives Project Web site, see Vienna image aeos_1_5432 (=o_neg_
nr_0681), and Junker, Gza2, pl.2. Some of these tombs are discussed in Part2
of the present work.
19 In his discussion of the Merib family complex, Reisner states in GN1, p.422:
the groups of shafts were numbered from south to north, g2102, g2103,
g2104, and g2105, and g2106 (at NE corner of g2100). Note, however, that
there is no tomb numbered g2106; most likely this is g2114, which occupies the
space at the northeast corner of g2100.
20 See the reconstruction plans, with chapels added, of Cemetery g2100 in Jnosi,
Giza in der 4. Dynastie, plans23.
21 Junker, Gza2, p.109, comments on the intentional decision by the tombs
architects to smooth and dress certain walls and surfaces but leave others rough
for reasons of maximum aesthetic contrast.
118
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hole in the floor. The hole was located, confirming that the door
once swung open to the north (fig.5.103).22
A small mud-brick staircase, placed symmetrically relative
to the two square pillars but asymmetrically (50cm to the north)
within the courtyard itself, leads into the portico.23 No decoration is
present on the courtyard walls other than the front (east) and back
(west) sides of the two square pillars of the portico (see below). But
the entrance to the chapel corridor, placed asymmetrically to the
south, bears a raised relief architrave and drum.
The portico is smaller than the courtyard, measuring 3.25m
wide x 2.10m deep. It, too, is asymmetrically located, closer to the
north wall than to the south. One explanation for this positioning
lies in the presence of a serdab (90 x 80cm) set immediately south
of the portico, although no serdab squint can be identified, due to
damage to the porticos south wall.24 Junker associates an alabaster
arm fragment from a female statue, found in the vicinity, with this
serdab (see finds above). The south wall does, however, preserve
some architects guidelines in red paint, accompanied by m 2 (2
cubits). These lines are barely visible today.25 The pillars measure
50x 50cm and 2.5m tall, and bear decoration solely on their east
and west sides (see below).
At the end of the passage corridor entrance to the chapel, the
door socket posthole is visible in the floor on the southern side of
the door. Up above the door, however, the block is hollowed on
both south and north sides, indicating double doors were originally
intended, according to Junker, to take some stress off of the friable
nature of limestone.26
The northsouth corridor chapel contains two false doors with
wide architraves, but no additional decoration.27 In contrast to the
tombs two exterior architraves, the drum over the chapel entrance,
and the porticos square pillars, which are all carved in raised relief,
the decoration inside the chapel is carved exclusively in sunk relief.
This scenario is reversed compared to many mastabas, where sunk
relief is preferred for exterior inscriptions, such as architraves. Junker
rightly points out that in this case, the interior chapels false doors
appear to be in imitation of granite. On the thicknesses of the jambs
one can see the speckled pink color intended to represent this more
valuable stone, which is, of course, most often carved in sunk relief.28
In fact, the entire chapel displays a reddish color, probably gained as
a result of the discoloration of a wash or coating covering the walls.
A window has been cut high on the south side of the chapel;
its aperture widens as it reaches the chapel interior (fig. 5.18).29
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
J unker, Gza2, pp.104105, claims the doorway was painted with a white wash,
but doubts that the courtyard walls were similarly colored.
No evidence of this stair was visible in recent years; it is either buried or completely
deteriorated (see image pdm_1993.084.06 on the Giza Archives Project Web site,
www.gizapyramids.org). It lay originally 1.25m from the north wall, and 1.75m
from the south wall.
For a similarly placed serdab, see the tomb of Qedfy (g2135a): Junker, Gza6,
p.81, fig.21.
Junker, Gza2, p.103, fig.5. For a more recent view, barely showing the red
guidelines, see pdm_1993.084.10 on www.gizapyramids.org.
Junker, Gza2, p.102, fig.4.
Junkers measurements differ slightly from those of Reisner listed above: ibid.,
p.98: 6.10x 1.30 + 2.90m. Somewhat similar northsouth corridor chapels in
Cemetery g2100, with two false doors but no other chapel decoration, include
the tombs of Qedfy (g2135a) and KaninisutII (g2156); see below.
Ibid., pp.100101.
Measurements: 1.25m long x 55cm wide. For a recent view of a similar window
in the tomb of Nefer, see Jnosi, Die Grberwelt der Pyramidenzeit, p.66, fig.54.
30
31
32
33
34
35
119
GM8.1.indb 119
7/22/09 10:49 PM
of her father. A date in the first two or three reigns of that dynasty is
therefore suggested.39
Decoration
m = 1
s {
@ 8`C
C 9
g
C
w
?
a
} ! CgG
H
C?
?w
) pC
j
r
y
U . L a
%a
- +
j {
~
. j
Date
39
40
41
42
36
37
38
43
44
45
46
120
GM8.1.indb 120
7/22/09 10:49 PM
Text: (1)s nswt tmty nr w Mrb48 (2)stf mrtf krt nswt (3)Nnsr-k
Translation: (1)Kings son, seal-bearer of the god of the fleet, Merib.
(2)His daughter, whom he loves, the royal ornamented, (3)Nensedjerkai.
C
~
HG
_ #
9
U
~
M
BM
{
m = 1
@
8`C
C 9
g
C
C
C
w
a
)
} 2
~
j
p-
M~
48
49
50
47
ote the similar scene, albeit showing Khamerernebty sniffing a lotus blossom,
N
on the north face of the square pillar of Kapi in g2091, dated to Niuserre to
Izezi by Roth, A Cemetery of Palace Attendants, pp.101102, pls.43b, 4647,
fig.161b.
C
~
51
52
53
Note the spelling with the foot sign b, which never appears in Meribs own tomb
(g2100-1); cf. Junker, Gza2, p.118.
Doubtless the same individual as Merib; see Junker, Gza2, p.11314.
This title differs from that found in the tomb of Merib himself (g2100-1); one
expects tmty nr b nrw.
See Junker, Gza2, p.115, fig.7, and Gza12, p.76, fig.6.18.
This text is also translated by M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature1, p.16.
Lines12 are translated by Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age, p.390
(text287).
121
GM8.1.indb 121
7/22/09 10:49 PM
m
=
1
9
g
@
8 ` C
C
{C 2
4 3
~ G
(see fig.5.51).
H
before the great god. (2)May invocation offerings be made for her (on)
the new years festival, the festival of Thoth, the first of the year festival,
the wag-festival, and every festival, for the kings daughter, the royal
ornamented, Nensedjerkai. (3)A thousand quantities of alabaster, and
cloth, (4)a thousand quantities of bread, beer, and cakes.
C
~
$
g
w
fl
C fl a
$
C
C
lines in raised relief, reading right to left, present the titles and name
=y
m
g
C
@
Text: (1)stCnswt
titles of st nswt and rt nswt, which we have already encountered on
(2)snr s-b knw sf nnm twt
Nn-sr-k
y krt nswt
G
{
tt
the exterior architrave and eastern pillar faces.
C
(3)(tt)
nw
w
2 (4)wnw
srC (rp) ry-b s mnt
~
=
Y
n C
(5)t
`C
8 nt
Y ~
Translation:
daughter,
n C
festival
G
~
y C
{Chekenu-oil,
(2)Incense,
perfume,
sefetj-oil, nekhnum-oil, tuat
Libyan
oil,
best
cedar
oil,
(3)best
$
g
a thousand white-fronted geese, a
fl
awthousand
C
fl geese,
a
Text: (1)st nswt krt nswt m(t)-nr wt-r (2)m(t)-nr wfw Nn cloth,
~
greylag
calves,
a thousand
suckled
sr-k
C
thousand
$
(pieces
of ) cloth,
(5)a
of bread, a thousand jars of beer.
thousand
Translation: (1)Kings daughter, the royal ornamented, priestess of
C
Cloaves
y
$
g
w
fl
fl
a
Wall,
Lintel
South
Door,
West
(figs.5.43, 5.475.48, 5.51
False
i
C
$
n C
n y
n n
=C
Both false doors in the chapel are carved in sunk relief. Of the four
g
C
Y ~
seated representations of Nensedjerkai inside the chapel, this is the
nC
i
C
{CNn-sr-k
Y
Text:
G
only one to show the front leg(s) of her bull-legged stool. In the
st
nswtkrt
nswt
m(t)-nr
wt-r
~
Translation:
kings daughter, royal ornamented, priestess of
three other instances, Nensedjerkais legs obscure the front of the C
The
C
stool. In both false door architraves, it is interesting that the seated Hathor,
n YNensedjerkai.
~
C
~
figure does not extend to the top of the available space. Perhaps the
Drum
West
Wall,
South
False
Door
(fig.5.47).
$
g
w
C
C
a
fl
fl
C
C
area too much for a pleasing juxtaposition. But the space left free is
C
$
somewhat striking, given the densely packed compositions on most ~
C n n
C
n
nC
in both architraves show seven half-loaves, all of them facing to the
right, instead of facing each other and meeting in the center of the West
Wall,
South
False
Door,
Left
(South) Jamb (figs.5.47,
C
table.55
Y
5.52).
Wearing
the
same
costume
as
described
above for her architrave
C
Nensedjerkai
tablet,
and
stands
facing
right,
with
her front arm bent
Y
=
n n
n n~
n
at
the
elbow
across
her
breast,
and
her
rear
arm
hanging
by her side.
9
g
@
8 ` C
C
C
G {
~ H
C
C
king,
Translation:
(1)A
gift
which
the
and
a
gift
which
Anubis,
$
g
w
fl
C fl a
divine
ofthe
give,
booth,
foremost
that she might be buried (in) the
C
necropolis in the western
desert,
having
$ achieved a (2)very great old
Nensedjerkai.
the royal ornamented,
C
(4)a
thousand
iquantities of bread and beer,
thousand pieces of cloth,
and a thousand cakes
Text: (1)st nswt krt nswt Nn-sr-k (2)m-k []-n (3)m-k R-tp
False
n YDoor
(figs.5.47, 5.49, 5.5152).56
West Wall,
South
Tablet
~
1
2
3
4
57
1 1
2
1
2
3
4
C
~ ~
C
C
122
GM8.1.indb 122
56
3 Gza2,
2
2
3
Cf. Junker,
p.120 fig.10.
or a three-dimensional suggested reconstruction of the table scene, see
F
n n
n n
Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.152, fig.224.
Cf. Junker, Gza2, p.120 fig.10, and Gza 12, p.71, fig.3.5.
54
55
57
58
ote the unusual spelling with the initial m, which also occurs on the north
N
false door tablet.
On the difficulty of reading this cartouche, see Junker, Gza2, p.121, who
eliminates Khufu, Djedkare, Khafre, Menkaure, and Sahure as candidates.
7/22/09 10:49 PM
m
=
1
9
g
@
8 ` C
C
{C 2
4 3
~ H
C
~
$
g
w
fl
C fl a
$
C
1
2
m
= ` C
9
g@ 8
i
G
{
y C
C
~
Text:
(1)[st
nswt
krt
nswt]Nn-sr-k
s-b knw] sf nnm
West
Wall,
South
False
Door,
Right
(North)
Jamb
(figs.5.47,
(2)[snr
H
C
m
=
twt
tt
(3)[tt
nw]
w
2
(4)[wnw]
sr (rp) ry-b
5.52).
Nensedjerkais
costume
and
pose
here,
facing
left,
are
identical
C
n Y to those
~onthe left jamb, described above.
9
g@ (5)s
`C
8mnt
(6)t
nt
(1)[Kings
G
Translation:
daughter,
royal ornamented], Nensedjerkai.
y C
~
{
Cthehekenu-oil],
festival
(2)[Incense,
perfume,
sefetj-oil, nekhnum-oil,
$ wC
g
fl
fl oil,(3)[best
a Libyan oil], green eye-paint, 2, (4) a
cedar
~ ~
tuat-oil,
best
of cloth,
Cpieces
a thousand
geese, a thousand whiteC
thousand
$calves,greylag
fronted
geese,
a
thousand
suckled
(5)a
thousand
alabaster vessels,
C
C
a
thousand
pieces
of
cloth,
(6)a
thousand
quantities
of
bread and beer.
$
g
w
fl
C a
fl
i
False
C
West Wall,
North
$ Door, Lintel.
m
=
y
n n
n n
9
g
Y
8
i~
C
`C
Text:
st
nswt
krt
nswt
m(t)-nr
wt-r
{ Nn-sr-k
~
Y
daughter,
Translation:
The
kings
C ornamented, priestess of
H
royal
C
C
Hathor,
Nensedjerkai.
Text: (1)st nswt krt nswt Nn-sr-k (2)m-k Df (3)m-k N-n-nm
Y
n~
~C
Translation: (1)The kings daughter, the royal ornamented Nensedjerkai,
~Drum
(figs.5.615.62).
~
West Wall, North
False
Door
C
C
C
$
g
w
fl
C fl a
West Wall, North False Door59 Architrave (figs. 5.52, 5.56
~
$
5.57). Except for the absence of the front leg of her bull-legged stool, ~
Text: krt nswt Nn-sr-k
C
Translation:
The
royal
ornamented
Nensedjerkai.
Nensedjerkais costume and appearance are identical to those on the C
y n C
n n
C Left
and
=
9
5.58,
5.615.62).
The
pose,
costume,
orientation of the standing
C
{the right
g@ 8 `
Nensedjerkai
C
this, and
figures
of
on
jamb translated below,
C
y
n
n
n
n
n Y
~ G {
false door.
~
south
u
C
mirror
the
representations
on
the
M
C
Text: (1)tp nswt tp () npw nty s nr rs.t()s rt-nr m smyt
{
mntt w.t()
(2)nfr
wrt nbt m r nr st nswt krt nswt Nn-sr-k
psn
(3)s mnt (4)t
~
nt
~
~
F
and a gift which Anubis,
Translation:
(1)Aw
gift
gwhich
the king,
fl $
fl give,
a
the
divine
C
booth,
foremost of
that
she might be buried (in) the
C
C
having$achieved a (2)very great old
C
necropolis in the western desert,
the
before
age, a possessor of veneration
great god, the kings daughter,
y
1
5 y C
4
60
61
62
63
13
1
2
(3)A
the royal ornamented, Nensedjerkai.
alabaster vessels,
4
C
5
thousand
i quantities of bread, beer,
n n
FM
Y
West Wall, North
Tablet
n Door
False
~(figs.5.54, 5.58, 5.605.63).
=bracelets,
a close-fitting garment,
and
anklets as well,
presumably
C
though
they@are
to confirm.
difficult
The upper-right third of the
G
lost;
is based on the tablet
y
C the reconstruction
C
{
4
tablet
has3 been
below
C2
door.
from the southfalse
n
C
{
Text: (1)st nswt krt nswt Nn-sr-k (2)m-k Mry (3)m-k Wr-k()
Translation: (1)The kings daughter, the royal ornamented Nensedjerkai.
(2)The funerary priest Mery. (3)The funerary priest Werka
m ~ ~
9
g C 8 `
C
nn
~ n n
F
$
g
w
M
fl
C fl a C
$ {
C
y
2
1
2
4
5 C
n Y ~
1
62
63
123
n n
FM
ote the unusual spelling with the initial m, which also occurs on the south
N
false door tablet.
The north false door shows one additional sign (six, versus five for the south
false door), perhaps intended to apply to wnw.
The r in the personal name is written after the k arms.
Note the unusual determinative of w, with the meat sign S (F51).
GM8.1.indb 123
61
Cf. ~
Junker, Gza2, p.119 fig.9. ~
C
C
59
60
n
C
{
u
7/22/09 10:49 PM
9
g@ 8
` C
C
{ 2
4 y 3 ~ G
C
H
C
~
$
g
w
fl
C fl a
Mastabas
$of Nucleus Cemetery g2100
C
1
2
3
5 y C
4
n Y West
~
5.55,
5.58,
5.615.62).
C
~ ~
C
C
n n
FM
n
C
{
Text: (1)st nswt krt nswt Nn-sr-k (2)m-k N-pt (3)m-k Wrbw-pt
Translation: (1)The kings daughter, the royal ornamented Nensedjerkai.
(2)The funerary priest Niptah. (3)The funerary priest Werbauptah.
Family
Other People
Wr-bw-pt, Werbauptah
m-k, funerary priest
Wr-k(), Werka
m-k, funerary priest
Mry, Mery
m-k, funerary priest
N-n-nm, Niankhkhnum
m-k, funerary priest
N-pt, Niptah
m-k, funerary priest
Titles of Nensedjerkai
R-tp, Rahotep
m-k, funerary priest
(also in g 2100-1)
mrytf, beloved of him
nbt m r nr , revered under the great god
m-nr wt-r, priest(ess) of Hathor
m-nr wfw, priest(ess) of Khufu
krt nswt, royal ornamented
stf, his daughter
64
Df, Defi
m-k, funerary priest
n (limestone slab stela(?) from debris of g2102; 332189)
[]-n (in g2100-11)
124
GM8.1.indb 124
7/22/09 10:49 PM
Fig. 5.1. G 2100-11, portico emerging during excavation. Circa February 10, 1912. GermanAustrian
Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5261.
Fig. 5.2. G2100-11, general view, looking west. Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_11_2590.
125
GM8.1.indb 125
7/22/09 10:49 PM
Fig. 5.3. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11, looking northwest, with the contiguous mastabas g2100-1 (Merib) and g2100 (Sedit) in the
background. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
G 2100I
G 2100
10 m
G 2100II
B
E
A
K
Z
A
G 2102
E
C
B
G 2103
A D
J
G
B
E
G 2104
I
Y
C D
F
G
G 2105
H
B
X
G 2130
G 2120
126
slab stela
B
GM8.1.indb 126
A
7/22/09 10:49 PM
127
GM8.1.indb 127
7/22/09 10:49 PM
Fig. 5.6. G 2100-11, general view, looking northwest. March 12, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.25.
Fig. 5.7. G 2100-11, chapel, courtyard, and pillared portico, looking south.
November 21, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.107.20.
Fig. 5.10. G 2100-11, north face, with west face of g2120 in foreground left,
looking south. November 20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.105.23.
Fig. 5.11. G 2100-11, chapel courtyard, east wall, looking east. November 17,
1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.084.04.
128
GM8.1.indb 128
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Fig. 5.14. G2100-11, general view, including excavations to the south, looking west. Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5278.
129
GM8.1.indb 129
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.15. G2100-11, eastern half, general view, with excavations to the south, looking north. Circa February 1912.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5260.
Fig. 5.16. G2100-11, western half, general view, with excavations to the south, looking north. Circa February 1912.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5259.
130
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7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.17. G2100-11, westeast section, looking north; after Junker, Gza 2, p.106, fig.6.
Fig. 5.18. G 2100-11, south exterior face and window, looking north.
March12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.029.03.
131
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7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.20. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11a, burial chamber with canopic niche and sarcophagus of Nensedjerkai,
looking northwest from passage. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 5.21. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11a, burial chamber with canopic niche and sarcophagus of Nensedjerkai,
looking south. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
132
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7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.22. G2100-11a, burial chamber with sarcophagus, looking northwest. Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian
Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5346.
Fig. 5.23. G2100-11a, burial chamber with sarcophagus, looking west. Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition
photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5376.
133
GM8.1.indb 133
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.24. G 2100-11, chapel, exterior architrave, illuminated by sunlight exclusively during the early morning hours. November 26, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, digital montage of pdm_1993.117.02, pdm_1993.117.04, pdm_1993.117.05, pdm_1993.117.026, and pdm_1993.117.07.
134
GM8.1.indb 134
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Fig. 5.25. G 2100-11, chapel portico, drawing of exterior architrave; after Junker, Gza 2, p.115, fig.7.
Fig. 5.26. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11, chapel portico with decorated west faces of pillars and serdab squint on south wall, looking south.
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
135
GM8.1.indb 135
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.28. G 2100-11, chapel, drawing of pillars, east faces; after Junker,
Gza 2, p.117, fig.8.
Fig. 5.27. G 2100-11, chapel pillars, east faces, looking west. November 18, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.087.05, and pdm_1993.087.09.
Fig. 5.30. G 2100-11, chapel, drawing of pillars, west faces; after Junker,
Gza 2, p.117, fig.8.
Fig. 5.29. G 2100-11, chapel pillars, west faces, looking east. Circa February 1912.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,
aeos_11_2516, and aeos_11_2515.
136
GM8.1.indb 136
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.33. G 2100-11, chapel, interior architrave and drum, looking west. November 17, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.084.18.
137
GM8.1.indb 137
7/22/09 10:50 PM
138
GM8.1.indb 138
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.37. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11, interior chapel, looking southwest. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 5.38. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11, interior chapel, looking northwest. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
139
GM8.1.indb 139
7/22/09 10:50 PM
Fig. 5.39. G 2100-11, interior chapel, looking north. November 17, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.084.21.
Fig. 5.40. G 2100-11, interior chapel, looking south. November 17, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.084.22.
Fig. 5.41. G 2100-11, interior chapel, door sockets in floor. November 17,
1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.084.25.
Fig. 5.42. G 2100-11, interior chapel, door sockets in ceiling above door.
November 17, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.084.26.
140
GM8.1.indb 140
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Fig. 5.43. G 2100-11, interior chapel, south false door, upper half. Circa
February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0128.
Fig. 5.44. G 2100-11, interior chapel, south false door, plan and section.
50 cm
141
G 2100-II Nensedjerkai, chapel, south. false door
GM8.1.indb 141
7/22/09 10:51 PM
142
GM8.1.indb 142
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 5.48. G 2100-11, interior chapel, south false door, upper half. Circa
February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5336.
Fig. 5.51. G 2100-11, interior chapel, south false door, painting of tablet
and lintel by GermanAustrian Expedition staff. Courtesy Institut fr
gyptologie, Universitt Wien.
143
GM8.1.indb 143
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 5.52. Computer reconstruction of g2100-11, interior chapel, south and north false doors, looking west. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
144
GM8.1.indb 144
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 5.53. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door, central portion.
Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5873.
Fig. 5.55. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door, lower portion.
Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_11_2610.
145
GM8.1.indb 145
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Fig. 5.56. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door, upper half, looking northwest. Circa February 1912. GermanAustrian Expedition
photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5878.
146
GM8.1.indb 146
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Fig. 5.57. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door, architrave. Most likely later than 1912, due to disappearance of sizing and paint.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, digital montage of aeos_1_5870+5877.
Fig. 5.58. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door, looking southwest.
November 17, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.085.15.
147
GM8.1.indb 147
7/22/09 10:51 PM
148
GM8.1.indb 148
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 5.63. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door; tablet. November 17,
1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.085.11.
Fig. 5.62. G 2100-11, interior chapel, north false door. Circa February 1912.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna, digital montage of aeos_1_5876 and aeos_1_5875.
149
GM8.1.indb 149
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GM8.1.indb 150
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Chapter 6
THE TOMB OF NEFER:
Mastaba g2110
lined above with crude brick on three sides and with stones only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.1m; red debris and pebble
chamber on east, cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shafto: south of n and north of p (fig.6.105)
lined above with crude brick on three sides and with stone only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.55m; red debris and pebble
chamber on east; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftp: south of d and north of q (fig.6.106)
lined above with crude brick on three sides, and with stones only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.95m; red debris, dirty debris, and pebble, and
limestone debris
chamber on east; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftq: south of p and north of r (fig.6.107)
lined above with crude brick on three sides, only with stones on
east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.7m; red debris, dirty debris, and limestone debris
chamber on east; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftr: south of q and north of s (fig.6.108)
lined with crude brick above on three sides, and with stone only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.65m; red debris, dirty debris, pebble, and broken
mud-brick; in the chamber fragments of bones
chamber on west; cut in bad rock; no blocking
found in shaft debris: inscribed offering basin (3822; fig.6.18)
Shafts: south of r and north of t (fig.6.109)
lined above with crude brick on three sides, and with stones only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.45m; red debris, pebble and bones in the chamber
chamber on east; cut in bad rock, underneath mastaba casing
no blocking
Shaftt: south of s and north of v (fig.6.110)
lined above with crude brick on three sides and with stones on
east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 1.8m; limestone debris, rubble, and red debris
chamber on east; cut in bad rock, underneath mastaba casing
no blocking
Shaftu: south of v and north of w (figs.6.416.42, 6.111)
lined above with crude brick on three sides and with stones only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 1.5m; limestone debris, pebble, rubble, and red
debris
chamber on east; cut in bad rock, underneath mastaba casing
blocked with rubble and crude brick with traces of mud
body: head on north
Shaftv: south of t and north of u (fig.6.112)
lined above with crude brick on three sides only and with stones
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.2m; red debris, pebble, and limestone debris
chamber on west; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftw: south of u and north of x (figs.6.113, 6.117)
lined above with crude brick on three sides and with stones only
on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.15m; limestone debris, rubble, red debris, and
broken mud-brick
traces of bones in the chamber
chamber on east; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftx: north of y, west of the casing of g2110 and west of w (figs.6.114,
6.117)
lined with masonry
total depth 2.4m; red debris, pebble, stones, and sand
chamber on east; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shafty: south of x and north of z (figs.6.115, 6.117)
lined above with crude brick topped with one course of masonry
and cut in bad rock below
total depth 2.05m; red debris, pebble, sand, and limestone debris
chamber on west; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Shaftz: south of y, near the southwest corner of the mastaba (figs.6.1166.117)
151
GM8.1.indb 151
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lined with crude brick above on three sides, and with masonry
only on east; cut in bad rock below
total depth 1.15m; sand and pebble
chamber on west; cut in bad rock; no blocking
Excavation
only the undecorated part of the south wall when fully open. The
door socket hole on the south side of the entrance confirmed the
conjecture; the open door would not have obscured any of the
decoration, covering only undecorated wall surface when open in
the chapel. At the bottom of the socket hole was a dark (basalt?)
stone still in situ, most likely placed to support the weight of the
post, since limestone would have been too soft (fig. 6.7).7 In the
center of this basalt stone, an oval depression measures 8.5cm in
eastwest diameter, and 7.5cm in northsouth diameter.
Finds
From g2110r:
3822: limestone offering basin of royal acquaintance Muti, h.27cm;
w.39cm; th.13.5cm; d.2.3 + 2.7cm (fig.6.18)
7
4
5
152
GM8.1.indb 152
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Right side:
% `
[d
*
[d
Top:
?
w p g
Bottom:
niche into an interior chapel false door, and the available space in
the street between g2110 and g2130. The extremely constricted
passage between the front of Nefers chapel and the back (west) wall
of mastaba g2130 (Khentka)about 130cmcould not have been
intended in the original layout of mastaba cores; it is thus additional
evidence for Nefers exterior chapel being a secondary development
(figs.6.226.24).
With its decorated false door tablet and exterior stone chapel,
Nefers mastaba is of particular significance for the evolution of slab
stelae, false doors, and table scenes. Many scholars have argued that
the funerary repast scene of the slab stelae and the accompanying
offerings eventually evolved into the false door panel, and then
beyond the false door itself onto decorated chapel walls. Haeny,
however, preferred the reverse development, namely that false
doors were the originally intended cult focus for the earliest Giza
mastabas.17 His primary argument rests on the mastaba presently
under discussion:
Es gibt jedoch, was Junker anscheinend bersehen hat,
im Friedhofgelnde von Giseh eine Mastaba, g2110, deren
Kalksteinverdkleidung am ursprnglichen Kernbau fertiggestellt
und auch auen geglttet worden ist, bevor die Anlage um einen
geschlossenen Kultraum erweitert wurde; dessen Anschluwnde
sind ohne jeden Verband gegen die Auenche der Mastaba
gesetzt. Hier aber ist die Opferstelle nichtwie wir nach
Junker erwarten mtendurch die in Giseh bliche Grabtafel
gekennzeichnet, sondern in traditioneller Weise durch zwei
abgetreppte Scheintrnischen, die man im voraus beim Anlegen
der Verkleidung einberechnet hatte.18
Architecture
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
153
GM8.1.indb 153
7/22/09 10:51 PM
I bid.
Cf. Manuelian, Slab Stelae, stelae 1, 6, 9, and 13, and cf. J. Sainte Fare Garnots
description of Nefers tomb in Etudes sur la ncropole de Gza sous la IVe
Dynastie, RdE 9 (1952), pp.7374, and 78, fig.7.
Date
23
24
25
his inscription was published by Smith, Inscriptional Evidence for the History
T
of the Fourth Dynasty, JNES11 (1952), fig.5, mentioned on p.126 (B4).
Compare PMIII, p.72: Khafre; Baer, Rank and Title, pp.8990 [250]: end
of Dynasty4early Dynasty5; Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges, pp.11920:
not later than Djedefre; Harpur, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs, p.267 [124]:
Khafre; Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.124 and table 12: Djedefre or
Khafre; Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.82: Khufu; El-Metwally, Entwicklung der
Grabdekoration, p.154: end of Dynasty4; Reisner, GN1, pp.306307: Khafre;
Smith, HESPOK, p.163: Khafre; Strudwick, Administration, pp.109110 [84]:
Khafre or a little later;
J nosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, pp.12324; Reisner, GN1, p.306f.; Smith,
HESPOK, p.163.
154
GM8.1.indb 154
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expanded form of the offering lists, and the tp nswt formula) have
misled some scholars to date the piece as late as the Sixth Dynasty.26
The original core mastaba certainly dates to the reign of Khufu,
with its T-shaped burial shaft, portcullis grooves (although they
terminate on the east side at bedrock level), reserve head, and twostage chapel development, namely the original cult focus (possibly
for a slab stela; see fragment 3823) replaced by an exterior stone
chapel. The appearance of a linen list on the false door tablet harks
back to Khufu-era slab stelae, but the unusual pose of the deceased
and the tp nswt formula there look forward in time. The high,
occasionally coarse style of the raised relief postdates the fine, low
style preferred under Khufu.27 A date for the final occupation of the
mastaba in the reign of Khafre best fits the evidence.
2 C g
C
C Mg
Decoration
26
27
28
29
andier, Manuel1, p.764; for others who date it to Dynasty6, see Cherpion,
V
Mastabas et hypoges, p.120, n.243; she herself prefers a date for Nefer no later
than Djedefre.
Smith, HESPOK, p.163, has compared these reliefs unfavorably with other
Chephren period tombs: Ankh-haf (g7510), and Akhethetep and Meretites
(g7650). I would argue, however, following Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie,
pp.71, 9293, 108111, and Strudwick, Administration, pp.4243, 7778, that
the carving in these chapels is lower and finer precisely because they may well
date to the reign of Khufu, rather than Khafre.
Additional fragments were identified after Smiths time; see his remarks on
scattered fragments in HESPOK, p.163 n.1; idem, The Origin of some
unidentified Old Kingdom Reliefs, AJA46 (1942), pp.50910. The chapel
decoration is also discussed by El-Metwally, Entwicklung der Grabdekoration,
pp.15462 (6.3.2).
Smith, HESPOK, p.163 n.1; Markowitz, in Egypt in the Age of the Pyramids,
p.78, cat.23 (illustrated in color). The drum is also mentioned without
illustration by Ashton Sanborn in BMFA20, no.118 (April, 1922), p.27; and
cf. N. Strudwick, Three Monuments of Old Kingdom Treasury Officials,
JEA71 (1985), pp.4344, pl.III.1, with discussion of two variant forms of pr-
treasury, based on whether the sign is completely enclosed within the pr
sign or not (add r nbf after nb m to his translation); h.20.3 x w.83.8 x
th./diam.20.3cm. See also Piacentini, Les scribes, pp.17273 (E.Gi.17). In situ
discovery images available on www.gizapyramids.org in g1461 are HUMFA
Expedition photographs C12965_OS and C12965_OS.
Most, but not all, of the chapels many decorated relief fragments
were first reconstructed by W.S. Smith.28
30
31
32
33
34
155
GM8.1.indb 155
7/22/09 10:51 PM
M
M
g
% C
C
{ g
g
L
4
C 2C
C
C
:
L
C s
C
5
36
37
g
3
M C2 C
38
or a detail view of the standing figure, along with a comparison to the reserve
F
head of Nefer, see Spanel, Through Ancient Eyes, pp.3537, with figs.4041. See
also Smith, Ancient Egypt, pp.3637, figs.1415; idem, HESPOK, pp.23, 303,
pl. 48e; idem, Old Kingdom Sculpture, AJA 45 (1941), p.528 and figs.67;
idem, Art and Architecture, p.258, n.41; W. Davis, Canonical representation in
Egyptian art, Res4 (1982), p.27, figs.11 and 19; Junge, Hem-iunu, Anch-ha-ef
und die sog. Ersatzkpfe, in Kunst des Alten Reiches, p.104, pl.36ab; Assmann,
Preservation and Presentation of Self in Ancient Egyptian Portraiture, in
Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson1, pp.5581, with fig.7.
See, for example, the images of Nefer seated on the south entrance thickness
(figs.6.566.57), the west wall (figs.6.72, 6.83) and false door tablet (figs.6.76,
6.78, 6.84), and standing on the south wall (figs.6.63, 6.656.66). For
additional discussion, see O. Bates, Sculptures from the Excavations at Giza,
19051906, BMFA5, no.26 (June 1907) p.20; See also B.V. Bothmer, On
Realism in Egyptian Funerary Sculpture of the Old Kingdom, Expedition24
(1982), pp.3435, fig.20 = Bothmer, Egyptian Art, pp.384, 387, fig.25.21.
For this title, see Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles1, p.217, no.808,
following Fischer, Varia, p.32, fig.8 and p.120.
35
39
40
41
42
f. Roehrig, in Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids, p.286 with n.5; W.
C
Wreszinski, Atlas zur altgyptischen Kulturgeschichte3, pl.66. S.A. Goudsmit
notes the occasional occurrence of the rear view of the first figure in a procession,
possibly indicating that he has already passed by the viewer; cf. The Backview
of Human Figures in Ancient Egyptian Art, JNES40 (1981), pp.4346, fig.3.
For a parallel to the bivalve shell with inkwells, see the north wall of the chapel
of KaninisutI below (g2155), and the seated scribal statue of Amenhotep from
Karnak, CG590 (ty ry-pt ty- my-r kwt nbt nswt, etc.).
This figure is illustrated in Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt, p.xvii,
fig.4. Nefru appears again on the east wall fragment (Copenhagen IN937);
see below.
For this title, see Junker, Gza2, pp.6566, 161.
Doubtless the owner of mastaba g2041, located immediately southwest of
Nefers tomb, and west of g2100 (Sedit). The decorated west wall of Senenuka
is MFA07.100007.1001, 07.100307.1005: see PMIII, pp.2425, 242; Capart,
Lart gyptien. p.20, pl.438; Williams, Per-Neb, pp.5, 1617, pl.5; Smith,
HESPOK, p.164, pl.45b.
L
ouvre B51; h.95.5cm; w.115cm; th.2324cm (as displayed in Paris). The
relief passed from the collection of Prince Napolon (originally acquired by
Mariette during the winter of 185758) to that of Rousset Bey. It entered the
Louvre collection by purchase in 1868, and bears the alternate numbers E5599
and D59; cf. Ziegler, Catalogue des stles, cat.26, pp.16771; Reisner, GN1,
p.423, pl.30a; Capart, Documents2, pl.23; El-Metwally, Entwicklung der
Grabdekoration, figs.24, 96, 122, 137, 141; Capart, Documents2, pl.23.
156
GM8.1.indb 156
7/22/09 10:51 PM
are preserved in all, each displaying his own close-cropped hair and a
kilt with elaborate belt tab. There were likely two additional registers
and more figures (now lost) above. Inscriptions include the names
and titles of some of the individuals:
C
M n n C
| n
:C
Ln
?
:
C
n Cn
11
10
Text: (5)wt (6)m-k n (7)m-k y-mry (8)m-k Pr-sn (9)mk Ms (10) wy snr tt mrt msdmt wt (11)rp t nb(t) bnrt
t-rt t-wrt Translation: (5)Embalmer, (6)funerary priest Ankh,
(7)funerary priest Iymery, (8)funerary priest Persen, (9)funerary
priest Mesi, (10)implements for washing hands, incense, best
ointment, black eye-paint, green eye-paint, (11)wine, every (kind
of ) sweet thing, baked bread, great loaf.
16
15
14
13
South Wall (Giza, Boston, figs. 6.646.66). Nefer and his wife
Wenankhes stand facing into the tomb, to the right (westwards).
The lower halves of their bodies are still in situ, while the heads
and upper torsos are preserved in Boston (MFA31.780, figs. 6.63,
6.66).47 Behind the figures, to the left (east), the rest of the wall has
been left undecorated to avoid being obscured behind the chapels
swinging wooden door.
1
C
{ g
wg $
12
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
he bird hieroglyph taken here as ns might instead be the s bird; see in general
T
on the subject H.G. Fischer, Epithets of Seniority, in Varia, pp.8195. At any
rate, the phrase seems to omit something towards the end, since the scribal title
occurs twice.
I llustrated in Reisner, GN1, pl.33a, p.423; N. Cherpion, Sentiment Conjugal
et Figuration lAncien Empire, in Kunst des Alten Reiches, p.33 and pl.3a.
The restoration of Nefers wifes name as Wenankhes is confirmed by the
Birmingham fragment of the west wall. For remarks on the title mtrt and male
examples of the title, see Fischer, A Scribe of the Army in a Saqqara Mastaba
of the Early Fifth Dynasty, JNES18 (1959), pp.26263, fig.24. The upper
torsos are also discussed by N. Cherpion, Sentiment Conjugal et Figuration
lAncien Empire, in Kunst des Alten Reiches, p.33 and pl.3a.
Cf. Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles2, p.807, no.2951.
Cf. Reisner, GN1, fig.241, pl. 32b. For additional discussion of the scene
preserved on the Copenhagen relief, see Fischer, Varia, pp3132, fig.8; ElMetwally, Entwicklung der Grabdekoration, pp.15962, figs.97, 123, 138, 147, 151,
158, 163.
157
GM8.1.indb 157
7/22/09 10:51 PM
a
C
Copenhagen IN 819:53
10
M
g
C MM
C
{
L
h
F
g
I
Y
2C
g
@
g
I
C
C
12
13
14
15
C Mg
@ g
16
53
54
55
56
51
52
C
I
g
g
21
20
EE
n E
D
U
The false door bears decoration on the tablet and lintel beneath,
the jambs below it remaining either unfinished or intentionally left
blank. The decorated tablet was removed from the tomb before
the arrival of the HarvardMFA Expedition, and has been in the
collections of the Museo Barracco in Rome (C.M.B.1), since it was
acquired from the collection Bonaparte.58
n
n C
n n n n
Cg
C
19
18
17
57
58
158
GM8.1.indb 158
7/22/09 10:51 PM
C
C C
!
(8)gwt nfw 2 bnnwt 2 st
C : g
A $
d EY?
w
u
T AA C
1
A
A u2
C
F F
AY s
=! C C :
) F " T
C
(10)rn w rn m- t r [rp] s
(10)a thousand young oxen, a thousand young oryxes, a thousand
cranes, a thousand greylag geese, a thousand white-[fronted] geese, a
thousand teal ducks,
(5)(Two rows of items, each on its own table: haunch w, ribs, swt,
and trussed fowl: d db nbs t-nbs w
(5)persea fruit, figs, zizyphus,67 loaf of zizyphus,68 carob bean,69
11
O
(6)rp tt
(6)wine, milk,
12
13
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
/Ch
14
(13)sr/mt-nfrt/72
15
TTTT TTT
F
1
[TTTT[TT[T 2
(7)spt p[]
(7)sekhepet-drink, p[ekha]-drink,
59
(11)nt t mnt s
(11)a thousand jars of beer, a thousand loaves of bread, a thousand
pieces of cloth, a thousand alabaster vessels.
