Adhik Maas Calculation

PBO NUMBER: 012 473
NPO NUMBER: 930 01120
SHRI LUXMI NARAYAN SANDESH

ADHIK MAAS
In Sanathan Dharma the lunar calendar is followed. This lunar calendar operates
differently from the solar calendar, which we are all familiar with. In August/September
2012, we will have an ADHIK MAAS. We foresee many questions, doubts and queries from
the followers of the Hindu Dharma. We will therefore make an attempt in this article to
explain as clearly as possible the difference between the lunar and solar calendars, as well as
dispel our ignorance and doubts over the issue of Adhik Maas.
Prof Pandurang Vaman Kane (1974:662) informs us that Indians have been following
the luni-solar calendar from ancient times, in the same way that the Babylonians, Chaldeans,
Jews and the Chinese have been. The complication with regard to the calendar arises as a
result of the difference between a solar and lunar year. The solar year is made up of 365 days
and about 15 minutes, while the lunar year is made up of 354 days. Thus both the solar and
lunar years have gaps of 11 days, 1 hour, 12 minutes and 48 seconds. (Shastri, 2001:2). So
like the other ancient nations mentioned earlier, Indians (followers of Hindu Dharma)
resorted to the device of Adhik Maas, or extra lunar month or intercalary month.
The gap between solar and lunar year is dealt with by the addition of a 13th month in
the year. However, this 13th month, referred to by names such as Adhik Maas, Malamaas,
Samsarpa, Amhaspati or Puroshotamamaas, occurs every 2 years, 8 months, 16 days and 96
minutes. (Vasishta Siddhaanta and Jyotish Sastrasopana). Astrologically, Adhik Maas is a
lunar month in which no SURYASANKRANTI takes place. Suryasankranti is the entry of
the sun into a zodiac sign (rasi).
The intercalary month or Adhik Maas has been condemned from ancient times.
According to the Taittiriya Samhita (Kane, 1974: 67) the 13th month is called Samsarpa or
Amhaspati. The word amhas means sin in the Rg Veda. It is called Adhik Maas because it is
an additional month. It is named Malamaas because this month is as it were the dirt or refuse
of time.
Astrologically the 13th month is considered to be inauspicious. Indeed, even in
western countries the number 13 is supposed to be unlucky. According to SS Shastri
(2001:4), auspicious actions and other works of great importance are generally avoided in the
13th month. In particular, the performance of special Vratas (like Satyanarain Katha, Durga
Sapthashati, Luxmi Vrata), upanayan, wedding, entering into a new house (Griha Pravesh),
commencement of a new building and mundan (shaving of hair of a new born baby) should
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be avoided during Adhik Maas. Dharma Sindhu and History of Dharma Shastra also support
this.
Performance of daily routine prayer, Japa (repetition of the Lords name), reading of
scriptures, attending sathsangh, ceremonies relating to birth (like Chatti) and death
(Shraddha) should continue. Prof Kane (1974) asserts that one should continue with acts
prescribed on certain occasions. Hence one should continue with the performance of funerary
rites after a relatives death. As a general rule, one should perform obligatory acts in an
intercalary month and no kaamya rite (a rite performed for securing some object or result) is
to be performed in Adhik Maas.
Adhik Maas is said to be the month of Vishnu. Each month in the Hindu calendar has
a particular deity attached to it. Since Adhik Maas is the 13th month in the year and there was
no deity to assign to it, Lord Vishnu decided to attach himself to this month. This is why the
13th month is also referred to as Puroshotamamaas (Vishnu being called Puroshotama). Hence
it is highly recommended that recitation of Srimad Bhagwad Purana and Bhagwad Gita be
conducted during this month.
Even though many sankalps (resolutions) in our poojas include as an end to be
achieved both fulfilment of material desires as well as attaining vaikuntha or golok, mankind
runs the danger of becoming power drunk and ultimately sinful by obsessing over karma
kaand rituals. Mankind runs the danger of placing too much emphasis on material
satisfaction. However, for the devotee of the Lord, there is no greater and better month to
aspire for liberation than the adhikmaas. Sri Krishna has renamed this month as
Puroshotamamaas especially for aspiring devotees. Sri Krishna has offered a special
concession for entry into golok during adhikmaas/ Puroshotamamaas. Simply by observing
vrath, doing daily pooja, reading of Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, chanting of holy names,
attending daily sathsangh as well as disengaging the mind from unnecessary material
thoughts offers the devotee as easier passage to golok. Hence mankind is given an
opportunity once every 27 to 36 months to de-stress by disengaging from material activities
and engaging in activities that offer them ultimate bliss.
The issue of Adhik Maas has only recently been exposed to the Hindu public in South
Africa. One could cite several reasons as to why this issue was not made public previously.
However, Adhik Maas exists, and has existed for centuries. The dos and donts of Adhik
Maas have been presented in this article. We leave it to the reader to decide what her
appropriate action should be, as in Sanathan Dharma we take our cue from Bhagwan Sri
Krishna who after presenting the Bhagwad Gita philosophy to Arjuna, left the final decision
to Arjuna himself whether he should fight or not.
PBO NUMBER: 012 473
Summary of allowed and prohibited acts during adhikmaas

As a general rule all Naimittika (occasional pooja) and Kaamya acts (poojas performed with a
definite material aim in mind) are prohibited. In our local context this prohibition will apply
to the following poojas:
Performance of sathyanarayan katha once a year
Entry into another house for residing purposes
Shaving of hair of a new born child (mundan)
Upanayan
Vivaha
Thirtha yatra
Murti staapna
Buying a new car
Anna praashan
Naamkaran sanskaars
Granting or accepti8ng deeksha
Commencement of house buildings/extensions
The following acts/poojas are allowed in adhikmaas:
Garbhadaan Sanskar
Punsavan Sanskaar
Seemanth unnayan Sanskar
Daily pooja
Attending sathsangh
Poojas that are governed by definite time parameters or poojas that have to be performed
according to natural time constraints or having to be compulsorily performed to avert life
threatening events are not prohibited
Important Terminology
Sankranti
Transition/passing of sun from one zodiac sign to another.
Adhimaas/Adhikmaas
That month when the sun does not pass through a zodiac sign. The frequency of adhikmaas is
once every 27 to 36 months.
Kshaymaas
That month when sun passes through 2 zodiac signs. The frequency of kshaymaas is once
every 141 years. The last one was in 1983 and the next one will be in 2124.
Nitya Karma
Daily pooja
Naimittika Karma
Occasional pooja
Kaamya Karma
Poojas performed with a definite material aim in mind.
Prayaschit Karma
Poojas performed as a penance to atone for sins.
3
PBO NUMBER: 012 473
Bibliography
Acharya Satyam Sharma Shastri 2001. Adhik Mass (Extra Lunar Month). MontagneBlanche Village, Mauritius.
Dharma Sindhu Khemraj Shrikrishnadas, Shri Venkateshwar Press, Mumbai
Pandurang Vaman Kane 1974. History of Dharmasastra Bhandarkar Oriental Research
Institute, Poona
Kalyaan, Vrathparvotsav-ank
Garuda Purana
Bhavishya Purana

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PBO NUMBER: 012 473

NPO NUMBER: 930 01120

SHRI LUXMI NARAYAN SANDESH

PBO NUMBER: 012 473

NPO NUMBER: 930 01120

PBO NUMBER: 012 473

NPO NUMBER: 930 01120

Summary of allowed and prohibited acts during adhikmaas

PBO NUMBER: 012 473

NPO NUMBER: 930 01120

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