Diagnosing No-Starts

on Some 740/940 Volvos

Like those similar to my . . .

1987 740 Volvo, with B230FT engine and Bosch LH-Jetronic 2.2 Fuel Injection System

FREE!
A mess!

Pay $6 only if it helps!

(Hows that for a
satisfaction guarantee?)

. . . from chasing after red

herrings when my car died.
Learn from my mistakes!

Use this step-by-step guide to

track down the most likely suspects
for no-starts on some

740/940 Volvo models

2008 by Frederick Su
All rights reserved
A bytewrite LLC publication

740/940 No-Start Flow Chart

(mainly B230FT, LH-Jetronic 2.2)

1.
Yes

battery, starter,
ignition circuit fine?

2.
Yes

got gas? fuse 1 ok?

3.
Yes

does camshaft
rotate?

4.
Yes

No
replace battery, starter,
or fix ignition fault

REPLACE
TIMING
BELT

5b.

Push in main pump Yes

feed wires at ignition
Start. Engine run?
No

No

12 volts at main Yes

fuel pump?

6. test f.i. relay

EM1 and EM2 No

close at
ignition Start?
Yes

to # 17 on ECU

ensure good
electrical
connection
Yes

4a.

fix broken connection

REPLACE
CAOS

Check continuity
from 86/2" to #14
on A-Connector

trace backwards
in circuit

REPLACE
FUEL
INJECTION
RELAY

No Spark

REPLACE
MAIN FUEL
PUMP

No

jumper between
Yes
30" and 87/2";
whir at main fuel
pump?
No

Nonturbo

12 volts at
junction 30"?
Yes

6b.
Turbo

Continuity
No
btwn 2 blk
wires of CAOS?
Yes
Yes Continuity btwn No
CAOS & 86/2"?

No

No
direct feed
to main fuel
pump; whir?

6a.

jiggle relay;
start?
Yes
clean f.i.
relay
junctions;
ensure good
connections

test continuity
btwn CAOS &
#14 on A-connector

check connection
at 87/2" or find broken
wire between 87/2"
and main fuel pump

No

fill tank or
replace fuse

No

No

ignition coil spark?

Yes

Remove fuse 11.

fuel out of fuel rail?

5a.

No

[read accompanying text of how-to article;

follow safety precautions!]

Quick Tests:

electrical

5.
fuel

7.

???

check injection
components under hood
with ignition On

No

Yes

0 volts on
output + lead.
12 volts on
input end?

REPLACE
F.I.
COMPONENT

Ign = Ignition
f.i. = fuel injection
CAOS = Charge Air Overpressure Switch
IECU = ignition electronic control unit
ECU = fuel system electronic control unit
???= end of my expertise

Keep going
until fault
is found

Involved Tests:

F
u
e
l
I
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n

2008 by Frederick Su. All rights reserved. A bytewrite LLC publication.

to #20 on ECU

???

No-Start Flow Chart 5

This guide is a best-faith effort provided by someone who is not a professional mechanic. Users assume
all risks and liabilities, including material damage and costs that may be caused by incorrect information
and injury and/or death caused by not following safety precautions. Use of this article is an agreement
that parties shall hold harmless the author and bytewrite LLC. Observe all safety precautions!

here are many possible causes for a no-start. While not exhaustive, this manual covers the most likely suspects
right up to the fuel system Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and ignition Electronic Control Unit (IECU), where my
expertise ends. Having chased red herrings (and needlessly spent money) as a do-it-yourselfer, I now adhere to
the motto: Be informed. Check twice, buy once.
Diagnosis is done without the use of fault codes or an oscilloscope.
How so? In the end, a computer delivers certain voltage or current
values to components under certain conditions, and a lot can be
discerned by testing for those end results.

Figure 1. Test for spark. Pull coil high tension

wire from distributor. Use plastic grip to hold
end 1/8 from metal on engine block while an
assistant cranks engine. Dont overdo cranking.

