Cell continuity refers to the unbroken succession of cells since life began 3.8 billion years ago. New cells are produced through cell division and are needed for reproduction, forming multicellular organisms, and cell replacement. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and division involving either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth, asexual reproduction, and cell replacement. It ensures the correct chromosome number is maintained in somatic cells. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells and increases genetic variation important for evolution and sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Cell continuity refers to the unbroken succession of cells since life began 3.8 billion years ago. New cells are produced through cell division and are needed for reproduction, forming multicellular organisms, and cell replacement. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and division involving either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth, asexual reproduction, and cell replacement. It ensures the correct chromosome number is maintained in somatic cells. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells and increases genetic variation important for evolution and sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Cell continuity refers to the unbroken succession of cells since life began 3.8 billion years ago. New cells are produced through cell division and are needed for reproduction, forming multicellular organisms, and cell replacement. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and division involving either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth, asexual reproduction, and cell replacement. It ensures the correct chromosome number is maintained in somatic cells. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells and increases genetic variation important for evolution and sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Cell continuity refers to the unbroken succession of cells since life began 3.8 billion years ago. New cells are produced through cell division and are needed for reproduction, forming multicellular organisms, and cell replacement. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and division involving either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth, asexual reproduction, and cell replacement. It ensures the correct chromosome number is maintained in somatic cells. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells and increases genetic variation important for evolution and sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Cell Continuity -is the unbroken succession of cells since life evolved 3.8 billion years ago.
New cells can only be produced by cell division.
New cells are needed for o reproduction, o formation of multicellular organisms, and o cell replacement.
Cell Cycle There are three stages of the cell cycle: 1. Interphase -The cell grows, proteins are made, the number of organelles increases, DNA replication. 2. Division of the Nucleus:
Mitosis: two daughter nuclei, genetically
identical the original nucleus, are formed.
Meiosis: formation of four haploid genetically
different daughter nuclei from the original diploid nucleus. 3. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides between the new daughter nuclei. Therefore each nucleus with its allocation of cytoplasm becomes a new cell. Mitosis All nuclei can undergo mitosis. Haploid (n): one set of chromosomes is present in the nuclei (i.e. only one of each different chromosome is present.) Diploid (2n): two sets of chromosomes are present in the nuclei (i.e. two of each different chromosome are present.) Role of Mitosis Formation of a multicellular organism. Asexual reproduction e.g. Amoeba, yeast and vegetative reproduction of plant. Cell replacement and regeneration. Faithful copying of genes and their transfer to the next generation of nuclei or cells. Maintains the correct chromosome number of somatic (= normal body) cells.
Stages of Mitosis (Interphase); Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (Interphase)
(Mnemonic I Pee MAT) Prophase chromatin condenses forming chromosomes chromosomes shorten, thicken, coil, dehydrate each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids o connected at the centromere centriole divides forming the spindle fibres nuclear envelope breaks down at the end of
prophase Metaphase chromosomes placed individually along the equator of the cell each chromosome is connected by two sets of spindle fibres attached to the centromeres
Anaphase separation of sister chromatids, now termed chromosomes the centromeres spit when the spindle fibres shorten shortening results in two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite sides of the cell Telophase each chromosome group becomes a nucleus when a nuclear envelope is formed around it the chromosomes uncoil to chromatin o chromosomes lengthen, uncoil, rehydrate
Definitions Chromatin: DNA in its normal, i.e. functional state condenses to form chromosomes. Chromosomes: condensed chromatin showing up as a group of short thread-like structures only visible with the light microscope in nuclei during mitosis and meiosis each chromosome carries a specific set of genes in linear order at particular loci (= sites) Chromatid: often described as half a chromosome it is one of two threads of condensed chromatin forming one chromosome the two threads are connected together at the centromere after DNA replication (S phase) they exist only during prophase and metaphase (i.e. when chromosomes are X-shaped) Centromere: a non-DNA region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together and spindle fibres attach.
Meiosis Meiosis: the division of a diploid nucleus to form four haploid genetically different daughter nuclei. Role of Meiosis Increases genetic variation in the population role in evolution Makes sexual reproduction possible Gamete formation in animals, fungi, protoctista e.g. Man Site of Meiosis Animals testis - forming sperm, the haploid male gametes; ovary - forming egg cells, the haploid female gametes. Flowering plants: anther of the stamen - forming the haploid male spores (microspores), ovule of ovary - forming the haploid female spores (megaspores).