C
! Cd
10
U T C
F @
16
O T
TTT 2
70
71
72
73
159
GM8.1.indb 159
7/22/09 10:51 PM
T?
+
F
:
CMg
g
O
74
75
76
way, however, that suggests that they too may have been treated
like the upper lip. Height, 27.4cms.77
The head tilts back slightly, and the angle between the neck (in
profile) and the underlying jaw bone is about 110 degrees. The
surface is relatively flat at the top of the head, while the skull widens
laterally toward the back. The back of the skull curves symmetrically
downwards towards the back of the neck. A scratched, uneven
incision divides the skull, beginning roughly at the top of the crown
and continuing, with some interruptions, all the way to the base.
Viewed from the front, the face is compact, long but not particularly
wide; it forms a U as it fans out upwards towards the top of the head.
Both ears appear rather neatly cut off, as if sliced with a knife;
viewed from the front, one can just make out the jagged protrusions
of the remains. Whether they were carved or modeled in plaster is
not clear. On the proper left ear, two holes survive to penetrate just
into the head where the normal ear cavity would appear. These holes
are less evident on the proper right ear.
An incised hairline separates the face below from the scalp,
but appears jagged and unfinished in places. It is much thicker
and rougher on Nefers right side, above the proper right eye. It
is possible that a thin coat of plaster was added to the scalp just
above the hairline, more pronounced on the proper left side. On
the proper right side, a slightly raised area suggests that the hairline
might originally have been intended to start at a lower level. The
hairline curves down on either side towards the ears to form raised
relief (sharply edged; not rounded) sideburns. However, a change
of design is visible here, as the original cut protruded closer to the
cheeks and further down the face. This first cut is more advanced on
the proper right side, but both sides show the abandonment of the
cut in favor of shorter, smaller, and rounder sideburns set closer to
the ears. This feature is unique to this reserve head, but the closest
parallels to such rough sideburn alterations occur on the heads from
g4940b (MFA 21.329; Tefnin, Art et Magie, pls. 9d and 10b), from
g4640a (Cairo JE46216; ibid., pl.16cd), and from west of g4160
(Hildesheim 2158; ibid., pl.24bc). On the proper right side the
hairline continues up around and down beyond the ear before fading
out altogether. The cut here never progresses up and around the ear.
Other reserve heads show this cut proceeding down around the back
of the head and delineating the base of the hairline at the nape of
the neck (see, for example, the head from g1203a, Berkeley, Hearst
Museum 619767, ibid., pl.1a, d), but in Nefers case no hairline
traces at all are visible from a rear view.
The forehead continues in the same sloping plane as the hair
above it. The change of plane begins at the level of the eyebrows,
which are little more than incised lines around a raised surface, but
do show some plasticity. They are fairly symmetrical in composition.
Each brow shows a combination of rounded curves and sharpened
corners at the bulbous inner ends, towards the bridge of the nose,
and at the tapering, pointed outer ends, which extend farther
outward towards the ears than do the eyes below. A small chip is
missing at the tip of the left eyebrow. A change of plane below the
eyebrows begins the descent into the eye sockets, but a solid space
remains between the eyebrows and the tops of the eyelids.
There is no attempt to show the ocular portion of the eyelids.
The orbital part is an incised line on top of the eye that forms a ridge
77
160
GM8.1.indb 160
7/22/09 10:51 PM
with the rest of the lid. The lids occupy a much higher plane than
the actual eyeballs. The eyes are slightly large, horizontal, straight,
and widely spaced to make room for the bridge of the nose. The
orbital over the right eye is mostly invisible; it was either never
finished or covered over with plaster. The eyes appear set high, quite
deeply depressed at the sides of the nose. The left eye is slightly
higher than the right. Both eyes show long inner canthi pointing
downwards towards the nose. The outer canthi are more squeezed
and pointed than their inner counterparts. No trace of cornea or
pupil is preserved. The eyes fail to bulge as they do on some other
reserve heads (such as the head from g4440a, MFA 14.719, ibid.,
pl.8bc) because the area beneath the sockets is not as recessed as
on other examples.
The flat and very long cheekbones protrude to their highest
point about 3cm beneath the eyes and are very widely spaced. They
continue without transition down the long chin.
Nefers nose is the dominant feature of his face. At the top,
above the bridge, the area between the eyebrows forms a triangular
space in a different, more vertical plan from that of the forehead. The
front of the nose has been planed down in differentiated levels with
no attempt to soften or round the resulting flatness.78 The drilled
nostrils are very large and oval-shaped, forming curved hollows up
and back into the face. Their large size and diagonal placement give
a flared effect. The outer tops of the nostrils are differentiated from
the rest of the nose by a cut and by sanding down of the area above
the cut line. If not planed down, the nose would have protruded out
of all proportion to the rest of the face.
The area between the nose and upper lip has been covered with
plaster, some of which has likewise been applied to the upper lip.
As a result, there is no distinct change of plane or ridge line to the
upper lip itself. The plaster forms a rising surface on either side of
the well-delineated philtrum. The corners of the mouth are drilled
and rounded; the sharpest ridge belongs to the lower lip line, which
protrudes far out in front of the recessed area beneath it, leading
down to the chin. The lips form a sort of neutral frown, but are
asymmetrical; the center of the lower lip is placed further to Nefers
proper left side. Both lips are of ample size, and somewhat fleshy,
with the upper lip the larger of the two.
The area beneath the lips bears no particular detail. The chin
appears prematurely blunted in comparison to the mouth and nose.
It is broad, soft, and rounded with no visible central point. The
absence of a prominent chin lends a slightly flabby look to the jaw
and neck below. Viewed in profile, only a gradual change of plane
indicates the transition from jaw bone to neck proper. The head
preserves no traces of polychromy.
Tefnins volume eliminates the reserve heads in general from the
realm of veristic, realistic portrait sculpture, citing them as ritualistic
80
81
82
78
83
efnin, Art et Magie, pl.3 for Nefer, MFA 06.1886, with a shorter summary
T
by the same author in Reserve Heads, in D.B. Redford, ed., The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt3, pp.14547. Tefnins monograph has been
reviewed by P. Jnosi in OLZ88 (1993), cols.49296. On reserve heads in
general from the Western Cemetery, see also H. Schmidt, Zur Determination
und Ikonographie der sogenannten Ersatzkpfe. SAK18 (1991), pp.33148.
H. Junker, Vorbericht 1914, pp.3336; N.B. Millet, The Reserve heads of
the Old Kingdom, in Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Sudan (Fs
Dunham), pp.12931. More recent comments are provided by P. Lacovara, The
Riddle of the Reserve Heads, KMT 8, no. 4 (Winter 199798), pp.2836; and
D. Wildung, Technologische Bemerkungen zur Kunst des Alten Reiches. Neue
Fakten zu den Ersatzkpfen, in Les critres de datation, pp.399406; and M.
Nuzzolo, The Reserve Heads: some remarks on their function and meaning,
paper presented at the Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology conference,
Cambridge, England, 2023 May 2009 (forthcoming).
Z
. Hawass, A Group of Unique Statues Discovered at Giza II. An Unfinished
Reserve Head and a Statuette of an Overseer, in Kunst des Alten Reiches,
pp.97101. It is more likely that this head comes from a typical Egyptian statue.
F. Junge, Hem-iunu, Anch-ha-ef und die sog. Ersatzkfpe, in Kunst des Alten
Reiches, pp.103109, esp. p.104, pl. 36ab.
J. Assmann, Preservation and Presentation of Self in Ancient Egyptian
Portraiture, in Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson1, pp.5581. Cf. also
W. Kaiser, Zur Bste als einer Darstellungsform gyptischer Rundplastik,
MDAIK 46 (1990), pp.26985.
A. Bolshakov, New Observations on the Function of the so-called Reserve
Heads, in Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, pp.2123. I am
grateful to the author for sharing his then-unpublished manuscript with me.
161
GM8.1.indb 161
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Family
Other People86
r, Ari
m-k, funerary priest
84
85
86
. Picardo, Semantic Homicide and the So-called Reserve Heads: The Theme
N
of Decapitation in Egyptian Funerary Religion and Some Implications for the
Old Kingdom, JARCE 43 (2007), pp. 22152. For additional recent studies,
see also N. Tacke, Die Entwicklung der Mumienmaske im Alten Reich,
MDAIK52 (1996), pp.30736; and D. Bisping Die sogenannten ,Ersatz- bzw.
Portrtkpfe des gyptischen Alten Reiches: Gegenstand, Terminologie, Stand der
Forschung, Ausblick, unpublished Masters thesis, Humboldt-Universitt zu
Berlin (Berlin 2001).
Note that Reisner, GN1, p.422, originally misreconstructed this name to read
Meresankh, associating Nefers wife with the Meresankh in the nearby tomb of
Kanefer (g2150). There is therefore no reason to associate the family of Nefer
(g2110) with that of Kanefer (g2150), as has been done in the literature (see
references above).
For the scribes listed in the tomb, see Piacentini, Les scribes, pp.9699.
y-mry, Iymery
m-k, funerary priest
pr, Iperi
m-k, funerary priest
n, Ankh
m-k, funerary priest
[rp?] s, [controller] of the dining hall(?)
Wn, Weni
s pr ry-wb, scribe of the house of reversion offerings
Wnw, Wenu
m-k, funerary priest
Wn-kf, Wenkaef
m-k, funerary priest
Prsn, Persen
m-k, funerary priest
Mwt, (offering basin from g2110r, 3822), Muti
r nswt, royal acquaintance
Ms, Mesi
m-k, funerary priest
Nfrw, Nefru
s, scribe
Nfrw-ns, Nefru Junior
s, scribe
Nfrmkt, Nefermeket
m-k, funerary priest
Nfrmm, Nefershemem
m-k, funerary priest
Nntn, Nenteni
m-k, funerary priest
Rr, Reri
sm, butcher
w-n-pt, Khuenptah
m-k, funerary priest
nty-kwf, Khentykauef
s, scribe
Snnwk Kk, (owner of g 2041), Senenuka Keki
my-r t-wfw, overseer of the pyramid town Akhet-Khufu (g 2041)
my-r kt, overseer of construction projects (g 2041)
-mr, district administrator (g 2041)
mr grgt, district administrator of the foundation (g 2041)
r nswt, royal acquaintance (g 2041)
rp wb nswt, controller of royal wab-priests (g 2041)
s, scribe (g 2110)
s nswt, royal document scribe (g 2041)
Smw, Seshemu
sm, butcher
K()-rr, Kairer
m-k, funerary priest
162
GM8.1.indb 162
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 6.1. G2110, chapel, looking northwest. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c883 [=c12497].
Fig. 6.2. G 2110, chapel, looking northwest. November 21, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.107.37.
163
GM8.1.indb 163
7/22/09 10:51 PM
G 2113
D
C
Z
Y
C D
G 2112
G 2112b A
B
A G 2112a
X
A
A
X
G 2112c
G
H
G 2114
B
X
F
G
G 2105
10 m
N M
G 2110
C D
G 2111
Unex
A B
C
G 2115
X
G 2210
G 2130
X G 2051
W
U
Z
X
141 A
G 2142
B A
E
C
G 2150
XA
D B C
C
D
G 2134
G 2137
A
O
G 2220
N
C G 2136
2138 Melnikoff;
Fig. 6.4. Plan of the subsidiary shafts lining the west face of g2110, along with g20512054 further to the west. Drawing byG
Nicholas
164
B
A
redrawn by Ruth Traced
Bigio. by Nicholas Melnikoff; compare Arabic Diary vol. 33, p. 2856 = English translation p. 605
D
b
B
G 2144
G 2151
A
G 2139
A
C G 2152
B
A G 2153
B G 2161
E G 2162
G
F GM8.1.indb
Unex
G 2053
G 2133
Y Z
A C
G 2054
GC2132
G 2134a X
G 2052
A B
G 2143
X
C
G 2131
C
B
X
164
G 2156
7/22/09 10:51 PM
Fig. 6.5. G2110, west and south faces, looking northeast. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b775 [=b7431].
Fig. 6.6. G2110, recleared door socket zones inside chapel entrance,
looking east. November 27, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.119.05.
Fig. 6.7. G2110, south side of chapel entrance, north door socket hole with
basalt stone at the bottom, looking south. November 27, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.119.07.
165
GM8.1.indb 165
7/22/09 10:52 PM
Fig.6.8. Computer reconstruction of g2110, looking southwest. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.6.9. Computer reconstruction of g2110, looking southeast. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
166
GM8.1.indb 166
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unnumbered
0
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
0
10 cm
10 cm
r 20% scale
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
Fig. 6.13. Photograph and line drawing of unnumbered fragment of limestone relief from g2110, west wall. July8, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8335 (detail).
167
unnumbered
GM8.1.indb 167
10 cm
7/22/09 10:52 PM
0
0
10 cm
unnumbered
10 cm
unnumbered
0
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
0
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
0
unnumbered
unnumbered
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
unnumbered
0
unnumbered
0
10 cm
unnumbered
0
0
5 drawing
10 cm
Fig.unnumbered
6.15. Photograph
and
of unnumbered fragment of
limestone
relief
from
g2110.
July8,
1933. HUMFA Expedition
10 cm
unnumbered
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8335 (detail).
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
0
unnumbered
10 cm
10 cm
unnumbered
0
10
10 cm
0
5
cm
Fig. 6.17. Photograph
and 10
drawing
of unnumbered fragment of
limestone relief from g2110. July8, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
cm
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8335 (detail).
0
0
10 cm
10 cm
168
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
7/22/09 10:52 PM
PDM
10 cm
Fig. 6.18. 3822, photograph and line drawing of offering basin of Muti from g2110r. April 3, 1938.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammdani Ibrahim, b8948 (detail).
30% scale
169
GM8.1.indb 169
7/22/09 10:52 PM
Fig. 6.19. G2110, view of street and chapel, from the top of the mastaba core, looking east. November 20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.095.19.
Fig. 6.20. View of street between g2110 (right, west) and g2130 (left,
east), looking south towards the Khafre pyramid. 19051906. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b957 [=b7437].
Fig. 6.21. G2110, northwest corner and west facade, looking southeast.
November 15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.076.20.
170
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Fig. 6.22. Constricted passage between g2110 (left, west) and g2130 (right,
east), looking north. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, c862 [=c12475].
shaft
A
G 2110
G 2130
Chapel of Nefer
shaft
A
10
Fill
Fill
10 m
Base Line
171
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Fig. 6.26. G 2110, space between the core and casing along the east face,
looking north. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b887 [=b7439].
Fig. 6.27. G 2110, space between the core and casing along the east face,
looking south. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b953 [=b7438]
Fig. 6.28. HUMFA Expedition Object Register, vol. 29, detail of p.1,482, with entries for relief fragments 3821, 3823, and offering basin of Muti,
3822 (housed in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
172
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Fig. 6.30. G 2110, north niche, looking west. November 20, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.105.01.
Fig. 6.31. G 2110, east face, north half with north niche, looking northwest.
19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1269
[=c12512].
205 Gredrawn
2110
Fig. 6.32. G 2110, plan of northFig.
niche;
by Ruth Bigio.
173
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m
11.05 m
Fig. 6.35. G 2110a, mouth of the shaft, looking east. March12, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.137.15.
Section AB
N
Plan
G 2110 A
Fig. 6.33. G 2110 a, planFig.
and22
section.
Fig.6.36. Computer reconstruction of g2110 a, looking northwest down
into the shaft, with reserve head of Nefer (MFA 06.1886) at the bottom.
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 6.37. G 2110a, view down the stone-lined shaft, with miscellaneous
unidentified limestone blocks in view, looking south. 19051906. HU
MFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1432 [=c12519].
174
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Fig. 6.38. G 2110a, bottom of shaft, with sawn-off sarcophagus lid lug
handles just visible in the upper right (southwest) corner (see image
below); reserve head not yet revealed; looking south. 19051906. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1533 [=c12521].
Fig. 6.41. G 2110u, plastered door blocking, looking east. February5, 1938.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8932.
Fig. 6.39. G 2110a, shaft bottom with view of sawn-off sarcophagus lid lug
handles and reserve head (MFA06.1886), looking south (based on c1533).
19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1469
[=c12524].
Fig. 6.40. G 2110, intrusive burial inside the chapel, by the north wall,
looking north. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, c1646 [=c12506].
175
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Fig.6.44. Computer reconstruction of the exterior stone chapel of g2110, looking northwest towards the north entrance thickness (MFA 07.1002).
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 6.45. MFA 21.3080, limestone entrance drum of a man named Nefer (not the owner of g2110), found in g1461. February6, 2002.
Museum of Fine Arts, CR6572-d1.
176
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Fig. 6.46. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, E13531, limestone entrance drum of Nefer, found in g3015a but most likely originally from
g2110a. Courtesy University of Pennsylvania Museum, 31293.
Fig. 6.47. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, E13531, limestone entrance drum of Nefer. May27, 2009. Jennifer Houser Wegner. Courtesy
University of Pennsylvania Museum.
PDM
10
cm
GM8.1.indb 177
177
7/22/09 10:52 PM
Fig. 6.50. MFA 07.1002, from g2110, north entrance thickness. Museum of Fine Arts, E14211CR_d1.
Fig. 6.51. MFA 07.1002, from
g2110, north entrance thickness,
face of Neferu. 1999. Peter Der
Manuelian, PDM_1999.210.01.
178
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Fig. 6.53. Drawing of MFA 07.1002, from g2110, north entrance thickness.
10
10
cm
cm
PDM
PDM
(1:5)
179
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Fig. 6.56. Muse du Louvre, Paris B151, from g2110, south entrance thickness. January12,2008. Christian Dcamps. Courtesy Runion de Muses
Nationaux, cd020738 (02 dae 1099 nuca).
180
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Fig. 6.57. Drawing of Muse du Louvre, Paris B151, from g2110, south entrance thickness.
0
0
5
5
10
10
cm
cm
PDM
PDM
181
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Fig. 6.58. G 2110, chapel, east wall, north half, standing figures of Nefer and Wenankhes, looking east. August8, 1930.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5794.
182
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Fig. 6.59. G 2110, chapel, east wall, south half, scribes and offering bearers. Copenhagen IN937. May 2009. Ole Haupt/Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.
Fig. 6.60. G 2110, chapel, east wall, digital montage of preserved relief on wall, aaw554 (Brian Snyder, April25, 1999), and relief fragment, Copenhagen IN937,
pdm_1993.138.15 (Peter Der Manuelian, July14, 1991).
183
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184
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Fig. 6.62. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2110, east and south walls.
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
10
cm
PDM
185
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Fig. 6.63. MFA 31.780, from g2110, chapel, south wall, upper half. May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00699.
Fig. 6.64. G 2110, south wall, lower half, looking south, August 29, 1937. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8862.
186
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Fig. 6.65. G 2110, chapel, south wall, looking south. Digital montage of HUMFA Expedition photographs. Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5751
(July23, 1930) and b8777 (detail) (January17, 1937).
187
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Giza, in situ
188
GM8.1.indb 188
10
cm
PDM
7/22/09 10:53 PM
Fig. 6.67. G 2110, chapel, west wall, south half, looking west. November21, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.108.12.
Fig. 6.68. G2110, chapel, west wall, detail of slaughter scene still in situ
(adjoins Copenhagen relief IN819), looking west. January7, 2004. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_00179.
189
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Fig. 6.70. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2110, looking south towards the south wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 6.71. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2110, looking southwest towards the south and west walls. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
190
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Fig. 6.72. G 2110, chapel, west wall, south half, looking west. July 23, 1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5753.
191
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Fig. 6.73. Birmingham 241/57, from g2110, chapel, west wall, south half,
raised-relief fragment preserving part of the only attestation of the name of
Nefers wife, Wenankhes. Courtesy Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery.
Fig. 6.74. G 2110, chapel, digital montage of the west wall, composed from pdm_1993.108.1112 (by Peter Der Manuelian, November 21, 1993), unnumbered
fragment (by Mohammedani Ibrahim, July28, 1933, HUMFA Expedition photograph, b8335), Birmingham 241/57 (courtesy Birmingham Museums and
Art Gallery), Copenhagen IN819 (pdm_1993.138.1718, July14, 1991), and Museo Barracco, Rome C.M.B. 1 (by Dahi Ahmed, June4, 1938, HUMFA
Expedition photograph, a8032).
192
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Fig. 6.75. G 2110, west wall, central portion, digital montage of Copenhagen IN819 (May, 2009) and lower right fragment still in situ (pdm_1999.011.03;
April25, 1999). Photographs by Ole Haupt/Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, and Peter Der Manuelian.
193
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Fig. 6.76. Museo Barracco, Rome C.M.B.1, from g2110, chapel, west wall, north half, false door tablet. Rephotograph of Alinari photograph. June 4, 1938.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a8032.
194
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MFA, unnumbered
Birmingham 241/57
61.5 cm to left
vertical edge of block
35 cm to ground
27.6 cm to
G 2110, in situ
right vertical edge
of block
35.9 cm to bottom
edge of block
10 cm
PDM
G 2110, in situ
Fig. 6.77. G2110, chapel, reduced overview line drawing of entire west wall.
Fig. 6.78. Museo Barracco, Rome C.M.B.1, from g2110, chapel, west
wall, north half, false door tablet (detail). Photograph by G. Galazka,
courtesy Museo Barracco.
195
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Fig. 6.79. G 2110, chapel, west wall, north half, looking west. Museum Barracco C.M.B.1 derives from the top of the niche (location of meter stick).
November21, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.108.11.
Fig. 6.80. G 2110, chapel, undecorated north wall, looking north. March 3, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.138.03.
196
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Fig. 6.81. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2110, looking west towards the west wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig. 6.82. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2110, looking north towards the (undecorated) north wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
197
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MFA, unnumbered
Birmingham 241/57
198
Fig. 6.83. Drawing of g2110, chapel, west wall.
GM8.1.indb 198
7/22/09 10:53 PM
199
61.5 cm to left
vertical edge of block
35 cm to ground
27.6 cm to
G 2110, in situ
right vertical edge
of block
35.9 cm to bottom
edge of block
10 cm
PDM
GM8.1.indb 199
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10 cm
PDM
Fig. 6.84. Drawing of g2110, chapel, west wall, false door tablet.
200
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Fig. 6.85. MFA 07.1002, from g2110, chapel, detail of north entrance
thickness. Museum of Fine Arts, CR7351_d1.
Fig. 6.86. Muse du Louvre, Paris B151, from g2110, chapel, detail of south
entrance thickness. Courtesy Runion des Muses Nationaux.
Fig. 6.87. MFA 31.780, from g2110, chapel, detail of south wall, upper
half. November1, 1937. Museum of Fine Arts, c8105.
Fig. 6.88. G 2110, west wall, south half, detail. November21, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.108.08.
Fig. 6.89. G 2110, west wall, detail of Nefers face from false door tablet,
Museo Barracco, Rome C.M.B1. pdm_1993.133.01.
201
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Fig. 6.90. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a. April7, 2003. Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136 [e7175cr-d1].
202
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Fig. 6.91. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, 3/4 view
proper right. 1991. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.138.10.
Fig. 6.92. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, 3/4 view
proper left. 1991. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.138.06.
Fig. 6.93. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, profile proper
right. 1991. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.138.09.
Fig. 6.94. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, profile proper
left. 1991. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.138.07.
203
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Fig. 6.95. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, 3/4 view
proper right. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b884 [=b7441].
Fig. 6.96. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, 3/4 view
proper left. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe,
b878 [=b7440].
Fig. 6.97. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, profile proper
right. February 1906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe,
b1588 [=b7865].
Fig. 6.98. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, profile proper
right. February 1906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe,
b1584 [=b7861].
204
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Fig. 6.99. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, back.
Museum of Fine Arts, c17895.
Fig. 6.100. MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g2110a, back. 1991.
pdm_1993.138.08.
205
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Section
Section
N
Plan
Plan
0
Section
Section
N
Plan
0
Plan
206
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7/22/09 10:54 PM
Section
Section
Section
N
Plan
0
Plan
Plan
G 2110 R
Section
N
Section
N
Section
N
Plan
Plan
0
1
Plan
207
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Section
N
Section
Section
Plan
Fig. 6.115.
2110Yy, plan and section.
GG
2110
0
Plan
Plan
Section
Plan
0
208
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7/22/09 10:54 PM
Chapter 7
THE TOMB OF
SESHATSEKHENTIU:
Mastaba g 2120
1
2
3
t sp 12, month 2 mw; year 23 of Cheops4
doorway presumably in north end of east wall
this room probably completed with crude brick walls as part of
later exterior crude brick chapel
upper floors in rooms (b) and (c) were level with top of platform
exterior crude brick chapel north of the stone chapel
crude brick walls preserved against sloping face of unfinished
casing north of the slab stela, indicating about five rooms
connection with stone chapel destroyed
rooms (b) and (c) along sloping face of casing with floor level high
rooms (d), (e), and (f ), east of (c) (b) with floor at lower level
Room (b): NS room with southern end destroyed
as preserved 3.4 x 2.05m; area 6.97sq.m
at south end of western side, stone offering slab rests on low
brick platform against sloping casing; 0.8 x 0.4m; h.0.2m
plain doorway to room (c), in west end of north wall; with
two mud floors laid on packed limestone debris
lower floor 0.32m above rock, upper floor 0.4m above lower
Room (c): small NS room north of (b)
2.4 x 2.1m; area 5.04sq.m
doorway to (b) in west end of south wall
doorway to room (d) in south end of east wall
north of this doorway is fragment of older crude brick wall from
older(?) construction; two floors like room (b) in doorway
to room (d) upper floor slopes to east to floor level,
matching lower floor in rooms (b) and (c)
Room (d): small NS room east of room (c) and north of room (e)
2.15 x 1.1m; area 2.36sq.m
doorway to room (c) in south end of west wall
doorway with jambs, to room (e), in south wall
floor on lower level as in (b) and (c), with slope up to higher
level through the doorway to (c)
Room (e): NS corridor south of (d)
1.9 x 1.07 m; area 2.03sq.m
doorway with jambs to room (d), in north end
on south side of doorway floor has step down of 5cm from
floor level of room (d)
floor on the lower level slopes gently downwards through
rooms(e) and (f )
thin crosswall with plain doorway at the southern end of
room (e) on the east side connecting rooms (e) and (f )
Room (f ): south of room (e)
1.6 x 1.07 m; area 1.71sq.m; apparently continuation of
corridor(e)
floor on lower level continues southwards slope of room(e)
doorway to (e), in separating wall at north end, on east
entrance doorway from south at south end with doorjamb
on east preserved
South of room (f ) is a doorway from east, whose southern side is formed
by NS wall 3.4m long with beginning of crosswall on
western side, but all walls in this area destroyed
Total area of (b)(f ): 18.11sq.m, to which is to be added the area of
additional destroyed rooms
Total area, (a)(f ): 23.43sq.m; to be increased as the area (b)(f )
Shafta: sole shaft, north of middle: 2.5 x 2.5m at top; 2.15 x 2.15m at
bottom; -7.13 m in rock
lined above with drab masonry, 4.3m, fourteen courses
portcullis grooves in masonry but not cut in rock
on east, 0.6 x 0.25m; on west, 0.5 x 0.2m
chamber: type1al, lined and paved; on south
lined chamber, 3.1 x 3.6m; h.2.55m
area, 11.16sq.m; capacity, 28.45cu.m5
his inscription was published by Smith, Inscriptional Evidence for the History
T
of the Fourth Dynasty, JNES11 (1952), fig.6, translated on p.127. Cf. A.
Spalinger, Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom, SAK21 (1994), p.285 (9).
The total of 28.45cubic meters, found in Reisner, GN1, p.428, and in Reisners
typed manuscript, conflicts with p.106 of the same publication, which lists
30.13cu.m.
209
GM8.1.indb 209
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rock chamber, 4.15 x 4.65m and 2.88m high;
area, 19.29sq.m; capacity, 55.55cu.m
passage: in rock, 2.10 x 1.17m and 1.2m high; lengthened by
opening in lining to 2.55m; floor of passage on level
with pavement step down from floor of passage to
rock, 0.26m
blocking: remains of interior masonry set in plaster
portcullis slab (outside); h.1.65m; w.1.55m; th.0.3m
coffin: fragmentary white limestone coffin with flat lid (typed)
with rebate around lid on underside along the edge;
found partly in chamber and partly in shaft
canopic pit: in SE corner, 0.65 x 0.5m; d.0.68m (0.35m in rock)
lining preserved to about half its height except around SW
corner of chamber; pavement not preserved
red construction lines on walls and ceiling
Descriptions below are modified from the reiss diary pages (Book33, January3
and 5, 1938); no Reisner summaries were located:
Shafty: south of z, on west side of g2120
lined with mud brick on the casing of g2120, which forms its
eastern wall; limestone chips, rubble, reddish gravel, and flint
total depth 1m
chamber on east, cut in red rock (bad rock), sealed with rubble,
bound with mud mortar
Shaftz: north of y, lined with mud brick on top of one course of stone
blocks of g2120, which forms its eastern wall; lower sections
of the wall are cut into the gebel (fig.7.65)
total depth 2.55m; limestone chips, flint, and reddish gravel
chamber on east, cut in reddish gravel of the gebel; no blocking
Excavation
6
7
similar situation occurs in the tomb of Nefer (g2110; see above) where the
A
portcullis groove on the east side was not cut in the rock chamber.
This object is 33130; see line drawing in Reisner, GN1, p.427, fig.245 (= our
redrawn fig.7.52).
Finds
Xi sr
Xi s
210
GM8.1.indb 210
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14
15
16
17
18
19
eisner, GN1, p.428 suggests: in this place is a gap in the white casing, 2.5m
R
long (NS); the northern end of the stone on the south, the second vertical slab
forming the west wall of room (a), was never dressed; but the southern end of
the sloping casing stone on the north was smoothly dressed; the foundation
course of the white casing was in place in this gap and the gap was actually in the
second course of the casing; in the gap, on the top of the foundation course, is a
layer of crude brick, 15cm high but weathered; on the northern side of the gap
a single white stone was found in place resting on the crude brick platform, 27
x 65cm and 15cm high; it may be suggested that that stone was part of a wide
deep niche built of small blocks but reaching above the slab stela, where it was
crowned with the granite drum and perhaps with a cross-bar and tablet above
it [cf. niche of g7220, Hordjedef: HUMFA Expedition photographs a5278;
a8206; and pdm_1999.201.29 on www.gizapyramids.org]; in that case, the slab
stela would have been visible in the back of the wide deep niche like the seated
figure in g7220; the doubt of this reconstruction is raised by the layer of crude
brick below: but that fact is not decisive for in any case this construction would
have been in the last stage of the chapel. There is, however, no precedent for a
granite construction of this nature over a slab stela, one that was subsequently
replaced by a monolithic limestone false door as part of the alteration to the
tombs exterior chapel area. The exact reconstruction of this inscribed granite
drum remains unclear.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (4/2); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.95: The isolated example of a model with tapering body and roll rim around
the mouth, found in g2120a, is curious but not particularly significant. It may
be only the whim of some craftsman or even have resulted from the recarving of
the top of a broken jar of TypeXVb.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (4/3); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.100.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (2/1).
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (4/1, 4/5).
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
eisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43f; Reisner and Smith, GN2, pp.91
R
(number not provided; listed under OK XIVa), 96 (incorrectly listed as 33177
instead of 3317).
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (2/3); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.72. fig.89.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (1/2); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.76.
E. Brovarski, Lexicographical Studies in Egyptian Pottery, in Ancient Egyptian
Ceramics, p.1.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (1/35); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.71, fig.87.
Reisner, GN1, p. 426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (1/1); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.87, fig.127.
Reisner, GN1, p. 426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (2/2); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.69, fig.81.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (2/5).
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.85, fig.123.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; pl.43d (2/4); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p. 429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.87 (also
incorrectly listed among Type D LXXI a. p.85).
Reisner, GN1, p.429.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.83.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
211
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Architecture
the sloping casing blocks abut (and predate) the north side of the
vaulted courtyard of Nensedjerkai. The casing would have blocked
access to the chapel of Merib (g2100-1), forcing the visitor to walk
around Seshatsekhentius tomb and approach Meribs mastaba from
the north.
Reisners reconstructed dimensions of the chapel are based
on construction marks with slits in the limestone flooring stones,
perhaps 1020cm long, and separated by a meter or more, delineating
the chapel area. The significance of the rough rise in the floor level
in front of the false door, and extending northwards, is unclear.43
Within this area the limestone flooring shows an unsmoothed,
roughly rectangular area. Immediately south of the massive false door,
a rectangular small depression appears on one of the paving stones,
resembling a sunken offering basin, with a groove nearby (fig.7.56).
A similar basin or depression was described above for the tomb of
Nensedjerkai, in the corridor between g2120 and g2100-11.44
The false door, added secondarily to this exterior chapel addition,
is unfinished. Rough chisel marks are visible on the inner two jambs,
and an irregular boss protrudes below the niche at floor level. Reisner
fails to indicate on his elevation45 that the doors north outer jamb
(intentionally) stops partway up the door. Despite the unfinished state
of the false door there was, however, a thin layer of plaster applied at
least to the lower portions of the northern jambs (fig.7.57), as well as
to the monolithic block just to the north (the block containing the
red painted date graffito listed above, figs.7.617.62).
The single burial shaft conforms to the group of earliest mastabas
in Cemetery g2100 by virtue of its portcullis grooves at the east
and west ends of the south side of the shaft (figs.7.3, 7.117.13).46
Furthermore, the lined burial chamber and the canopic depression
in its southeast corner further serve to rank the mastaba core among
the earliest in the cemetery. However, g2120a is unique in the sheer
size of the shafts mouth and of the burial chamber. Its closest parallel
lies in g2130, also displaying a large shaft mouth but, by contrast, a
much smaller burial chamber.47
No intrusive structures appear in the space between g2120 and
g2130, most likely due to the lack of available space, for the casings
of g2120 and g2130 nearly touch at the level of their respective
lowest courses. Reisner numbered a small mastaba as g2121 that
was built against the east face of the casing of g2120 (fig.2.5). It is
separated from the avenue running eastwest between g2120 and
g2130 by a low mud-brick wall running from the northeast corner
of g2120 eastwards for 5.4m. In the middle of the avenue it turns
south for 4.4m until it joins the northwest corner of g2140, thereby
enclosing most of the space east of g2120 and north of its chapel.
The wall is 0.3m thick and 0.10.15m high.
43
37
38
39
40
41
42
eisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.88, fig.131.
R
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245; p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.71.
Reisner, GN1, p.429; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.426, fig.245.
I am very grateful to Richard Newman, Head of Scientific Research, Conservation
and Collections Management, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, for the analysis
(made in July, 2007) of samples described above.
For a reconstruction of the two construction phases of the chapel area, see Jnosi,
Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.178, fig.36.
44
45
46
47
his rise is omitted from the chapels section drawing in Reisner, GN1, p.424,
T
fig.243.
Comparative rectangular basins incised in the floor may also be found in front of
the northern niche of g2150 (Kanefer) (fig.12.50), and in the floor of the north
chapel of g2000 (Lepsius 23 HUMFA Expedition photograph c1028_ns on
www.gizapyramids.org).
R
eisner, GN1, p.424, fig.243.
The other tombs in this group consist of g2100 (Sedit), g2110 (Nefer), g2130
(Khentka), and g2210 (anonymous).
Cf. Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, pp. 151, 154.
212
GM8.1.indb 212
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Two later shafts, y and z, hug the west face of g2120 (fig.2.5). Shaftz
was unoccupied, (fig.7.65) but shafty contained a burial.
g2120y (figs.7.6364)
Apparently complete, articulated skeleton, lying on right side, legs
moderately flexed at the knee. Visible elements include cranium and
mandible, right scapula, right humerus, ulna and radius, ribs, right
and left os coxae, right and left femora, tibiae and fibulae, and foot
bones. Left humerus and forearm partially observable. Adult, sex
uncertain (pelvis appears female, mandible appears male). No tomb
card sketch.
slab stela, found east (and one fragment west) of the mastaba.53
Following the pattern layout scheme developed elsewhere,54 the slab
stela decoration maybe be separated into four sections, a through d.
This scheme is used for translations of all slab stelae in the present
work (stelae from g2120, g2135, and g2155[?]).
Text and translation:
Section a:
X
(1)[](2)[] St-sntyw
(1)[] (2)[] Seshatsekhentiu.
Section b:
Date
y
4
A T
(7)b wy, bd []
(7)container of cool water, implements for washing hands, natron
[].
O
FC
@ O C
O
g$
T
T
T
u
s
g
{
T
s
C
T Am
A
Y
A u
F CC
Y O
U
+
I II
I
Decoration
(10)[]
(10)[]
C d
K{s
OO
C
C
O
!!! #
Y
11
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
213
GM8.1.indb 213
7/22/09 10:54 PM
II
I
[
[[[
II
I
m
I I I
O
C
Y Y Y Y
!
m
T
Y Y
C m
Y Y Y
m
Y Y Y Y
13
12
O
Y) HY T T O
Y O
I TT T T T T O
TT T T T
Section d:
H TTTTTT
i F
TTTTTT
T T T T T T T T
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Or Upper Egyptian panther-skin mantles; see Simpson, Kawab, KhafkhufuI and
II, p.14 n.27 fig.30; b m; R. Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptisch
Deutsch, p.238; and also the mastaba of Nisutnefer (g4970) for an occurrence
of , Junker, Gza3, p.184, fig.28.
Cf. Junker, Gza1, p.258; Smith, The Coffin of Prince Min-khaf, JEA19
(1933), pp.15557; E. Brovarski, An Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb
and Nomenclature for Furniture in the Old Kingdom, in Studies in Honor of
William Kelly Simpson1, p.122.
If not the bolt s
, this is most likely the wood sign
in the group
. See E. Brovarski, An Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb
and Nomenclature for Furniture in the Old Kingdom, in Studies in Honor
of William Kelly Simpson 1, pp.14142; Petrie, Medum, pl. 13, where st-(n)-t
precedes wr. This represents a correction to my translation in Slab Stelae, p.77.
Compare wrs headrest listed on the slab stela possibly from g2155 (Vienna
S7447): Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.88, pls.2122.
Cf. E. Brovarski, Inventory Offering Lists and the Nomenclature for Boxes
and Chests of the Old Kingdom, in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in
Honor of Edward F. Wente, pp. 4345.
Ibid., pp. 3839.
I bid., pp. 3238.
Cf. Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.917. For vessels
of tiaat-stone, cf. Leprohon, Stelae1, p.60, with references to publications by
Hassan, Barta, Harris, and Meeks. On the stone in general, see R.S. Bianchi,
Porphyr, L4, cols.107173; and Aston, Harrell, and Shaw, Stone, in
Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, esp. pp.4849.
Wb.2, p.272.3; Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.415
(Topf, Krug); Junker, Gza1, p.259 (roter Granit?); Leprohon, Stelae1, p.59
(pots of white quartzite); Harris, Lex. Stud., pp.8889 (white quartzite).
67
68
69
70
n the choice of transliteration dmy instead of twy, see Manuelian, Slab Stelae,
O
pp.15360 (sectiond, linen lists).
For an alternative reading, arguing for a redundant s at the beginning of the
word, cf. Kahl, Das System der gyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.3.
Dynastie, pp.6670 (zf, Stoff mit bekannten Abmessungen). See also P.