My Volvo is a 1987 740 turbo, B230FT, L-H Jetronic 2.2. So, instructions are mainly for this model, but advice here may help you
with other models and variations. Exceptional wiring diagrams are
available for different fuel injection and ignition systems at www.
autoelectric.ru/auto/volvo/740/1989/740-89.htm for the 740 and
http://www.autoelectric.ru/auto/volvo/940/1993/940-93.htm for
the 940.
ground

A dead engine has three

possible culprits: mechanical,
electrical, or fuel.

1. No or little noise on ignition Start (engine does not turn over or crank)
or grinding screech. Check for 12 volts DC at battery terminals (note: a faulty battery will quickly drop to 9-10 volts when under load). Also clean battery cable ends
and battery posts. Other possibilities are the starter solenoid and starter (grinding
screech) and ignition switch and circuit.

2. Engine cranks but doesnt run on ignition Startthe symptom for all
following tests. Be sure you have gas (and not water; I once had that problem!).
Then check that fuse 1 (main fuel pump and fuel injection system) is intact.

3. Mechanical. Check timing belt. Lift oil filler cap to view overhead camshaft
while an assistant cranks engine. If camshaft rotates, the timing belt is fine. If the
camshaft doesnt rotate, your timing belt is likely broken.

4. Electrical. Pull the coil high tension wire from the distributor and hold its end
about 1/8 from metal on the engine block (Figure 1). (Danger! Use a plastic grip
or tongs, never insulated metal pliers or your bare hand! Perform test in dry
environment.) With someone cranking the engine for 2-3 seconds, check for good
spark. (Dont overdo cranking, as some manuals warn it could damage sensitive
electronics.) If no spark, go to Step 4a. If good spark is present, go to Step 5a.

Center
Post

Figure 2. Check for 12 volts DC

between 15 terminal on ignition coil and ground with ignition On. (Ground is sanded
bare metal on hood hinge.) 12
volts between 1 and ground
implies that the primary winding is fine. Inset: Shows ignition
coil leads and center post (high
tension wire = secondary winding) to the distributor.

4a. No spark. In olden days, no spark from the ignition coil usually meant it was faulty or the coil primary contacts
1 and 15 were corroded. These days, other possible culprits include the Hall sensor or Power Stageand they
cannot be discounted. (Parts suppliers also call the Power Stage an igniter, ignition amplifier, etc.) With ignition
3

Sidebar 1: Notes, Hints, and Observations

For purposes of this guide, the key in the || position of the ignition switch means ignition
On or ignition Run. The key in the ||| position is ignition Start.
An old battery (>5 yrs) may give spurious results because it quickly runs down in tests.
Recharge as necessary. Subsequently, if it fails to hold charge, replace it.
The diode tester (beep mode) on a digital multimeter is great for continuity tests, but it cannot discern
a short circuit (~0.1 ohms)use lowest ohmmeter setting, instead. Also, digital multimeters have different resistance ranges over which they will beep for continuity checks. For instance, my old Fluke 73
Series multimeter beeps for resistances < 210 s; my Cen Tech model beeps for resistances < 60 s.
Realize that a probable cause for a no-start may be a broken wire, which can be confirmed by a null continuity test. Breaks are more likely within the engine wiring harnesswhich is exposed to oil, heat, and
in some cases, chafingrather than, for instance, wiring in the passenger compartment. Continuity and
resistance tests are run with the key out of the ignition.
Doublecheck multimeter leads are solidly connected when running tests. Your wallet depends on it.
Once diagnosed, some faults are easy to fix, such as replacing a faulty fuel injection relay, ignition coil, or
Power Stage. Others are more involved, such as replacing a timing belt or main fuel pump.

On, check for 12 volts DC at the primary lead of the coil (between 15 and groundsee Figure 2). If no 12
volts, trace back in ignition circuit. Also check for 12 volts DC between 1 and groundif null, replace ignition
coil. Otherwise, clean 15 and 1 terminals and leads and high tension lead
and center post con2
tact. Attempt restart
1
3
of engine. Start?
Problem is fixed. If
no start, go to Step
4b.

