Spring

FC-10 end
Technical Data
Excerpt from JIS B 2704(1999)
1.3.3
Symbols used in Spring design formulae are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Meaning of Symbols
Symbol
Meaning of Symbols
Unit
Diameter of Material
mm
D1
Inner Diameter of a Coil
mm
D2
Outer Diameter of a Coil
mm
Coil Mean Diameter=
Nt
Total Number of Coils
1.2 Basic Formulae for Designing of Springs

1.2.1 Compression springs, and tension springs without initial tension
D1+D2
2
mm
-
8N a D3P
EEEE( 1 )
Gd 4
P
Gd 4
k = =
EEE( 2 )
8N a D3
0=
8 DP
Qd3
0=
Gd
EEEE( 4 )
QN a D 2
EEEEE( 3 )
Na
Number of Active Coils
Free Height(Length)
mm
Hs
Solid Length
mm
0=
Pitch
mm
Pi
Initial Tension
N{kgf}
Spring Index
Shear Modulus of Elasticity
Load on Spring
N a=
P k 2
U =
=
EEEEE( 8 )
2
2
0=
8DP
Qd 3
)
EEEEE( 3V
Gd
)
+ i EE( 4V
QN a D 2
)
= 0 EEEEEEEE( 5V
d =3
Gd 4
Gd 4
)
E( 7V
=
8D 3 ( P-P i )
8 D3 k
( P+P i )
)
U =
EEEEE( 8V
2
N a=
N{kgf}
Spring Deflection
mm
Spring Constant
N/mm{kgf/mm}
Torsional Stress
N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }
Corrected Torsional Stress
N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }
Initial Stress
N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }
G Value N/E(kgf/E)
Code
Spring Steel
78M10 3 {8M10 3 }
SUP6,7,9,9A,10,
11A,12,13
Hard Steel Wire
78M10 3 {8M10 3 }
SW-B,SW-C
78M10 3 {8M10 3 }
SWP
Frequency
Hz
Oil Tempered Steel Wire
78M10 3 {8M10 3 }
SWO,SWO-V,SWOC-V,
SWOSC-V,SWOSM,SWOSC-B
Spring-Retained
NCmm{kgfCmm}
N/mm 3 {kgf/mm 3 }
Per Unit Volume Material Weight

Weight of Moving Parts
N{kgf}
Gravitational Acceleration
mm/s 2
(1)
Note:(1)In spring calculations, a gravitational acceleration of 9806.65 mm/s is used.

2
SUS 302
SUS 302
SUS 304
SUS 304
Stainless Steel Wire SUS 304N1
69M10 3 {7M10 3 }
SUS 316
SUS 631 J1 74M10 3 {7.5M10 3 }
SUS 631 J1
1.3.2 Number of Active Coils
The number of active spring coils

can be determined as follows.
D2
P
N a=N t-(X 1+X 2)

Where X1 and X2 are the number of turns at each end of the coil.
(a)When only the end of the coil is in contact with the next free coil
corresponding to (a) - (c) in Fig. 2
X1=X2= 1
therefore N a=N t-2
(b)When the end of the coil is not in contact with the next coil, and the
3
spring end has 4 of a turn corresponding to (e) and (f) in Fig. 2
D1
D
Note:L=NaCP+1.5d
D2
X1=X 2=0.75
therefore N a=N t-1.5
(2) Tension Springs the number of active coils can be determined as follows.
Hooks are ignored.
D1
Note:L=NaCd+2(D2-2d)
N a=N t
Note:
Solid Height
where d max is the material diameter with the maximum tolerance.
(a)
Closed End
(Non-Ground)
(b)
Closed End
(Ground)
(c)
Closed End
(Tapered)
(d)
Open End(Non-Ground)
(e)
Open End
(Ground)
(f)
Open End
(Tapered)
(g)
(h) Tangent Tail End(Non-Ground)

Open End with a 3/4 Turn(Non-Ground)
In place of Figure 3, the following empirical formula can be used to

establish the initial stress for springs before low-temperature annealing.
G
i=
100 c
Shown below are examples of applications of this formula to obtain the initial tension.
(1) Piano Wire / Hard Steel Wire G=78M10 3N/mm 2 {8M10 3 kgf/mm 2 }
G
Initial Stress
M0.75(0.75 by 25% reduction by low-temperature annealing.)
i=
100 c
Gd 4
d3
229 d 4 24 d 4
P i=
Initial Tension
M0.75 = 2
i=
8D
255 D 2
D2
D
(2) Stainless Steel Wire
G=69M10 3 N/mm 2 {7M10 3 kgf/mm 2 }
G
Initial Stress
M0.8(0.8 by 20% reduction by low-temperature annealing.)
i=
100 c
d3
Gd 4
216 d 4 22 d 4
P i=
i=
Initial Tension
M0.8 = 2
8D
255 D 2
D2
D
1.3.6
Fig. 2: Coil End Shape
Surging
In order to prevent surging, the spring selected should be such that its natural frequency
does not resonate with any of the external frequencies that may act upon the spring.The
natural frequency of a spring can be obtained using the following formula.
kg
70 d
G
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(13)
f =a
=a
N aD 2
W
Where:
i
when both spring ends are either free or fixed: a=
2
2 i-1
a=
:when one spring end is fixed while the other end is free i=1,2,3 E
4
On steel wire:
G = 78M103N/mm2{8M103kgf/mm2},
w= 76.93M10-6N/mm3{7.85M10-6kgf/mm3}
If both spring ends are either free or fixed, the natural primary frequency of
a spring can be obtained as follows.
f 1 =3.56M10 5
1.3.7
(1) Compression Springs
1579
(1)
(2)
1.1
SUS 304N1
SUS 316
D
d
When using stainless steel wire, decrease the initial stress value for steel wire by 15%.
If the spring is low-temperature annealed after being formed, decrease the value by 20-35%
for springs made of piano wire, hard steel wire, or other steel wires, and by 15-25% for
springs made of stainless steel wire.
Spring Index c =
1.2
As for those compression springs, both ends of which are shaped as shown
in (b), (c), (e) or (f) of Figure 2 and for which the solid height needs to be
established, the following formula can be used to obtain the maximum solid
height. However, the actual maximum solid height can be greater than the
value thus calculated depending on the shape of the spring in question.
H s=N t Md max EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(11)
recommended for the designing of springs.
220
(20)
200
(18)
180
(16)
160
(14)
140
(12)
120
i
(10) (kgf/mm 2 )
100
(
)
8
80
(6)
60
(4)
40
(2)
20
(0)
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1.3
H s=( N t -1) d +( t 1+t 2 )EEEEEEEEEEEEE(10)