Posener-Kriger, Les mesures des toffes lancien empire, RdE29 (1977),
p.94; and Junker, Gza1, p.31. Note also that each of the four occurrences of szf
contains two signs beneath that seem otherwise unassigned.
Possibly once t-mw, Upper Egyptian barley; compare the stela granaries of
Setjihekenet (g1227), Meretites (g4140), Iunu (g4150), and the anonymous
g4860; Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pls.1314, 2324, 2526, and 2930.
The traces preserve a tall vertical sign; if this is the b-foot for b-fruit, the
sign should perhaps be further to the left; see D. Faltings, b und zwt zwei
ungeklrte Begriffe der Getreidewirtschaft im AR, GM148 (1995), pp.3544.
214
GM8.1.indb 214
7/22/09 10:54 PM
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
80
81
82
83
215
GM8.1.indb 215
7/22/09 10:54 PM
with certainty.84 At the top of the list, I would reconstruct four dmy
falcons, but this number is based solely on proportional estimations.
Titles of Seshatsekhentiu85
ry tp, chief
ry-[b], lector priest
84
ther slab stelae that contain granaries belong to Setjihekenet (g1227), Meretites
O
(g4140), Iunu (g4150), and the anonymous g4860; see Manuelian, Slab Stelae,
passim.
85
anke, PN1, p.320.45; vol.2, p.389. Could the better reading be Snty-(w)R
St, Seshat advances me? Cf. H.G. Fischer, Three Old Kingdom Palimpsests
in the Louvre, ZS86 (1961), pp.23, fig.2, 29 (Sntyw-pt).
216
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Fig. 7.1. G2120, excavations along the east face, chapel area, looking southwest towards the Khafre pyramid. 19051906.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1669 [=c11945].
Fig. 7.2. G2120, east face, looking south towards the Khafre pyramid. March19, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7991.
217
GM8.1.indb 217
7/22/09 10:54 PM
G 2100II
E
A
K
A
G 2102
B
E
G 2104
C D
G 2114
D
G 2120
B
X
G
H
F
G
G 2105
A D
G 2103
G 2130
10 m
0
slab stela
B
G 2121
G 2136b
Nimaatre
S
Fig. 7.3. G2120, plan.
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
G 2140
266
267
75
278
d
278
b
G 2136
Kahif
G 2147
B A
G 2148
271
278
c
X
G 2145
C
B A
D C
D
B
G 2144
G 2146
D E G 2162
F G
C
G 2160
G 2170
B
Y
B G 2161
G 2136a
Djednefret
A B
G 2143
X
270
278
a
G 2150
B
A
G 2163
G 2156a
Fig. 7.4. G2120, chapel area, looking southwest. March19, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7992. A
B
C
218
2165
H
I
4984
A B C
A 2167 B C
B C
Z 2168 E
X 2166
E
F
C
A B
A
GM8.1.indb 218
4983
H
I
2171
E F G
A C
G
D
X
Y
A
2169
B
Z
Y
I
U
E
C
A
A 2173 C
S D B
G 2180 = G 4990
Z U
H
2172
Y
B
7/22/09 10:54 PM
slab stela
a
f
0
3m
Fig. 7.5. G2120, plan of chapel, drawn by Nicholas Melnikoff, July 16, 1938; redrawn by Ruth Bigio.
G 2120
G2120
Fill
5m
Base line
Fig. 7.7. G2120, section CD of chapel; drawing by Alexander Floroff; redrawn by Ruth Bigio.
Section CD
219
GM8.1.indb 219
7/22/09 10:54 PM
Fig. 7.8. G2120, chapel, looking northwest. March16, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7953.
Fig. 7.9. G 2120, chapel, looking northwest. November 19, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, aaw1594.
220
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Fig. 7.10. G 2120, chapel and monolithic false door, looking west. March12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.23.
Fig. 7.11. G2120a, mouth of the shaft showing the T-shaped porcullis
grooves, looking south. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
A.M. Lythgoe, c1341 [=C12560].
Fig. 7.12. G2120a, mouth of the shaft showing the T-shaped porcullis
grooves, looking west. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
A.M. Lythgoe, c1667 [=C12561].
221
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7/22/09 10:54 PM
Fig. 7.13. G2120a, excavated shaft and blocking stones at bottom, looking south. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b879
[=b7446].
Fig. 7.14. G2120a, alabaster jar (3317), pottery model vessels, and cast of
basket (33130) in situ in shaft, looking northwest. January4, 1933.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8264.
222
GM8.1.indb 222
7/22/09 10:54 PM
11 cm
plan
10 cm
elevation
14 cm
11 cm
5.5 cm
lid elevation
4 cm
1 cm
lid plan
6.5 cm
8.5 cm
10.5 cm
Fig. 7.16. G2120a, reconstruction of sarcophagus from fragments found in shaft.
223
GM8.1.indb 223
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7.13 m
4.30 m
14 courses
Section
224
Fig. 7.17. G2120a, plan and section.
GM8.1.indb 224
Plan
G 2120 A
7/22/09 10:54 PM
Fig. 7.18. G2120a, burial chamber, west wall, casing, looking west. January11, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7037.
PDM
PDM
10 cm
Fig. 7.19. 38311, two red granite drum fragments from g2120a. Left:
May14, 1939. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim,
c14340a. Right: drawing. Compare Reisner,
GN1, p.427,
fig.246.
0
5
10 cm
PDM
225
7/22/09 10:54 PM
Fig. 7.20. Pottery and alabaster vessels from g2120a. Top row: 33112 (MFA33.1156, model bowl); 33110 (MFA33.1028, model jar); 33111 (one
of two bag-shaped jars); 33111 (one of two bag-shaped jars); (the final jar in the top row is 33133=MFA33.1043, from g2180=4990). Middle row:
[g2120a] 3315 (MFA33.1025, base fragment); 33114 (MFA33.1029, small jar); 3319 (MFA33.1027, small jar); 33116 (MFA33.1031, base fragment);
33115 (MFA33.1030, base fragment). Bottom row: [g2120a] 3316 (MFA33.1026, fragments of alabaster bowl); 321216 (alabaster model jar); 3313
(MFA33.1023, alabaster model dish); additional objects from g2160 and g2170. March16, 1933. Dahi Ahmed, HUMFA Expedition photograph, b8300.
Alabaster
10
cm
32-12-16
Fig.
7.21. 32
1216, alabaster
model jar with
pointed base
from g2120a,
drawing.
RW
0
10
20
cm
226
GM8.1.indb 226
7/22/09 10:54 PM
Alabaster
Alabaster
10
cm
33-1-3
Fig. 7.23. 3313
(MFA33.1023),
alabaster model
basin from
g2120a, drawing.
10
cm
33-1-5
Fig.
7.24. 3315
(MFA33.1025),
lower part of
cylinder jar from
g2120a, drawing.
RBrW
10
cm
33-1-10
Fig. 7.25. 33110,
model neckless
shoulder jar from
g2120a, drawing.
0
Fig. 7.26. 3316 (=MFA33.1026), alabaster fragments of two flatbottomed bowls with contracted mouths from g2120a. February22,
2002. Museum of Fine Arts, sc27879.
0
0
10
20
cm
Alabaster
10
Alabaster
20
cm
Fig. 7.28.
3316b (MFA33.1026),
33-1-6b
alabaster flat-bottomed bowls with
contracted mouth from g2120a,
drawing.
33-1-6a
Fig. 7.27. 3316a (MFA33.1026), alabaster
flat-bottomed bowl with
contracted mouth from g2120a, drawing.
Alabaster
RBrW
0
10
20
cm
Fig. 7.29. 3317, alabaster one-handled jug with ringstand from g2120a. Left:33-1-7
March16, 1933.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, c13405. Right: drawing.
10
20
cm
33-1-9
Fig. 7.30. 3319
(MFA33.1027), ceramic jar
from g2120a, drawing.
227
GM8.1.indb 227
7/22/09 10:54 PM
RBrW
10
cm
33-1-10
10
RBrW
20
cm
33-1-11
Fig. 7.32. 33111a and b (MFA33.1155.1, 33.1155.2), two bag-shaped drt offering jars from
g2120a. Left: drawing. Center: 33111a. May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_
img00609. Right: 33111b. May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00620.
BrW
10
cm
33-1-12
Fig. 7.33.
33112
(MFA33.1156), model
basin from g2120a,
drawing.
10
RP
20
cm
RW
0
Fig. 7.34.33-1-13
33113, neck
and rim of large jar from
g2120a, drawing.
10
10
20
cm
33-1-14
Fig. 7.35.
33114
(MFA33.1029), small r0und
jar with pointed base from
g2120a, Left: May15, 2008.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_
img00612. Right: drawing.
RBrW
20
cm
33-1-15
Fig. 7.36.
33115
(MFA33.1030), base of
small jar from g2120a.
Left: May15, 2008. Peter
Der Manuelian,
pdm_img00597. Right:
drawing.
RP
0
10
20
cm
33-1-16
Fig. 7.37.
33116
(MFA33.1031), base of
small jar from g2120a.
Left: May15, 2008.
Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_img00600. Right:
drawing.
228
GM8.1.indb 228
7/22/09 10:54 PM
10
cm
Fig.33-1-17
7.38. 33117 (MFA33.1032),
recurved rim fragment of a bowl from
g2120a. Left: May15, 2008. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_img00617. Above:
drawing.
10
20
RW
cm
Fig. 7.39. 33118 (MFA33.1033), fragments of large ceramic tub or bowl from g2120a. Top left: March22, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Dahi Ahmed, a7065 (detail). Top right: May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_img00654. Bottom: drawing.
33-1-18
229
GM8.1.indb 229
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Fig. 7.40. Fragments of ceramic jars and bowls with spouts from g2120a. Top row: 33125 (MFA33.1039, mended section of shoulder jar); number not
known (mended section of jar), 33116 (MFA33.1031, base fragment of jar); number not known (two unidentified mended sections of jars); 33119
(MFA33.1034, base fragment of footed bowl). Bottom row: 33124 (mended, incomplete shoulder jar); 33121 (MFA33.1036, fragment of spouted bowl);
number not known (mended section of jar); 33120 (MFA33.1035, fragment of spouted bowl); 33122 (MFA33.1036, mended, incomplete shoulder jar
with pot mark). June15, 1936. Mohammedani Ibrahim, HUMFA Expedition photograph, b8707.
RW
0
20
cm
33-1-19
Fig. 7.41. 33119 (MFA33.1034),
fragments of round offering table(?)
from g2120a, drawing.
10
RW
10
20
cm
33-1-23
Fig. 7.45.
33123,
fragment of large jar
from g2120a, drawing.
RBrW
10
cm
Fig. 7.42.33-1-20
33120
(MFA33.1035), fragment
of bowl with tubular
spout from g2120a,
drawing.
BrW
10
20
cm
Fig. 7.46.
33124
33-1-24
(MFA33.1038), fragment
of large jar from
g2120a, drawing.
RW
0
10
cm
0
33-1-21
Fig. 7.43.
33121
(MFA33.1036), fragments
of basin with short tubular
spout and roll rim from
g2120a, drawing.
10
RW
20
cm
33-1-22
Fig. 7.44.
33122
(MFA33.1037, fragment
of large jar from
g2120a, drawing.
10
RW
20
cm
33-1-25
Fig. 7.47.
33125 (MFA33.1039),
fragment of large jar from g2120a.
Left: May15, 2008. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_img00605. Right:
drawing.
230
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7/22/09 10:54 PM
10
RW
20
cm
RBrW
20
cm
33-1-28
Fig. 7.50. 33128, fragment
33-1-26
Fig. 7.48.
33126,
fragment of large jar
from g2120a, drawing.
10
RW
0
10
20
cm
0
33-1-27
10 cm
PDM
Fig. 7.51. 38316 (left) and 38317 (right), raised relief fragments from
northwest corner of g2120. Top: April 3, 1938. HUMFA Expedition
1:5 Ibrahim,
or 20%
scale
photograph, Mohammedani
b8948.
Bottom: drawings.
10
20
cm
33130
Fig. 7.52. 33130, plaster basket cast from g2120a. Top left: May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img00664. Top right: May15, 2008. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_img00670. Bottom left: March 22, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, c13412 (detail). Bottom right: section drawing.
231
GM8.1.indb 231
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Fig. 7.53. G 2120, remains of exterior chapel, looking west. The arrow indicates the original location of the slab stela. November 20, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.104.10.
Fig. 7.54. G 2120, chapel, section drawing of unfinished monolithic
false door.
Fig. 202
G 2120
Fig. 7.55. G2120, chapel, looking downward (east) from top of mastaba.
November20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.104.18.
Fig. 7.56. G2120, construction square(?) and groove depression in the floor
stone just south of the false door in the remains of the exterior chapel,
looking south. November 24, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.115.20.
232
GM8.1.indb 232
7/22/09 10:54 PM
Fig. 7.59. G2120, chapel area, empty slab stela emplacement, looking
west. March19, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani
Ibrahim, b8956.
Fig. 7.60. G2120, chapel area, empty slab stela emplacement, looking west.
November 20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.109.04.
Fig. 7.61. G2120, graffito on monolithic block from chapel, looking west.
December23, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani
Ibrahim, b9007.
233
GM8.1.indb 233
7/22/09 10:55 PM
based on sketch in
Reiss diary, p. 590
Section
N
0
Plan
234
GM8.1.indb 234
7/22/09 10:55 PM
7
8
10
11
11
12
12
13
PDM
0
10 cm
Fig. 7.66. MFA 06.1894 from g2120, slab stela of Seshatsekhentiu. Colorized drawing showing the four decorative sections.
235
GM8.1.indb 235
7/22/09 10:55 PM
236
GM8.1.indb 236
Fig. 7.67. MFA 06.1894, slab stela of Seshatsekhentiu from g2120. Photograph and digital reconstruction by John Woolf. August14, 2000. Museum of Fine Arts, based on sc167854.
7/22/09 10:55 PM
Fig. 7.68. Drawing of MFA 06.1894 from g2120, slab stela of Seshatsekhentiu.
Plate 18. Stela 9: g 2120 Seshat-sekhentiu. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 06.1894
GM8.1.indb 237
(35%)
10 cm
PDM
237
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GM8.1.indb 238
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Chapter 8
THE TOMB OF KHENTKA:
Mastaba g 2130
Mastaba:1 core typeIIb, solid masonry filling and stepped retaining wall
30.8 x 12.1m
area 372.68sq.m; proportion 1/2.54
average height of stepped courses 27.5cm
average width of steps 5.5cm
core lengthened by addition of masonry on north by 2.85m
before casing, 33.65 x 12.1m;
area 407.1sq.m; proportion 1/2.78
cased with white masonry (x-masonry), dressed to a smooth
sloping surface bonded with interior chapel
Final mastaba with subsidiary north niche 36.15 x 15.1m
area 545.86sq.m; proportion 1/2.39
Chapel: interior chapel type3a built-in hole broken in original stepped
core and bonded with the casing
one false door in south end of east wall 4.5 x 1.6m
area 7.2sq.m; proportion 1/2.81
Northern subsidiary false door, cut in casing; top partly destroyed
outer niche 0.95 x 0.3m; inner niche 0.3 x 0.3m
niche floored to height of 0.72m
large block set against it as an offering stone 1.5 x 0.85m,
widening upwards to fit the slope of the casing
Exterior crude brick chapel: nearly destroyed; apparently consisted of two
separate chapels with an open court between them
south chapel of type1f around doorway to interior chapel
north chapel around the subsidiary north niche
South chapel: south wall preserved, l.3.8m long (EW); th.0.5m
part of east wall, from SE corner northwards, 12.8m; th.0.5m EW
w. of interior floor walls 3.2m; interior probably divided into
three or more rooms entered from north from open court
North chapel: built around north subsidiary niche
north wall preserved 4.8m (EW); th.0.5m
east wall, partly destroyed, ran from NE corner of crude
brick chapel to NW corner of g2150 (l.12.0m; th.0.5m)
inside was NS dividing wall built later, l.1.2+m (NS);
th.0.3m
w. of western room 2.2m; w. of eastern room 1.8m
chapel entered from east by doorway, 6.0m from NE corner
of chapel; doorway in destroyed south wall to open court
and south chapel
open court contained an intrusive shaft, and the north chapel
four other intrusive shafts
Shafta:2 sole shaft, in medial axis, north of middle
2.6 x 2.55m at top and 2.4 x 2.35m at bottom; -7.0m in rock
lined with drab masonry, 2.95m, seven courses
portcullis groove in masonry and in rock at south ends of
east and west walls
groove on east, 0.47 x 0.22m at top, 0.4 x 0.25m at bottom
western groove, 0.5 x 0.25m at top, 0.4 x 0.3m at bottom
chamber: type1al3
lined and paved; on south
lined chamber 3.1 x 3.1m; h.2.85 m; area, 9.61sq.m
capacity 27.38cum4
rock chamber 4.25 x 4.25m; h.2.9m
area 18.06sq.m; capacity, 52.37cu.m
passage: 2.6 x 1.1m; h.1.25m; length through lining 3.2m
step from floor of passage to pavement, 0.35m and to rock,
0.6m
blocking: type1b, interior blocking of white masonry set in
plaster, preserved to height of 0.5m
portcullis stone broken up; fragments found in shaftdebris
coffin: broken white limestone coffin with flat lid (typed)
fragments found in chamber; outside, 2.03 x 0.8m (height
not preserved); inside, 1.84 x 0.5m
no canopic pit; lining and pavement: both partly removed
Excavation
The tomb was originally excavated by A.M. Lythgoe during the 1905
1906 season in Cemetery g2100, for which no Expedition diaries
have survived. One Expedition photograph (fig.8.17) confirms that
shafta was at least partially cleared under Lythgoe during the 1905
1906 season, but detailed investigation of the burial chamber did not
take place until 1912. Additional photography in the burial chamber
even dates as late as December31, 1932 (fig.8.21). Four Expedition
diaries document this later work on the tomb: those of Clarence
Fisher (1912), George Reisner (1912), Noel Wheeler (193233), and
reis Mohammed Said Ibrahim (193536).
January21, 23, 1912 (C.S. Fisher diary): only indirect mentions
March5, 1912 (Reisner diary): excavation of shafta; pit has been
plundered and is now filled with sand as was Nefer pit (g2110).
March10, 1912: (reached entrance to chamber. Small hole
broken in the masonry block. After passing through a layer of
boulders bedded in dirt we came on nearly clean sand with only a
few stones. It is clear that the pit was found by stone thieves and the
upper courses of stone removed. The pit was probably entered in
ancient timesas well as by the stone thieves).
March1213, 1912: The entry for March12 mentions the
completion of the excavation of shafta. Curiously, Reisner notes
that the walls are cased with black granite and limestone. Ordered
chamber cleared.5 The entry for March13 reads: Chamber cleared.
Stone coffin broken. A few scattered bones. Casing intact except one
stone in S.E. corner of pavement. Tombs of this date often had a
concealed hole in floor containing a magical head. The next step is to
look for this hole.6 However, no reserve head was ever discovered
here, and work shifted to the exterior of the mastaba.
On March16, 1912, Reisner directed the Expedition to investigate
the northern addition to the mastaba core in a search of additional
3
1
S ee Reisner, GN1, pp.43033, and figs.19 (shaft), 112 (chapel), 196 (north false door
niche), 247 (section of mastaba), 248 (chapel reliefs), 249ab (objects); pls.35ef,
36af, 39a.
Illustrated in Reisner, GN1, p. 88, fig.19, p. 430, fig.247; and A. Badawy, A
History of Egyptian Architecture1, p. 162, fig.106.
4
5
6
239
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burial shafts. While none were found, masons marks on the northern
face of the original core were located.
On March19, 1912, Reisner noted the discovery of a large
monolithic platform in front of the mastabas northern niche
(figs.8.48.5, 8.8), along with an alabaster vessel in the debris and
traces of a mud-brick chapel with a limestone bowl set into the floor
(fig.8.6). This chapel was cleared on March20, 1912. The surface
of decay (Reisners term) had been exposed in 19051906 under
Lythgoes direction, but the chapel was never excavated. Reisner
wrote on March22, 1912:
The mud brick chapel of g2130 is interesting. The walls are
preserved to a height of 50100cm. At x [fig8.6] treasure hunters
have broken through the stone masonry and gone on down into
the rock. They have also broken a hole in the floor of the chapel
[fig8.11] which shows a double stone floor with a space ca. 30cm
between.7
The area was apparently left alone until 1932, when N.F.
Wheeler supervised the fieldwork. On December29, 1932, the focus
again turned to the burial chamber of shafta. Wheeler describes the
fine quality of the chamber thus:
Whole chamber and passage lined with very smooth casing of
fine white limestone, the only part missing being a small break
in the floor. The room and pit are very accurately cut. Fragments
of the sarcophagus and lid remain in the chamber, being of fine
white limestone and plain with flat recessed lid. Found in pit
debris: two flint knife fragments; part of a large mud sealing with
parts of several impressionsone of a Horus name; fragments of
alabaster.8
Finds
O O = O
5
Y
T T
T
Y
C 9 8 CT
I
w
T
C a
q
) g
TC
- O
s .
5
Architecture
9 R
eisner, GN1, p.432, fig.249b.
10 Reisner, GN1, p.432, fig.249b.
11 Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.50 and fig.48: jar sealing with impression
of rim of jar. In Fig.48 [=fig.8.26 here] it is possible to give a somewhat better
facsimile than was first presented in [Giza Necropolis] Vol.I, fig.249a, but
without being able to suggest the meaning of the signs outside the Horus frame.
Only the w of the Horus name of Cheops, r-mdw is preserved. The tomb is
one of the early mastabas. All its features, including the very fine low reliefs in
the chapel, point to a DynastyIV date. The Horus name of Cheops is the only
one ending in w in DynastyIV. The rather complicated paneling of the base of
the Horus frame seems to be characteristic of the earlier seals, resembling the
Hetep-heres example rather than the later, more simple form.
12 Note that there is a Neferherenptah who appears on the south face of the mastaba
of Kanefer (g2150), just to the east of g2130; see fig. 12.71.
13 On the subject of feast lists, see Spalinger, The Private Feast Lists of Ancient Egypt.
14 The presence of roofing stones would put the tomb in the company of
Merib (g2100-1), KaninisutI (g2155), Kasewedja (g5340), and tombs in
Cemetery g6000. I am grateful to D. Faltings for this observation (personal
communication, 1993).
240
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g2130 u (fig.8.35)
Articulated but somewhat disarrayed remains. Lying on left side,
knees flexed. Visible elements include cranium, vertebrae, ribs,
clavicles, right humerus, probably right ulna and radius, probable
left ulna and radius, in shadow are pelvis, femur, tibia, etc. Probable
adult, sex unknown. No tomb card sketch.
g2130v (fig.8.38)
Disarrayed incomplete skeleton. Original orientation unknown.
Visible elements include cranium and disarticulated mandible, ribs,
vertebrae, right and left femora (right femur is beside cranium),
pile of foot bones, articulated tibia and fibula, and os coxae slightly
exposed under fabric(?). Adult, sex unknown. No tomb card sketch.
Date
Decoration
18
15
16
17
19
20
21
241
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only departures from this standard layout involve two false doors
on the west wall (g2100-1, g2150, g2155, g2220), or a door in the
southern end of the chapels east wall and a false door at the northern
end of the west wall (g2110).
relief carving survive in situ above the base line. The tomb owner
was seated at a table, facing eastwards out of the chapel. All that is
preserved are the legs of his chair, his feet, and the head of a goose.
~T
T
C
O
@
T
N
I
E
preserved.
_ ~
IT T
Other People
22
23
24
242
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Fig.8.1. G 2130, southeast corner, with g2120 in foreground left, looking northwest. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b722 [=b7456].
Fig.8.2. G2130, southwest corner, with the street between g2100, to the west (left), and g2130 and g2120 to the east
(right), looking northeast from the top of g2100. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b720
[=b7350].
243
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Fig.8.3. G 2130, north face, looking south (with loose patch stone midway between the meter stick and the northwest corner at right). November 20, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, digital montage of pdm_1993.104.23 and pdm_1993.104.24.
244
GM8.1.indb 244
G 2130
7/22/09 10:55 PM
B
G 2111
J
B
E
G 2104
G 2114
D
B
X
G
H
F
G
G 2105
C D
G 2112
G 2112b A
B
A G 2112a
X
A
A
X
G 2112c
A B
C
G 2115
X
10 m
G 2130
G 2210
N
x
B
G 2121
X
Y
G 2131
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
X
G 2145
B A
B
G 2144
2168 E
A B
Y
X
Y
G 2137
A
H
I
2171
E F G
A
2169
B
Z
X
Y
I
U
E
Y
A 2173 C
S D B X
A
G 2139
E
D southwest.
Fig.8.8. G 2130, northeast corner and north niche, looking
March 12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.14.
C
D
2172
G 2157
W Z
B
c
b X
C
A
z
Y
2175
D
a
S
E
U
A
G 2156
A
B A
G 2154
B
G 2223
D 2174
B C
2225
C G 2154a
A B 2176 C
B
X
Z U
H
G 2220
G 2138
GM8.1.indb 245
A
C G 2152
A C
G
D
A G 2153
D B C
G 2134
C G 2136
B A
G 2151
B
A
G 2163
Z
B G 2161
D E G 2162
F GFig.8.7. G 2130, chapel area, looking west. November 21, 1993.
C
2170 pdm_1993.107.03.
Peter Der G
Manuelian,
A
B
G 2134a X
Y Z
A C
G 2133
G 2132
G 2150
A B
G 2143
X
Z
A
Fig.8.6. G 2130, plan (x = location described in Expedition Diary, vol. 3, p.72, March22, 1912.).
W
U
V
2224
B C
A
G 2223a
G 2222
C
A
2221
245
X
C
2177
X
E
A
F
B
7/22/09 10:55 PM
Filled solid
with masonry
10 m
Base Line
Section WE
Looking North
Fig.8.12. G 2130, chapel area, from on top of the mastaba, looking east.
November 3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.053.20.
Fig.8.13. G 2130, chapel, interior door socket area, with lower door
socket hole on the south side, looking east. November 27, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.119.10.
246
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Fig.8.18. G 2130a, hard stone (black granite and limestone) casing, east
wall, looking east. March 16, 1912. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a653.
247
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7.0 m
7 courses
red line
on east wall
Section
on ceiling
Plan
248
G 2130 A
Reisner, GN I, p. 432:
no canopic pit!!
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32-12-6
cm
32-12-5
cm
Sarcophagus (Reconstruction)
G 2130 A
Plan
32-12-4
0
0
50
1m
cm
32-12-5
Section
249
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Fig.8.27. 351250, fragment of limestone block with red masons mark from g2130, annex, casing. Left: February8,
1936. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, c13664. Right: May18, 2006. Museum of Fine Arts,
sc171092.
10 cm
PDM
Fig.8.28. 3615, limestone architrave of Neferherenptah with sunk-relief inscription, from east of g2130. Top: March 14, 1936. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7532. Bottom: uncollated drawing.
250
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Fig.8.29. G 2130, general view of chapel, looking west. March 12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.16.
251
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252
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Section
N
Plan
Fig.8.39.
G 2130u,
G 2130
U
plan and section.
Section
Plan
m
G 2130 V
Fig.8.40. G 2130v, plan and section.
PDM
PDM
10 cm
1:5
253
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Fig.8.44. G 2130, chapel, east wall, looking east. November 3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.056.20.
PDM
10 cm
1:5
10 cm
1:5
Fig.8.46. G 2130, chapel, east wall, looking east. November 3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, digital montage of pdm_1993.056.17, pdm_1993.056.18, and
pdm_1993.056.19.
254
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1:5
PDM
10 cm
0
255
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PDM
10 cm
1:5
PDM
256
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PDM
10 cm
1:5
0
Fig.8.53. G 2130, chapel, thickness of outer niche of false
door, looking north. November 3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.053.05.
10 cm
PDM
1:5drawing of thickness of
Fig.8.54. G 2130, chapel,
outer niche of false door.
PDM
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PDM
257
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Surface plan
Section
Section
N
Section
N
Plan
0
0
Plan
Section
Plan
Fig.8.58. G
G 2130z,
2130 Zplan and
section.
m
Fig.8.57. G 2130y,
G 2130plan
Y and
section.
N
plan
Fig.8.56. G 2130x,
G 2130plan
X and
section.
258
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Chapter 9
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2210
inside lining, 2.4m; step down from floor of passage to
rock floor of chamber 0.35m
blocking: typeIIb(1); remains of masonry in passage penetrated
by thieves
lining and pavement: the walls were in course of lining with
white masonry but lining was left unfinished: lining
of 11 courses designed, but 9 were built on south, 10
on west, 7 courses and one block of eighth course in
north wall, and 9 courses (5 complete and 4 nearly
complete) in east wall
pavement was never constructed
window: construction window between south wall of shaft
and north wall of rock cut chamber; near roof
2.0 x 0.90.7m; h.0.850.65m; blocked with
masonry; blocking of both door and window had
been penetrated and the burial plundered but the
chamber had not been stripped of its lining
coffin: fragments of decayed wood probably from coffin were
scattered over the floor; mixed with scattered
human bones
Excavation
eisners diary entries for April23, 1912, that describe work between g2210
R
and g2220, must be referring solely to the area in front (east) of the chapel of
g2210.
7 R
eisner diary, March28, 1912, p. 76.
8 Reisner diary, April2, 1912, p. 81.
9 I bid.
10 On Friday, May6, the diary switches to the hand of Hansmartin Handrick until
his departure for Germany on August19, 1932.
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The final entry for 1932 came on August15, when the floor of the
burial chamber was cleared.
The reiss diary contains several entries for g2210. On April28,
1935, the search commenced for the corners of the mastaba. The
northwest and southeast corners (figs.9.1, 9.3, 9.16) were exposed.
The northeast corner proved harder to locate, and was not reached
until May6, 1935. The southwest corner (fig. 9.3) was exposed on
May89, 1935. Excavations in the chapel on May31 and June3, 1935
produced no inscribed material.
Final confirmation that g2210 really did belong to Cemetery
g2100 did not come until the winter of 1935. Reisner himself
mentions the tomb in a BMFA aticle published later that year:
In another case, g2210, a small gang examining the interior
of the mastaba found that it contained a core mastaba of the
type built by Cheops and that this core was a part of the Cheops
Cemetery g2100. Thus the rather puzzling combination of type
forms was cleared up and the chronological problem presented by
that mastaba completely elucidated.13
The final diary entry comes on May1, 1938, when shaftsx and
y at the southwest corner of the mastaba were cleared (figs. 9.6,
9.499.50).
11 H
andrick diary, August6, 1932, p. 1186.
12 H
andrick/Wheeler diary, August12, 1932, pp.118788.
13 Reisner, Report on the Egyptian Expedition during 193435, BMFA33, no.199
(October 1935), p.72.
Finds
2 i O g
g
n U
T
4
or
n
T
1
Text: (1)ry [p]t ty- m-nr [] (2)m [] nb [] m [] n-prd(?) (3)ry pt ty- m-nr [] (4)m- []
Translation: (1)hereditary nobleman and count, priest of [], (2)[]
Ankhpakhered(?) [] (3)hereditary nobleman and count, priest of
[] (4)in/with []
3292: fragment of deep sunk limestone relief with horizontal lines and
possible tp sign(?) (present location uncertain); h.12cm;
w.18cm; th.5cm (fig.9.9)
3293: fragment of limestone relief; h.3.8cm; w.19cm; th.11cm (fig.9.9)
3294: fragment of limestone relief showing cord or belt loop(?)(present
location uncertain); h.12cm; w.18cm; th.4.6cm (fig.9.9)
MFA 3295: fragment of limestone raised relief with curving diamond
pattern; h.12.6; w.14.4cm; th.5.2cm (fig.9.99.10)
MFA 3296: fragment of limestone raised relief with feather or wing
pattern; h.5.6cm; w.9.4cm; th.1.9cm (fig.9.9, 9.11)
3297: fragment of limestone sunk relief part of a text column showing
three hieroglyphs,
,
, and seated or standing man !
(present location not certain); h.9cm; w.13cm; th.6cm
(fig.9.12)
3298: base fragment of alabaster jar (present location not certain);
h.510cm; w. at top: 8+/-cm; diam. at base 10.8cm (fig.9.13)
3299: fragment of head of Old Kingdom limestone statue, right half,
left quarter; top and face missing (present location not certain);
h.10cm; w.5.6cm; th.8.8cm (fig.9.14)
260
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Architecture
This tomb, along with mastabas g2140, g2160, g2170, and g2220,
belongs to the group of anonymous major mastabas of Cemetery
g2100. Taking into account its eastern and northern extension,
it forms one of the larger mastabas of the cemetery, coupled with
g2120 and g2130. It still cannot compete, however, against the
massive size of g2220, located immediately to the east, and with
which Reisner assumed an association based on proximity.26
G2210 is the last of the earlier, western-half tombs in Cemetery
g2100 to be considered. It clearly belongs with this group by virtue
of the T-shaped portcullis grooves on its burial shaft (figs. 9.22
9.23). However, it underwent drastic alterations, with the extension
using massive boulders on the east and north. To the south, however,
we see little or no trace of these massive casing stones. There was
apparently little space to expand southwards, due to the northern
extension of Khentkas mastaba (g2130), a fact that proves that
g2210 postdates g2130.
In viewing the mastaba from the northwest today, the friable,
yellow undercolor of the deteriorating blocks of the northern side of
the mastaba is still visible. On the west side, there is only one area
where about six courses of the core blocks are visible through the
debris and dumps from other excavation areas (fig.9.6). Further to
the north of the tomb, even more hills of debris dumps are visible,
and this area was never excavated. The northern edges of g2220
are particularly difficult to identify in this area. The massive core
blocks on the east side of g2210, north of the chapel, have suffered
extensive weathering, also revealing their friable, yellow undercolor.
It is impossible to determine the original shape and dimensions
of the secondary chapel, located not within the original mastaba core
but within the eastern extension (figs.9.49.5). A large, rectangular
recess is all that is visible in this area. The massive casing blocks
forming the rear (west) wall of the chapel against the core are missing,
revealing the cores east wall proper (compare figs. 9.4 and 9.20
with 9.5 and 9.21). If there was a stela emplacement for g2210, the
massive boulders for the stone chapel would most likely be covering
its location. The same holds true for a possible north niche, such as
appears in the tombs of Nefer (g2110), Khentka (g2130), Kanefer
(g2150), and KaninisutI (g2155). The street between g2210 and
2220 was never excavated; one small hill of debris may represent the
fill from one of these two tombs burial shafts.
There is ample evidence that this mastaba was never completed,
and may only have been occupied secondarily. The burial chamber
of the single shafta was originally planned for a depth of 13m,
where a burial chamber was begun but only partly completed when
22
23
24
25
26
the work was halted. Later the shaft excavation was recommenced,
ending in a much deeper second burial chamber (figs.9.269.36).27
This chamberII is also far larger than most in Cemetery g2100.
It is possible, as Jnosi postulates, that the deepening of the shaft
and the mastaba cores extension to the north and east took place
simultaneously, but these tasks were not completed.28 The lining
of the burial chamber also remained unfinished (figs. 9.289.29,
9.339.36). These features all confirmed for Reisner that the owner
of g2210 died prematurely.29 A mass of wood coffin fragments
and disarticulated human bones was found in the second (lower)
chamber of shafta.30 Two other interesting features of chamberII
include a window joining the shaft and burial chamber, located
just above the passageway southwards from the shaft to the chamber
(figs.9.24, 9.30),31 and a number of masons marks or quarry graffiti
on the blocking and lining stones of chamberII (figs.9.379.45).
g2210a (figs.9.469.47)
Distant view of mainly disarticulated skeleton; vertebrae, ribs, and
sacrum are articulated, but long bones, cranium, and pelvis are
not properly associated. Visible elements include cranium (upside
down), left os coxa, scattered ribs, tibia, fibula, right and left femora,
several unidentified long bones, vertebral column, sacrum, and
articulated ribs. Adult, sex uncertain. Tomb card sketch adds no
further information; note that the sketch is not exactseveral bones
are incorrectly drawn or positioned, or are missing from the drawing.
Date
Decoration
27
28
29
30
31
32
261
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Other People
262
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Fig. 9.1. G 2210, southeast corner and chapel area, with g2130 at left, looking northwest. March 12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.12.
Fig. 9.2. Street east of g2210, showing g2220 (to the left, east) and g2210
(to the right, west), looking south towards the Khafre Pyramid. March 11,
1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.004.19.
263
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Fig. 9.4. G 2210a, remains of chapel, looking west. May 20, 1935. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7279.
Fig. 9.5. G 2210a, remains of chapel, looking west. March 12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.11.
264
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N M
Fig. 9.6. G 2210, west face, from top of g2000, looking east. November
19, c
1993.
pdm_1993.100.14.
d
t eManuelian,
v a Der
a Peter
Unex
A B
C
G 2115
N
X
G 2210
2131
W
U
Unexcavated
Y Z
A C
2134a X
10 m
D B C
Fig. 9.7. G2210, plan.
G 2134
G 2137
A
B
A
A
G 2133
G 2132
G 2151
X
C G 2136
B A
A
C G 2152
G 2220
265
G 2138
A
G 2139
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10
cm
Fig. 9.8. 3291, fragment of limestone sunk-relief stela(?) from area of g2210, reproduced from
HUMFA Expedition Object Register vol.24, p. 1148.
10 cm
266
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10
cm
10
cm
Fig. 9.14. 3299, fragment of limestone head from area of g2210, reproduced from HU
MFA Expedition Object Register 24, p.1149. Present location not certain.
32-9-9
G 2210
0
10
cm
32103
321011
H. 5 cm, 15 cm
W. 5.6 cm
Th.25 cm
8.8 cm
5
10
cm
alabaster jar
Fig. 9.16. G 2210, southeast corner, looking northwest. March 11, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.013.18.
267
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Fig. 9.17. G 2210, chapel profile and street, looking south, with workman at north niche of g2130. November3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.055.07.
A
chapel
Fig. 9.18. G2210 chapel area, sketch plan. Drawing by Alexander Floroff,
June4, 1935.
G 2220
268
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Section AB
Filling
Baseline
Fig. 9.20. G2210, chapel area, sketch of west wall casing stones, looking
west. Drawing by Alexander Floroff, June1, 1935. Compare figs.9.49.5.
0
Fig. 9.21. G 2210, chapel profile and street, looking north. November3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.055.06.
269
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Fig. 9.24. G2210a, window above chamber II, looking south. July25,
1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, A6988
270
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5.15 m
13.00 m
13.00 m
26.80 m
Chamber I
10
m
26.80 m
Section AB
271
Section AB looking west
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Plan of Chamber I
N
C
V
A
VI
E
Plan of Chamber II
272
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IV
Section CD north wall
II
III
chamber II
Plan of window
Section BA looking east
0
Fig. 9.28. G2210a, section CD, looking north, and BA, looking east, showing
the lining of the burial chamber walls.
Fig. 9.29. G2210a, section CD, looking south, casing of south wall of
chamber II.
273
G2210. A.II
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Fig. 9.31. G2210a, looking south through passage into chamber. August13,
1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8249.
Fig. 9.33. G2210a, burial chamber corner, casing of south wall, looking
south. October10, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed,
a7019.
Fig. 9.34. G2210a, burial chamber corner, casing of west wall, looking
west. October10, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed,
a7020.
Fig. 9.35. G2210a, burial chamber corner, casing of north wall, looking
north. October10, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed,
a7017.