4b. No spark. A
malfunctioning
Hall sensor, located
Figure 3. Arrow points to Hall
on the overhead
sensor connector beneath in-line
distributor on back of engine near distributor near
firewall. To test inputs per Step
firewall (Figure 3),
4b, unplug connector by pressing
also means no spark
up on spring clip at bottom and
from the ignition
gently pulling back. Inset: Numcoil. (Starting in
bers denote Hall sensor terminal
1988 Volvo switched
leads. Probe terminals for proper
over to an RPM seninputs (Sidebar 2). Terminal 3 is
sor instead, located
red wire.
on the bellhousing
(see Sidebar 5), that runs off the crankshaft. Functions
of the Hall sensor and RPM sensor are supposedly
identical, but I cannot personally vouch for that fact.
In this article, any mention of the Hall sensor also implies the RPM sensor.) A properly functioning Hall sensor also closes electromagnetic switch 2 (EM2) on the
fuel injection relay (Figure 4), feeding current to the
main fuel pump. To observe EM2, release then lift and

Figure 4. Schematic for the fuel injection relay. 12 volts is

always present at junction 30. Ignition On closes EM1 by
providing a path to ground through the ECU. EM1 then feeds
current to EM2 through junctions 87/1 and 85. But, EM2
does not close until the Hall Sensor detects camshaft rotation
(ignition Start or engine running) and completes the circuit
to EM2 through the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and, for
turbos, through the Charge Air Overpressure Switch connector. When EM2 closes, it feeds current to the main fuel pump
through junction 87/2.

Figure 5. Pull out ashtray

and fuse cover plate and
remove the cigarette
lighter shelf (Phillips screw
beneath plastic snap-off
cover plate). Release and
lift tray out. The fuel injection relay (arrowed) has a
white housing and is leftmost, second row behind
the fuse tray.

work the relay tray into the open (Figure 5). Remove
relay from its tray socket and gently pry whitish
cover off to expose the two switches, EM1 and EM2
(copper coils). Reinstall the relay sans cover into its
blue female socket in tray. Turn ignition to Start.
EM1 (frontmost in tray) and EM2 should both close
(Figure 6). If EM2 closes, then the Hall sensor works
and either the ignition coil or Power Stage is bad
(Step 4c). If EM2 is open, then the Hall sensor or
RPM sensor is most likely bad. First check for proper
inputs to Hall sensor (Sidebar 2). If inputs are there,
replace distributor. If inputs are not there, the problem could lie with the IECU (Figure 13). End of my
expertise. [A new RPM sensor is no longer cheap.
And replacing it, because of the confined space, is
no walk in the park. Breaking it may necessitate pulling the transmission. Visit http://www.volvoclub.org.
uk/faq/EngineSensors.html#Crank_Postition_Sensor
for instructions. (Yes, they misspelled Position.)]

4c. No spark. The presence of 12 VDC between

(a)

EM2

(b)

Figure 6. (a) The two relay

switches (fine copper wire) are
shown. EM1 is topmost (and
frontmost when installed in vehicle) and EM2 is shown below
it in photo. In this case, EM1 is
closed (ignition is On) while
EM2 is open. (b) At ignition
Start or engine Run, both
switches should close, as shown
here.

15 and ground does not exonerate a faulty Power

Stage. [The Power Stage (Figure 7) uses a transistor
to amplify and switch the battery direct
Power Stage
current on and offessentially
sending an alternating currentto
ground
the primary winding of the ignition
1
coil, thus stepping up voltage in
15
the secondary winding to fire the
spark plugs.] Instead, use the AC
ballast resistor
(alternating current) voltage setting on your multimeter (Figure 8).
Figure 7. The Power Stage, located
Isolate the Power Stage by disconnear battery, is a transistor current
necting the Red-White lead from
amplifier that switches direct current
terminal 1 on the ignition coil
on and off in concert with the IECU
and Hall sensor. In effect, it provides
and test VAC between Red-White
an alternating current to the primary
lead and ground at ignition Start.
winding of the ignition coil to induce
If you get 0.000 - 0.015 VAC, check
high voltage in the secondary. Note
for correct inputs to the Power
ballast resistor and, directly above it,
Stage (see Sidebar 2). If Power
Figure 8. Disconnect the Red-White
its connector. Also see Figures 14 and
Stage
inputs
are
present
(within
lead from "1" on ignition coil. Use the
15 (and Sidebar 5 for 940 location).
reason), replace the Power Stage.
AC (alternating current) voltage setting
on your multimeter and test voltage
If you get V > ~ 0.30 VAC between Red-White lead and ground, this implies
between Red-White lead and ground
the Power Stage is working properly. Replace the ignition coil.