where(t1 + t2)is the sum of the thicknesses of the coil ends.
Table 2. Shear modulus of elasticity(G)

Material
Fig. 3: Initial Stress: i (Spring formed from steel coil, not low-temperature annealed)
N/ mm2
1.4
The solid height of a spring can normally be obtained using the following simplified formula.
Generally, the purchaser of a compression spring does not specify the solid height of the spring.
1.3 Points to Note when Designing Springs

1.3.1 Shear Modulus of Elasticity Shear moduli of elasticity (G) listed in Table 2 are
Piano Wire
1.3.4
N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }
1.5
1.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D
Spring Index c =
d
8DP
8 DP
)
=3
EE( 6V
Q0
Q
1.6
Gd 4 Gd 4
=
EEEE( 7 )
8D 3 P 8D 3 k
Stress Correction Factor
Fig. 1: Stress Correction Factor:
8 DP
8 DP
=3
EE( 6 )
Q0
Q
1.2.2 Tension Springs with Initial Tension(P>Pi)

8N a D 3 ( P-P i )
)
E( 1V
Gd 4
4
P-P i
Gd
=
)
k =
E( 2V
8N a D 3
D
c=
d
= 0 EEEEEEEE( 5 )
d =3

The stress correction factor relative to the spring index (c) can be
determined using the following formula or based on Fig. 1.
4 c -1 0.615
=
+
EEEEEEEEEEEE( 9 )
4 c -4
c
1. Calculations
1.1 Quantities Used in Spring Design Formulae
i Initial Stress
Spring Calculations
d
)
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(13V
N aD 2
Other Points to Note
In spring design calculations, the following points should also be taken into account.
(i)
Pig Tail End

(Non-Ground)
1.3.5
Initial Tension of Tension Springs

Cold-formed solid-coiled tension springs are subjected to initial tension(Pi),
which can be obtained using the following formula.
d3
i EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(12)
8D
On solid-coiled piano wire, hard steel wire, and other steel wires that are not
low-temperature annealed, the initial stress i occurs within the hatched range
shown in Figure 3. However, if materials other than steel wire are used, or the
wire in question is low-temperature annealed, the initial stress taken from
within the hatched range in Figure 3 should be corrected as follows.
P i=
(1) Spring Index Excessive local stress can result from too small spring index.
Processibility is compromised if the spring index is too great or small. The spring index
should be selected from the range of 4 - 15 when hot forming, and from the range of 4 22 when cold forming.
(2) Slenderness Ratio In order to ensure the correct number of active coils, the slenderness ratio
for a compression spring (ratio of free height to coil mean diameter) should be 0.8 or greater. Furthermore, it is
generally recommended that the slenderness ratio be selected from the range of 0.8 - 4 to prevent buckling.
(3) Number of Active Coils The number of active coils should be 3 or more
in order to stabilize spring characteristics.
(4) Pitch Generally, when the pitch exceeds 5D, the spring deflection (load) increases to the
extent that the coil diameter changes. This requires correction of the deflection and torsional stress
values obtained by the basic formulae. Therefore, the pitch should be 0.5D or smaller. The pitch can
generally be estimated using the following simplified formula.
p=
L-H
Na
+d EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(14)
1580

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FC-10 end

Excerpt from JIS B 2704(1999)

Symbols used in Spring design formulae are shown in Table 1.

Inner Diameter of a Coil

Outer Diameter of a Coil

Coil Mean Diameter=

Total Number of Coils

1.2 Basic Formulae for Designing of Springs

Number of Active Coils

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

Corrected Torsional Stress

Hard Steel Wire

Oil Tempered Steel Wire

Per Unit Volume Material Weight

Note:(1)In spring calculations, a gravitational acceleration of 9806.65 mm/s is used.

Stainless Steel Wire SUS 304N1

SUS 631 J1 74M10 3 {7.5M10 3 }

1.3.2 Number of Active Coils

The number of active spring coils

N a=N t-(X 1+X 2)

where d max is the material diameter with the maximum tolerance.

(h) Tangent Tail End(Non-Ground)

In place of Figure 3, the following empirical formula can be used to

(1) Compression Springs

recommended for the designing of springs.

H s=( N t -1) d +( t 1+t 2 )EEEEEEEEEEEEE(10)

Table 2. Shear modulus of elasticity(G)

1.3 Points to Note when Designing Springs

Stress Correction Factor

Fig. 1: Stress Correction Factor:

1.2.2 Tension Springs with Initial Tension(P>Pi)

Stress Correction Factor

Stress Correction Factor

Other Points to Note

Pig Tail End

Initial Tension of Tension Springs

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