Fig. 9.36. G2210a, burial chamber corner, casing of east wall, looking east.
October10, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7018.
274
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Fig. 9.37. G2210a, north wall of chamberII, quarry marks on two casing stones. October10, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Dahi Ahmed, b8261.
Fig. 9.38. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, first row,
block no.III west. August13, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8251.
Fig. 9.39. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, first row,
block no.III west. August13, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8250.
275
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in black
in black
in red
in red
in black
on floor in
chamber
in red
first row
block no. III
south
in red
in red
first row
block no. IV
east
Second row
block no. V
south
in black
in black
Second row
block no. V
east
Second row
block no. VI
top
0
Fig. 9.40. G2210a, limestone blocks from lining of chamberII and from door blocking.
276
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Fig. 9.41. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, second row,
block no.V east. August14, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8254.
Fig. 9.42. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, second row,
block no.V south. August12, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8255.
Fig. 9.44. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, second row,
block no.V south. August14, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8253.
Fig. 9.43. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, first row,
block no.III south. August12, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8252.
Fig. 9.45. G2210a, limestone block from door blocking, first row, block
no.II bottom. August14, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8256.
277
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Fig. 9.46. G2210a, floor of burial chamber, looking south. August12, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7000.
Fig. 9.47. G2210a, burial chamber, remains of burial (skeleton) and debris on floor, looking west. August14, 1932. HU
MFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a6997.
278
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55
56
40
39
39
45
46
42
40
22
41
vertebrae
skull
37
pelvis
61
61
61
33
61
62
61
20
18
25
28
32
31
35
47
61
21
24
34
36
lower jaw
61
23
27
26
53
19
30
61
N
62
50
pelvis
62
58
17
62
64
60
51
48
7
8
49
16
11
12
10
14
13
15
3
54
57
5
m
Fig. 9.48. G2210a, burial chamber, plan of remains of burial (skeleton) and debris on floor.
Section
Section
based on description
in reiss diary, p. 651
based on sketch in
reiss diary, p. 651
N
0
Plan
2210 X plan
Fig. 9.49.GG2210x,
and section.
Plan
Fig. 9.50. G2210y, plan and section.
1
G 2210 Y
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279
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Chapter 10
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2135 (= VIInn = g 4770)
Finds
Mastaba:1 core typeIIa, used as mastaba with exterior crude brick chapel of
type(1a) and slab stela emplacement: 23.45 x 10.3m (Junkers plan)
area 241.53sq.m; proportion 1/2.27; h. 4.0m
Chapel: exterior crude brick chapel of type(1 a), built around
emplacement for slab stela; partly obscured by later
constructions; probably five rooms, (a), (b), on west, and
(c), (d), (e), on east
Room (a): northsouth offering room around slab stela emplacement
set in south end of west wall; 5.4 x 2.5m; area 13.5sq.m
proportion 1/2.16
Room (b): magazine south of (a): 2.15 x 2.5m; area 5.38sq.m
entered from (a) by doorway in east end of north wall
Room (c): vestibule east of (a), on north; destroyed
Room (d): room connecting (c) with (e); northern part destroyed
width 2.0m
Room (e): magazine south of (d): 2.15 x 2.0m; area 4.3sq.m; entered
from (d) in west end of north wall
Total area, (a)(e), estimated at 33.0sq.m; relation 1/7.31
Shafta: one shaft north of middle; type 1cm
lining unfinished; 2.1 x 2.1m at top and 1.8 x 1.8m at bottom
5.7m (15 courses) lined with masonry; 7.0m in rock
chamber on south, partly lined but not paved in rock
3.8 x 3.06m; h.3.05m; area 14.63sq.m
capacity 44.62cu.m
lined room 3.01 x 3.06m; h.3.05m; the lining was begun and
built to a mean height of four courses
pavement was never begun
area 9.21sq.m; capacity 28.09cu.m
passage (including lining): 1.55 x 1.31.45m; h.1.1m)
step down from passage to floor of chamber 1.2m
blocking gone
white limestone sarcophagus: plain box with flat lid, typed; now
Hildesheim3051; see description below, under Finds
canopic pit in southeast corner; 0.52 x 0.5m; 0.43m
Excavation
This tomb lay south of the dividing line separating the American
concession on the north from the GermanAustrian concession on
the south. It was thus excavated by Hermann Junker in 1912 (see
his Gza1, pp.22731, numbered VII NN and g4770), and will
accordingly receive only the briefest of treatments here.
See Reisner, GN1, pp.43536; Junker, Gza1, pp.22731; idem, Gza6, p.84,
fig. 26.
Architecture
Along with the tomb of KaninisutI (g2155), mastaba g2135 forms the
southward extension of Cemetery g2100 (figs.2.5, 10.2). Whether the
location of these two mastaba cores, out of alignment with the rest of
the Cemetery g2100 cluster, was forced by the existence of the large
mastaba g2220 further to the north, cannot be determined.
Reisner took g2135 to be the first tomb of the later, eastern
group of mastabas, contemporary with g2210 and dating towards
the end of Khufus reign.5 Junker, on the other hand, dated the tomb
to the reign of Menkaure.6 Several features serve to link the tomb to
the older, western half of the cemetery. Primary among them are the
mud-brick exterior chapel, the remnants of a slab stela (although the
location of its original emplacement can no longer be identified),
and the lining of the burial chamber, which also includes a canopic
depression in the southeast corner. The lack of T-shaped portcullis
grooves in the burial shaft and the mastabas location in the eastern half
of the cemetery are all that serve to postdate it slightly after the core
construction of mastabas g2100, g2110, g2120, g2130, and g2210.
The core of g2135 was never cased, nor were any alterations
made to the exterior mud-brick chapel once surrounding the cult
focus of the slab stela. Although the chapel was later destroyed by
subsequent constructions to the north (figs.10.1, 10.3), it preserves
at least three or four rooms.7 The entrance from the north led into
a long, rectangular entrance room, connecting to a square room
further south, and an offering room to the west, up against the
mastaba and surrounding the slab stela emplacement.
The burial shaft occupies the positionnorth of centerin
the core that is expected for a Khufu-era mastaba (figs.10.610.9).
2
3
4
5
6
7
281
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Decoration
Sectiond:
Y[
I
[[[
Junker does not mention skeletal remains in the shaft, despite the
presence of the fragmentary limestone sarcophagus. No photography
of the burial chamber has yet been identified among the preserved
Junker archives in Vienna and Hildesheim.
!
rrr
rr r
r
rr
rr
rr rr
rr
rr r
rr
rr
rr
rr
IIII
rr
r
Date
dmy 4 , 3 , 2 , 1
idemy-linen:14 a thousand of 4 (cubits wide), a thousand of 3 (cubits
wide), a thousand of 2 (cubits wide), a thousand of 1 (cubit wide)
12
8 J unker, Gza1, p.231, n.2.
9 J unker, Gza6, pp.9394, with fig.26.
10 Compare PMIII, p. 75: middle of late Dynasty4; Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie,
p.153: Khufu or shortly thereafter; Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.85: Khufu.
11 Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, pp.15153; cf. also Reisner, GN1, p.112.
$
F
u
C
Yu
13
14
282
GM8.1.indb 282
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15
16
17
his word is written t on the Helwan stela from tomb247; cf. Saad, Ceiling
T
Stelae in Second Dynasty Tombs, pl.30; Kahl, Kloth, and Zimmermann, Die
Inschriften der 3. Dynastie, p.175(d); however, it never appears with a .t on any of
the Giza slab stelae. The value is most likely more than 100 or 200, but less than
1,000; cf. P. Posener-Kriger, Les mesures des toffes lancien empire, RdE29
(1977), pp.9394.
Or possibly 90 cubits square? On the difference between vertical and horizontal
linen units of measure, see Manuelian, Slab Stelae, p.137, based on P. PosenerKriger, Les mesures des toffes lancien empire, pp.8696; Kahl, Kloth, and
Zimmermann, Die Inschriften der 3. Dynastie, p. 175ff.; Edel, Eine althieratische
Liste von Grabbeigaben aus einem Grab des spten Alten Reiches der Qubbet
el-Hawa bei Assuan, NAWG6 (1987), pp.98, 104. On the large numbers,
Vogelsang-Eastwood, Textiles, in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology,
p.295, notes that 845 square meters of cloth were found in the Middle Kingdom
tomb of Meketre at Thebes (H.E. Winlock, The Mummy of Wah unwrapped,
BMMA35 [1940], p.257), and Tutankhamens tomb produced 400 items of
clothing.
For a discussion of short-form and long-form slab stelae, see Manuelian, Slab
Stelae, pp.1, 117, fig.176, and passim.
left of the list in vertical columns without any vertical dividing lines.
This means that the identifying inscription (Sectiona) was a short
one, possibly restricted to the area just above the head of the deceased,
as with the slab stelae of Khufunakht (g1205), Nefer (g1207), and
Nefretiabet (g1225).18 Oddly enough, however, each of these stelae
displays some sort of dividing lines, either vertical or horizontal,
to separate the offerings; those slab stelae that do not separate the
offerings with lines tend to surmount them with a longer horizontal
band of text with the identifying inscription (Sectiona). The present
fragment, then, seems to combine elements from both traditions.
The linen list falcons hover just above the mnt signs in an
arrangement paralleled only on the slab stela of Kanefer from g1203
and on an anonymous stela from g4860, although in the latter
case the mnt signs appear in front of each (reversed) falcon rather
than behind.19 A final element that recalls slab stela examples from
Cemetery g1200 is the absence of vertical dividers in the width and
amount designations () of the linen list. Parallels include the slab
stelae of Wepemnefret (g1201), Kanefer (g1203), and Khufunakht
(g1205).20 Nothing survives of the funerary repast (Sectionb) except
for six left-facing and one right-facing half-loaves of bread.
18
19
20
283
GM8.1.indb 283
7/22/09 10:56 PM
G 2100I
C
G 2100II
B
A
G 2102
B
X
G 2120
slab stela
Fig. 10.1. Street and chapel area east of g2135, looking north. Most likely March 1912. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Viennaaeos_1_5461.
10 m
G 2136b
Nimaatre
G 4760 = VII N
132
131
G 2140
G 2135
266
133
G 2135a
Qedfy
267
270
137
281
b
281
c
280
a
Nefer III
G 4761 Nefer
130
280
?
280
b
278
278
a
275
278
d
278
b
G 2136
Kahif
G
B
G 2148
271
278
c
G 2136a
Djednefret
Fig.10.2. G2135, plan of mastaba and surrounding area, based on and augmented from Junker, Gza1, p.228, fig.52; idem, Gza6, p.81,
fig.21, and p.93,
fig.26.
G 2155
284
G 2160
A
S
G 2156a
GM8.1.indb 284
B
7/22/09 10:57 PM
2165
Fig. 10.3. Street and chapel area east of g2135, looking south (= Junker, Gza1, pl.37a). Most likely March 1912. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Viennaaeos_1_5284.
Fig. 10.4. Street and chapel area east of g2135, looking south towards
the Khafre Pyramid. November20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.103.07.
Fig. 10.5. Chapel area of g2135, looking west. November21, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.103.08.
285
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7/22/09 10:57 PM
Fig. 10.6. G 2135, north end, looking south towards shafta. November20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.104.06.
Fig. 10.7. G 2135a, mouth of shaft, looking north. November3, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.058.08.
Fig. 10.8. G 2135a, mouth of shaft, looking south. November3, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.058.09.
286
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7.0 m
5.7 m
Section
Plan
0
Fig. 10.9. G 2135a, plan and section, adapted from Junker, Gza1, p.228, fig.52.
G 2135 A
287
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B
A
B
A
50 cm
Fig. 10.12. Drawing of limestone sarcophagus from g2135a, Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim 3051, after Junker, Gza1, p.55, fig.5.
288
GM8.1.indb 288
Junker,
Giza 1
p. 55
sarcophagus
from G 2135
7/22/09 10:57 PM
PDM
10 cm
Fig. 10.13. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7799 from g2135 (=VIInn, g4770). Colorized drawing of the slab stela fragment,
showing three of the four decorative sections.
289
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Fig. 10.14. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7799 from g2135 (=VIInn, g4770), slab stela fragment.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum.
290
GM8.1.indb 290
7/22/09 10:57 PM
PDM
PDM
0
10 cm
a, S 7799
(55%)
Fig. 10.15. Drawing of slab stela fragment Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7799 from g2135 (=VIInn, g4770).
291
0
S 7799
10 cm
(55%)
GM8.1.indb 291
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GM8.1.indb 292
7/22/09 10:57 PM
Chapter 11
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2140
Excavation
Giza, work began on the east face of g2140 (fig.11.4). Fisher describes
the chapel thus:
Here there is a simple beam lintel door-way opening into a
plain unsculptured room. On the walls are Arabic inscriptions,
evidence of the recent opening of the offering room.2
The only other mention made of the tomb in 1912 consists of the
discovery of a fragment of a large alabaster jar between g2140 and
g2160 (February14, 1912; similar to one found near g2184), and
Reisners statement on February25, 1912, that g2140, g2160, and
g2180 appear not to have been used.
The burial chamber of shafta (fig.11.22) was examined for the
second time, judging from the 1905-dated excavation photographs,
on December30, 1932. Wheeler notes in his diary that the room is
rough, with a mastaba on the west side. Found in debris:bones
of body disturbed and broken, broken pot (large, handled).3 On
January1, 1933, a search on the top of the mastaba for a second burial
shaft proved unsuccessful.
The final entries preserved for g2140 came in March, 1938, in
the reiss s diary. On March19, the crew searched for the lining of the
mastabas core on the north side, and the area between g2140 and
g2150 was excavated (revealing subsidiary mastabas g2141, g2143,
and g2144). Limestone debris, pebbles, and stones were mentioned,
as well as an inscribed limestone fragment with a figure on it. On
March2021 and 23, 1938, the work shifted east of g2140 in the
street, but no additional structures were exposed.4
On November27, 1993, the chapel floor inside the entrance
was cleared in search of door socket holes. An empty rectangular
emplacement is present above the door on the south side (see
fig.11.12). This indicates that the door was intended to swing open
into the chapel (southward), partially obstructing access to the room
itself, instead of to the north, covering only the north wall. No
socket was located in the stone floor below this ceiling emplacement
block. The chapel was, however, unfinished, and most likely no door
was ever installed.
Finds
Found in shafta
321218 (=MFA47.1661; fig. 11.7): Special combed ware: two-handled
Byblos oil amphora, typeBLIV, partly covered with thin plaster
coat; incised with heavily combed horizontal lines, a few diagonal
hatchings, and triangular pot mark at top towards one handle;
sand and lime particle inclusions; complete except for chips from
rolled rim; h.43cm; diam.39cm; d.rim 9.0cm; d.neck 6.0cm;
d.body 20cm; w. with two stirrup handles 27.6cm; d. base
10.0cm;5 Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.75: Reisner believed that
the jars found at Giza were used as containers for olive oil or cedar
oil. The jars from g2140a (321218) and g2350l (4057)
both contained a dried resinous substance. Mr. Lucas analyzed a
sample from the first of these jars (g2140a) and reported that the
material was a fragrant resin, a true resin as distinguished from
fragrant gum resins, such as frankincense and myrrh. It is almost
2
3
4
293
GM8.1.indb 293
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oxidized
Inclusions:
Rim:
rolled rim
Ware:
medium
Function
indications:
Architecture
g2140a (fig.11.22)
Disarrayed skeleton (321220)cranium and mandible are up
on the stone bench at foot of the infracranium. Legs are mainly
articulatedapparently lying on back, legs extended. Observable are
both femora, tibiae, and fibulae. Age and sex uncertain. No tomb
card sketch.
Date
Decoration
=
8
uncarved
I n the third edition of his Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries (1948), p.370,
Lucas again discusses the sample from g2140a. Here, although he states his
conclusions somewhat more cautiously, he retains the same opinion: Manifestly,
therefore, it was a true resin from a coniferous tree and possibly ach-resin.
D. Esse and P.K. Hopke, Levantine Trade in the Early Bronze Age, in Proceedings
of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, pp. 34, 336, fig.31.4c. The
authors mention a similar vessel excavated by S. Hassan in his mastaba of
shaft294 (=g8887), cf. his Giza2, p.146, fig.173.
The only confirmation that this fragment belongs with this tombs objects list
is the original HUMFA Expedition photographic register entry: frag. of sunk
relief 38320 from 2140.
uncarved
9
10
11
12
294
GM8.1.indb 294
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295
GM8.1.indb 295
7/22/09 10:57 PM
slab stela
B
G 2121
G 2136b
Nimaatre
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
G 2140
266
267
G 2136
Kahif
G 2147
B A
X
G 2145
C
B A
D C
G 2148
271
278
c
Djednefret
B
G 2144
G 2146
D E G 2162
F G
C0
G 2160
B G 2161
G 2136a
A B
G 2143
X
270
278
d
E
A
G 2150
B
Y
10 m
G 2170
B
A
G 2163
G 2156a
A
C
X
2165
A 2167 B C
H
I
4984
A B C
B C
Z 2168 E
E
F
C
A B
X 2166
H
I
2171
E F G
A C
G
D
X
Y
2169
E
D
A
2181
Y
Z
C November21,
D
B g2160.
Fig.11.2. G2140, east face, looking west towards the chapel entrance from the top of theAmastaba
1993. Peter Der
2183
21
81
a
Manuelian, pdm_1993.107.15.
2182
4981a
U
4981
296
GM8.1.indb 296
A
z
c
b X
A B 21
2172
C
2178
X
4982
D
B
Z U
4983
A
I
D
G 2180 = G 4990
A
A 2173 C
S D B X
X
V
C
G
2184b
E
F
c
7/22/09 10:57 PM
Fig.11.3. Excavation of g2140, chapel area, looking southwest. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe,
c1188 [=c12613].
Fig.11.4. Street between g2140 (Fishers VIII.3) to the left (west) and g2160 (Fishers VIII.4) to the right (east), with shafts
associated with g2148 (foreground), g2147 (middle of street), g2146 and g2145 (abutting east face of g2140), looking north.
February16, 1912. HUMFA Expedition photograph, photographer not listed, a635p.
297
GM8.1.indb 297
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Fig.11.5. G2140, south face, looking north. November15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.073.20.
Fig.11.6. G2140, top of the mastaba, looking south. November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.093.21.
298
GM8.1.indb 298
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32-12-18
0
Special Ware
5
10
cm
FigJune18,
. 2561942.
G 2140 A ch.
Fig.11.7. 321218 (=MFA47.1661), combed-ware amphora. Left: May11, 2005. Museum of Fine Arts, sc139375. Center:
HUMFA Expedition photograph, photographer not listed, b9313 (detail). Right: drawing.
0
0
PDM
PDM
10 cm
10
Fig.11.8. Photograph and drawing of 38320, limestone sunk relief from north of g2140. April3, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, b8948.
GM8.1.indb 299
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Plan
W
Fig.11.10. G2140, east face, looking south across the chapel entrance.
November21, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.107.16.
Baseline
G 2140
300
GM8.1.indb 300
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Fig.11.13. G2140, chapel, entrance, stone floor (no door socket holes),
looking east. November27, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.119.11.
Fig.11.15. G2140, chapel, south wall, and false door on west wall, looking
southwest. November17, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.083.21.
301
GM8.1.indb 301
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Fig.11.16. G2140, chapel, west wall, unfinished false door architrave, looking west. November17, 1993.
HUMFA Expedition photograph. Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5771.
Fig.11.17. G2140, chapel, west wall, detail of unfinished false door architrave, looking west. November17, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.083.17.
302
GM8.1.indb 302
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PDM
Fig.11.18. G2140, chapel, west wall, drawing of unfinished false door architrave.
10 cm
1:5
303
GM8.1.indb 303
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11 courses
4.15 m
Section AB
N
Plan
304
GM8.1.indb 304
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Fig.11.22. G2140a, burial chamber, limestone blocks and skeleton (321220) on floor, looking south. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
A.M. Lythgoe, b926 [=b7328].
305
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GM8.1.indb 306
7/22/09 10:57 PM
Chapter 12
THE TOMB OF KANEFER:
Mastaba g 2150
Excavation
CU
3
4
1
See Reisner, GN1, pp.43746, figs.86, 123, 25768, pls.38ce, 39b, 40ab, 43ac.
J . Mlek, New Reliefs and Inscriptions from five Old Tombs at Giza and
Saqqara, BSEG6 (1982), pp.4752. Better known are Petries excavations to the
south of Giza; cf. H.G. Fischer, Old Kingdom Inscriptions in the Yale Gallery,
MIO7 (1960), p.311, n. 26. For Petries letters from Giza, see now Drower, Letters
from the Desert, esp. pp.1236.
Mlek, BSEG6 (1982), p.51. The author has not seen this page.
Petrie notebook 0031, pp.35965 for g2150, and esp. p.363. All these documents
are housed in the Griffith Institute, Oxford.
307
GM8.1.indb 307
7/22/09 10:57 PM
active in this area as well (see below), although he does not specifically
mention the tomb in his Mastabas de lAncien Empire (1889).5
Like most of the other major mastabas in this cemetery, g2150
was excavated primarily during the 19051906 season under Lythgoe,
whose diary, if he kept one, has not survived. Numerous Expedition
photographs from these years document the step-by-step clearance
of the decorated chapel, but the two shaftsa and b were not cleared
until 1933. The decorated entrance thickness blocks found loose
around the chapel (see figs.12.412.5, 12.1112.18) were stored at
Harvard Camp until their shipment to Boston in May, 1933.6 For
a reconstruction sketch of how the Boston reliefs once adorned the
entrance, see fig.12.65.
Fishers diary mentions the tomb for the first time on January21,
1912, with the surface masonry beginning to show on the south
side on January23. The east face with the door to the chapel and
decorated facade appeared the next day. But most of this area had
already been cleared under Lythgoe in 19051906, as documented
by Expedition photography. In his entry for January28, 1912, Fisher
describes the varied facing around the core, as it differs from that
surrounding the chapel entrance (figs.12.212.7), and the mud-brick
extension to the chapel built in the street directly in front of it:
The mud chapel has walls 1.50m thick; almost all the east
side being gone, the line being traced by the beginning of the
plastering at the floor. There is a door at north, and another at
south, which appears to lead into a second room as the east wall
continues to the south. Here there is a later mud brick pit sunk
down through debris of upper walls.7
The fine masonry ends with niche and behind is clearly seen the
masonry of the earlier mastaba.
The mud walls joining on to mud chamber of this mastaba seem
to be a still later addition but the end of wall is not yet cleared.
There are three masonry lined pits near niche and two others
about centre of mastaba face, inside this later mud structure.10
The brick size of the mud-brick chapel is listed in the entry for
February6, 1912 (16 x 33 x 9cm) and the northern false door niche
is mentioned on February9. The fallen architrave of Kanefer was
found in the street debris in front of this niche, at the north end of
the mastabas east face, (fig. 12.60). This later prompted Reisner to
postulate its original position above the north niche. However, no
other northern niche in the cemetery bore such an inscribed architrave,
and the more likely reconstruction would place this architrave over
the chapel propers entrance, further to the south. Fishers entry for
February9 also mentions what must be Junkers discovery of the chapel
of Nensedjerkai (g2100-1i). The north niche of Kanefers mastaba was
cleared by February14, 1912 and Fisher noted that:
5
10
11
12
isher is referring to shaftsu, v, a, south of the north niche, and s and t north
F
of it; February14, 1912, p.20.
Wheeler diary, January9, 1933, p.1198.
Wheeler diary, January12, 1933, p.1201.
308
GM8.1.indb 308
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Finds
21
22
23
24
ompare g2140, where the ceiling socket is on the south side, indicating the
C
door would open into, and thus obstruct, access to the chapel. One would
have to open the door, enter, then swing the door shut to gain access to the rest
of the room.
14 Reisner, GN1, fig.262, pl.39b.
15 Reisner, GN1, fig.261.
16 R
eisner, GN1, fig.260.
17 R
eisner, GN1, fig.263.
18 R
eisner, GN1, fig.257.
19 R
eisner, GN1, fig.258.
20 I llustrated in Seipel, Gott Mensch Pharao, p.457; Berger et al., Der Entwurf des
Knstlers: Bildhauerkanon in der Antike und Neuzeit, p.20, fig.14.
13
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.444; pl.43b (3/2); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.77.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.444; pl.43b (2/7); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.93.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43b (2/14); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.101.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; pl.43b (3/3); Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69,
fig.81.
R
eisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43c (2/67).
R
eisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43c (2/5)
R
eisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43c (2/5). Note that both 33140 and
41 are now numbered MFA33.1048.
Reisner, GN1, pl.43c (2/4).
R
eisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43c (2/4).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43c (1/1).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43c (1/4).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43c (1/2).
Reisner, GN1, p.445; pl.43c (1/3).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267, p.445; pl.43b (3/1).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.69.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43c (2/2).
309
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Architecture
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
eisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43a. For a Middle Kingdom limestone
R
parallel to this motif, see D. Arnold, in Antike Welt 33.6 (2002), p.625, fig. 9
(mastaba of Khnumhotep at Lisht), and P.P. Koemoth, Osiris et le motif des
deux papyrus lis, DE46 (2000), p.25.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445.
Reisner, GN1, p.445; pl.43b (1/112; 2/812).
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.444; pl.43b (2/5); Reisner and Smith, GN2,
p.93.
Reisner, GN1, p.443, fig.267; p.445; pl.43b (2/6).
Reisner, GN1, p.444; pl.38e.
Reisner, GN1, p.445.
Ibid.
S ee Jnosi, Giza in der. 4. Dynastie, p.149.
north, between g2150 and g2220, was filled with several complexes
of small mastabas, numbered g2131g2139 and g2151g2159.
None of the earliest features of Khufu-era mastabas is present
here. There is no evidence of a slab stela, although one could argue
that the subsequent interior stone chapel construction, broken into
the mastabas core, might have destroyed any stela emplacement. The
burial shaft (a) shows no T-shaped portcullis stone grooves, nor is the
burial chamber lined with fine limestone blocks (figs.12.5112.54). Even
the casing stones show a unique pattern for this cemetery: Reisners
z masonry, consisting of nummulitic limestone blocks set in lowstepped courses, instead of smoothly dressed sloping surfaces (x or y
masonry).48 This marks a sharp constrast around the chapel facade,
where massive limestone blocks make up the panels north and south
of the entrance. Kanefer joins Merib (g2100-1) as one of only two
mastabas in Cemetery g2100 to show (preserved) facade decoration.
Kanefer was the only individual who added a secondary shaft
to his mastaba core, the unfinished shaftb, directly west of the
chapel area (figs.12.5512.56).49 The chapel itself contains two false
doors, and a destroyed serdab west of the northern false door. A
set of exterior mud-brick rooms complements the interior stone
chapel, and runs the entire length of the east face of the mastaba.
It even encloses the tombs subsidiary north niche, which shows a
tiny rectangular offering basin carved in its base (figs.12.4812.50).50
Thick mud-brick walls running northsouth down the middle
of the street between g2150 and g2170 make up three rooms of the
exterior chapel (figs. 12.112.3). Within the precinct of the longest,
northernmost room (d), seven subsidiary shafts were later sunk into
the street (figs. 12.112.3, 12.10812.114). There are also later burials
placed along the mastabas western face (see below, Shafts and Burials).
Curiously, Cemetery g2100 is almost devoid of preserved
statuary. Perhaps the dearth of serdabs provides the explanation.
Qedfy (g2135a) and Kanefer are among the few exceptions.
Fragments of statuettes turned up on top and around the mastaba,
most likely dispersed by tomb robbers who punctured the chapels
north false door in an effort to reach the serdab. None of the
fragments is inscribed, so there is no way to discern whether Kanefer,
Shepsetkau, or Meretites were represented, either singly or in group
statuary (see above, Finds).
Shafta was sunk in the traditional location, north of the center
of the mastaba core (figs.12.5112.54). It takes the form of a typical
post-Khufu shaft, with corridor and burial chamber to the south of
the shaft, but no portcullis grooves or burial chamber lining. Relative
to many of the other burial chambers in Cemetery g2100, shafta
produced a large number of small artifacts. The most important
item, however was the uninscribed red granite sarcophagus (with lid
propped against the west wall), still coated with plaster padding
to protect it during its descent to the burial chamber (figs. 12.41,
12.5212.53).
48
49
50
310
GM8.1.indb 310
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Decoration
Date
51
52
53
or examples of burial chambers placed other than south of the shaft in Cemetery
F
g2100, see g2170a (chamber on west), and g2220b (chamber on north).
On the relationship of shafts to tomb owner identity, see Jnosi, Aspects of
Mastaba Development: The Position of Shafts and the Identification of Tomb
Owners, in Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001, pp.33750.
See Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.223.
54
55
56
57
311
GM8.1.indb 311
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9 F s
L
L 6fi
_ f
g
nswt. Thus both titles on the Louvre drum, s nswt and my-r wpwt,
also occur in g2150. This fact, coupled with the alignment in the
widths of the drum vis vis the chapel entrance, and the similarities
in the raised relief-carving style, seem to certify the assignment of
the Louvre drum to g2150. Baud came to this conclusion as well in
1999, and carefully reconstructed the likely 19th-century excavation
history around Kanefers tomb (Wilkinson, Mariette, Petrie).66
Excavations between 1850 and 1880, conducted either by Mariette
or illicit diggers, thus most likely account for the discovery of the
Louvre drum near the entrance to g2150.
~ s nswt
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
9_ n
>U
| C g
T9 #
2
-g
C y !
n
1
66
67
68
312
GM8.1.indb 312
7/22/09 10:57 PM
dY Y
g
CU T
g
~
~
s
T
n { n g
CC T { n n C
s n
C
?
Text: (1)s nswt my-r wpwt mdw k- (2)K-nfr (3)sf [smsw?] my-r
wpwt K-s[w] (4)my-r m-k Pt-wr (5)m-k R-n-pt (6)m-k
Snb (7)m-k Pt-wr (8)[] Nfr-[r]-n-pt (9)m-k r-nfr(?)
Translation: (1)Kings son, overseer of commissions, herdsman of the
white bull,71 (2)Kanefer. (3)His [eldest?] son, overseer of commissions,
Kase[wedja].72 (4)Overseer of funerary priests, Ptahwer.73 (5)Funerary
priest Redjienptah.74 (6)Funerary priest Seneb.75 (7)Funerary priest
Ptahwer. (8)[] Nefer[her?]enptah. (9)Funerary priest Hernefer(?)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
J. Mlek, New Reliefs and Inscriptions from five Old Tombs at Giza and
Saqqara, BSEG6 (1982), pp.4750. Mlek suggests that this relief was removed
from the tomb between 1875 and 1921; ibid., p.50. This range could be narrowed
to 18751905, since it was absent from the tomb when Lythgoe first cleared it
during the 19051906 season. For this reference, I am grateful to E. Brovarski,
and for the photograph reproduced in fig.12.70 I thank Jaromr Mlek. For the
earliest reference to this fragment, see the London Sothebys sale for June13,
1921: Catalogue of the Amherst Collection of Egyptian and Oriental Antiquities,
p.18, no.185: Limestone Bas-Relief from the Pyramid plateau, 19in. by 13in.,
bearing a portrait head of an official, a fine example of Old Kingdom work.
On these spatulate utensils, see E. Brovarski, The Priestly Title of Anubis:
,
76
77
78
313
GM8.1.indb 313
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L B
m
g
fi5 L C [ U C
C
9
T _ M T g T Y Tg
Y
Y
C
n
3
Text: (1)[my]-r wpwt mdw ryt smsw s pr.wy my-b n nrf K-nfr
(2)[] smr79 wt(t) r(t) nswt Mrs-n (3)[]m r [nswt]
Nm(?)80 [] (4)m-k N()-k()-r81 (5)gf
Translation: (1)[Over]seer of commissions, staff of the subjects, elder
of the chamber of the double administrations, favorite of his god,
Kanefer. (2)[] sole companion, royal acquaintance, Meresankh.
(3)[kings] acquaintance Nedjem(?) []. (4)funerary priest
Nikare. (5)Monkey
D
T
& s
(a2)
snr
(a3)
a
s b
(a4)
81
82
83
knw
sf
(a6) C
g
(a5)
Row B
(b7)
tt
(b9)
incense
festival perfume
reversal of s and
hekenu-oil
sefetj-oil
nekhnum-oil
Translation
Remarks
tuaut-oil
w
twwt
F$
fl
(b8)
Remarks
nnm
$
2
tt nw
(b10)
green eye-paint
black eye-paint
(b11)
79
80
Translation
libation
(b12)
msdmt
wnw 2
Row C
(c13)
A
A
Translation
Remarks
bw 2
84
For the Dynasty5 pattern followed here, see Barta, Die altgyptische Opferliste,
pp. 4756, 181, fig. 4; and Junker, Gza3, pp.99102.
314
GM8.1.indb 314
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(c14)
(c15)
offering table
grgt r mdw
foundation of
Horus Medjedu
tnw
the obelisk
Y
m
(5) 6
db r mdw
w rw
wt
two royal offerings
tp-nswt 2
(c16)
(tp)-nswt wst 2
(c17)
ns ww bw-r
(c18)
Y
m
(2)
T t-wt
barley bread
Row D
Translation
g
A t-rt
(d20)
srt
(d21)
C
g
nms
(d22)
6
f ns 2
(d23) O
baked bread
(d19)
"
ns ww bw(?)
(d24)
? [swt?]
De Meulenaere,
Supplement to
BIFAO81 (1981),
pp.8789; Dorman,
in Hommages Jean
Leclant1, pp.45570;
Fischer, Varia Nova,
pp.33(h), 182 and n.62
The t and w are much
clearer than drawn in
Reisner, GN1, fig. 260
(3)
(4)
Remarks
ale
Register
2 figure
no.
m/f
Text
Translation
Remarks
friendly [beer]
reversal of s and m
(6)
grgt Knfr
foundation of
Kanefer
preceding
male:
a serving of shenes-bread
U
C
G
|
offering of
Menkaure
grgt hdn
foundation of
Heden
destroyed
destroyed
grgt mr
foundation of Meri
Y
m
grgt r mdw
foundation of
Horus Medjedu
tt
tet
nwt
foundations of inet
|
(8)
O
C
G
|
[sut-meat?]
(9) []
(10)
tp Mn-kw-r
(7)
m/f
Text
Translation
Remarks
nfw
the captain []
barque
determinative
instead of a
mast
Iymery
M
(11)
(12)
85
Jacquet-Gordon, Les noms des domaines funraires, pp.24142 (no. 19G5); Reisner,
GN1, p. 444; Junker, Gza 3, p. 37.
(13)
|
|
315
GM8.1.indb 315
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m/f
Text
Translation
<
destroyed;
Mlek: N-dwfr
see note a)
destroyed (male):
Mlek: Praise be to below
Khafre
[?
[grgt K]nfr
[the foundation of
Ka]nefer
(17) []
destroyed(?)
(18)
destroyed;
Mlek: does not
exist
mr nrw fr
(15)
%
<
.w
C
|
(16)
U
C
G
Khafre is beloved of
the gods
U
C
n K
I
88
_
9
U
U
a) Mlek relates this estate (no. 15) to a parallel in the tomb of Sekhemkare
(Lepsius89); Jacquet-Gordon, Les noms des domaines funraires, p.224, no.12; for
the tomb in general, see PMIII, pp.23334; Junker, Gza3, p.49 [46]. Lepsius,
Denkmaeler Text1, pp. 108111; Mariette, Les mastabas, pp.54647; Hassan, Giza4,
pp.103123, figs.53-70, pls.3335; Reisner, GN1, pp.22324, fig.128.
86
87
M|
destroyed;
destroyed (female),
Mlek: sb[]w[t] Mlek: Sebiut/Sabut
<
Remarks
Register
3 figure
no.
(14)
~ 8
91
316
GM8.1.indb 316
7/22/09 10:57 PM
9
CU V _ Text: smr wty, rp K-nfr
Text: ryt
Translation: djeryt-mourners.92
CU _
0
5 fi g
5
g
8
9
V
C G
H
g
{
C
U _ [ `
7
West Wall, South False Door, Left (South) and Right (North)
Jambs (figs.12.9112.92).
UC CU
C U _ g
9
!
7
92
93
94
95
Text: K-nfr
Translation: Kanefer.
g fi 5
g
6
gE
LL
A E
E
_E
9
C
f H U
9
C
4
~
g
96
97
317
GM8.1.indb 317
7/22/09 10:57 PM
C n { n g
{ n C
Text: (1)my-r m(w) k Pt-wr (2)s m(w) k Snb102 (3)(R)-nPt103 (4)m-k Pt-wr
Translation: (1)Overseer of funerary priests, Ptahwer, (2)scribe of
funerary priests, Seneb, (3)(Re)dienptah, (4)funerary priest Ptahwer.
C U
Family
Other People106
y-mry, Iymery
t-[], Ikhet-[]
msw, retainer
Wm-k, Wehemka
s, scribe
Y
?
Ni-k-r, Nikare
m-k, funerary priest
Titles of Kanefer
Nfr-[r]-n-pt, Nefer[her]enptah107
102
103
104
or this controversial title, see Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles2, p.717
F
no.2615.
Note the abbreviated spelling of st 9 here, in contrast to the full writing,
including the sign, on the chapels exterior architrave:
.
Cf. Fischer, JNES 18 (1959), pp.26768 (22); Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian
Titles2, pp.75354, no.27462747.
Of this figure, Smith, HESPOK, p.249, writes that it shows along the back of
the figure a sharp outline which slopes a little in section, but the front lines of
the figure are smoothly rounded off to the background. The inner line of the
thigh has been drawn and partly modelled, but the head remains in one plane.
The same individual appears on the chapels facade, south of the entrance.
Although in this case the r is not written, this may be the same individual
represented on the chapels facade, south of the entrance.
Reisner, GN1, fig.257.
Nt-k(), Nakhtka(i)
m-k, funerary priest
Nm(?) (son of Kanefer(?)), Nedjem(?)
[]m[y-r(?) ], nswt, over[seer ?
rt nswt, royal acquaintance
105
106
107
318
GM8.1.indb 318
7/22/09 10:57 PM
C
Z
B
E
G 2104
I
Z
G 2114
D
B
X
A G 2112a
A
A
G 2112c
A B
C
G 2115
X
G 22
G 2130
Rnpt, Redjienptah
m-k, funerary priest
Snb, Seneb
m-k, funerary priest
s, scribe
r-nfr(?), Hernefer
m-k, funerary priest
B
G 2121
X
Y
G 2131
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
A
X
G 2145
C
B A
B
G 2144
B C
G 2170
A
A B
X 2166
E
D
X
Y
H
I
2171
E F G
2169
I
D
E
A
2181
GM8.1.indb 319
W Z
2225
B
a
b X
2175
A
z
C
2178
X
A
Z
C G 2154a
B A
G 2154
2177
X
U
A
V
2224
B C
G 2222
C
A
A
G 2223a
2221
B
319
2179
G 2156
E10 m
G 2223
D 2174
B C
A B 2176 C
2172
Y
C
F
B
G 2157
Z U
E
D
A 2173 C
S D B X
0 = G 4990
A
G 2139
A C
G 2137
A
G 2138
A
C G 2152
B
A
G 2163
C G 2136
B A
G 2151
Z 2168 E
D E G 2162
C
A
D B C
G 2134
A G 2153
B G 2161
2167 B C
Y Z
G 2132
G 2133
G 2134a X
A C
Z
A
A B
G 2143
X
W
U
G 2150
F
F
G
G 2105
A
J
C D
2186
B C
E
F G H
E
2461 B C D
A
B
A
2462a
C D
2463
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.2. Street between g2150, to the west (right) and g2170, to the east (left), showing the east face and exterior
mud brick chapel of g2150, looking south from top of g2220. March23, 1912. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, c4817.