5. Fuel System. Good spark implies a problem in the fuel injection system. Consult the wiring diagram available at autoelectric, listed earlier.
Their schematics also show locations of various components on the car.
5a. Test Fuel delivery. Open the fuel rail (Danger! No smoking!) and

at ignition "Start." A reading of 0.000 0.015 VAC implies a faulty Power Stage
or a fault feeding the Power Stage. In
this photo, 4.51 VAC across "1" and
ground (with all leads connected, of
course) represents a properly running
engine. (On the 940, I got 2.6-2.8 VAC
with engine running.)

insert 17-mm inlet into a jar or can (Figure 9). Pull fuse 11 for the in-tank
pump (to exclude it in this test) and hit Start for a couple of seconds.
(If you had left fuse 11 in, a functioning in-tank pump would still deliver
fuel, falsely implying a working main fuel pump. The engine will not start
with a faulty main fuel pump and cannot start relying on a functioning
in-tank pump alone.) If no fuel is delivered, go to Step 5b. If you get fuel,
the main fuel pump and fuel injection relay work. Go to Step 7. Re-insert
fuse 11.

5b. No fuel delivery. No fuel means a faulty main fuel pump, fuel injection relay, or their circuits. Test the main fuel pump first. (Danger! Set car
up on good jackstand on flat surface, transmission in neutral, wheels
blocked, handbrake set. Use jack as backup support.) Go under car and
push on both feed wires to the main fuel pump while an assistant cranks
the engine. A functioning main fuel pump emits a whiney, tinny whir at
ignition Start or engine Run. (FYI: on the other hand, a functioning intank fuel pump emits a soft hum at ignition On.) If there is no whir from
the main fuel pump, check for 12 volts DC across the leads when engine is
cranked (Figure 10a). Also, make sure negative lead is grounded. If 12 volts is present, because a main fuel pump is
not inexpensive, doublecheck by running a long positive
lead probe [Caution! Sheathe positive probe so it doesnt
touch metal (ground) while setting up and only unsheathe main fuel pump
for test!] directly from the battery + post and a ground
lead from the door buzzer terminal of Figure 10b and
probe the main fuel pump contacts directly. (Youre doing
+
lead
this test because sometimes the electrical leads dont
seat properly.) If no whir, replace main fuel pump. If whir
bracket
is present, then clean all electrical contacts as best as posground
sible (theyre recessed), reconnect, and push leads into
Figure 10a. Underneath the vehicle,
pump while an assistant cranks engine. (I had to grind
insert positive probe of multimeter Figure 10b. Set up a
into the positive lead to the main
down the plastic housing of the positive lead by 2 mm
convenient ground
to ensure a better fit into the pump connector.) If engine fuel pump and insert the negative
by screwing an elecstarts, then it was a bad electrical connection to the main probe of the multimeter to ground trical connector onto
of (b). Have an assistant crank
the drivers side door
fuel pump. If 12 volts is not present, go to Step 6.
Figure 9. Pull fuse 11. Use 14-mm and
17-mm wrenches to break open the
fuel rail. Insert the 17-mm inlet into a
container to check for fuel flow while
an assistant cranks the engine (ignition
Start). Careful! Fuel can come out fast!
The connectors are arrowed.

engine (ignition Start) while you

check for 12 volts DC.

6. Fuel injection circuit. Electrical. Lack of 12 volts

buzzer switch. Note

multimeter probe inserted in connector.

at the main fuel pump implies a fault in the fuel injection

relay or its feed circuit. With ignition Start, does EM1 and EM2 close? If yes,
check connection at 87/2 or fix broken wire between 87/2 and main fuel
pump. If no, go to Step 6a.
30

87/2

Figure 11. In Step 6a, with key

out of ignition, jump the connections 30 and 87/2 on the
blue female connector. If you
hear a whir from the main fuel
pump, then the fuel injection
relay is faulty.

6a. Fuel injection relay circuit. Electrical. If EM1 and EM2 do not close
at ignition Start, first try jiggling the relay as you hit Start. It could just be
poor electrical connections. If so, clean the contacts. If still no go, pull the upper (male) relay out and use a jumper wire to momentarily connect 30 and
87/2 at the blue (female) socket of the fuel injection relay (Figure 11). As 30
is always hot, i.e., always at 12 volts DC, do this test with the key out of the
ignition. You should be able to hear a whir within the passenger compartment.
If you like, have an assistant listen underneath the car. If there is a whir, replace
the fuel injection relay. If there is no whir, check for 12 volts at 30. If no 12
volts, trace back in that circuit. If 12 volts is present at 30, in non-turbos, check
6

A-block

ECU

right front
door jamb

Figure 12. The A-connector

block and ECU are located
behind the trim, by the front
passengers right foot. Gently
pry open hold-down latches
on A-connector to expose
contacts, which are numbered.
Test continuity between #14 on
A-block to correct yellow-black
wire of Charge Air Overpressure Switch or, for nonturbos,
to 86/2 on f.i. relay. My
expertise ends here.

CAOS Connector

Ignition
ECU

steering
column

ECU Connector

Figure 13. In turbocharged

engines, the Charge Air
Overpressure Switch (CAOS
connector, top arrow) turns
current off to the fuel injection relay if boost pressure
is too high, thus interrupting
fuel supply to the engine. It
is located above the drivers
knees next to steering column. Remove trim. Unclip
the translucent connector
and check for continuity per
text.

continuity between
86/2 of fuel injection relay and #14 on
block A-connector
(Figure 12; end of my
expertise). In turbos,
find the Charge Air
Overpressure Switch
(CAOS, Figure 13).
Pull connector apart
and check continuity across CAOS (the
black wires in one
half of the connector). If no continuity,
replace the Charge
Air Overpressure
Switch. On the other
half of the connector,
check continuity to
86/2 through one
of the yellow-black
wires. The other
yellow-black wire
from the CAOS runs
to #14 on the block
A-connector and
then on to ECU. End
of my expertise.

7. Fuel injection component circuit. Electrical.

Figure 14. With ignition On, first check for 12 volts DC (normal) between Green lead and ground at fuel injector 1. Next,
work backwards through the connector at the ballast resistor and then the auxiliary suppression relay. A null result on
output + connection of a component and 12 volts on the input
end identifies that component as faulty. See Sidebar 3.

If you get spark and fuel, then use Figure 14 to run

voltage tests across each of the other fuel injection components. First check for 12 volts DC across
the #1 fuel injector (green wire and ground) with
ignition On. Next, work backwards through ballast
resistor connector and then the auxiliary suppression relay. A null reading on a positive outlet of a
component and 12 volts on the input side identifies
that component as faulty. And, make sure there are
no broken wires by checking for continuity from one
component to the next. (See Sidebar 5 for location
of auxiliary suprression relay on 940.)
One of the little joys in life is isolating and diagnosing a no-start fault in an automobile engine. I hope
this guide has helped you make informed choices.
Remember, check twice, buy once. Good luck!

Sidebar 2: Normal Readings

(Authors results in parentheses, for an engine that runs)

Hall Sensor (Figure 3 inset)

test (?) between:
(voltage) Terminal 3 (red) & Ground: 12 VDC, (11.14 VDC), ignition On
(voltage) Terminal 2 (blue) & Ground: 5 VDC, (5 VDC), ignition On
(resistance) Terminal 1 (black) & Ground: 0 ohms, (0.2 ohms), key out of ignition

Power Stage (Figure 15)

test (?) between:
(voltage) Pin 1 & Ground: 12 VDC, (12.17 VDC), ignition On
(voltage) Pin 4 & Ground: 12 VDC, (12.18 VDC), ignition On
(resistance) Pins 1 & 4: match primary coil resistance, ~1 ohm (13.3 ohms)
(resistance) Pin 2 & Ground: 0 ohms, (0.2 ohms), key out of ignition
(voltage) Pin 5 & Ground: 2 VDC, (2.13 VDC), leads disconnected from coil


terminals 1 & 15 at ignition Start

Figure 15. Remove the

Power Stage connector
(also see Figure 7) by
depressing the spring
clip and gently tugging
the connector down.
The numbers identifying
the pin connectors are
exposed by pulling the
rubber boot back.