Fig.12.3. G2150 (=Fishers IX.3), entrance to interior chapel and exterior chapel at south end of east face after
removal of mud-brick debris down to floor level, looking west. February 4, 1912. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
photographer not listed, a631.
320
GM8.1.indb 320
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.4. G2150, chapel, looking southwest. February 1906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b1570
[=b7881].
Fig.12.5. G2150, chapel area, looking northwest. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b960
[=b7459].
321
GM8.1.indb 321
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Filling
Base Line
Plan
Fig.12.7. G2150, south face, looking north. November 15, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.073.24.
322
GM8.1.indb 322
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.12. 32128
(MFA34.57), from
g2150, north doorjamb
(quarter view). 1906.
HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b750
[=b7464].
Fig.12.13. 32127a
(MFA34.58), from
g2150, south doorjamb
(quarter view). 1906.
HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M.
Lythgoe, b743 [=b7465].
Fig.12.14. 32127b
(MFA34.58),
from g2150, south
facade, adjoining
south doorjamb.
December28,
1932. HUMFA
Expedition
photograph,
Mohammedani
Ibrahim, a7031.
(detail).
323
GM8.1.indb 323
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.16. 32129, from g2150, chapel, east wall, relief over interior entrance doorway. October14, 2005. Museum of Fine Arts, sc156677.
10
cm
33-1-34
RW
Fig.12.21. 33134, neckless shoulder jar from
g2150a. March
15, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8299
(detail).
324
GM8.1.indb 324
7/22/09 10:58 PM
10
cm
10
cm
33-1-36
Alabaster
33-1-35 A
33140
33139
33138
10
cm
10
cm
33-1-37a RW
GM8.1.indb 325
10
cm
33-1-42
Copper
325
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.27. Objects from g2150a. Top row: 33143 (MFA 33.1049, copper model lid), 33145 (MFA 33.1051, faience disk), 33146 (MFA 33.1052, gold
foil), 33144 (MFA 33.1050, fragments of carnelian disk). Bottom row: 33142 (copper model neckless shoulder jar), 33150 (MFA 33.1055, copper razor),
33139 (MFA 33.1047, copper chisel), 33141 (broken copper chisel and tip fragment of another), 33140 (copper chisel), 33138 (MFA 33.1046, two
copper chisels). March16, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, b8301.
10
cm
33-1-43 33143,
Copperdrawing of copper cover(?) or lid from g2150a
Fig.12.28.
(compare fig.12.27 1/1).
10
cm
Fig.12.29.
33-1-4433144, drawing of carnelian disk from g2150a (compare
fig.12.27
1/4).
Carnelian
0
0
10
cm
10
cm
326
GM8.1.indb 326
7/22/09 10:58 PM
10
20
cm
front
BrW
10
cm
10
cm
10
20
cm
Fig.12.35.
33151 (MFA34.48ab),
two fragments of carved wood,
33-1-51
Wood
probably from a chair or a coffin, from g2150a. Top: March15, 1933. HU
MFA Expedition photograph. Dahi Ahmed, c13402. Center: July 16, 2008.
Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img02397. Bottom: drawing.
RBrW
side
top
10
20
cm
33-1-50 Copper
327
GM8.1.indb 327
7/22/09 10:58 PM
10
cm
0
Fig.12.39. 33163 (MFA33.1062), alabaster model cylinder jar from
g2150a. Left: March 15, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi
Ahmed, b8299 (detail, 2/5). Right: May15, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_img00497.
10
cm
328
GM8.1.indb 328
7/22/09 10:58 PM
G 2150 A
Plan
50
1m
329
GM8.1.indb 329
7/22/09 10:58 PM
330
GM8.1.indb 330
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.46. G2150, general view, looking southwest. November 15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.077.19.
Fig.12.47. G2150, general view, looking northwest. March 12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.026.04.
331
GM8.1.indb 331
7/22/09 10:58 PM
Fig.12.48. G2150, north niche, looking west. November 4, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.61.22.
0
2m
1-11-1937 N.M.
O.K. A.F.
Fig. 206
G 2150
332
GM8.1.indb 332
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.52. G2150a, burial chamber, with sarcophagus 33420, looking south. January11, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7036.
Fig.12.53. G2150a, burial chamber, sarcophagus 33420 in situ, looking southwest. April20, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7073.
333
GM8.1.indb 333
7/22/09 10:59 PM
8.5 m
Section AB
Plan
G 2150 A
334
GM8.1.indb 334
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Plan
5.6 m
Section AB
m
Fig.12.59. G2150, intrusive burial by west face,
looking north. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, c1190 [=c12630].
335
GM8.1.indb 335
7/22/09 10:59 PM
10 cm
1:5 or 20%
PDM
10 cm
Fig.12.61. Muse du Louvre, Paris B49: false door and tablet of Mery (not
from Giza), upper part, with drum lintel of a Kanefer (C155) inserted,
possibly from g2150. June 4, 1936. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a7619.
336
GM8.1.indb 336
7/22/09 10:59 PM
337
GM8.1.indb 337
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.66. G2150, chapel, reconstruction of south entrance thickness: digital montage of MFA34.58 with portions still in the mastaba. December19, 2002.
Museum of Fine Arts, cr4237_d1 (detail). November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.090.17 through pdm_1993.090.21.
338
GM8.1.indb 338
7/22/09 10:59 PM
10 cm
PDM
339
1:5
GM8.1.indb 339
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.68. G2150, chapel, reconstruction of north entrance thickness: digital montage of MFA34.58 with portions still in the mastaba. December19, 2002.
Museum of Fine Arts, cr4237_d1. November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.090.14 through pdm_1993.090.16.
340
GM8.1.indb 340
7/22/09 10:59 PM
PDM
10 cm
ca. 72 cm to ground
341
GM8.1.indb 341
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.70. G2150, reconstruction of facade south of chapel, looking west. Digital montage of Museum of Fine Arts, cr4240_d1
(December19, 2002), unnumbered photograph courtesy Jaromir Mlek, and pdm_1993.061.11 by Peter Der Manuelian (November4, 1993).
342
GM8.1.indb 342
7/22/09 10:59 PM
ca. 94 cm to ground
10 cm
PDM
Fig.12.71. G2150, chapel, drawing of south facade.
343
GM8.1.indb 343
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.72. G2150, chapel, reconstruction of north facade, looking west, including the two heads on MFA321210.
Digital montage of pdm_1993.059.01 by Peter Der Manuelian (November4, 1993), and sc170361 by Museum of Fine Arts (April5, 2006).
344
GM8.1.indb 344
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.76. G2150,
chapel, north facade,
detail of dwarf and
monkey, looking west.
November4, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.061.05.
345
GM8.1.indb 345
7/22/09 10:59 PM
MFA
MFA 34.58
346
ca. 69 cm to ground
GM8.1.indb 346
7/22/09 10:59 PM
10 cm
PDM
ca. 74 cm to ground
GM8.1.indb 347
347
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.78. G2150, chapel, east wall, looking southeast. July23, 1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5750.
348
GM8.1.indb 348
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.79. G2150, chapel, reconstruction of east wall. Composite arrangement of aaw516, aaw531, aaw533, aaw548, aaw553, aaw598, all
by Brian Snyder (April26, 1999), and sc156677 (showing MFA32129) by Museum of Fine Arts (October14, 2005).
349
GM8.1.indb 349
7/22/09 10:59 PM
location of cavity
underneath for
door socket
350
GM8.1.indb 350
draw in
all shade
86 cm to ground
351
10 cm
PDM
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.81. G2150, chapel, south wall, looking south. July20, 1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5736.
352
GM8.1.indb 352
7/22/09 10:59 PM
10 cm
PDM
Fig.12.82. G2150, chapel, drawing of south wall.
ca. 91 cm to ground
353
1:5
GM8.1.indb 353
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.83. G2150, chapel, reconstruction of north wall, including MFA 321212, looking north. Digital montage of HUMFA
Expedition photographs b1571 [=b7882] by A.M. Lythgoe (February, 1906), and a7030 by Mohammedani Ibrahim (December28,
1932).
354
GM8.1.indb 354
7/22/09 10:59 PM
MFA
10 cm
PDM
355
ca. 82 cm to ground
1:5
GM8.1.indb 355
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.86. G2150, chapel, north wall, top half, looking north. April24, 1999. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1999.009.05.
356
GM8.1.indb 356
7/22/09 10:59 PM
MFA
8 cm
to corner
10 cm
0
ca. 84 cm to ground
10 cm
10 cm
ca.. 82 cm to ground
Fig.12.88. G2150, chapel, view of west wall through entrance, looking southwest. 19051906. HUMFA Expedition
photograph, A.M. Lythgoe, b877 [=b7458].
357
GM8.1.indb 357
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.90. G2150, chapel, west wall, architrave above south false door, looking west.
Digital montage of HUMFA Expedition photographs a5739 and a5740 (July 21, 1930),
both by Mohammedani Ibrahim.
Fig.12.89. g2150, chapel, west wall, south of south false door, looking
west. Digital montage of HUMFA Expedition photographs a5746p
(July23, 1930), and a5747 (December28, 1930), both by Mohammedani
Ibrahim.
Fig.12.91. G2150, chapel, west wall, south false door, looking west. July21,
1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5738.
358
GM8.1.indb 358
7/22/09 10:59 PM
GM8.1.indb 359
359
0
10 cm
PDM
ca. 84 cm to ground
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.93. G2150, chapel, west wall, area between the two false door, looking southwest. July23, 1930. HUMFA Expedition photograph,
Mohammedani Ibrahim, a5748.
360
GM8.1.indb 360
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.95. G2150, chapel, west wall, between the false doors, detail of
standing figure of Kanefer, looking west. April24, 1999. Brian Snyder,
aaw529.
Fig.12.94. G2150, chapel, west wall, area north of south false door, looking
west. Digital montage HUMFA Expedition photographs a5755 (July 26,
1930) and a5756 (July 27, 1930), both by Mohammedani Ibrahim.
Fig.12.96. G2150,
chapel, west wall,
detail of inscription
between the two false
doors, looking west.
November18, 1993.
Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.090.07.
361
GM8.1.indb 361
7/22/09 10:59 PM
362
10 cm
0
ca. 84 cm to ground
10 cm
ca.. 82 cm to ground
Fig.12.97. G2150, chapel, drawing of west wall, north half, with destroyed north false door, and fragment MFA321211.
GM8.1.indb 362
7/22/09 10:59 PM
MFA
8 cm
to corner
GM8.1.indb 363
10 cm
10 cm
363
PDM
ca.. 82 cm to ground
7/22/09 10:59 PM
Fig.12.99. G2150, chapel, west wall, north false door, left (south jamb),
looking west. November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.090.01.
Fig.12.101. G2150, chapel, west wall, north false door, right (north) jamb,
looking west. November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.090.04.
364
GM8.1.indb 364
7/22/09 11:00 PM
Fig.12.103. G2150, detail of head of Kanefer from west wall, looking west.
November18, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.091.06.
365
GM8.1.indb 365
7/22/09 11:00 PM
Section
Section
Section
G 2150
N
N
Plan
Plan
Fig.12.108. G2150s,
G 2150 S
plan and section.
Section
0
1
Plan
G 2150
X
Fig.12.112.
G2150x,
plan and section.
Fig.12.111.
G2150v,
G 2150
V plan
and section.
Section
0
G 2150
Plan
Plan
Section
Fig.12.109.
G G2150t,
2150 T
plan and section.
G 2150
0
Section
Plan
Plan
Fig.12.113.
G G2150y,
2150 Y plan
and section.
366
GM8.1.indb 366
7/22/09 11:00 PM
Chapter 13
THE TOMB OF KANINISUTI:
Mastaba g 2155 (= VIIInn = g 4870)
Excavation
This tomb lay south of the dividing line between the American and
GermanAustrian concessions. Despite Reisners tomb summary
above, the HUMFA Expedition was not involved in its excavation
in any way, except for the discovery in the American concession
zone of a displaced offering slab inscribed for KaninisutIs son
KaninisutII (MFA12.1513). H. Junker discovered the tomb during
his second season on January9, 1913. On January 27, 1914 he
completed the purchase of the decorated chapel, and its dismantling
began on March17, 1914. By April16, 1914, the crates containing the
reliefs were removed to Cairo, and departure for Vienna took place
on April23, 1914. During Junkers fourth season, he discovered the
related mastabas of KaninisutIII and Irienre (January29, 1926), and
KaninisutIs burial chamber was cleared on March20, 1926.2
Excellent, in-depth publications of the tomb, and especially
the chapel in Vienna, have been produced by Junker, Satzinger,
Demel, and most recently by Hlzl.3 For this reason, only a cursory
description will be provided below. The only item omitted from
these publications is the slab stela fragment in Vienna (S7447) that
may derive from this tomb, prior to the construction of the tombs
extension and interior stone chapel (see below).
Finds
Hildesheim 2431: mud seal, type VI-4. h. 1.5cm; w. max. 6.1cm; excavated
by Junker in 1914 (more likely from g2156, Kaninisut II)4
Text: (1)ry-b [] (2)r [] (3)[] ry-[]b (4)[r ]
(5)[nswt-bt] mry [Sk]r
Translation: (1)Lector priest [] (2)Horus [], (3)[] lector priest,
(4)[Horus ], (5)[king of Upper and Lower Egypt], beloved of [So]kar
Hildesheim 2502: mud seal, type VI-1. h. 2.5cm; w. max. 5.8cm; containing
the Horus name of Niuserre (Isetibtawy); excavated by Junker in
19145
Text: (1)[r] st-b-[twy] (2)ry-b ry-[s]t n [] (3)r st-b-twy
(4)ry-[]b ry-[s][t] (5)r st-[b-twy] (6)[ry-b] [ry-st]
Translation: (1)[Horus] Iset-ib-[tawy], (2)lector priest, master of [se]crets
of [] (3)Horus Isetibtawy, (4)lector [pr]iest, master of [se]cr[ets],
(5)Horus Iset[ibtawy], (6)[lector priest], ma[ster of secrets]
367
GM8.1.indb 367
7/22/09 11:00 PM
was excavated by Steindorff in 1906 and removed to the PelizaeusMuseum, Hildesheim (no.2970).9
Architecture
The shaft and burial chamber show all the hallmarks of post-Khufuera construction.The shaft continues down beneath the level of the
passage and burial chamber, located to the south. Several attempts
to cut the southern burial chamber are in evidence, but most were
abandoned, probably due to the friable nature of the bedrock. The
burial chamber shows uneven walls, and a rough ceiling and floor.
The orientation of the chamber is also asymmetrical, with the
west wall angling too far westwards at its northern corner, and the
southern wall too far southwards at its western corner. Presumably
to compensate for the misaligned west wall, several courses of rough
blocks were erected in front of it. A canopic pit, also off axis, was set
into the southeast corner.
Junker reports that the shaft and chamber were already open
at the commencement of his excavations here in 1912. He was not
able to confirm rumors that the antiquities authorities had already
cleared g2155a themselves and removed an alabaster sarcophagus.
No skeletal remains were found by Junkers crew,10 and no ancient
attempt had been made to sink a second burial shaft, or orient
shafta in closer proximity to the interior stone chapel added to the
mastabas southern extension.
Since both g2135 and g2155 extend Cemetery g2100 to the south,
connecting to Cemetery g4000, it seems clear that the large mastaba
g2220 must already have been in existence at the northern end of
this cemetery, filling the logical area for additional cores of normal
size. In response, KaninisutI and the owner of g2135 had to extend
the cemetery southwards. Kaninisuts original core presents no
particular anomalies, but the secondary additions severely altered
the tombs appearance on all four sides. Until recently, there was no
evidence for an original slab stela or stela emplacement (see below).
Subsequent to the core construction under Khufu, the mastaba
received extensive casing and a southern extension that houses the
interior stone chapel. A mud-brick anteroom with an entrance on
the north side fronts the entrance to the interior chapel, which
shows a long entrance corridor, two false doors in the west wall,
and a serdab behind (west of ) the primary southern false door. No
secondary shaft was added in the southern extension.
The casing extends all the way around the mastaba, and is
particularly well preserved, although some areas reveal blocks that
were never finished and smoothed. A subsidiary north niche was
cut in the east facade. The tomb is one of five major mastabas in
Cemetery g2100 to show a north niche, the others belonging to
Merib (g2100-1), Nefer (g2110), Khentka (g2130), and Kanefer
(g2150). Roofing slabs are also in evidence.7 The chapel area, and
indeed the southern facade of the mastaba extension, are at this
writing (2008) completely obscured by fill sand. This differs from
the situation with the other removed and relocated chapel: Meribs
chapel area (g2100-1) still shows traces of the foundation blocks and
an instructive section view of the surrounding mastaba fill, despite
the fact that his chapel was dismantled by Lepsius in 1845, while
Kaninisuts came down much later, in MarchApril, 1914.
Another feature among the tombs many alterations is the
addition of the small chapel of the owners son, KaninisutII,
directly to the east facade of mastaba g2155. That tomb contains
two chapel false doors and a menu list between them on the west
wall (see PartII). But beyond this addition, there is a clear reduction
in the resources and influence of KaninisutIs family. Additional
family membersKaninisutIII, Irienre, and Ankhmareall
have relatively unimpressive structures, either abutting or in close
proximity to g2155.8 In fact, much more impressive is the decorated
chapel of KaninisutIs butler (my-r pr) and library scribe (s pr mt)
Wehemka, who appears in prominence throughout his masters
tomb. Wehemkas tomb (D117), located west of Cemetery g2100,
7
8
Date
J unker, Gza2, p.164. For D117, see PMIII, pp. 11415, plans XI, XIV. Junker,
Gza3, pp.3738 [22]; Steindorff and Hlscher, Die Mastabas westlich der
Cheopspyramide, pl. 16; Kayser, Die Mastaba des Uhemka; Roeder, Die Mastaba
des Uhemka im Pelizus-Museum zu Hildesheim; P. Piacentini, Les scribes dans la
socit gyptienne de lAncien Empire: Une enqute en cours, in Proceedings of
the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, p. 867.
10 Junker, Gza2, p.141.
11 Compare PMIII, p.78: early Dynasty5; Baer, Rank and Title, p.145 [531]:
early Dynasty5 (Junker dates to the earlier Fifth Dynasty, basing his argument
for the lower limit on an independent dating for the adjoining mastaba of Kn-nswts son); Baud, Famille royale et pouvoir1, pp.4243; 2, p.480 [102]:
KhufuDjedefre;; Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges, pp.11819, 224: not later than
Djedefre; Demel, Kaninisut, p.13: Niuserre; Harpur, Decoration in Egyptian
Tombs, p.270 [265]: UserkafNeferirkare; Jacquet-Gordon, Domaines funraires,
pp.24750 (22G5): early Dynasty5; Junker, Gza2, pp. 15, 39, 137: early
Dynasty 5; Kanawati, Egyptian Administration, pp.19, 12324, 155 [345]: Sahure
or later; Reisner, GN1, pp.214, 311: late Menkaurepost-Neferirkare; Schmitz,
Untersuchungen zum Titel S-Njwt, p.26; early Dynasty5.
12 Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.219.
368
GM8.1.indb 368
7/22/09 11:00 PM
Decoration
1) A small fragment from the top with nb[s] and a hawk from
the top of the linen list.
2) A large fragment of the bottom of the stela from a little to the
left of the table to the right border. No remnant of figure, and no
indication of his titles and name. Beneath the table, ideographic
list: on left, ointment, 1,000, and nfr (from ikhet nbt nfrt ?): on
right, bread, beer, 2,000 and rnpwt nbt. At the extreme right,
a linen list, remains of two kinds of linen, but the upper one
is curiously arranged with two sets of 1,000 signs separated by
the sub-headings. Between the table and the linen list, a large
compartment list occupying all the space preserved (to a height
a little above the base of the bread on the table). Two registers
remain, each with a register of 1,000 signs beneath: 1) (above) two
garments, bed, headrest, and three boxes; 2) (below) stone vessels.
from the table to the right border.16 He does not mention these
fragments in his brief summary of g2155.17
Some doubt certainly remains as to a secure provenance for
these fragments. I have nevertheless accepted Reisners assignation
here, albeit with some reservation.18 I base this acceptance on the
assumption of Reisners continued presence at Giza versus Junkers
forced absence from the site between the time just after the discovery
of the fragments (191213 season) until his return to Giza well after
World WarI.19 In other words, Reisners notes may accurately reflect
the situation as he learned it from Junker and recorded it, whereas
Junker lost track of the stelas provenance due to GermanAustrian
expeditions exile from Giza between 1914 and 1925.20
If true, this revelation may revise our interpretation of the tomb
of KaninisutI (g2155), whose decorated chapel is on display in the
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (S8006). His mastaba would
have held an emplacement for the slab stela, and then received the
most elaborate and complete expansion of any tomb in Cemetery
g2100. An annex was appended to the southern end of the core
mastaba, and the new limestone chapel was broken into the interior
of the superstructure. At a later time, the small mastaba of his son
KaninisutII was added to the eastern side of g2155, converting the
exterior east wall of the larger tomb into the decorated interior west
wall of the smaller one (figs.13.3, 13.5, 13.16).21 All of this subsequent
construction activity has obscured the area of the southern end of
the core mastabas east wall. The result is our present inability to
determine any emplacement or original location of a slab stela. The
situation is similar to that of Nefer (g2110, figs. 6.1, 6.266.27),
whose exterior stone chapel has covered what might once have been
a slab stela emplacement.22
In terms of the decoration of the slab stela fragment itself, there
is probably little use in a stylistic comparison with Kaninisuts chapel,
for the two monuments must be quite separated chronologically. If
our fragment belongs with other slab stelae from Giza, it should
date to the reign of Khufu, whereas Kaninisuts chapel in Vienna
is traditionally dated to early Dynasty5.23 There are a number of
possible scenarios, once again assuming that we have the correct
provenance for the slab stela fragment in the first place:
the mastaba originally belonged to someone else in Khufus reign,
when the slab stela was prepared, and was subsequently usurped
by KaninisutI, who added his chapel in the southern extension
both the stela fragment and decorated chapel belong to KaninisutI,
and the mastaba dates not to Dynasty5 but to Dynasty4, as N.
Cherpion has argued24
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
13
14
15
24
369
GM8.1.indb 369
7/22/09 11:00 PM
the stela fragment is an archaism and dates not to the reign of Khufu,
but perhaps even into Dynasty5, closer to the date of the chapel
itself.25
4
) H
C
i G A) y G
C
TT T T
Section b:
y
T
m
Hi
T
C
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T T T
(3)[] , [ ], [] , [] , [] , [ ], [ ]
(3)a thousand [] [a thousand ] a thousand [] a thousand []
a thousand [] [a thousand ] [a thousand ]
25
26
27
28
In Slab Stelae, p.91, I opted to accept Kaninisut as the owner of both the slab
stela fragment and the subsequent decorated chapel, thus dating both to some
time after Khufus reign. But the somewhat suspect nature of the stela fragments
provenance, based solely on Reisners unpublished notes, leaves us without a
definitive solution for the present.
See Manuelian, Slab Stelae, pls.2930.
Junker, Gza1, p.258, assumes that the s sign is upside down, z for y. It is
perhaps more likely that the tiny corner preserved is a different sign altogether.
For upside-down examples at Giza, see the false door tablet fragment from
g4260; Junker, Gza1, pl.29a (image o_neg_nr_0565 on www.gizapyramids.
org), and the north (wifes) false door of the tomb of Kapunisut Kai (g1741).
Following Junkers restoration, Gza1, p.258, and based on a similar phrase on
the false door panel of Wenshet, ibid., p.252, fig.63, p.253; Manuelian, Slab
Stelae, p.107, figs.16263.
h
T
[] , [] , [] , []
a thousand [], a thousand [], a thousand [], a thousand []
Section c:
3
{ O
U
C
29
f. Junker, Gza1, p.258; W.S. Smith, The Coffin of Prince Min-khaf, JEA19
C
(1933), pp.15557; Simpson, Kawab, Khafkhufu I and II, p.14, n.27, fig.30,
b m.
30 See Junker, Gza1, p.258; Smith, JEA19 (1933), pp.15557; E. Brovarski, An
Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb and Nomenclature for Furniture in the
Old Kingdom, in Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson1, p.122.
31 Cf. Junker, Gza1, p.258, n.1; Brovarski, in Studies in Honor of William Kelly
Simpson1, pp.13033, 155 (item no.13).
32 Ibid., pp.13334, 155 (item no.13); Junker, Gza1, p.258, n.2.
33 Cf. E. Brovarski, Inventory Offering Lists and Nomenclature for Boxes and
Chests in the Old Kingdom, in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor
of Edward F. Wente, pp.4345, 49 (item no.13); Junker, Gza1, p.259, n. 1.
34 Brovarski, in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente,
pp.3839, 49 (item no.13).
35 Ibid., pp.3238, 49 (item no.13).
36 Cf. Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.917. For vessels of
tiaat-stone cf. Leprohon, Stelae1, p.60 with references to Hassan, Barta, Harris,
and Meeks. On the stone in general see R.S. Bianchi, Porphyr, L4, cols.1071
73, and in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, esp. pp.4849.
37 Wb.2, p. 272.3; Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.415
(Topf, Krug); Junker, Gza1, p.259 (roter Granit?); Leprohon, Stelae1, p.59
(pots of white quartzite); Harris, Lex. Stud., pp.8889 (white quartzite).
38 W
b.5, p.93.10; Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptischDeutsch, p.873.
39 Faulkner, CDME, p.66 (cauldron); Hannig, Groes Handwrterbuch gyptisch
Deutsch, p.209 (Kochkessel).
40 Wb.4, p.411.2 (groer Krug); Junker, Gza1, p.259.
370
GM8.1.indb 370
7/22/09 11:00 PM
The third figure stands reciting reversion offerings, and the fourth
carries a haunch.45
5
41
42
43
44
8 9
Further into the chapel, the south rebate of the door embrasure
may relate to the fourth (lowest) register on the east wall. Two short
registers above display ideographic offerings, while the primary,
third register below contains three men proceeding to the right. The
first carries cuts of meat, while the two following behind him escort
an oryx. One man glances backwards, grasping the animal by the
horns, while his assistant holds it by the tail and brandishes a stick.
All three men wear their hair close-cropped. The leader wears a kilt
with a belt tie, while the two followers simply wear waistbands with
three straps hanging down in front.47 In addition to the identifying
inscriptions, painted traces of hieroglyphs (presumably concerning
the t funerary estate) appear above the third male figure.
g s G
o {
L
gCC
C g
U a
n
C
snw , w , tm , szf
[]-linen: a thousand of 2 (cubits wide), a thousand of 1 (cubit wide),
a thousand of width tema, a thousand of width sezef 41
I llustrated in Junker, Gza2, p.147, fig.16, and Gza12, p.77, fig.6.20, and
Staehelin, Untersuchungen zur gyptischen Tracht, pl.28, fig.27.
See Junkers discussion, Gza2, p.64, no. 1; Jones, Index of Ancient Egyptian
Titles1, p.407, no.1497.
For a discussion of this item of apparel, see Brovarski, The Senedjemib Complex,
Part1, pp.4445.
The concluding phrase -r nt pr-t is merely painted, not carved, but only pr-t
has been drawn on Junkers line drawing, Giza2, p.149, fig.17. Compare the
Mlinar drawing in Hlzl, Reliefs und Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches2, p.68.
For this genre of scene, see H. Altenmller, Presenting the nt-r-offerings to
the tomb owner, in The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, pp.2535.
371
GM8.1.indb 371
7/22/09 11:00 PM
forehead, while his front arm extends outward. The third figure stands
behind holding aloft an ewer and basin, and the final figure stands
with his right arm extended in a reversion-offering pose, twice as tall
as his fellows. Before him is a lightly incised vertical text, presumably
applying to him, although the hieroglyphs face towards him, that reads
m-k K()-m-d, the funerary priest, Kaemked.49
g n
C C
I
~ AAA AAA
g
T T
u
AAA
u
AAA
T
m
C
# g
AAA
AAA @
g
|
C
G 6
{ o
L C
y
E
E
E
L w
m
East Wall, over the Doorway. Two boats proceed to the right
49
50
51
52
53
hat appears to be a t under the d in the Mlinar drawing, Hlzl, Reliefs und
W
Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches2 p.66 (reproduced here in fig.13.37), may
in fact be the circular determinative of d. This text is omitted from Junkers
drawing, Gza2, p.146, fig.15, and Gza12, p.77, fig.6.19. The scene also
occurs in Staehelin, Untersuchungen zur gyptischen Tracht, pl.29, fig.28.
Alternatively, earth almonds; see Edel, Qubbet el HawaII/1/2, p.22; Germer,
Flora, pp.24546.
Alternatively, nabq-fruit; see Emery, Hemaka, p.52.
This scene is illustrated in color in Hlzl, Ka-ni-nisut, p.8, and Satzinger,
Das Kunsthistorische Museum in Wien, pp.91, 93; cf. also, Junker, Gza2, p.156,
fig.22; Hlzl, Reliefs und Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches2, pp.69, 79; Abubakr
and Mustafa, The Funerary Boat of Khufu, in Aufstze zum 70. Geburtstag
von Herbert Ricke, p.14, fig.11. On the subject of boats in general, cf. Haldane,
Ancient Egyptian Hull Construction; Jones, Boats, pp.3645; and Drring,
Materialien zum Schiffbau im alten gypten.
Decoration over the entrance to the chapel of Kanefer (g2150) consists of
four sarcophagi, and the beginnings of a procession of funerary estate offering
bearers.
54
372
GM8.1.indb 372
7/22/09 11:00 PM
| g
E B g
m
m
w
=
U
G
|
(3)
&
grgt Ky
foundation of Kay
grgt Wb-sw
foundation of
Wabsu
reversal of
the s
(4) CI
grgt Nfr-mm
foundation of
Nefer-shemem
there is a
Nefer-shemem
in the tomb of
Nefer (g2110)
G
|
grgt Mr-w.nf
foundation of
Meriuenef
w
?
U
|
(7)
C
G
(8) m
C
wt
the way
grgt Nfr-n
foundation of
Neferankh
snsnt
the burnt
U
|
(10)
|
(11)
|
(12) m
~
B
G
wt ftyw
grgt Ry
foundation of Ray
nt Wp
valley of Inet-wep
grgt s-b
(2)
g
g
G
|
64
65
66
67
m/f
Text
Translation
Remarks
(5)
(6)
(9)
male Za-ib
(Izezi); cf.
Roth, A
Cemetery
of Palace
Attendants,
pp.106113
373
GM8.1.indb 373
7/22/09 11:00 PM
g
U
|
(14)
C
d
U
|
wntyw
the bowmen
nt
(15)
(13)
mr R wfw
reversal of
Re loves Khufu
(11)
|M
Register
2 figure
no.
m/f
Text
Translation
(1)
st rt
Remarks
(2)
(3)
|
C
sw
nbs Snfrw
C
|
(4)
(5)
grgt K-n(y)nswt
the satisfied
reversal of
the s
reversal of
the s
|
C
(12)
|
(13) y
y
y
|
(14) C
|
(15)
E
C
C
C
G
pr m
house of the
servant/majesty
smywt
grgt K-n(y)nswt
foundation of
Kaninisut
grgt Snfrw
foundation of
Snefru
nt Nb
foundation inet of
Nebi
rwt
the granaries
pnt
the (place of )
capsizing
grgt Smw
foundation of
Seshemu
reversal of the
b and the
foundation of
Kaninisut
C
G
grgt s
foundation of
Iskhakh
reversal of
the s
bst
panthers head(?)
cf. Fischer,
Varia Nova,
p.36(e)
grgt pr
foundation of
Pekher
U
G
|
(6)
m
)
|
(7)
N
L
|n
(9) 9
9
9
|
(10)
C
(8)
C
w
s ||| L 1 m
L
C
O B C E F
E
C
C
C
E
E
mE
g
10
11
374
GM8.1.indb 374
7/22/09 11:00 PM
(11)
(12)
C
i
(2)
(3)
U
C
(4)
C
(6)
g
(5)
m/f
Text
Translation
rp s nt
controller of the
kitchen, Tjenti
wdpw Kr
butler Kairi
wdpw N-nwt-r
butler
Niankhhathor
wdpw n
butler Ankhi
wdpw Snb
butler Seneb
rt N(y)-mrt
baker Nimeret
rt nt
baker Tjenti
M
C
(7)
g
C
i
(8)
fsw Wnw
cook Wenkhu
(10)
Mdw
Medu
Bb
Bebi
68
69
70
m-k Smr-k
funerary priest
Semerka
tmty Prsn
seal-bearer Persen
Also Merib?
_ n
(13)
:
C
yO
g ~
C
@
O
Y
Y C
T
Text: (1)sm rp nwt sm r (2)s nswt n tf [K-n]-nswt (3)nt
(4)t (5)s (6)mnt []
Translation: (1)The sem priest, controller of kilts, stolist of Horus,
(2)kings son of his body, [Kani]nisut. (3)A thousand jars of beer,
(4)a thousand loaves of bread, (5)a thousand alabaster vessels, (6)[a
thousand pieces] of cloth.
Junker, Giza
2, p.166:
otherwise
unattested
Offering list:
Register A
(a1)
(9)
Remarks
Register
4 figure
no.
(1)
D
& sk
(a2)
C
wnw
71
72
73
Translation
Libation
roll of cloth
Remarks
S is typically expected
In the center of the table, where the two central half-loaves face each other, no
vertical divider seems to have been carved, separating the two. The differentiation
was perhaps indicated in paint.
Junker notes that vertical dividers were not yet prevalant at this stage of
Dynasty5: Gza2, p.156. See the arrangement on the west wall of the chapel
of Senenuka (g2041), which similarly lacks vertical dividers (pdm_06872 on
the Giza Web site, www.gizapyramids.org). On the possibly archaic nature of
missing vertical separators on Dynasty4 slab stela linen lists, see Manuelian,
Slab Stelae, pp.15556.
Junker, Gza2, pp.13839, and for the offering list, pp.17071. The division into
lettered registers follows the pattern laid out by Hlzl, Reliefs und Inschriftensteine
des Alten Reiches2, pp.4346.
375
GM8.1.indb 375
7/22/09 11:00 PM
(a3)
basin(?)
snr 2
(a5)
a
s b
(a6)
hekenu-oil
(a8)
knw
bw 2
(b10)
green eye-paint
II
[tpt] my wst
Register B
t-wt
6
(b4)
g
t-rt
(b5)
srt
(b67) F
" 6
f bw ns ww
(b8)
L swt
1 jug of beer
rp 2
Register C
Translation
(c1)
dpt 4
C
(c2)
s
nrw 4
(c3) m
black eye-paint
royal offering
Translation
Remarks
Or: repast
z
C
ns 4
(c5)
nfw 4
(c7)
g=
(c9)
=3
ale
t-my-t 4
(c6)
pwt 4
baked bread
psn 4
bnnwt 4
(c8)
barley bread
Remarks
(c4)
t nt bw-r
1 loaf of hetja-bread
nt ww
(b12)
tpt-nswt
(a12)
(b11)
best ointment
w
(a9)
g
u
msdmt
(a10)
st-snr
(a11)
T
(b3)
festival perfume
tt mrt
(b12)
(b9)
(a4)
(a7)
mwt m
(c10)
serving of portion of
shenes-bread and jug
sut-meat
F
U
t r 4
(c11)
##
#
w 4
376
GM8.1.indb 376
7/22/09 11:00 PM
F
7
p
(c13)
L w
(c14) m
(c12)
foreleg
(e3)
Remarks
m
mst
(d3)
I
S
srt tt 2
(e7)
spleen
spt 2
nnm
(e8)
meat
breast meat
~
r
(d7)
~
(rp)
(d6)
(f1)
U
db 2
(f2)
F
rp b 2
(f3)
rp m 2
(f4)
greylag goose
white-fronted goose
smen-goose
~
smn
m
(d9)
~
st
pintail duck
~
s
(d11)
~ mnwt
(d12)
t-sf
(d10)
s[t w]
Register G
(f6)
(g12)
(e1)
Translation
Remarks
[]d [2]
sif-bread
Translation
TI
turtledove
Register E
bd 2
p() 2
(f5)
teal duck
ww-sr 2
Register F
C
$
n t
! :
wf
liver
(d2)
mswt 2
(e6)
spr 4
(e2)
g
m
npt 2
four ribs
(d8)
(e5)
(d1)
(d5)
(e4)
kidney
Translation
(d4)
four shaut-cakes
wt 4
thigh
sn
Register D
Remarks
Remarks
gt swt 2 t 2
(g3)
babaut-fruit
bbw[t]
(g4) [nbs?]
zizyphus?
tt
Alternatively, nabq-fruit;
see Emery, Hemaka, p.52
377
GM8.1.indb 377
7/22/09 11:00 PM
(g5) [t-nbs?]
[loaf of zizyphus?]
Register H
Translation
(h1)
(h2)
O
t-wr
(h3)
O t-
st twy(?)
s | E
C _9 s F
~ r | .wf |T T
Remarks
great loaf
2
gL
C
@
s
T
{
T
Y !
! !
|
|
|
C
11
12
m g
L C
g
g
C i M
10
6
C
U C
13
14
74
75
76
77
Illustrations of this wall may be found in Hlzl, Meisterwerke der gyptischOrientalischen Sammlung, pp.3233, cat. no.3; Satzinger, Das Kunsthistorische
Museum in Wien, pp.9092; Vandersleyen, Das alte gypten, fig.245; Satzinger,
gyptische Sammlung Wien, pp.11213 (color view of the north and part of the
west walls); Schlott, Schrift und Schreiber im Alten gypten, fig.2; p.150. fig.80
(describing the various methods of writing on rolled and unrolled papyrus).
F
or discussion of this figure of Kaninisut facing right, with scepter passing in
front of his body, in contrast to his west wall representation (facing left) where it
passes behind him, cf. Fischer, LEcriture et lart de lEgypte ancienne, pp.6971,
figs.2425.
This accessory appears in faint painted traces just above the sekhem scepter.
Manuelian, Presenting the Scroll: Papyrus documents in tomb scenes of the
Old Kingdom, in Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson2, pp.56188.
78
79
80
he container with scribal equipment in front of the third scribe in this register
T
is discussed by P. Schienerl, who claims such containers were the forerunners for
amulet cases, Der Ursprung und die Entwicklung von Amulettbehltnissen in
der antiken Welt, Antike Welt15 (1984), fig.1 and p.48.
On s p rm cf P. Andrassy, Die mrt-Leute. berlegungen zur sozialstruktur des
Alten Reiches, in Texte und Denkmler des gyptischen Alten Reiches, pp.4546,
with fig.2.
I n addition to the full treatment in the Junker and Hlzl publications, portions
of the west wall are also illustrated in Hlzl, Ka-ni-nisut, pp. 4954, figs.2731;
Schlott, Schrift und Schreiber im Alten gypten, fig.2; p.155, fig.85; Fischer,
Lcriture et lart de lEgypte ancienne, p. 71, fig.25.