Sidebar 3: Test the Auxiliary Suppression Relay (LH-Jetronic 2.2)

Connector for auxiliary suppression

relay.

For instance, to test the auxiliary suppression relay, pull the relay
apart and test the BN or R lead of connector (left) for 12 VDC
(should always be present, even with key out of ignition switch).
If no 12 V, check back in the feed circuit. If you get 12 V, put the
relay back together and pull the ballast resistor connector apart
(right). At ignition On, check for ~11- 12 VDC at the ballast
resistor connector by probing the GN-R lead coming from the
auxiliary suppression relay. If you get 0 VDC or otherwise low
reading, then replace the auxiliary suppression relay.

Connector for ballast

resistor.

Sidebar 4: The Ballast Resistors

The ballast resistors in the LH-Jetronic 2.2 system, as far as I understand it, act as shunt resistors. The
Bentley manual claims that their main purpose is to limit current to the ignition coil at low engine
speeds. The Haynes manual claims the resistance of the ballast resistor (total) should be 1 ohm. (There
have been misprints in the Haynes manual, particularly when they said the resistance of the secondary windings of the ignition coil is 6.0 to 9.5 ohms, when it should be 6.0 kohms - 9.5 kohms.) I dont
know what they mean by total. There are 4 resistors with 2 each connected in series. I have tested
ballast resistors on three 740 Volvos, and I always got 12 ohms for the two resistors in series (adjacent
terminals).

Sidebar 5: Auxiliary Suppression Relay, Power Stage,

and RPM Sensor Locations on the 940 (LH-Jetronic 2.4)

The auxiliary suppression relay

(arrow) is on the passenger side
front wheel well, near battery.
There are no ballast resistors.

Removing the top of air filter box

exposes the Power Stage (arrow)
on the drivers side front wheel
well.

The RPM sensor (arrow) sits atop

the bellhousing (behind engine,
low against firewall). Very confined
space! Step 4b lists website with
instructions for careful removal.

Spare parts to carry in case of breakdown

A lot of the spare parts can be found at junkyards. I recommend carrying the following:
(1) ignition coil (test at junkyard; should meet following specs: 1-2 ohms between primary windings 1 and 15,
6 kohms - 9 kohms between 1 or 15 and center post); (2) Power Stage; (3) auxiliary suppression relay;
(4) fuel injection relay; (5) distributor with Hall sensor or rpm sensor (new); (6) spare timing belt and at least
one fan belt; (7) extra fuses, especially 25-amp fuse 1 for the main fuel pump; (8) tools to handle above jobs;
(9) this how-to guide; and possibly, (10) main fuel pump. The main fuel pump is expensive. At the very least,
carry information for ordering one so you dont get ripped off. With overnight freight, it will probably be cheaper
than buying through a local dealer who may take advantage of your situation. I cant imagine trying to replace a
main fuel pump yourself while on the road. Its a tough, smelly job, difficult enough to do at home. Also, you want
a new main fuel pump because you dont want to have to replace a used one in a few years.

Other helpful sources:

1) www.autoelectric.ru/auto/volvo/740/1989/740-89.htm
2) www.autoelectric.ru/auto/volvo/940/1993/940-93.htm
3) Haynes manual Volvo 740 & 760
4) Bentley Volvo 240 Service Manual
5) http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/faq/ElectricalIgnition.html#BasicOperationandTroubleshootingoftheEZ
6) www.swedishbricks.net
7) Google searches on Volvo specific topics
Comments? Email [email protected]; please write Volvo in the Subject line.

Fred is a physicist turned writer who works on his Volvos when he has to. In his award-winning novel, An American
Sin (ISBN13: 978-0-9711206-0-0, price $15), the protagonists 1970 145 Volvo breaks down outside Missoula, Montana, leading to a meeting with a pivotal hero of the Vietnam War. More info at www.bytewrite.com. An American
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