378
GM8.1.indb 378
7/22/09 11:00 PM
2
2C
=
G
5
g
H
{ C q 8
h
C
_ Yg
C @
9
CYg
West Wall, South False Door, Tablet (figs. 13.53, 13.55, 13.57).
The seated figures of KaninisutI on the tablets of both false doors are
nearly identical: short, curled wig; a long, close-fitting garment with
shoulder tie; a bull-legged stool with a papyrus umbel and cushion;
and a table with six left-side, and five right-side half-loaves of bread.
The central half-loaves on the southern false door tablet have not
been separated; see the similar treatment on the south wall. Another
distinction between the two tablets is the placement of the southern
false doors jar stand on its own register line, above Kaninisuts feet.
The northern false door tablet uses Kaninisuts ground line, allowing
his rear foot to overlap in front of the jar stand.
C
_
~g V 9
2
w
u
9
@
U
A
13 14
AAA
5
H
AAAAA
10
11
West Wall, South False Door, South Jamb (figs. 13.53, 13.55,
13.57). One offering figure appears above, and one below. The top
figure apparently offers a beaker; the title and item(s) held by the
lower figure are obscured by damage.
2
12
15 16
T L
West Wall, South False Door, North Jamb (figs. 13.53, 13.55,
13.57). The upper figure of Herymeru presumably carries a papyrus
document. The lower figure, bearing a sack, has lost his inscription
due to the damage inflicted to the false door.
1
E
E
E
Text: (1)ry-mrw
Translation: (1)Herymeru.
81
82
83
84
85
or this title, see M. Brta, The Title Inspector of the Palace during the
F
Egyptian Old Kingdom, Archv Orientln67 no.1 (1999), pp.120, citing this
tomb on p.5.
This item first occurs, according to Barta, with Unas, along with other specific
types of wine: rp mw (A/72; Pyr.92b), see Barta, Opferliste, p.62. Hlzl, Reliefs
und Inschriftensteine des Alten Reiches2, p.47, takes the m sign as part of nbs.
A
lternatively, nabq-fruit; see Emery, Hemaka, p.52.
379
GM8.1.indb 379
7/22/09 11:00 PM
Kaninisuts wife:
16
Text: (16)Nfr(t)--nswt
Translation: (16)Nefre(t)hanisut.
gYE
10
11
12
13
14
89
90
91
18
~ ~
C
C
@
@
{
17
C
@
i C ? 9 g 9Lg
23
U
H
Uu
15
For three comparative line drawings of the panther head on Kaninisuts garments
(west and north walls), see Smith, HESPOK, p.320, fig.190 (=Junker, Gza2,
figs.16, 1819). The figure of Kaninisut facing left, with scepter passing behind
him, in contrast to his north wall representation (facing right) where it passes
in front of his body, is noted by Fischer, LEcriture de lart de lEgypte ancienne,
pp.6971, figs.2425.
S ee Dominicus, Gesten und Gebrden, pp.69, fig.2.
For a line drawing of the final scribe, with one arm behind his back, see Smith,
HESPOK, p. 312 fig.174a.
A
ll four tall s signs in this inscription (lines 1 [twice], 5, and 6) are reversed. The
only other reversal of this sign on the west wall occurs (at least three times) on
the tablet of the north false door.
Note the reversal of the word st.
Following Junker, Gza2, pp.159 (no.14), 16162, and see R.O. Faulkners
review of Junkers volume in JEA27 (1941), p.167; Jones, Index of Ancient
Egyptian Titles2, pp.72526, no.2642; Fischer, Egyptian Titles of the Middle
Kingdom, p.67, no.1136.
24
28
27
26
25
87
88
19
Text: (1)sm rp nwt smr (2)sm r (3)-mr Dp (4)r pyw nbw (5)smr
wty (6)ry st90 (7)n pr dwt (8)ry tp Nb (9)ry wb wt-n
(10) bt rp hs km (11)m-nr nb mt (12)s mtt ry-b (13)(my)t (14)w (m) wrw b (15)K-n-nswt
Translation: (1)The sem priest, controller of kilts, companion, (2)stolist
of Horus, (3)district administrator of Dep, (4)mouth of all the people
of Pe, (5)sole companion, (6)master of secrets (7)of the robing room,
(8)overlord of el-Kab, (9)chief of reversion offerings of the house of
life, (10)ruler of Bat, controller of the black jar,91 (11)priest of the
lord of Buto, (12)son of the north, lector priest, (13)follower of Ha,
(14)one (among) the great ones of the festival, (15)Kaninisut
86
20
99
sC
s
L
6 2~
F
aC
|
ws
_ | f . r n @
1
21
n
n n n n
w
B
C
92
93
94
This is KaninisutII, the owner of g2156 (see PartII for his tomb).
iterally, The document; viewing.
L
A
nother Wehemka (s pr mt) appears on the west wall, south of the south false
door, and a s Wm-k is known from the south entrance thickness of the nearby
tomb of Kanefer (g2150).
380
GM8.1.indb 380
7/22/09 11:00 PM
last, they bear two haunches, two geese, a duck, a gazelle, a skewered
fowl and a fan, a tray with meat, a goose and a wickerwork frail, and
a bowl of fruit.95
u C Y
F
C E
g
C E
n
C
n MTT n C n
32
36
31
35
30
38
33
C =
C % GHg
q 8
West Wall, North False Door, Tablet (figs. 13.53, 13.55, 13.58,
13.60).
w
u
u
g
AAA
89
10 11
12 13
AAA
13.60).
C
C
Text: (1)K-n-nswt
Translation: (1)Kaninisut.
West Wall, North False Door, South Jamb (figs. 13.53, 13.55,
13.58, 13.60). Unlike the south false door, with two registers on each
jamb, the north false door shows only a single figure on each jamb.
Each bears a libation s-vase, and wears a short kilt and has closecropped hair.
Text: (1)Pnw
Translation: (1)Penu.
West Wall, North False Door, North Jamb (figs. 13.53, 13.55,
13.58, 13.60).
B
Text: (1)b-k-Pt
Translation: (1)Ibkaptah.
West Wall, North False Door, Drum (figs. 13.53, 13.55, 13.58,
C
~ g
37
Text: (30)wdpw N(y)-n-wt-r (31)wdpw K-r (32)rp st wfwmr-nrw (33)my-r sr Smw (34)wdpw Snb (35)sm(?) -nfrt (36)mk (n)w (37)m-k N(y)-n-wfw (38)m-k Snb--sw
Translation: (30)The butler Niankhhathor, (31)the butler Kairi,
(32)controller of the crew, Khufumernetjeru, (33)the overseer of the
bag Seshemu, (34)the butler Seneb, (35)the butcher Iynefret, (36)the
funerary priest She(n)dju, (37)the funerary priest Niankhkhufu, (38)the
funerary priest Khufumernetjer[u], (39)the funerary priest Senebdisu.
13.60).
34
39
Yg
C
_ E
9
C |
AAAAA
C
AAA
13.58, 13.60). Two thin registers fit into this area. Above, a larger
figure of Neferhanisut faces northwards, away from the false door
and towards the standing figure of KaninisutI on the north wall. She
wears a long, slender garment with shoulder straps, and a tripartite
wig. One arm folds back across her breast, the other hangs straight
by her side. The lower figure is a male funerary priest, oriented back
towards the west wall and adjacent (north) false door. He extends a
ewer and basin.
C
2
fi
West Wall, North False Door, Lintel (figs. 13.53, 13.55, 13.58,
13.60).
n g
95
96
381
GM8.1.indb 381
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Jnosi and others have noted the similarities between the titles of
KaninisutI and Snefruseneb (g4240), including many honorary
titles that only princes bear.97 He was a high palace official (rp ,
bt), whose titles involved personal attendance on his sovereign
(ry-st n pr-dwt, rp nwt), and who was charged with the meal
service of the king (ry-wb wt-n,98 rp ts km). But according
to the inscriptions, Kaninisut was no prince of royal blood, and his
origins remain unknown.99
(my)-t , follower of Ha
-mr Dp, district administrator of Dep
w (m) wrw b, one (among) the great ones of the festival
wdpw nty wr, butler of the great hall
nb m (r nr ), revered before the great god
r pyw nbw, mouth of all the people of Pe
m-nr nb mt, priest of the lord of Buto
ry wb wt-n, chief of reversion offerings of the house of life
ry st (n) pr dwt, master of secrets of the robing room
ry tp Nb, overlord of el-Kab
bt, ruler of Bat
rp , controller of the palace
rp hs km, controller of the black jar
rp nwt, controller of kilts
ry-b, lector priest
s mtt, son of the north
s nswt, kings son
s nswt n tf, kings son of his body
sm, sem priest
sm r, stolist of Horus
smr, companion
smr wty, sole companion
Family
n-tf, Ini-ishetef
s, Isi
sm, butcher
ty, Ity
m-k, funerary priest
f, Itjef
m-k, funerary priest
n, Ankhi
wdpw, butler
n-f, Ankhhaf
m-k, funerary priest
W-b, Wahib
m-k, funerary priest
Wnw, Wenkhu
fsw, cook
Wm-k, Wehemka
my-r pr, steward
s pr mt, library scribe
Bb, Bebi
Pnw, Penu
m-k, funerary priest
Pr-nw, Pernedju
my-r srw, overseer of linen
Prsn, Persen
tmty, seal-bearer
P-r-nfr, Pehernefer
s, scribe
Mn-k, Menkh-ka
s, scribe
Msy, Mesy
s, scribe
Daughters:
Wt-tp, Wadjethetep
stf n tf, his daughter of his body
Mdw, Medu
Other People101
-nfrt, Iynefret
sm, butcher
b-k-Pt, Ibkaptah
my-sr, Imysekher
m-k, funerary priest
J nosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.124; Schmitz, Untersuchungen zum Titel SNjwt, p.77.
98 G
ardiner, The Mansion of Life and the Master of the Kings Largess, JEA24
(1938), pp.8390.
99 Schmitz, Untersuchungen zum Titel S-Njwt, pp.78f., 164f.; Helck, Miszelle,
ZS81 (1956), p.64.
100 Junker, Gza2, pp.15962; Hlzl, Ka-ni-nisut, p.26, text fig1.
101 For officials in the scribal profession, see Piacentini, Les scribes, pp.22527.
97
N(y)-n-wt-r, Niankhhathor,
wdpw, butler
rp s, controller of the kitchen
N(y)-n-wfw, Niankhkhufu
m-k, funerary priest
N(y)-mrt, Nimeret
rt, baker
R-tp, Rahetep
s, scribe
Hr-b, Herib
ry-mrw, Herymeru
s, Hesi
tp, Hetep
382
GM8.1.indb 382
7/22/09 11:01 PM
tp, Hetep
dw, page
nfr, recruit
tp-spt, Hetepsepit
wfw-mr-nrw, Khufumernetjeru
m-k, funerary priest
rp st, controller of the crew
wfw-snb, Khufuseneb
m-k, funerary priest
nm-tp, Khnumhetep
s, scribe
S, Sahi
s, scribe
Smr-k, Semerka
m-k, funerary priest
Snb, Seneb
wdpw, butler
d-mrr, Qedmerer
s mt, archive scribe
K-r, Kairi
wdpw, butler
K-m-wm, Kaemwehem
s, scribe
K-m-nfrt, Kaemnefret
my-r pr, steward
K-m-st, Kaemheset
K()-m-d, Kaemked
m-k, funerary priest
Kng, Kanegi
nt, Tjenti
ry mt, archivist
nt, Tjenti
rp s, controller of the kitchen
Snb--sw, Senebdjisu
m-k, funerary priest
nt, Tjenti
rt, baker
s, scribe
Smw, Seshemu
wdpw, butler
nt, Tjenti
s, scribe
Smw, Seshemu
my-r s, overseer of the bag
st, Tjeset
s mt, archive scribe
Stb, Seteb
(n)w, She(n)dju
m-k, funerary priest
383
GM8.1.indb 383
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.1. G2155, chapel area during excavation, looking west. Circa January 1913. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5419.
Fig.13.2. G 2155, east face, north half, looking west. November 20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.096.32.
384
GM8.1.indb 384
7/22/09 11:01 PM
G 47
133
G 2135a
Qedfy
267
270
137
281
b
281
c
280
a
Nefer III
G 4761 Nefer
130
280
?
278
278Chapter
a
G I:2136
278 of Kaninisut
13. The tomb
Mastaba g2155
d
Kahif
280
b
275
278
b
G2
B
G 2148
271
278
c
G 2136a
Djednefret
G 2155
G 2160
N
A
S
G 2156a
10 m X
G 2156
2165
Y
A
4984
B C
G 4980
A
4983
A
4982
E
B
4981
X
Fig.13.4. General view looking north towards the southeast corner of g2155, with g4860 to the left (west) and g4970 to the right (east). GermanAustrian
Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5424.
385
GM8.1.indb 385
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.8. Narrow passage south of g2155, with g4860 to the left (south),
looking west to tomb of Nefer (g4761). November 20, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.103.02.
386
GM8.1.indb 386
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.10. G2155, west face, looking east. November 15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.073.05 and pdm_1993.073.06, with pdm_1993.073.07 at right.
Fig.13.12. G 2155, north face, looking south. November 20, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.096.28.
387
GM8.1.indb 387
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.16. Computer reconstruction of g2155, looking southwest. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.13.17. Computer reconstruction of the subterranean layout of g2155, looking northwest, showing chapel (top center) and
shafta (right). Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
388
GM8.1.indb 388
7/22/09 11:01 PM
12 m
Plan
Section
Abbildung 12
Steinverkleidung
Lehmziegel
Fuellmauerwerk
389
Junker, Giza 2
fig. 12
G 2155 A
Kaninisut I
GM8.1.indb 389
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.21. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7447 from g2155(?). Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
PDM
Plate 22. Stela 11: g 2155(?) (= VIIInn = g 4870) Kaninisut. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S 7447
10 cm
(55%)
390
GM8.1.indb 390
7/22/09 11:01 PM
PDM
10 cm
Fig.13.24. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7447 from g2155(?). Colorized facsimile drawing showing three of the four
decorative sections.
Fig.13.25. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S7447 from g2155(?). Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5312_S 7447.
391
GM8.1.indb 391
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.26. Computer reconstruction of entrance facade to chapel of g2155, looking west. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
Fig.13.27. Computer reconstruction of entrance tbicknesses to chapel of g2155 (with wood door restored), looking west. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
392
GM8.1.indb 392
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.28. G2155, chapel, south entrance thickness, looking southeast. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5484.
Fig.13.29. G2155, chapel, north entrance thickness, looking northeast. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5479.
393
GM8.1.indb 393
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.30. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0220.
Fig.13.31. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155.
aeos_8006_sw_beiderTuer. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0191.
394
GM8.1.indb 394
7/22/09 11:01 PM
Fig.13.32. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, aeos_8006_36542.
Fig.13.33. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155. Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
395
GM8.1.indb 395
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.34. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_sw_beiderTuer.
396
Fig.13.35. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of south entrance thickness from g2155.
Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
GM8.1.indb 396
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.36. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of north entrance thickness from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, aeos_8006_36534.
Fig.13.37. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of north entrance thickness from g2155. Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
397
GM8.1.indb 397
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.38. G2155, chapel, east wall, still in situ, looking east. Circa January 1913. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5493.
398
Fig.13.39. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2155 (with wood door restored), looking east towards the east wall.
Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
GM8.1.indb 398
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.40. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, from g2155, detail of east wall, above the entrance.
Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_36525.
Fig.13.41. Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna, S8006, from
g2155, detail of east wall, above
the entrance. Drawing by Christa
Mlinar.
399
GM8.1.indb 399
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.42. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, east wall from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_36528.
400
GM8.1.indb 400
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.43. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of east wall from g2155. Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
401
GM8.1.indb 401
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.44. G2155, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, detail of east wall. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5477.
402
GM8.1.indb 402
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.45. G2155, chapel, south wall in situ, looking south. Circa January 1913. GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5478.
Fig.13.46. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2155, looking south towards the south wall. Courtesy
Dassault Systmes, 2009.
403
GM8.1.indb 403
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.47. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, south wall from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_35395.
404
GM8.1.indb 404
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.48. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, south wall from g2155. Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
405
GM8.1.indb 405
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.49. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, north wall from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_35392.
406
GM8.1.indb 406
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.50. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, north wall from g2155. Drawing by Christa Mlinar.
407
GM8.1.indb 407
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.51. G2155, chapel, north wall, still in situ, looking north. Circa January 1913. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_1_5494.
Fig.13.52. Computer reconstruction of the chapel of g2155, looking north towards the north wall. Courtesy Dassault Systmes, 2009.
408
GM8.1.indb 408
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.53. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, west wall from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, aeos_8006_35389.
409
Fig.13.54. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, west wall from g2155, between the two false doors. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, Digital montage of aeos_8006_35402 and aeos_8006_35408.
GM8.1.indb 409
7/22/09 11:02 PM
Fig.13.55.
wall of
from
Drawing
by Drawing
Christa Mlinar.
Fig.13.55. Kunsthistorisches
Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Museum, Vienna,
Vienna, S8006,
S8006, west
overview
westg2155.
wall from
g2155.
by Christa Mlinar.
410
GM8.1.indb 410
7/22/09 11:02 PM
411
GM8.1.indb 411
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Fig.13.57. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, west wall from g2155, south false door. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, aeos_8006_35399.
412
GM8.1.indb 412
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Fig.13.58. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, S8006, west wall, north false door from g2155. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna, aeos_8006_35405.
413
GM8.1.indb 413
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Fig.13.59. G2155, chapel, west wall, detail in situ of area between the two false door, looking west. Circa January 1913.
GermanAustrian Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0194.
Fig.13.60. G2155, chapel, west wall, detail in situ of northern half, looking west. Circa January 1913. GermanAustrian
Expedition photograph. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, o_neg_nr_0164.
414
GM8.1.indb 414
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Chapter 14
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2160
Excavation
This tomb was not one of those originally excavated under Lythgoes
supervision in 19051906. The first Expedition photograph to show
work in this area dates to January21, 19122 (cf. fig. 14.1), and the
first day the tomb is mentioned in surviving Expedition diaries (by
Clarence Fisher) is January21, 1912. By January23, the Expedition
was working in the street between g2160 and g2180, where later
the subsidiary mastabas g2165g2168 would come to light. Fisher
noted that the east face of g2160 either never had a dressed face
or it was removed before the later pits were sunk, as in several cases
these are built directly against the rough, stepped face.3 This area
was completely cleared by February6, 1912, and on February26,
after Reisner took over the diary entries, we read that:
There is no trace of an offering place in g2180 and the chamber
of g2160 was never finished.There are poor, small later mastabas
Finds
Architecture
1
2
3
5
6
eisner diary, February25, 1912, p.27 (fragments of two stelae were found).
R
Neither of these two false doors is included in the present volume. One belongs
to Neferi, and was found partly in front (to the east) of g2180 (=g4990) and
partly in front (to the east) of g2200 (=g5080): see MFA12.1393 (top fragment),
MFA12.1498 (lower-left fragment), and MFA12.1515 (bottom lowerright
fragment) (HUMFA Expedition Photograph a684). The other false door is a
tablet fragment belonging to the funerary priest Khentka (Kakhent), (no relation
to the owner of g2130), found in front (to the east) of g2180 (=g4990): see
MFA 12.1520 (HUMFA Expedition Photograph b1090b1091).
R
eisner, GN1, pp.448, fig.272, 449; pl.43d; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.86,
fig.124.
C
ontra Reisner, GN1, p.440, and Jnosi, Giza in der 4. Dynastie, p.152.
415
GM8.1.indb 415
7/22/09 11:03 PM
this conclusion lies in the burial shaft that is atypical for a Khufuera mastaba (figs.14.2, 14.914.10). There are no T-shaped portcullis
grooves and no lined burial chamber. While the chamber leads off
from the shaft to the south, in typical arrangement, the chamber
itself extends not to the west but atypically to the east. The form of
the chamber is extremely rough, and the bottom of the shaft appears
uneven as well.
Later construction around g2160 consists primarily of the
filling of the entire street east of the mastaba with late Old Kingdom
subsidiary tombs. Reisner numbered this complex of small mastabas
beginning on the south with g2165 and extending northwards with
g2166g2168. By the time he reached the subsidiary tombs east
of g2170, he was up to the number g2169 and counting higher.
In the avenue between g2160 and g2170, Reisner numbered three
mastabas g2161g2163.
Date
No Decoration
Tomb Owner and Dependents
Reisner noted that the burial chamber floor of shafta was never
completely excavated (figs. 14.914.10).7 Expedition photography
for this chamber has so far not been identified.
8
7
S ee also Reisner, GN1, p.113: The two chambers in 2160 and 2170 are difficult
to place but are probably of late Dyn.IV or early Dyn.V.
416
GM8.1.indb 416
7/22/09 11:03 PM
A
G 2102
G 2103
J
G
A D
B
E
G 2104
F
G
G 2105
B
X
G 2114
E
A
G 21
G 2130
G 2120
slab stela
B
G 2121
G 2136b
Nimaatre
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
G 2140
266
E
A
267
A B
G 2143
X
270
G 2150
X
C
D
Y
G 2145
Fig.14.1. Street between g2160 (Fishers VIII.4) to the left (west) and g2180=Dg4990
(Fishers
VIII.5)
to
the
right
(east),
showing g2165, g2167, and c
Kahif
C
B A
b
A B
G 2147 Expedition
g2166, looking north.
February16, 1912. HUMFA
photograph (photographer not listed), a633p.
G 2148
B A
B A
271
G 2144
G 2146
B A
G 2136
278
d
278
c
D C
G 2136a
Djednefret
D E G 2162
F G
C
G 2160
B G 2161
G 2170
B
Y
B
A
G 2163
G 2156a
A
C
X
2165
Y
A
A 2167 B C
H
I
4984
B C
B C
U
Z 2168 E
X 2166
E
F
C
A B
B
B
X
Y
2169
10 m
A
GM8.1.indb 417
E
B
E
D
C
21
A
2181
X
A
2183
C
2178
X
B
a
C
G
E
F
7/22/09 11:03 PM
c
b X
4982
A B2
2172
D
B
Z U
Y 417
4983
A
A 2173 C
S D B X
G 2180 = G 4990
A
A C
H
I
2171
E F G
Fig.14.3. G2160, northeast corner, looking southwest. March12, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.022.11.
Fig.14.4. G2160, north face, looking south. November20, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.096.22.
418
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Bibliography
33-1-8
0
10
RP
20
cm
G 2160 A
Fig. 272
Fig.14.5. 3318, fragment of large pottery bowl with tubular spout from g2160a. Left: March 16, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed,
b8300 (detail). Right: drawing.
Fig.14.6. G2160, chapel area, and mud layer beneath limestone blocks,
looking north. November27, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.119.14.
Fig.14.8. Street east of g2140, with g2140 to the right (west) and g2160 to the left (east), looking south. March11, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm_1993.003.11.
419
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8.20 m
Fig.14.9. G2160, shafta (filled in), looking north. November3, 1993. Peter
Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.058.03.
Section AB
Plan
0
420
GM8.1.indb 420
G 2160
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Chapter 15
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2170
Excavation
While the first few names Wheeler mentions clearly come from
g2150, the second list of names is not particularly familiar. It seems
that the crew of either the Lythgoe expedition of 19051906 or the
Fisher expedition of 1912 deposited the reliefs on top of g2170. The
Lythgoe mission was never active in this part of the cemetery, but
that need not have prevented Lythgoe from using the top of g2170
as a temporary storage area.
By December28, 1932, Wheelers crew had reached the bottom
of shafta, at a depth of about 8.70m. The burial chamber was on
the west side, with the mud-brick door-blocking broken in at the
top. The chamber itself was small, rough-cut, and partly filled with
debris. A fragment of a large alabaster vessel was found in the pit
debris. December30, 1932 saw the removal of the mud-brick doorblocking and clearance of the burial chamber. Wood fragments,
alabaster vessel fragments, and potsherds were all that were found.
No subsequent diary entries mention work in g2170.
Finds
Architecture
The eight blocks of relief in the drift sand debris of pit a have
the names and titles of K-nfr, Mr-s-n, K-s, Pt-wrall of
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
heeler presumably means all of whom occur in g2150, the tomb of Kanefer,
W
not g2170. These reliefs were probably stored atop g2170, across the street
from Kanefers mastaba, until the latters chapel could be reconstructed. It is also
possible that some of these reliefs were subsequently shipped to Boston in 1933.
The name of Meresankh appears only on a fragment now in Boston (MFA32
1210), while the names of Ptahwer and Kasewedja occur on reliefs found only in
Kanefers chapel today.
Wheeler diary, December26, 1932, p.1191.
Reisner, GN1, p.449, fig.274; p.450.
Reisner, GN1, p.449, fig.274; p.450; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.44, fig.95,
pl.53f (1/4).
Reisner, GN1, p.450.
R
eisner, GN1, p.450; Reisner and Smith, GN2, p.78.
R
eisner, GN1, p.450.
R
eisner, GN1, p.450.
421
GM8.1.indb 421
7/22/09 11:03 PM
the street east of the tomb (fig.15.6). And no inscriptions were found
to identify the owner.
Both the shafts of g2160 and g2170 show evidence of belonging
to a later, secondary phase in the their respective tombs history. The
shaft in g2170 is square, lacking any T-shaped portcullis grooves
(fig.15.7). There is a blocking stone at the bottom of the shaft, but
no passageway (fig.15.8). And most uncharacteristically, the burial
chamber was situated, not to the south, but to the west of the shaft.
Reisner does not mention the presence of any skeletal remains; from
the debris of the pit came one fragment of an alabaster bowl, and
various other broken vessels were unearthed in the burial chamber
itself. Unfortunately, no Expedition photography from the burial
chamber has yet been located. The view of the shaft blocking
(fig.15.8) is the only photograph thus far identified from shafta.
East of the mastaba, the complex of minor tombs begins with
g2169 (at the south end of the street) and continues northwards
(figs.2.5, 15.1, 15.3). Reisner numbered the tombs north of g2180 and
east of the northeast corner of g2170 as g2171g2179. At the north
end of the street, this complex merges into the secondary cemetery
north of g2150 (g2151g2159). One large burial shaft, numbered
g2157a, directly abuts the north face of g2170. Additional subsidiary
tombs northeast of g2170 and southeast of g2220 received numbers
ranging from g2221 to g2227. The cemetery occupation then extends
Date
No Decoration
Tomb Owner and Dependents
422
GM8.1.indb 422
7/22/09 11:03 PM
F
G
G 2105
A
J
B
E
G 2104
B
X
A
G 2112c
G 2115
X
B
G 2121
X
Y
G 2131
G 2141 A
G 2142
B A
A
146
A
Y
A
T
B C
Z 2168 E
A B
X 2166
G 2170
A
H
I
2171
E F G
A C
G
D
X
Y
2169
181a
A
2181
GM8.1.indb 423
X
A
Y
I
D
E
Z
U
C
C
2183
W Z
2225
b X
2175
A
z
C
2178
X
B
C G 2154a
B A
S
E
G 2154
U
A
V
2224
B C
G 2222
C
A
A
G 2223a
2221
2177
Y
X
10 m
B
423
2179
G 2156
G 2223
D 2174
B C
A B 2176 C
A
D
A
G 2139
G 2157
Z U
2172
Y
B C
2182
A 2173 C
S D B X
E
D
G 2137
A
G 2138
A
C G 2152
80 = G 4990
C G 2136
B A
E
F
G 2151
B
A
G 2163
Z
D B C
G 2134
A G 2153
D E G 2162
F G
C
A 2167 B C
B G 2161
Y Z
X
C general
D view, looking northwest. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.022.09.
G 2145 Fig.15.1. G 2170,
X Y
c
d
C
B A
b
A B
G 2144
G 2132
G 2134a X
G 2133
A C
A B
G 2143
X
W
U
G 2150
F
G2
G 2130
2186
B C
E
F G H
E
2461 B C D
A
2461
A
a B
B
A
2462a
A
C D
2462
2463
7/22/09 11:03 PM
2463
Fig.15.3. G 2170, chapel area at south end of east face, and avenue with subsidiary tombs between g2160 to the left (south) and g2170 to the right
(north), looking west. February 25, 1912. HUMFA Expedition photograph, photographer not listed, a640p.
10
20
cm
32121
424
GM8.1.indb 424
7/22/09 11:03 PM
RP
0
10
cm
Fig.15.6. G 2170, chapel area at south end of east face looking west. November 4, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.059.11.
425
GM8.1.indb 425
7/22/09 11:03 PM
Fig.15.7. G 2170a. looking west. November4, 1993, Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.059.15.
Fig.15.8. G 2170a, door blocking, looking west. December29, 1932. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani
Ibrahim, a7028.
426
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Chapter 16
ANONYMOUS TOMB:
Mastaba g 2220
Excavation
As of 2009, the massive drum from the chapel entrance still lay
broken in two inside the chapel (figs.16.316.4, 16.616.7). Reisners
diary entry for March30, 1912 notes the completion of the clearance
of the face of g2220 without locating any northern niche. The
excavation of the chapel concluded the next day. The Expedition
returned to the tomb under Wheelers direction on May1, 1932. The
first objective was the clearance of the mastabas north face, a task
which lasted some four days. Some of the diary entries for this period
were penned by Hansmartin Handrick.
Attention shifted to the top of the mastaba on October17, 1932,
stopped, and then resumed from December1826, 1932. At this time
the tombs two shafts, b and c, were located and their excavation
begun. Both shafts revealed primarily clean rubble and windblown
sand. Meanwhile, the search for a shafta at the northern end of
the mastaba proved unsuccessful. On December29, 1932 excavations
in shaftb had reached 7m, when they were stopped until pitc is
available for dumping. Wheeler did not know at the time that shaftc
would continue downward for over 25m; the bottom was reached
only on January6, 1933. The small, rough, burial chamber was on
the south, with no blocking visible. It was cleared by January11, 1933,
and excavations in shaftc resumed the following day. Hard clean
rubble filling only is how Wheeler characterized the shafts fill.
On January12, 1933, the burial chamber was located on the
north side at a depth of about 8.30m, with door-blocking intact.
Wheeler describes the blocking as small rubble 25cm high on the
floor, topped by 85cm of larger stones piled up but not plastered
or cemented (see figs.16.2, 16.1616.22). Above this and reaching
to the roof were loosely piled mud bricks, also without any binding
material of any sort. The measurements of the bricks are 37x 19.5x
13cm. The pit continued downwards, but no additional chambers
were found. Wheelers entries for January1329, 1933 record in
detail the discovery made in shaftb. They describe not only the
excavation process but the working practices of the Expedition in
general. For this reason, the diaries will be quoted extensively below
in the section on Shafts and Burials. It should also be noted that,
3
427
GM8.1.indb 427
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on January5, 1933, Reisner was forced to return to Cairos AngloAmerican Hospital for a second cataract operation. The operation
took place on January24, 1933, and he did not return to Harvard
Camp until May20, 1933, Reisners friend and colleague, the artist
Joseph Lindon Smith (18631950), was temporarily placed in charge
of the Expedition.4
The coffin itself was removed by winch between January2225,
1933 and the rest of the chamber was cleared. The rest of the shaft
was cleared by January27, continuing only 1.5m further below the
burial chamber. In the pit debris, a rough limestone headrest was
found on January28, suggesting to Wheeler the likelihood that the
chamber was plundered in antiquity, perhaps during the burial, or at
least before the pit was filled in.
Four years later (July5, 79, 1937), another search was made for
a shafta, but no other shafts were discovered. Additional clearance
of the chapel and general area of the mastaba resumed briefly on
March2728, 1938, exposing limestone debris and drift sand. The
final diary entry for the tomb comes on April13, 1938, when an
unsuccessful attempt was made to locate a northern niche in the
lining of the mastaba.
Finds
or a popular account of the discovery and treatment of the mummy, see J.L.
F
Smith, Tombs, Temples & Ancient Art, pp.19091. Curiously, Smith omits any
mention of the large wooden coffin, but this may be attributable to the fact that
the book was posthumously compiled by his wife, Corinna Lindon Smith, from
miscellaneous notes.
C
[ 6
Architecture
aynes and Markowitz, in Egypt in the Age of the Pyramids, p.68, cat.16; Manuelian,
H
Slab Stelae, p.156, figs.23133. For generously supplying the translations here, I am
grateful to James P. Allen.
Reisner, GN1, p.451, fig.277.
428
GM8.1.indb 428
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7
8
13
14
429
GM8.1.indb 429
7/22/09 11:03 PM
the top of the pit: a chamber is cut in the north side (roomI) and
the pit continues on down below this. Debris in whole of pit is
clean hard rubble, undisturbed.
THE CHAMBER (I)
A small, roughly cut chamber in the north face of the alignment
with the pit, has its floor 2.90metres below the rock surface. It
is in poor alignment with the pit, and is about 4m by 2m. The
door was found with blocking undisturbed, consisting of small
rubble 25cms deep, larger rubble on top of that 35cms deep, and
mud bricks piled in the remaining space at the top. No cement or
plaster was used in the door-blocking. The bricks used were 37 x
19.5 x 13cms. Door-blocking photographed, drawn, and removed.
The only object in the chamber is a large wooden sarcophagus,
with lid in position, apparently in remarkably good and strong
condition, and of very good and accurate work.
THE SARCOPHAGUS
Plain rectangular with smooth faces on all sides & on lid.
Length 240cms, width 98cms, height (coffin only) 83.5cms, &
(with lid) 97cms. The sarcophagus is placed along the west side
of the room, against the wall, and occupies most of the length of
that side: the floor of the room is of small rubble (see description
of composition of door-blocking). The joints of the timber are
clearly visible throughout, as are also the pegs and dowels; the lid
has two lugs for handles along its east edge (& presumably also
along the west edge against the wall). Measurements of heights
and lengths only differ by a few millimetres at different parts.
The weight of the coffin is estimated at about 1044lbs, & the lid
at 378lbs.
The lid has been raised sufficiently for photography, although the
confined space will not permit much of this till the lid is removed.
The only thing apparently in the sarcophagus is the body.
THE BODY
Lies at full length, head north, slightly on left side, against the
west side of the coffin, with head turned to left. A loose sheet
covers the body from ankles to neck. The feet, hands, forearm,
shoulder & head, (which are clear of the sheet) are wrapped
in narrow cloth bandaging; but from the appearance of bone
through the hand & foot wrapping, there seems no trace at the
moment of mummification. The body is fully extended, arms and
hands at the sides, feet together.
PROCEDURE
Such photographs as can be got in the present position are being
taken; but they can only show small parts in each view. I would
suggest, after taking these, that the lid be removed and transported
to the Camp, and other photographs be taken in the improved
conditions. After this, and before disturbing the body, the coffin
could be moved into the pit where good pictures could be got.
On the instructions of Mr. Lindon Smith I am taking no
further action until hearing your15 wishes.
N.F.W[heeler]
15
430
GM8.1.indb 430
7/22/09 11:03 PM
shaped. The body would seem to have been very thin at time of
wrapping, the neck diameter inside the wrappings being only 5cms.
The linen used is all good, the best being the outer sheet which
has 42 threads per cm; the inner wrappings are very slightly
coarser but still fine.
Some of the pieces of linen have stitched-on patches.
Material of wrappings.
On examining a specimen of the thread microscopically it is
seen to be as identical as could be expected with the difference
in age with a specimen of modern linen thread. Both show the
single hair to be of regular diameter, with distinct rings like
bamboo at intervals of about a length of 10 diameters. Cotton,
for a comparison, is of twisted and deformed appearance, the
diameter distorted, and there are no rings at all [fig.16.34].
tibia: 309312
radius: 203205
fibula: 312315
ulna: 218221
femur: 392396
18
16
17
his text derives from Reisner, GN1, pp.45253, but omits the long list of
T
Expedition photography provided there.
This reference pertains to Reisners unpublished manuscript The Funerary
Equipment Found in Burial Chambers: Miscellaneous Objects (continued),
in A History of the Giza NecropolisII, pp.67778 (no drawing present). At this
writing the manuscript is available online at the Giza Archives Project (www
.gizapyramids.org).
19
ote that what remains of the mummy was not lost, but stored at the Kasr el
N
Aini (Cairo) Faculty of Medicinefor study by Douglas Derryas mentioned
in the following report by Renate Germer.
A reproduction of the mummy was created from papier mach and other materials,
and was displayed in the exhibition next to the actual coffin in 1988; A.M. Roth
in Mummies & Magic, cat. 6, pp.7677. Both objects subsequently traveled to
the Dallas Museum of Art as part of a long-term loan from the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, to that institution.
431
GM8.1.indb 431
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20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
432
GM8.1.indb 432
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Date
Decoration
The chapels decoration occurs only on the east wall (figs. 16.50
16.55). At the left (north) end, the tomb owner and presumably
his wife and child stand facing to the right (south). Although we
see only the beginnings of the carvingthe unrounded outlines of
the very high raised-relief figureswe can still discern most of the
costume and pose of the figures.33 The tomb owner wears a short kilt
and a leopard skin, and holds a staff and sekhem scepter. Curiously,
the scepter appears to pass behind his figure, although he faces the
dominant Egyptian direction of left to right. Perhaps the carving
simply had not yet advanced far enough to show the scepter passing
in front of his lower body (see below). Leg musculature is indicated,
but there is little else in the way of interior detail. His wife wears
a tripartite wig and a long garment; her anklets are indicated, as
is a choker around her neck. To judge from the uncarved surface
remaining between her husbands scepter-wielding arm and his back,
his wifes left arm was meant to embrace his arm.34 Her right hand
meanwhile bends at the elbow and reaches across her body to touch
his elbow. The heads and faces of this standing couple have suffered
damage and deterioration.
The outlines of the sons figure reveal that he grasps his fathers
staff with one hand, while turning back to gaze up at his parents.
He places the finger of his right hand to his lips, and his arm is bent
at the elbow. The figure is otherwise too rough for us to determine
further details, such as whether he stands naked or clothed. But we
have already seen this pose in Cemetery g2100, on the west wall of
the chapel of Kanefer (g2150, see figs.12.93, 12.95, 12.97).
At the right (south) end of the east wall, another large-scale
male figure stands facing left (north) towards the couple described
above. He is presumably either a son or officiating priest (though
without a leopard skin) or, more likely, a second figure of the tomb
owner himself. He wears a short curled wig and a wraparound
pleated kilt, and holds a staff and sekhem scepter. Fingers, knees,
kilt pleats, and leg musculature are all in evidence, but have suffered
extensive deterioration since the time of excavation.35
The layout of the east wall resembles that of Merib (g2100-1).
Curiously, however, the depiction of the sekhem scepter here shows
reversed orientation from that of Merib. The scepter passes in front
of the body of this solitary male figure, even though he faces left,
and the scepter held by the first male figure, though perhaps never
carved, appears to pass behind the body even though he faces right.
The opposite scenario is visible in Meribs chapel (see Chapter4).
The space between the two sets of figures was probably intended for
registers of offering bearers or funerary estates, but the execution was
never begun.
The chapels two false door niches and the other walls were left
undecorated, but display expertly prepared masonry, sharp corners,
and symmetrical layout. The massive drum over the entrance was still
broken in two, lying on the ground, as of 2008. The north false door
is the better preserved of the two, with almost all elements intact
but for the broken architrave over the tablet. The south false door,
by contrast, preserves only the innermost lower jambs. However,
a semicircular hole immediately beneath the small drum seems
33
29
30
31
32
ogelsang-Eastwood, Pharaonic Egyptian Clothing, p.112, pl. 25. See also her
V
comments in Textiles, in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, p.288,
with fig.11.16.
Reisner, GN1, p.453.
Smith, HESPOK, p.164.
Jnosi suggests Khafres reign as the earliest possible date, assuming that no
tombs this big could be built at Giza under Djedefre. If the two-door chapel
was part of the tombs original design, then it would not predate Menkaure. But
the chapel could be a later addition; cf. Giza in der 4. Dynastie, pp.124, 22425.
34
35
Smith, HESPOK, pp.164, 249, related the high-relief carving to that found in
mastabas g2041 (Senenuka), g4260 (fragments), g5110 (Duaenre), and in the
Eastern Cemetery on portions of the walls of g71107120 (Kawab).
For this pose, cf. the mastaba of Iteti (g7391), in Curto, Gli Scavi Italiani
a el-Ghiza, pl.6b. It is interesting to note two parallels between g2220 and
g7391: the pose of the embrace and a serdab(?) squint punched through both
chapel false doors (see below). A slightly different embrace occurs in the tomb of
KhufukhafI: Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khaf-Khufu I and II, pls.2324,
fig.33 = N. Cherpion, Sentiment Conjugal et Figuration lAncien Empire,
in Kunst des Alten Reiches, p.33, pl. 4a.
As of 2008, this chapel was still open to the elements and unprotected by a
modern roof or locking grated door.
433
GM8.1.indb 433
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36
Curto, Gli Scavi Italiani a el-Ghiza, pp.3940, fig.7, pls.5, 6a, and 7. See also,
Fisher, The Minor Cemetery at Giza, pp.9, 90, fig.77 (g3011). On the topic in
general, see E. Brovarski, Serdab, in L5, cols. 87479; Lehmann, Der Serdab
in den Privatgrbern des Alten Reiches.
434
GM8.1.indb 434
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G 2113
Z
Y
N M
G 2110
G 2111
B
A
E
G
F
A
G 2112
G 2112b A
Unexcavated
A G 2112a
A
A
G 2112c
G 2114
B C D E
A B
G 2115
X
G 2210
130
Fig. 16.1. G 2220, chapel and south end of east face of, looking west. November 20, 1993. pdm1993.096.10.
X
Y
G 2131
0
A
Unexcavated
G 2133
G 2132
Y Z
A C
G 2134a X
W
U
A
D B
X
AG 2134
C
G 2137
B
D
G 2134
unexcavated
G 2220
B
AG 2137 B
A
S T
Z U
V
X Y
G 2151
X
G 2157
A 2173C
S D B X
Z U
Y
I
D
H G F
C
B A d
2172
C
A B2178
X
D 2174
A B C
A B 2176 C
2179
X
V
2184b
U V
2224
B C
CB
D E
D C
B A
B
G 2156
B
C G 2154aG 2156
B A
G 2154
G 2220
A
G 2223a
C
G 2222
B
C A
G 2222
D
B
2221
Unexcavated
unexcavated
2175
C D E F G
B C D
c Az
2177 A B
S
a
Y X
bX Y
E
Fig. 16.2. G2220, plan.
D
A B C
A B C D
Y
2225
A
Y
D
X
G 2139 C
G 2223
W Z
G 2139 B
G 2138
G 2153
A B
X
G 2138
A
C G 2152
A
C G 2136
B A
2186
B C
D E F
10
CEMETERY G 2100
435
Y
B
G H A
E F
2462a
2461 B C D
C D
A
A B
2461 B A
2462
a
X Y
2463
X
10
20 m
A 2463
a
2464
20 m
GM8.1.indb 435
= Subterranean area
7/22/09 11:03 PM
N
B
3m
Fig. 16.4. G 2220, chapel, looking north. November 3, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm1993.056.01.
Fig. 16.5. G 2220, casing blocks just south of chapel entrance, looking
north. November 4, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm1993.059.06.
Fig. 16.6. G 2220, chapel interior, two fragments of fallen drum lintel
from chapel entrance, looking northwest. November 3, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm1993.056.06.
Fig. 16.7. G 2220, chapel interior, larger of two fragments of fallen drum
lintel from chapel entrance, looking west. November 3, 1993. Peter Der
Manuelian, pdm1993.056.05.
436
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7/22/09 11:03 PM
Fig. 16.8. Four limestone blocks with masons marks from debris on top of
g2220: left, upper: 37-7-1; left, lower: 3772; middle: 3773; right: 37
74. October11, 1938. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani
Ibrahim, c14213.
Fig. 16.9. Five limestone blocks with masons marks from debris on top
of g2220: left, upper: 3775; left, lower: 3776; middle: 3777;
right, upper: 3778; right, lower: 3779. October11, 1938. HUMFA
Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, c14214.
Fig. 16.10. Three limestone blocks with masons marks from debris on top
of g2220: left: 37710; middle: 37711; right: 37712. October11, 1938.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, c14215.
437
GM8.1.indb 437
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10
20
cm
Fig. 16.13. 33183 (MFA33.1067), limestone headrest from g2220b. Left: March16, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, c13403
33-1-83
(detail). Center: July16, 2008. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_img_02344. Right: drawing.
Fig. 277
Fig. 16.14. G 2220, chapel, west wall, south false door, looking northwest.
November15, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.077.22.
Lst.
G 2220
Fig. 16.15. G 2220, chapel, west wall, north false door, looking west.
November4, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.059.08.
438
GM8.1.indb 438
7/22/09 11:04 PM
439
GM8.1.indb 439
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Section A B
Plan
440
0
Fig.16.22. G2220b i, plan and section.
GM8.1.indb 440
G 2220 B
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Fig.16.23. G2220b i, mummy (wrappings 33422) in wood coffin (33421= MFA33.1016), looking south. January19, 1933.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7041.
441
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Fig.16.24. G2220b i, mummy (wrappings 33422) in wood coffin (33421= MFA33.1016), looking north. January19, 1933.
HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7040.
442
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Fig.16.27. G2220b i, mummy (wrappings 33422) without sheet covering body. January21, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph.
Dahi Ahmed, a7043.
Fig.16.28. G2220b i, mummy (wrappings 33422) without sheet covering body. January21, 1933. HUMFA Expedition photograph.
Dahi Ahmed, a7042.
443
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Fig.16.29. G2220b i, mummy (wrappings 33422) head end, partially unwrapped. January23, 1933. HUMFA Expedition
photograph. Dahi Ahmed, a7044.
444
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G 2220 B
WOODEN SARCOPHAGUS
Plan
50
100
m
445
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7/22/09 11:04 PM
Width 115 cm
Length 225 cm
13 11
32.0
8.5
16.0
15.0
12.8
12.8
7 courses at
intervals of 4.5 cm
12.8
13.0
12.5
12.5
17.0
10 12
15.0
8.5
37.0
8 courses at
intervals of 4.5 cm
Middle of sheet
2,3
4,5,12
6,7,10
8
9,13
11
I
B
II
II
III
II
E
III
Fig.16.32. Diagram of linen wrapping layers on
mummy from g2220b.
wrapping in form
of head dress
tail of head
wrapping
15 cm long
446
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447
GM8.1.indb 447
7/22/09 11:04 PM
448
GM8.1.indb 448
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Fig.16.46. 33422, linen from mummy wrappings from g2220bi. May10, 1033. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Dahi Ahmed, a7079.
449
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7/22/09 11:04 PM
22.40 m
Section AB
Plan
450
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G 2100 C
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Fig.16.50. G2220, chapel, east wall, looking east. November3, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian, pdm_1993.056.02.
Fig.16.51. G 2220, chapel, east wall, north end, looking east. February28,
1931. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a6334.
Fig.16.52. G 2220, chapel, east wall, south end, looking east. February28,
1931. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a6336.
451
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7/22/09 11:04 PM
452
GM8.1.indb 452
7/22/09 11:04 PM
10 cm
PDM
453
1:5
GM8.1.indb 453
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Fig.16.54. G 2220, chapel, east wall, north end, obliques view of unfinished relief carving, looking
northeast. February28, 1931. HUMFA Expedition photograph, Mohammedani Ibrahim, a6335.
0
Total height of woman ca. 148 cm
10 cm
50 cm
1:5
454
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Indexes
Indexes
455
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7/22/09 11:04 PM
I. GENERAL
Antikenmuseum Basel: xl
Anubis: xl, 73, 7681, 83, 120123, 153, 240, 295, 313, 317, 379, 381
Aqes: 77
Arabic: xiii, 7, 1617, 152, 281, 293
Arabic Diary: 16, 152
Arabic Expedition Diary: xiii
archaeological photography: xlvi, 17
Archeological Survey of Egypt: xliv
architrave: xixxx, xxvi, xxviii, xxxxxxi, 3, 20, 3132, 3940, 69, 7273, 79,
81, 117123, 134135, 137138, 142, 147148, 155, 240, 242, 250, 294,
302303, 308, 312, 314, 317318, 336, 358, 371, 378381, 429, 433
army: xlii, 7678, 80, 83, 155, 157, 313, 316
Arnold, Dieter: xxxix, 28, 39, 310
Arnold, Dorothea: 3
Aronin, Rachel: xi
Ashmolean Museum: xxxvii
Asia Minor: 294
Assmann, Jan: xxxixxl, xliixliii, xlvii, 156, 161
Assuan: xli, 283, 371
Aston, Barbara: xxxix, 50, 214
Atlanta: xlii
DAuria, Sue: xlvii
Austrian Expedition: xv, xixxx, xxxiixxxiii, liv, 1213, 15, 21, 125, 129130,
133, 136, 141143, 145147, 149, 281, 369, 384385, 387, 393, 398,
402403, 414
Baer, Klaus: xxxix, xliii, xlvi, xlviii, 30, 35, 72, 154, 158, 311, 313, 367369
bag(s): 7475, 78, 83, 313, 378, 381, 383
Bakr, Mohamed Ibrahim: xii
Barati, Fabien: xiii
barley: 159160, 213214, 315, 372, 376377, 379
Brta: xxxix, xliiixlix, 77, 313, 317, 379
basket(s): xxivxxv, 78, 76, 210, 212, 222, 231, 314, 373
basketry: l, 210
Bates, Oric: xl, 9, 71, 156, 160
Baud, Michel: xl, 23, 52, 72, 120, 241, 308, 311312, 367369
Beale, Arthur: xi
bearded: 73
bed: 80, 82, 369
bedrock: liii, 17, 4244, 153, 155, 368
beer jars: xxxix, 78
Bell, Lanny: xl, 16, 312
belt: 7778, 157, 260, 316317, 371, 375, 378, 380
Bergamini, Giovanni: xii, 18
Berkeley: xi, xxxix, xlii, xlvi, xlviii, liiiliv, 15, 18, 160
Berlin: xii, xviixix, xxxviixliii, xlvl, liiiliv, 34, 18, 31, 49, 6972, 8082, 88,
9498, 100, 102104, 106107, 109110, 112, 114115, 118, 160, 162
Berlin, M, Inv., No., Nr.: xvii, 6971, 88
Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie: xii
Berman, Lawrence: xi
Bianchi, Robert: 214, 370
Bietak, Manfred: xiixiii, 18
Bigio, Ruth: xi, xvi, xxxxi, xxiii, 36, 164, 171, 173, 219
birds: xliiixliv, 71, 73, 76, 81, 83, 157, 313, 316317
Birmingham Museum of Art: xii, xxii, xlix, 158, 192
bivalve shell: 156, 378
blocking: xvii, xxi, xxiii, xxvixxvii, xxxiv, 31, 37, 4344, 49, 61, 63, 69, 117,
151152, 175, 210211, 222, 239, 252, 259261, 270, 274277, 281,
293, 307, 415, 421422, 426427, 430, 439
boat pit: xxxix, 75, 372
boat: xxxix, xliv, 75, 372373
Bode Museum: 3
Bonaparte (collection): 158
bones (skeleton): xiixiii, xvixvii, xxi, xxv, xxviixxviii, xlv, liv, 3, 7, 1519,
30, 34, 42, 4952, 56, 65, 69, 71, 117, 120, 151154, 160161, 175, 213,
234, 239, 241, 259261, 278279, 282, 293294, 305, 307308, 311,
368, 422, 430432
Boraik, Mansour: xii
456
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
Dahshur: xv, xxxix, xlvii, xlix, 23, 25, 28, 46, 162, 312
DAI: xxxix, xli, xliiixlv, 18
Dallas Museum of Art: 431
dancers, dancing: xliii
Dasen, Vronique: xli, 313
Dassault Systmes: xiii, xvxxiii, xxxiixxxiii, 1921, 2932, 54, 63, 86, 93, 99,
104, 107, 109, 126, 128, 132, 135, 138139, 144, 166, 174, 176, 185, 190,
197, 386, 388389, 392, 398, 403, 408, 411
dated texts: xlix, 209, 213, 241
dating: xliv, 16, 23, 31, 3435, 44, 4950, 213, 259, 281, 310311, 314, 316, 368, 370
Davies, Norman de Garis: xli, 36, 313
Davis, Whitney M.: xli, xlvi, xlix, 156
Dean, Emily: xi
debris: xxv, xxvii, xxixxxx, xxxiv, 4, 78, 12, 16, 23, 29, 31, 35, 37, 42, 4950,
71, 118, 124, 151, 153, 209211, 215, 233, 239240, 259261, 278279,
281, 293, 307310, 320, 330, 415, 421422, 427428, 430, 437
Dcamps, Christian: xxii, 180
Decauville railway: 4
Delange, Elisabeth: xiii
Denkmaeler: xviixix, xlvi, liv, 3, 52, 69, 7182, 8788, 95, 97, 99, 102, 105,
108, 112114, 316, 372
Derry, Douglas: xli, 430433
457
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7/22/09 11:04 PM
destroyed: xxxi, 20, 37, 39, 42, 49, 69, 119, 154, 209, 215, 239, 241242, 259,
281, 307, 310, 314316, 362, 379, 415, 421, 433
destruction: xliii, 427
Deutsche Akademie: xxxvii
Deutsche Gesellschaft: 160
Deutsche Morgenlndische Gesellschaft: xxxviii
Deutsche Orientgesellschaft: xxxvii
Deutsches Archologisches Institut: xii, xxxvii, xxxix, xli, xliiixlv, xlix, 18, 28
diary (diaries): xi, xiii, xxv, 3, 9, 11, 1517, 4950, 7071, 151154, 210, 239
240, 245, 259260, 293, 308, 369, 415, 421, 427429
digital epigraphy: xlvi, liv, 16, 18
Diraz family: 16
Diraz, Hagg Hassan Mohamed Said Ahmed: 17
dismantling: xxxii, 3, 15, 367, 387
division list: 215
divisions: 5, 15
Djedkare Izezi: liii, 40, 121, 373
djeryt-mourners: 317
documents: xli, xlvixlvii, 18, 75, 77, 152, 155156, 307, 312, 378
Dodson, Aidan: xliv, 427
Dominicus, Brigitte: xli, 75, 78, 81, 380
Donadoni-Roveri, Anna Maria: xli, 117, 281, 312
door-blocking: 210, 260, 308, 421, 427, 429430
doorway: xxviiixxix, 69, 7475, 117119, 151, 209, 211, 239, 281, 293, 301, 307,
312, 324, 367, 372, 415, 421, 427
Doxey, Denise: xi
dress: 73, 75, 77, 80, 118, 120, 430431, 433
drink: 316
Drioton, Etienne: 213, 215
Drower, Margaret: xli, 3, 307
drum: xiii, xx, xxii, xxiv, xxx, xxxiv, 3, 20, 40, 42, 69, 7374, 79, 82, 119,
122123, 137138, 155156, 176177, 210211, 213, 225, 241242, 294,
312, 316317, 336, 367, 379, 381, 427, 433, 436
Dunham, Dows: xli, xlvi, xlix, liii, 9, 16, 75, 155, 161, 215, 316
Dunning, Ariana: xi
dwarfs: xxxix, xlixlii, xlixl, 313
Dynasty 2: xlviii, 283
Dynasty 4: xxxix, xl, xliiixliv, xlviiil, liv, 45, 89, 1617, 19, 28, 33, 39, 41,
50, 72, 120, 154155, 160, 209, 213, 240241, 282, 294, 311, 368369,
375, 415416, 422
Dynasty 5: xlii, l, liii, 5, 8, 3133, 36, 39, 41, 4546, 72, 78, 80, 118, 120, 154
155, 157, 294, 311, 313314, 316, 368370, 375, 416, 422, 433
Dynasty 6: xlii, 7, 16, 31, 74, 118, 155, 371
Dynasty 12: 28
303, 307314, 316, 318, 320, 323324, 337341, 357, 365, 368, 371
372, 378, 380, 387, 392397, 399, 427, 433, 436
entrance thickness: ii, iv, xii, xv, xviii, xxiixxiii, xxvi, xxixxxxii, 20, 70,
7375, 9699, 152, 155157, 161, 176, 178181, 201, 242, 253, 294,
308309, 312, 323, 337341, 365, 371, 380, 393397
Epigraphic Survey: xl, 16
epithets: ix, xliv, 157
Europe: liv
Evans, Heather: xi
expedition: iii, xixiii, xvxvii, xixxxxv, xxxvii, xl, xliixliii, xlvxlix, liii
liv, 321, 2425, 3233, 35, 42, 45, 4952, 5561, 6567, 6971,
8485, 89, 117118, 122, 125, 129130, 133, 136, 141143, 145147,
149, 152156, 158, 163, 165, 167175, 182, 186187, 191192, 194, 204,
208, 210212, 215, 217218, 220222, 225227, 229231, 233234,
239243, 245247, 249252, 255, 257, 259260, 264, 266267, 270,
274275, 277278, 281, 293294, 297, 299, 302303, 305, 307308,
312313, 316, 320321, 323328, 330, 333, 335336, 345, 348, 352,
354, 357358, 360361, 367, 369, 384385, 387, 393, 398, 402403,
414417, 419, 421422, 424429, 431, 437439, 441444, 447449,
451, 454
Expedition Diaries: xi, xiii, xxv, 1516, 49, 71, 152153, 210, 239, 245, 369,
415, 421
eye paint: 74, 79, 82, 122123, 157, 159, 213, 282, 314, 372, 376, 379, 381
facade: xii, xviixviii, xxi, xxixxxxii, 3, 20, 3133, 39, 7273, 80, 86, 9395,
97, 118, 170, 242, 308310, 312314, 318, 323, 342346, 365, 368, 392
Faculty of Medicine: 15, 431
Fairbanks, Arthur: 16
false door(s): vii, xiii, xviiixx, xxiixxiii, xxvxxvi, xxviiixxxi, xxxiiixxxiv,
9, 20, 3134, 37, 3940, 42, 44, 69, 7172, 7883, 112, 114115, 118
119, 122124, 141149, 153158, 194195, 200201, 209, 211213, 221,
232, 239, 241242, 251, 255257, 282, 293294, 301303, 307313,
316318, 324, 336, 358, 360362, 364, 367368, 370371, 377381,
409, 412415, 427, 429, 433434, 438
Faltings, Dina: xlii, 160, 214, 240
fan: l, 80, 160, 313, 381
Farouk, May: xlii, liii, 23
Faulkner, Raymond O.: xlii, liii, 370, 380
festival of Sokar: 120
Fifth Dynasty: xlii, liii, 78, 80, 155, 157, 313, 316, 368
figs: ii, iv, xiixiii, xvxvi, xxvii, 3, 11, 15, 1719, 23, 25, 28, 3031, 3537,
3940, 43, 45, 4952, 5556, 7183, 117124, 151157, 159161, 210
213, 239242, 259261, 269, 281282, 293294, 307314, 316318,
368373, 375, 378381, 415416, 422, 427429, 433
fingers: 160, 433
finished mastabas: 1718, 52, 72, 120, 154, 213, 241, 261, 282, 294, 311, 368,
416, 422, 433
Finneiser, Klaus: xixii, 18, 71
First Intermediate Period: xlix
Fischer, Henry G.: xlii, 30, 7374, 76, 7880, 155159, 216, 239, 293, 307, 313,
315318, 374, 378380
Fisher, Clarence S.: iii, xxviiixxix, xxxiii, xlii, xlviii, 9, 11, 1617, 29, 35, 155,
239, 293, 297, 308, 320, 415, 417, 421, 434
Fischer-Elfert, Hans-Werner: xii, 18
Fitzenreiter, Martin: xl, xliii, l, 39
fleet: 75, 7879, 8183, 121, 124
Flentye, Laurel: xliii, 23, 316
flint: xxvi, 50, 210, 240, 249, 260
Flores, Diane Victoria: xi
Floroff, Alexander: iii, xv, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 18, 26, 171, 219, 268269
fly whisk: 316
Fourth Dynasty: xliiixliv, xlviiixlix, liv, 9, 19, 154, 209, 213, 241
fowl: 7778, 81, 157, 159, 314, 380381
Freed, Rita E.: xi, xlii, xlvi
fruit: 159, 213, 282, 377, 379, 381
funerary boat of Khufu: xxxix, 372
funerary boats: xxxix, 75, 372
funerary estates: 76, 315, 373, 433
458
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
funerary priest: 14, 32, 80, 117, 122124, 157158, 162, 310, 312314, 318319,
371372, 375, 380383, 415
furniture: xl, 82, 214215, 370
G 2120: vii, xv, xix, xxiiixxv, 89, 1214, 28, 3031, 3437, 3940,
4246, 52, 118119, 128, 153, 209213, 215, 217237, 241,
243, 261, 281282, 310, 369, 415
G 2121: 210, 212
G 2130: vii, xvi, xxi, xxvxxvii, 89, 12, 14, 28, 3132, 3446, 51,
152154, 170171, 212, 215, 239258, 261, 263, 268, 281,
294, 310, 318, 368369, 415, 428
G 2131: 240, 310, 318
G 2132: xiii, 9, 310, 317
G 2133: 240, 318
G 2134a: 319
G 2135: viii, xii, xxviixxviii, 12, 1415, 28, 3137, 40, 4246, 118,
213, 281282, 284291, 368, 429
G 2135a: 15, 19, 36, 118119, 310
G 2136: liv, 15, 19, 31, 39, 42, 118, 294, 371
G 2136a: 19
G 2136 : liv, 15, 19, 31, 39, 42, 118, 294, 371
G 2136b: 15, 19
G 2139: 310
G 2140: viii, xxviii, xxxiii, 12, 14, 28, 31, 3435, 3739, 4246, 118,
210, 212, 261, 293294, 296305, 309, 415, 419, 429
G 2141: 293
G 2142: 26, 319
G 2143: 293, 308
G 2144: 293
G 2145: xxviii, 294, 297
G 2146: xxviii, 294, 297
G 2147: xxviii, 294, 297
G 2148: xxviii, 294, 297
G 2150: viii, xiixiii, xvi, xxviiixxxi, 3, 1012, 1415, 28, 3031,
3435, 3746, 72, 75, 118, 162, 212, 239240, 242, 261,
293, 307313, 317, 319346, 348350, 352362, 364366,
368, 371373, 380, 415, 421422, 433
G 2151: 32, 39, 310, 313, 317318, 422
G 2154: xv, 11
G 2154a: xv, 11
G 2155 (g 4870, VIII nn): viii, xii, xvi, xxxiixxxiii, liv, 12, 1415,
19, 28, 3146, 51, 72, 75, 81, 117118, 156, 213215, 240,
242, 261, 281282, 312, 314, 367369, 371372, 382, 384
414, 429
G 2156: xvi, xxxii, 15, 19, 3233, 39, 119, 294, 380, 386, 427
G 2156a: xvi, xxxii, 19, 3233, 386
G 2156b: 19
G 2156c: 19
G 2156 : xvi, xxxii, 15, 19, 3233, 39, 119, 294, 380, 386, 427
G 2156a: xvi, xxxii, 19, 3233, 386
G 2157: 18, 422
G 2159: 310, 422
G 2160: viii, xxiv, xxviii, xxxiii, 12, 14, 28, 3335, 37, 4246, 226,
261, 293, 296297, 415422, 424, 429
G 2161: 18, 416
G 2165: xxxiii, 18, 415417
G 2166: xxxiii, 18, 416417
G 2167: xxxiii, 18, 417
G 2168: 18, 415416
G 2169: 18, 416, 422
G 2170: viii, xv, xxiv, xxviii, xxxiiixxxiv, 1012, 14, 18, 28, 3335,
37, 4246, 226, 261, 308311, 320, 415416, 421426
G 2171: 18, 422
G 2172: xv, 10, 15, 18
G 2173: xv, 10, 18, 42
G 2174: xv, 10, 18
G 2175: xv, 1011, 18, 39, 42
G 2177: xv, 1011, 18
G 2178: xv, 10, 18
G 2179: xv, 10, 18, 422
G 2180: xv, xxiv, xxxiii, 10, 15, 226, 241, 293, 415, 417, 422, 428
G 2184: xv, 10, 29, 293, 312
G 2186: xv, 10
G 2190: 29, 37, 421, 428
459
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G 2196: xlix
G 2197: xlix, 75, 153
G 2200: 311, 415, 428
G 2210: viii, xxvixxvii, 12, 1416, 2829, 31, 3337, 39, 4246,
152154, 212, 259279, 281, 428429
G 2220: viii, xiixiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxxivxxxv, 3, 1011, 14, 16, 28
29, 3135, 3739, 4246, 242, 259, 261, 263, 281, 310311,
320, 368, 422, 427429, 431433, 435452, 454
G 2221: 18, 422
G 2222: 18, 27, 435
G 2223: xv, 11
G 2223a: 18, 26, 435
G 2224: xv, 1011, 18
G 2225: xv, 10, 18
G 2227: xv, 1011, 422
G 2231: xv, 10
G 2352/53: xlix
G 2370: 11, 28, 40, 159
G 2374: 28
G 2378: 28
G 2381: 11
G 3000: 11
G 3011: 434
G 3015: xiii, xxii, 155, 177
G 4000: liii, 9, 12, 14, 2324, 29, 3335, 37, 43, 46, 154, 241, 368,
427, 429
G 4140: 37, 214216
G 4150: 82, 214, 216
G 4160: 160
G 4440: 161
G 4240: 382
G 4250: 45
G 4561: xlv
G 4620: 312
G 4640: 160
G 4710: 72, 117, 371
G 4760: 26, 284
G 4761: xxxii, 386
G 4770 (VII nn): viii, xxviixxviii, 12, 281, 289291, 368
G 4860: xxxii, 82, 214216, 283, 370, 385386
G 4870: viii, xxxii, 12, 367
G 4920: 72, 117, 371
G 4940: xlv, 36, 160, 311
G 4970: xxxii, 72, 81, 117, 214, 371, 385
G 4980: 15
G 4990: xv, xxxiii, 10, 241, 415, 417, 428
G 5010: 72, 117, 371
G 5030: 72, 117, 371
G 5080: 311, 415, 428
G 5090: 428
G 5110: 311, 433
G 5150: 72, 76, 81, 117, 371
G 5170: 72, 117, 371
G 5210: 72, 117, 311, 371
G 5230: 36, 51, 69, 311
G 5236: 152154
G 5340: 15, 32, 36, 72, 117, 240, 311313, 318, 371
G 5350: 311312
G 6000: l, liii, 51, 240, 316
G 6020: 316
G 6040: 118
G 7000 X: 18
G 7101: xlix
G 7102: xlix
G 7110-7120: xlix, 433
G 7130-7140: xlix, 76, 313, 433
G 7150: xlix
G 7220: 211, 242
G 7248: 379
G 7320: 261
G 7391: 433434
G 7510: 16, 24, 33, 155, 241, 429
G 7530-7540: xli, 45, 316
G 7650: 155, 241
G 7660: 313
G 7948: 372
G 8000: 19
G 8674 (Lepsius 95): 75
G 8887 (mastaba of shaft 294): 294
Giza Mastabas Project: iii, 15
Giza Mastabas Series: xi, xiii, liii, 15, 17
Giza Plateau Mapping Project: xlvi
Giza Reports: xlvi, liii
Giza Slab Stelae: xlvi, 82, 153, 283
Giza: xl, xliiixlv, xlviii, 5, 7, 9, 28, 39, 119, 153, 158, 281
Glasgow stamp on clay pipe: 427
Goedicke, Hans: xliii, 312
Gordan-Rastelli, Lucy: xliii, 158
Goudsmit, S.A.: xliii, 156
Graham Gund Director, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: xi
grain: 36, 159160, 213
granite: xxivxxv, xxixxxx, 31, 45, 79, 119, 210211, 213214, 225, 239, 247,
307311, 324, 329
Great Pyramid: iv, xiii, liii, 5, 9, 15, 23, 28, 152
Greece: xli, 313
Griffith, F. Ll.: xxxvii, xliixliii, xlviiixlix, 3, 39, 307, 317
Griffith Institute: xxxvii, xliixliii, xlviii, 3, 307, 317
Grunert, Stefan: xii, xliii, liv, 18
Guerriero, Emmanuel: xiii
gypsum: 212
Hackley, Laurel: xi
Haeny, Gerhard: xliii, 39, 153154, 158
Haikal, Fayza: xl, xliv, 76, 313
hair: 73, 80, 121, 157, 160, 316, 371, 375, 381, 431
Haldane, Cheryl: xliii, 372
Handrick, Hansmartin: 15, 259260, 427
Hannig, Rainer: xliii, 7375, 77, 7980, 120, 159160, 214, 370, 378
Harpur, Yvonne: xliii, 23, 28, 30, 7273, 120, 154, 158, 241, 311, 313, 368369
Harrell, James: xxxix, 214
Harvard Camp: xlix, 1517, 51, 210, 293, 308, 428, 430
Harvard University: iii, xxxvii, xlii, xlvixlix, liiiliv, 34, 79, 11, 1518, 30,
3233, 35, 42, 49, 51, 69, 71, 117118, 153, 158, 210, 293, 307308,
369, 428, 430
Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Egyptian Expedition: xlii
Haslauer, Elfriede: xiii
Hassan, Ali: xliii, xlv, 313
Hassan, El Azab A.: xv, 26
Hassan, Selim: xliii, 19, 23, 39, 152153, 214, 294, 314, 316
Hathor: 32, 83, 122124, 316, 318
Hawass, Zahi: xii, xliii, l, 1719, 23, 161
Haynes, Joyce L.: xi, xlii, xlvi, 428
headrest(s): xxxiv, 82, 214, 369, 428, 438
Hearst, Phoebe Apperson: liv
Hearst Egyptian Expedition: liv, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15
Hearst Museum of Anthropology (formerly Lowie Museum): 15, 160
Heindl, Gnter: xlix, 28
Helck, Wolfgang: xliv, liv, 23, 28, 33, 382, 429
Heliopolis: 78, 83, 373
Helwan: xliii, xlviii, 39, 153, 158, 283
Heracleopolitan Period: xlii
Herb, Michael: xlxli, xliii, l, 39
hieroglyphs: iv, xi, xiii, xxxvii, xlixlii, 74, 7677, 80, 121, 152153, 156, 210,
242, 260, 294, 307, 313, 317, 371372, 380
Hildesheim: xii, xxviii, xxxvii, xli, xliiixlviii, liiiliv, 18, 45, 160, 281282,
288, 312313, 367368
Hildesheimer gyptologische Beitrge (HB): xxxvii, xli, xliiixliv, xlvi
Hill, Marsha: 3
460
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
jamb(s): xx, xxvi, xxxi, 3940, 75, 7980, 8283, 118, 122124, 142, 155
156, 161, 212, 242, 257, 318, 364, 379, 381
Jnosi, Peter: xiixiii, xvi, xliv, liiiliv, 4, 1819, 23, 28, 30, 3437, 39, 42,
4445, 51, 70, 118119, 154155, 158, 161, 212213, 241, 261, 282,
294, 310311, 313, 368369, 382, 415, 429, 433
JE (Egyptian Museum, Journal dEntre) 46216: 160
JE (Egyptian Museum, Journal dEntre) 72135: xlvi, 152, 159
jewelry: 122
Jones, Dilwyn: xliv, 7375, 80, 117, 156158, 210, 312313, 316, 318, 371
372, 380
Jrgensen, Mogens: xii, xliv, 157158
Jorry, Vanessa: xiii
jubilee of Amenhotep III: xli, 159
Junge, Friedrich: xliv, xlviiixlix, 156, 161
junior: xl, xlvii, 7275, 83, 120, 157, 162, 380, 382
Junker, Hermann: viii, xii, xixxx, xxviixxviii, xxxii, xlii, xlivxlv, liv,
12, 1415, 1819, 23, 28, 31, 3334, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 52, 69,
7176, 79, 81, 83, 117124, 127, 131, 135136, 138, 142, 148, 153,
156, 158159, 161, 214, 281285, 287288, 308, 311316, 318, 367373,
375382, 390, 415
ka: xliii, xlvi, xlviii, 35, 117, 242, 316, 367, 380
Kafr-el-Haram: 427
Kahl, Joachim: xlv, 159, 214, 283, 371
Kaiser, Werner: xlv, 161
Kampp-Seyfried, Friederike: xii, xlix, 18
Kanawati, Naguib: xlv, 32, 72, 76, 213, 241, 311, 313, 368
Kaplony, Peter: xlv, 311, 367
Karnak: 156
Kasr el Aini: 15, 431, 433
Keller, Cathleen: xi, 18
Kemp, Barry: l, 28
Khafkhufu: xlix, 7576, 214, 313, 370, 433
Khafre: xv, xxi, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, 56, 15, 31, 46, 50, 72, 122, 154155, 170, 208,
213, 217, 241, 261, 263, 285, 294, 311, 314, 316, 427, 433
Khafre Pyramid: xv, xxi, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, 6, 15, 170, 208, 217, 263, 285
Khattab, Amira: xii
Khnum: 7677
Khufu: xvxvi, xxxix, xliii, xlvxlvi, xlviii, liii, 46, 89, 12, 14, 23, 25, 28,
3037, 4243, 4546, 52, 72, 7578, 83, 118, 122, 124, 154155, 209,
213, 240241, 260261, 281282, 294, 311, 368370, 372374, 415
416, 422, 429, 433
Khufu Project: xlvi, liii, 23
Khufu Pyramid: xvxvi, liii, 4, 6, 12, 14, 23, 25, 28, 30
Khufu-era: xvi, 23, 28, 31, 3335, 37, 4245, 120, 155, 212, 281, 310, 416, 429
kilt(s): 33, 7280, 82, 121, 155, 157, 313, 316317, 371372, 375, 378382, 433
king: xl, xliii, liii, 5, 23, 30, 3233, 36, 52, 7383, 120124, 152153, 156, 158,
162, 213, 240, 242, 295, 311314, 317318, 367, 369, 372, 375, 378
379, 381382, 429, 433
Kisala, Melissa: xi
Kitchen, K.A.: 120, 371, 375, 382383
Klebs, Luise: xlv, 158, 372
Klitgord, Steven: xi
Kloth, Nicole: xlv, 159, 283, 371
Koefoed-Petersen, O.: 158
Koemoth, P.P.: xlv, 310
Koenigsberger, B.: xlv, 152
Kriesten, Rolf: xii, xviiixix, 94, 96, 98, 100, 103, 106, 110, 112, 114
Kuhlman, Klaus P.: 20
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna: xiii, xv, xviiixx, xxviixxviii, xxxii
xxxiii, xliv, xlviii, liv, 1213, 15, 33, 95, 97, 117, 125, 129130, 133, 136,
141143, 145147, 149, 281, 284285, 288291, 367369, 372, 378,
384385, 387, 390391, 393410, 412414
Kuraszkiewicz, Kamil O.: xlv, 73
461
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462
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
IN 937: xxii, 156157, 183
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
CG590: 156
CG 1385: 159
JE 46216: 160
JE 72135: xlvi, 152, 159
3317: xxiv, 211, 222, 227
3318: xxxiii, 415, 419
Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley
6-19767: 160
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
S7447: 214, 367368
S 8006: xiii, xxxiixxxiii, liv, 33, 369, 394397, 399
402, 404407, 409410, 412413
S 8550: 117
Muse du Louvre, Paris
B51: 152, 156
C 155: xxx, 312, 336
D 59: 156
E 3908: 312
E 5599: 156
E 11 286: 312
Museo Barracco, Rome
C.M.B.1: xiii, xxiixxiii, 158, 192, 194196, 201
Museo Egizio, Turin
Suppl. 1843: 434
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
MFA Accession numbers:
MFA 06.1878: xxix, 309, 324
MFA 06.1886: iv, xxi, xxiii, 9, 30, 152155, 161, 174175,
202205
MFA06.1889: xxix, 309, 323
MFA 06.1892: xvixvii, 50, 57, 66
MFA 06.1894: xxv, 30, 52, 209210, 213, 235237, 463
MFA 06.550: 119
MFA 07.1000: 156
MFA 07.1001: 156
MFA 07.1002: ii, iv, xv, xxiixxiii, 152, 155, 176, 178179,
201
MFA 07.1003: 156
MFA 07.1004: 156
MFA 07.1005: 156
MFA 09.204: 4
MFA 12.1393: 415
MFA 12.1498: 415
MFA 12.1504: 153
MFA 12.1513: 367
MFA 12.1515: 415
MFA 12.1520: 241, 415
MFA 14.719: 161
MFA 21.329: 160
MFA 21.3080: xxii, 155, 176
MFA 27.444: 317
MFA 27.1117: 379
MFA 31.780: xxiixxiii, 152, 157, 186, 201, 205, 463
MFA33.721: xxxiii, 421, 425, 463
MFA33.1016: xxxiv, 33, 45, 427428, 431432, 439, 441
443, 445, 463
MFA OP1.33.1016: xxxiv, 428, 437
MFA OP2.33.1016: xxxiv, 428, 437
MFA OP3.33.1016: xxxiv, 428, 437
MFA OP4.33.1016: xxxiv, 428, 437
MFA33.1017.1: xxxv, 428, 447, 463
MFA 33.1017.2: xxxiv, 428, 432, 447, 463
MFA33.1021: xxx, 42, 310, 330, 463
MFA33.1022: 42, 310, 463
MFA 33.1023: xxiv, 211, 226227, 463
MFA33.1025: xxiv, 211, 226227, 463
MFA33.1026: xxiv, 211, 226227, 463
MFA 33.1027: xxiv, 211, 226227, 463
MFA33.1028: xxiv, 211, 226, 228, 463
MFA33.1029: xxiv, 211, 226, 228, 463
MFA33.1030: xxiv, 211, 226, 228
MFA33.1031: xxiv, 211, 226, 228, 230, 463
MFA33.1032: xxiv, 211, 229, 463
MFA33.1033: xxiv, 211, 229, 463
MFA33.1034: xxiv, 211, 230, 463
MFA33.1035: xxiv, 211, 230, 463
MFA33.1036: xxiv, 211, 230, 463
MFA33.1037: xxiv, 211, 230, 463
MFA33.1038: xxiv, 212, 230, 463
MFA33.1039: xxiv, 212, 230, 463
MFA33.1040: xxiv, 212, 231, 463
MFA33.1041: xxix, 212, 325
MFA 33.1044: xxix, 309, 325, 463
MFA 33.1045: xxix, 309, 325, 463
MFA33.1046: xxix, 309, 325326, 463
MFA33.1047: xxix, 309, 325326, 463
MFA33.1048: xxix, 309, 325, 463
MFA33.1053: xxix, 309, 326, 463
MFA33.1054: xxix, 309, 327, 463
MFA33.1055: xxix, 309, 326327, 463
MFA33.1056: xxix, 310, 327, 463
MFA33.1057: xxx, 310, 328, 463
MFA33.1061: xxx, 310, 328, 463
MFA33.1062: xxx, 310, 328, 463
MFA33.1063: xxx, 310, 328, 463
MFA33.1067: xxxiv, 428, 438, 463
MFA33.1155.1: xxiv, 211, 228, 463
MFA 33.1155.2: xxiv, 211, 228, 463
MFA33.1156: xxiv, 211, 226, 228, 463
MFA33.1157: xxix, 309, 325, 463
MFA34.48ab: xxix, 310, 327, 463
MFA34.57: xxix, 308309, 312, 323, 462
MFA34.58: xxixxxxi, 308309, 312, 314, 323, 338, 340,
365, 462
MFA47.1661: xxviii, 293294, 299, 463
MFA Eg.Inv.13034: 210, 212
MFA Object Register numbers:
264206 (MFA 27.1117): 379
3295: xxvi, 260, 266
3296: xxvixxvii, 259260, 266
32122: xxx, 308, 310, 330
32123: xxx, 42, 310, 330
32124: xxvi, 240, 249
32125: xxvi, 240, 249
32126: xxvi, 31, 240, 249
32127 (MFA 34.58): 308309
32128 (MFA 34.57): xxix, 308309, 313, 323
32129: xxix, xxxi, 309, 324, 349
321210: xxix, xxxi, 309, 313, 323, 344345, 421
321211: xxix, xxxi, 309, 318, 324, 362
321212.12: xxix, 309, 324
321213 (MFA 33.721): xxxiii, 421, 425
321218 (MFA 47.1661): xxviii, 293, 299
3311 (MFA 33.1021): xxx, 42, 310, 330
3312 (MFA 33.1022): xxx, 42, 310, 330
3313 (MFA 33.1023): xxiv, 211, 226227
3314 (MFA 33.1024): xxix, 42, 309, 324
3315 (MFA 33.1025): xxiv, 211, 226227
3316 (MFA 33.1026): xxiv, 211, 226227
3319 (MFA 33.1027): xxiv, 211, 226227
33110 (MFA 33.1028): xxiv, 211, 226228
33111ab (MFA 33.1155.1, 33.1155.2): 211
33112 (MFA 33.1156): xxiv, 211, 226, 228
33114 (MFA 33.1029): xxiv, 211, 226, 228
33115 (MFA 33.1031): xxiv, 211, 226, 228
33116 (MFA 33.1031): xxiv, 211, 226, 228, 230
33117 (MFA 33.1032): xxiv, 211, 229
33118 (MFA 33.1033): xxiv, 211, 229
463
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33119 (MFA 33.1034): xxiv, 211, 230
33120 (MFA 33.1035): xxiv, 211, 230
33121 (MFA 33.1036): xxiv, 211, 230
33122 (MFA 33.1037): xxiv, 211, 230
33124 (MFA 33.1038): xxiv, 212, 230
33125 (MFA 33.1039): xxiv, 212, 230
33127 (MFA 33.1040): xxiv, 212, 231
33130 (MFA Eg.Inv.13034): xxivxxv, 210, 212, 222, 231
33134: xxix, 309, 324
33135 (MFA 33.1044): xxix, 309, 325
33136 (MFA 33.1045): xxix, 309, 325
33137 (MFA 33.1157): 309
33138 (MFA 33.1046): xxix, 309, 325326
33139 (MFA 33.1047): xxix, 309, 325326
33140 (MFA 33.1048): xxix, 309, 325326
33141 (MFA 33.1048): xxix, 309, 325326
33142: xxix, 309, 325326
33144: xxix, 309, 326
33146: xxix, 309, 326
33147+33166 (MFA 33.1053): xxix, 309, 326
33148 (MFA 33.1054): xxix, 309, 327
33150 (MFA 33.1055): xxix, 309, 326327
33151 (MFA 34.48ab): xxix, 310, 327
33152 (MFA 33.1056): xxix, 310, 327
33157 (MFA 33.1057): xxx, 310, 328
33162 (MFA 33.1061): xxx, 310, 328
33163 (MFA 33.1062): xxx, 310, 328
33164 (MFA 33.1063): xxx, 310, 328
33183 (MFA 33.1067): xxxiv, 428, 438
332183: xvi, 50, 58
332184: xvi, 50, 58
332187 (MFA 06.1894): 52, 210
332189: xvi, 50, 58, 71, 124
33420: xxx, 45, 307308, 310, 329, 333
33421 (MFA 33.1016): xxxiv, 33, 427428, 437, 439,
441443, 445
33422 (MFA 33.1017.1, 33.1017.2): xxxivxxxv, 428,
441444, 447449
351250: xxvi, 240, 250
3612: xvi, 50, 55
3613: xvixvii, 50, 56, 65
36122 (MFA 31.780): 152
36123: xxi, 152, 167
3832 (MFA 06.1894): 210
3833 (MFA 06.1894): 210
464
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
33149: xxix, 309, 327
33150: xxix, 309, 326327
33151: xxix, 310, 327
33152: xxix, 310, 327
33157: xxx, 310, 328
33162: xxx, 310, 328
33163: xxx, 310, 328
33164: xxx, 310, 328
33183: xxxiv, 428, 438
332183: xvi, 50, 58
332184: xvi, 50, 58
332187: 52, 210
332189: xvi, 50, 58, 71, 124
33420: xxx, 45, 307308, 310, 329, 333
33421: xxxiv, 33, 427428, 437, 439, 441443, 445
33422: xxxivxxxv, 428, 441444, 447449
351239: 153
351250: xxvi, 240, 250
3612: xvi, 50, 55
3613: xvixvii, 50, 56, 65
3614: xvixvii, 50, 56, 65
3615: xxvi, 32, 240, 242, 250, 319
3629: 153
36122: 152
36123: xxi, 152, 167
3771: 428
3772: xxxiv, 428, 437
3773: xxxiv, 428, 437
3774: xxxiv, 428, 437
3775: xxxiv, 428, 437
3776: xxxiv, 428, 437
3777: xxxiv, 428, 437
3778: xxxiv, 428, 437
3779: xxxiv, 428, 437
37710: xxxiv, 428, 437
37711: xxxiv, 428, 437
37712: xxxiv, 428, 437
37713: 428
3821: xxi, 152, 167, 172
3822: xxi, 151152, 162, 169, 172
3823: xxi, 30, 152153, 155, 167, 172173
3832: 210
3833: 210
38311: xxiv, 210, 225
38316: xxv, 212, 231
38317: xxv, 212, 231
38320: xxviii, 294, 299
Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim
2158: 160
2390: 313
2431: 367
2502: 367
3051: xxviii, 45, 281, 288
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology
and Anthropology, Philadelphia
E13531: xiii, xxii, 155, 177
Museum of Antiquities, Leiden: xlvii
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: iiiiv, xi, xiii, xvxvi, xxixxxi, xxxiiixxxiv,
xxxvii, xxxixxlii, xlvil, liiiliv, 34, 79, 1519, 49, 55, 71, 154155,
158, 160, 167, 172, 176, 178, 201202, 205, 212, 215, 227, 236, 250,
266, 299, 311313, 316, 323325, 327330, 338, 340, 342, 344345,
349, 365, 369, 424425, 431432, 439, 447
Naga-ed-Deir: 431
Napolon: 156, 312
Naqada III: li, 18
National Geographic Society: xliii
necklace: 313
Object Register: xvi, xxi, xxvixxvii, 1718, 51, 58, 153, 167, 172, 210, 266267
sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: xlii
offering-basin: xix, xxi, xxx, 118, 128, 151152, 162, 169, 172, 212, 310, 332
offering bearer: xxii, 76, 78, 80, 152, 157, 183, 309, 314, 316, 372373, 375,
380, 433
offering list/menu list: 314, 368, 375
offerings: 78, 33, 40, 50, 73, 7578, 8082, 117, 120, 122, 153, 156, 158159,
162, 240, 282283, 312, 314316, 371372, 375, 380382
Old Kingdom: xiii, xxxixl, liiiliv, 18, 23, 28, 35, 39, 41, 70, 7375, 7782,
117118, 155156, 159, 161162, 209, 213216, 241, 260, 307, 312313,
317, 370372, 378379, 416, 431
Oppenheim, Adela: 3
Oregon: xiii
Oriental Insitute, University of Chicago: xliii, xlvi, xlviii
orientation: xxv, xlii, liv, 39, 76, 80, 119, 121, 123, 156, 233, 241, 318, 368, 429, 433
oryx: 7475, 7982, 157, 159, 214, 312313, 317, 371
Osiris: xlv, 51, 310
Osman, Abul Hasan: 50
sterreich: xliv, liv, 369
overseer: xliii, 30, 32, 7480, 83, 117, 152, 155158, 160162, 312313, 316318,
379, 381383
Oxford: xii, xxxvii, xxxixxliv, xlviil, 161, 307
paint: xvii, xx, 50, 64, 75, 82, 119, 147, 209, 213, 283, 375, 378
painting: xx, xlvii, xlix, 15, 143, 293
palace: xxxix, xlviii, liii, 16, 30, 3233, 7475, 7778, 83, 121, 158, 162, 317,
373, 379, 382
panel: 3940, 7273, 153, 313, 370
paper: xlii, xlvii, liii, 161
papyrus: xlvxlvi, 7375, 78, 80, 215, 310, 312, 317, 371372, 378380
Paris: xiixiii, xxiixxiii, xxx, xxxvii, xlixliii, xlvixlviii, lli, 3, 19, 156, 180
181, 201, 336
Parisi, Paul: xiii
Pate, Catherine: xi
Peabody Museum: xlvi, 15
Pelizaeus, Wilhelm: liv
Pelizaeus-Museum: xii, xxviii, xlii, xlv, xlvixlviii, liv, 45, 281, 288, 312, 368
Pendlebury, David: xiii
Penmeru: xlix, 75, 153
Pennsylvania: xiii, xxii, xl, xlii, xlvi, xlix, 11, 155, 177, 312
465
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Petrie, W.M. Flinders: xli, xlvii, 3, 28, 119, 214, 307, 311312, 314, 317, 432
pharaoh: xlv, l, 9, 75, 372
Philadelphia: xiixiii, xxii, xl, xlii, xlvi, liii, 18, 155, 177
Photographic Register: 17, 294
photographs: xviiixix, xxii, xxvi, xxxi, liv, 35, 7, 11, 1518, 4950, 52, 72,
94, 96, 98, 100, 103, 106, 110, 112, 114, 120, 152155, 160, 187, 193,
210211, 215, 249, 293, 308, 313, 316, 354, 358, 361, 415, 429430, 432
Piacentini, Patrizia: xlvii, 30, 39, 83, 153, 155, 158, 162, 311, 313, 318, 367368, 382
Picardo, Nicholas: xi, xlvii, 162
Pieke, Gabriele: xlvii, 313
pillar: xixxx, 117122, 135136, 138, 371
Place, Meghan: xi
plaster: xviiixix, xxv, liv, 3, 45, 4950, 72, 79, 8182, 102, 104, 107, 109, 112,
114115, 117, 119120, 151, 160161, 210, 212, 215, 231, 233, 239, 241,
260261, 293294, 307308, 310311, 313, 371, 430
pleat: 78, 378, 380, 433
political systems: xlvii, liii
Polizzotti, Mark: xi
Polz, Daniel: xlvi, xlix
portcullis: xv, xvii, xxiv, xl, 12, 14, 23, 25, 28, 30, 34, 37, 4344, 49, 52, 63, 69,
151, 153155, 209213, 222, 239, 241, 259, 261, 281, 294, 310, 368,
416, 422, 429
portcullis stones: xl, 28, 43
portico: xixxx, 31, 117119, 121, 125, 128, 135, 137138
pose: 7475, 81, 123, 155, 370372, 380, 433
Posener-Kriger, Paule: xlvii, 152, 159, 214, 283, 371
potsherds: 210, 260, 415, 421
pottery: xxiv, xxxiii, xxxixxl, xliii, li, 1718, 50, 71, 211, 222, 226, 260, 415, 419
Prague: xxxvii, xxxixxl, xliiixlix, 44
Priese, Karl-Heinz: xvi, xlvii, liv, 4, 28, 53, 69, 7280, 82
Prunkscheintr: 40
Pulliam, Linda: xi
pygmies: xxxix, xlix, 313
el-Qella: 17
quarry: xxvii, 31, 209, 241, 260261, 275
Queen Hetepheres: xlviii, 52
Quft: 17
Quibell, James: 5
Richardson, Katharine: 3
Rifeh: 119
Rijksmuseum, Leiden: xxxvii
robbers: 154, 210, 241, 310
Roeder, Gnther: xlviii, 72, 80, 281, 312, 368
Roehrig, Catharine: xlvii, 155156
Rogers, Malcolm: xi
Rome: xiii, xxiixxiii, xxxvii, xli, xlviixlix, 3, 39, 154, 157158, 192, 194195, 201
roof, roofing: 3, 36, 49, 51, 69, 71, 117119, 240, 259, 282, 294, 311, 368, 427, 433
Roth, Ann Macy: xlviii, liiiliv, 3, 16, 23, 35, 121, 312, 373, 427, 431
Rousset Bey: 156
Rowe, Earle: 11
Rudenstine, Angelica Zander: xii
466
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Indexes
I. GENERAL
467
GM8.1.indb 467
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Winlaw, Sophie: 23
Winlock, Herbert: l, 283, 371
Winter, Erich: l, 77
Wohlgemuth, E.: 120
wood: xxix, xxxii, xxxiv, 42, 49, 7172, 214, 259261, 308, 310, 327, 392, 398,
421, 428429, 439, 441443, 445
World War I: 15, 369
World War II: 7172
wrappings: xii, xxxivxxxv, 427428, 430432, 441444, 447449
Wreszinski, Walter: 156
X-ray: 212
468
GM8.1.indb 468
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Indexes
Hemaka (Saqqara): xlii, 159, 213, 282, 372, 377, 379, 381
Hemiunu (g4000): xliv, xlvi, 15, 23, 3334, 37, 154, 156, 161, 241, 429
Henutsen (queen): 52
Herib (in g2155): 375, 382
Hernefer (in g2150): 313, 319
Herymeru (in g2155): 372, 379, 382
Hesi (in g2155): 375, 382
Hesi (Saqqara): xlv
Hetep (in g2155): 371, 382
Hetep (in g2155, page, recruit): 379, 383
Hetepheres: xlviii, 16, 18, 52, 240, 432
Hetepsepit (in g2155): 372, 383
Horwer (in g2155): 33, 378, 380, 382
469
GM8.1.indb 469
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Ti (Saqqara): l, 78
Tjenti (g2051): 152, 154
Tjenti (in g2113): xlvi, 154, 159
Tjenti (in g2155, ty mt): 378, 383
Tjenti (in g2155, rp s): 375, 383
Tjenti (in g2155, rt, s): 375, 383
Tjenti (in g2155, s): 380, 383
Tjenti (in g2175): xlvi, 72, 117, 152, 154, 159, 371, 375, 378, 380, 383
Tjenti (g4920): 72, 117, 371
Tjeset (in g2155): 378, 383
Tjetu (g2001): xlix, 9
Uncertain Readings
470
GM8.1.indb 470
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Indexes
471
GM8.1.indb 471
7/22/09 11:04 PM
pstkw (in g2150): xxix, xxxi, 32, 309310, 316, 318, 324, 365
(n)w (in g2155): 381, 383
Uncertain Readings
472
GM8.1.indb 472
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Indexes
m(w) r nbf (r nb), revered under his lord (every day), 156, 162
my-b n nrf, favorite of his god, 314, 318
my-r wpwt, overseer of commissions, 312313, 316318
my-r pr, steward, 79, 155158, 160, 162, 312, 368, 378, 380, 382383
my-r pr-, overseer of the weapons house (armory?), 79, 155158, 160, 162,
312, 368, 378, 380, 382383
my-r pr-, overseer of the treasury, 79, 155158, 160, 162, 312, 368, 378,
380, 382383
my-r prwy-, overseer of the double treasury, 156, 158, 162
my-r pw, overseer of the marshlands, 318
my-r flkrt-nswt nb, overseer of every royal ornamented, 156, 162
my-r s nswt, overseer of royal document scribes, 158, 162
my-r s prw, overseer of regiment scribes, 155, 162
my-[r] s prw, overseer of regiment scribes, 160
my-r s flry- nswt, overseer of scribes of the portfolios of the king, 156,
158, 162
my-r sr, overseer of the bag, 381
my-r srw, overseer of linen, 379, 382
my-r st f(w), overseer of the double storehouse of provisions, 156158,
162
(my)-t , follower of Ha, 382
ry t nswt, royal acquaintance (keeper of the kings property), 30, 80, 83,
162
ry mt, archivist, 378, 383
[rr?] mrr nbf, [who does what] his lord loves, 158, 162
dw, page, 7380, 8283, 240, 315316, 378380, 382383
nb m, possessor of veneration, revered one, 73, 76, 79, 81, 83, 155, 260,
317, 379, 381382
nb m r nbf, possessor of veneration/revered before his lord, 155
nb m (r nr ), possessor of veneration/revered before/under the great
god, 73, 76, 81, 317, 379, 382
nbt m r nr , possessor of veneration/revered before/under the great
god, 83, 121124
nfr, recruit, 51, 73, 77, 120123, 155158, 160, 162, 240, 242, 282, 313, 315317,
319, 369370, 372373, 379383
[nswt-bt], [kingof Upper and Lower Egypt], 367
r P nb, mouth of all the people of Pe, 78, 83
r pyw nbw, mouth of all the people of Pe, 378, 380, 382
r nswt, royal acquaintance, 30, 73, 7678, 80, 83, 152153, 156158, 162, 314,
318319, 378, 380, 382
rt nswt, royal acquaintance, 158, 162, 313314, 316, 319, 381382
rt, baker, 122, 159, 374375, 382383
473
GM8.1.indb 473
7/22/09 11:04 PM
tmty nr w, seal-bearer of the god of the barque, 75, 7879, 8183, 121,
124
tmty nr b nrw, seal-bearer of the god of the (ship) Ba-netjeru, 7380,
8283, 121
tmty nr b nrw, seal-bearer of the god of (the ships) Ba/ab-netjeru,
7380, 8283, 121
tmty nr w, seal-bearer of the god of the fleet, 75, 7879, 8183, 121, 124
tmty nr nb ryt, seal-bearer of the god of the (ship) Neb-rekhyt, 7375,
83
tmty nr dw twy, seal-bearer of the god of the (ship) Duwa-tawy, 73,
7980, 83
flry-b, lector priest, 7677, 80, 83, 216, 367, 380, 382
flry-[b], lector [priest], 7677, 80, 83, 216, 367, 380, 382
flry-b [], lector priest [], 7677, 80, 83, 216, 367, 380, 382
flkrt nswt, royal ornamented, 83, 120124, 158, 318
sf, his son, 7375, 83, 313, 318, 378, 380, 382
sf n fltf, his son of his body, 73, 83, 378, 380, 382
sf smsw, his eldest son, 74, 83, 313
s mtt, son of the north, 380, 382
s nswt, kings son, 31, 7380, 8283, 121, 122, 124, 242, 312313, 318, 372, 375,
378379, 381382
s nswt n fltf, kings son of his body, 7380, 8283, 242, 375, 379, 382
sb nt rw, tally man of the judiciary, 157, 162
stf, his daughter, 74, 83, 121, 124, 317318, 380, 382
stf n fltf, his daughter of his body, 380, 382
sbty nswt, royal instructor, 32, 240, 242
sm, sem priest, 372373, 375, 379382
sm r, stolist of Horus, 375, 379382
smr, companion, 31, 7480, 8283, 121, 124, 242, 312, 314, 316318, 378382
smr wty, sole companion, 31, 79, 83, 121, 124, 242, 312, 316318, 378382
smsw s m pr.wy, elder of the chamber in the double administrations, 318
snwt(y) npw, who belongs to the snwt-utensil of Anubis, 7680, 83
s b nrw, inspector of the (ships) Might of the gods,83, 121, 124
s, scribe, 75, 78, 152, 155158, 160, 162, 210, 213, 312, 318319, 368, 378380,
382383
s nswt, overseer of royal document scribes, 155, 158, 162, 312, 318
s mt, archive scribe, 378, 383
s pr-, scribe of the palace, 156, 158, 162, 312, 368, 379380, 382
s pr mt, library scribe, 312, 368, 379380, 382
s pr ry-wb, scribe of the house of reversion offerings, 156, 162
sm, butcher, 158, 162, 374, 381382
474
GM8.1.indb 474
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Indexes
V. EGYPTIAN WORDS
AND PHRASES
m, cubit, 119
mst, mesit-geese, 81 (instead of st)
mnt, half-month festival, 73. 120
This index is not all inclusive, but lists merely those words discussed
or cited in the text or footnotes. Most common words and titles are
omitted, as are individual entries from the various offering lists.
wg, wag-festival, 77
wp rnpt, new years festival (instead of wpt rnpt), 120
wrs, headrest, 214
wt, wt-priest, 371
475
GM8.1.indb 475
7/22/09 11:04 PM
GM8.1.indb 476
7/22/09 11:04 PM
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100, Part 1
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
Giza Mastabas 3: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and
II, G 711020, 713040, and 7150 and Subsidiary Mastabas of Street 7100. Boston, 1978
Giza Mastabas 2: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Qar and Idu, G 7101
7102. Boston, 1976
Giza Mastabas 1: Dows Dunham and William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of
Queen Mersyankh III, G 75307540. Boston, 1974
Manuelian
Ann Macy Roth. Some Middle-Class Tombs at Giza: G 2061, G20712077, G 2232
2246 and G 25052509
Edward Brovarski. The Mastabas of Hordjedef (G 721020), Babaef (G 731020), an
Anonymous Prince (G 733040), Hetepheres II (G 7350), Horbaef and Meresankh II
(G741020), Minkhaf (G734040), and Ankh-haf (G 7510)
BOSTON
9 780878 467549
Giza Mastabas 8
GM8.1_dustjacket.indd 1
Europe:
Oxbow Books
10 Hythe Bridge Street
Oxford, 0x1 2ew
Phone: +44 (0)1865 241 249
Fax: 01865 794 449
Email: [email protected]
www.oxbowbooks.com
est of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu
laid out scores of mastaba tombs for the elite members of ancient Egyptian
society. Specific clusters of tombs seem to form architectural and archaeological
units, prompting the modern division of the Giza Necropolis into discrete
nucleus cemeteries. This book interprets the complete archaeological record of
the mastabas of Cemetery g2100, one of the six nucleus cemeteries at Giza. As a
key to understanding Old Kingdom mortuary development at Giza, it explores
the distinguishing features of such a grouping of tombs and tomb owners: relative
chronology and individual artistic styles; common administrative titles; possible
familial connections to the king; and the relationship of the earlier, major mastabas
to the subsequent, minor burials surrounding them.
More than a century has elapsed since the fourteen major mastabas and about
sixty-two smaller subsidiary tombs of Cemetery g2100 were first excavated by
the Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Giza under
George A. Reisner (18671942). In addition, the southern edge of Cemetery g2100
fell within the excavation concession granted to the German/Austrian expedition
under Georg Steindorff and then Hermann Junker, on behalf of institutions in
Leipzig, Hildesheim, and Vienna. The author has undertaken a re-examination
of this cemetery. The results incorporate excavations between 1845 and 1940, and
include objects from museums in Berlin, Birmingham, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen,
Hildesheim, Paris, Philadelphia, Rome, and Vienna. Art-historical treasures,
significant artifacts, and unique architectural elements unattested anywhere else at
Giza are set in their proper archaeological context, often for the first time. Examples
include the Boston reserve head of Nefer (mastaba g2110); Nefers chapel reliefs
spread today across three continents; one of the best-preserved and oldest female
mummies (g2220); and two complete chapels removed to EuropeMerib in Berlin
(g2100-1), and KaninisutI in Vienna (g2155). The chapel of Merib, long known
only from C.R. Lepsiuss illustrations from the 1840s, is represented in new color
photography prepared especially for this volume
The book contains historical and interpretive remarks, followed by individual
chapters on the major mastabas. Several detailed 3D computer illustrations
reconstruct unique views of the tombs from above and below ground. Part2 of Giza
Mastabas8 will describe the later, subsidiary structures in Cemetery g2100. Both
volumes enhance the much larger corpus of information available, in undigested form,
on the Museum of Fine Artss Giza Archives Project Web site (www.gizapyramids
.org). The work should prove useful to those investigating Old Kingdom history
and chronology, mortuary architecture, ceramic and faunal remains, inscriptional
material, and art-historical style.
Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g 2110 a (see Chapter 6, figs. 6.39,
6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136
The Author
Peter Der Manuelian received a BA from Harvard University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in
Egyptology from the University of Chicago in 1990. Joining the curatorial staff of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1987, he has been Giza Archives Director there
since 2000. The Giza Archives Project serves as a comprehensive online resource
for all archaeological research at the Pyramids (www.gizapyramids.org). He is the
author of Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II; Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism
of the Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty; and Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis, as well
as several Egyptological childrens books. Since 2000 he has also taught Egyptology
at Tufts University.
Volumes in Preparation
Peter Der Manuelian. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part 2, Subsidiary
Mastabas and Minor Burials
Edward Brovarski. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 2, The Mastabas of Nekhebu
(G2381), Mehu-akhti (G 2375), Other Mastabas of the Senedjemib Complex, and the
Intact Burial of Ptahshepses Impy
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great
Pyramid, and highlighting the mastabas of Cemetery g2100. November 16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.130.23
Jacket design by Peter Der Manuelian and Lauren Thomas
10/13/09 9:45 PM
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100, Part 1
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
Giza Mastabas 3: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and
II, G 711020, 713040, and 7150 and Subsidiary Mastabas of Street 7100. Boston, 1978
Giza Mastabas 2: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Qar and Idu, G 7101
7102. Boston, 1976
Giza Mastabas 1: Dows Dunham and William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of
Queen Mersyankh III, G 75307540. Boston, 1974
Manuelian
Ann Macy Roth. Some Middle-Class Tombs at Giza: G 2061, G20712077, G 2232
2246 and G 25052509
Edward Brovarski. The Mastabas of Hordjedef (G 721020), Babaef (G 731020), an
Anonymous Prince (G 733040), Hetepheres II (G 7350), Horbaef and Meresankh II
(G741020), Minkhaf (G734040), and Ankh-haf (G 7510)
BOSTON
9 780878 467549
Giza Mastabas 8
GM8.1_dustjacket.indd 1
Europe:
Oxbow Books
10 Hythe Bridge Street
Oxford, 0x1 2ew
Phone: +44 (0)1865 241 249
Fax: 01865 794 449
Email: [email protected]
www.oxbowbooks.com
est of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu
laid out scores of mastaba tombs for the elite members of ancient Egyptian
society. Specific clusters of tombs seem to form architectural and archaeological
units, prompting the modern division of the Giza Necropolis into discrete
nucleus cemeteries. This book interprets the complete archaeological record of
the mastabas of Cemetery g2100, one of the six nucleus cemeteries at Giza. As a
key to understanding Old Kingdom mortuary development at Giza, it explores
the distinguishing features of such a grouping of tombs and tomb owners: relative
chronology and individual artistic styles; common administrative titles; possible
familial connections to the king; and the relationship of the earlier, major mastabas
to the subsequent, minor burials surrounding them.
More than a century has elapsed since the fourteen major mastabas and about
sixty-two smaller subsidiary tombs of Cemetery g2100 were first excavated by
the Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Giza under
George A. Reisner (18671942). In addition, the southern edge of Cemetery g2100
fell within the excavation concession granted to the German/Austrian expedition
under Georg Steindorff and then Hermann Junker, on behalf of institutions in
Leipzig, Hildesheim, and Vienna. The author has undertaken a re-examination
of this cemetery. The results incorporate excavations between 1845 and 1940, and
include objects from museums in Berlin, Birmingham, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen,
Hildesheim, Paris, Philadelphia, Rome, and Vienna. Art-historical treasures,
significant artifacts, and unique architectural elements unattested anywhere else at
Giza are set in their proper archaeological context, often for the first time. Examples
include the Boston reserve head of Nefer (mastaba g2110); Nefers chapel reliefs
spread today across three continents; one of the best-preserved and oldest female
mummies (g2220); and two complete chapels removed to EuropeMerib in Berlin
(g2100-1), and KaninisutI in Vienna (g2155). The chapel of Merib, long known
only from C.R. Lepsiuss illustrations from the 1840s, is represented in new color
photography prepared especially for this volume
The book contains historical and interpretive remarks, followed by individual
chapters on the major mastabas. Several detailed 3D computer illustrations
reconstruct unique views of the tombs from above and below ground. Part2 of Giza
Mastabas8 will describe the later, subsidiary structures in Cemetery g2100. Both
volumes enhance the much larger corpus of information available, in undigested form,
on the Museum of Fine Artss Giza Archives Project Web site (www.gizapyramids
.org). The work should prove useful to those investigating Old Kingdom history
and chronology, mortuary architecture, ceramic and faunal remains, inscriptional
material, and art-historical style.
Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g 2110 a (see Chapter 6, figs. 6.39,
6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136
The Author
Peter Der Manuelian received a BA from Harvard University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in
Egyptology from the University of Chicago in 1990. Joining the curatorial staff of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1987, he has been Giza Archives Director there
since 2000. The Giza Archives Project serves as a comprehensive online resource
for all archaeological research at the Pyramids (www.gizapyramids.org). He is the
author of Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II; Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism
of the Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty; and Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis, as well
as several Egyptological childrens books. Since 2000 he has also taught Egyptology
at Tufts University.
Volumes in Preparation
Peter Der Manuelian. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part 2, Subsidiary
Mastabas and Minor Burials
Edward Brovarski. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 2, The Mastabas of Nekhebu
(G2381), Mehu-akhti (G 2375), Other Mastabas of the Senedjemib Complex, and the
Intact Burial of Ptahshepses Impy
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great
Pyramid, and highlighting the mastabas of Cemetery g2100. November 16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.130.23
Jacket design by Peter Der Manuelian and Lauren Thomas
10/13/09 9:45 PM
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100, Part 1
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
Giza Mastabas 3: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and
II, G 711020, 713040, and 7150 and Subsidiary Mastabas of Street 7100. Boston, 1978
Giza Mastabas 2: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Qar and Idu, G 7101
7102. Boston, 1976
Giza Mastabas 1: Dows Dunham and William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of
Queen Mersyankh III, G 75307540. Boston, 1974
Manuelian
Ann Macy Roth. Some Middle-Class Tombs at Giza: G 2061, G20712077, G 2232
2246 and G 25052509
Edward Brovarski. The Mastabas of Hordjedef (G 721020), Babaef (G 731020), an
Anonymous Prince (G 733040), Hetepheres II (G 7350), Horbaef and Meresankh II
(G741020), Minkhaf (G734040), and Ankh-haf (G 7510)
BOSTON
9 780878 467549
Giza Mastabas 8
GM8.1_dustjacket.indd 1
Europe:
Oxbow Books
10 Hythe Bridge Street
Oxford, 0x1 2ew
Phone: +44 (0)1865 241 249
Fax: 01865 794 449
Email: [email protected]
www.oxbowbooks.com
est of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu
laid out scores of mastaba tombs for the elite members of ancient Egyptian
society. Specific clusters of tombs seem to form architectural and archaeological
units, prompting the modern division of the Giza Necropolis into discrete
nucleus cemeteries. This book interprets the complete archaeological record of
the mastabas of Cemetery g2100, one of the six nucleus cemeteries at Giza. As a
key to understanding Old Kingdom mortuary development at Giza, it explores
the distinguishing features of such a grouping of tombs and tomb owners: relative
chronology and individual artistic styles; common administrative titles; possible
familial connections to the king; and the relationship of the earlier, major mastabas
to the subsequent, minor burials surrounding them.
More than a century has elapsed since the fourteen major mastabas and about
sixty-two smaller subsidiary tombs of Cemetery g2100 were first excavated by
the Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Giza under
George A. Reisner (18671942). In addition, the southern edge of Cemetery g2100
fell within the excavation concession granted to the German/Austrian expedition
under Georg Steindorff and then Hermann Junker, on behalf of institutions in
Leipzig, Hildesheim, and Vienna. The author has undertaken a re-examination
of this cemetery. The results incorporate excavations between 1845 and 1940, and
include objects from museums in Berlin, Birmingham, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen,
Hildesheim, Paris, Philadelphia, Rome, and Vienna. Art-historical treasures,
significant artifacts, and unique architectural elements unattested anywhere else at
Giza are set in their proper archaeological context, often for the first time. Examples
include the Boston reserve head of Nefer (mastaba g2110); Nefers chapel reliefs
spread today across three continents; one of the best-preserved and oldest female
mummies (g2220); and two complete chapels removed to EuropeMerib in Berlin
(g2100-1), and KaninisutI in Vienna (g2155). The chapel of Merib, long known
only from C.R. Lepsiuss illustrations from the 1840s, is represented in new color
photography prepared especially for this volume
The book contains historical and interpretive remarks, followed by individual
chapters on the major mastabas. Several detailed 3D computer illustrations
reconstruct unique views of the tombs from above and below ground. Part2 of Giza
Mastabas8 will describe the later, subsidiary structures in Cemetery g2100. Both
volumes enhance the much larger corpus of information available, in undigested form,
on the Museum of Fine Artss Giza Archives Project Web site (www.gizapyramids
.org). The work should prove useful to those investigating Old Kingdom history
and chronology, mortuary architecture, ceramic and faunal remains, inscriptional
material, and art-historical style.
Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g 2110 a (see Chapter 6, figs. 6.39,
6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136
The Author
Peter Der Manuelian received a BA from Harvard University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in
Egyptology from the University of Chicago in 1990. Joining the curatorial staff of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1987, he has been Giza Archives Director there
since 2000. The Giza Archives Project serves as a comprehensive online resource
for all archaeological research at the Pyramids (www.gizapyramids.org). He is the
author of Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II; Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism
of the Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty; and Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis, as well
as several Egyptological childrens books. Since 2000 he has also taught Egyptology
at Tufts University.
Volumes in Preparation
Peter Der Manuelian. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part 2, Subsidiary
Mastabas and Minor Burials
Edward Brovarski. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 2, The Mastabas of Nekhebu
(G2381), Mehu-akhti (G 2375), Other Mastabas of the Senedjemib Complex, and the
Intact Burial of Ptahshepses Impy
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great
Pyramid, and highlighting the mastabas of Cemetery g2100. November 16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.130.23
Jacket design by Peter Der Manuelian and Lauren Thomas
10/13/09 9:45 PM
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100, Part 1
Giza Mastabas
Volume 8
Edited by
Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson
Mastabas of Nucleus
Cemetery g 2100
Part 1: Major Mastabas g 21002220
Giza Mastabas 3: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and
II, G 711020, 713040, and 7150 and Subsidiary Mastabas of Street 7100. Boston, 1978
Giza Mastabas 2: William Kelly Simpson, The Mastabas of Qar and Idu, G 7101
7102. Boston, 1976
Giza Mastabas 1: Dows Dunham and William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of
Queen Mersyankh III, G 75307540. Boston, 1974
Manuelian
Ann Macy Roth. Some Middle-Class Tombs at Giza: G 2061, G20712077, G 2232
2246 and G 25052509
Edward Brovarski. The Mastabas of Hordjedef (G 721020), Babaef (G 731020), an
Anonymous Prince (G 733040), Hetepheres II (G 7350), Horbaef and Meresankh II
(G741020), Minkhaf (G734040), and Ankh-haf (G 7510)
BOSTON
9 780878 467549
Giza Mastabas 8
GM8.1_dustjacket.indd 1
Europe:
Oxbow Books
10 Hythe Bridge Street
Oxford, 0x1 2ew
Phone: +44 (0)1865 241 249
Fax: 01865 794 449
Email: [email protected]
www.oxbowbooks.com
est of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu
laid out scores of mastaba tombs for the elite members of ancient Egyptian
society. Specific clusters of tombs seem to form architectural and archaeological
units, prompting the modern division of the Giza Necropolis into discrete
nucleus cemeteries. This book interprets the complete archaeological record of
the mastabas of Cemetery g2100, one of the six nucleus cemeteries at Giza. As a
key to understanding Old Kingdom mortuary development at Giza, it explores
the distinguishing features of such a grouping of tombs and tomb owners: relative
chronology and individual artistic styles; common administrative titles; possible
familial connections to the king; and the relationship of the earlier, major mastabas
to the subsequent, minor burials surrounding them.
More than a century has elapsed since the fourteen major mastabas and about
sixty-two smaller subsidiary tombs of Cemetery g2100 were first excavated by
the Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Giza under
George A. Reisner (18671942). In addition, the southern edge of Cemetery g2100
fell within the excavation concession granted to the German/Austrian expedition
under Georg Steindorff and then Hermann Junker, on behalf of institutions in
Leipzig, Hildesheim, and Vienna. The author has undertaken a re-examination
of this cemetery. The results incorporate excavations between 1845 and 1940, and
include objects from museums in Berlin, Birmingham, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen,
Hildesheim, Paris, Philadelphia, Rome, and Vienna. Art-historical treasures,
significant artifacts, and unique architectural elements unattested anywhere else at
Giza are set in their proper archaeological context, often for the first time. Examples
include the Boston reserve head of Nefer (mastaba g2110); Nefers chapel reliefs
spread today across three continents; one of the best-preserved and oldest female
mummies (g2220); and two complete chapels removed to EuropeMerib in Berlin
(g2100-1), and KaninisutI in Vienna (g2155). The chapel of Merib, long known
only from C.R. Lepsiuss illustrations from the 1840s, is represented in new color
photography prepared especially for this volume
The book contains historical and interpretive remarks, followed by individual
chapters on the major mastabas. Several detailed 3D computer illustrations
reconstruct unique views of the tombs from above and below ground. Part2 of Giza
Mastabas8 will describe the later, subsidiary structures in Cemetery g2100. Both
volumes enhance the much larger corpus of information available, in undigested form,
on the Museum of Fine Artss Giza Archives Project Web site (www.gizapyramids
.org). The work should prove useful to those investigating Old Kingdom history
and chronology, mortuary architecture, ceramic and faunal remains, inscriptional
material, and art-historical style.
Front jacket illustration: MFA 06.1886, reserve head of Nefer from g 2110 a (see Chapter 6, figs. 6.39,
6.906.100). Museum of Fine Arts, sc62136
The Author
Peter Der Manuelian received a BA from Harvard University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in
Egyptology from the University of Chicago in 1990. Joining the curatorial staff of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1987, he has been Giza Archives Director there
since 2000. The Giza Archives Project serves as a comprehensive online resource
for all archaeological research at the Pyramids (www.gizapyramids.org). He is the
author of Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II; Living in the Past: Studies in Archaism
of the Egyptian Twenty-sixth Dynasty; and Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis, as well
as several Egyptological childrens books. Since 2000 he has also taught Egyptology
at Tufts University.
Volumes in Preparation
Peter Der Manuelian. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part 2, Subsidiary
Mastabas and Minor Burials
Edward Brovarski. The Senedjemib Complex, Part 2, The Mastabas of Nekhebu
(G2381), Mehu-akhti (G 2375), Other Mastabas of the Senedjemib Complex, and the
Intact Burial of Ptahshepses Impy
Back jacket illustration: The Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great
Pyramid, and highlighting the mastabas of Cemetery g2100. November 16, 1993. Peter Der Manuelian,
pdm_1993.130.23
Jacket design by Peter Der Manuelian and Lauren Thomas
10/13/09 9:45 PM