Opdal
Opdal
Opdal
(DuongThiNguyen)
p1=20:100;
h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80;
subplot(2,1,1);
M962B205
plot(p1,h1)
p2=20:100;
h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(p2,h2)
Assume that the fuel inputs in Mbtu/hr for unit 1 and 2 which are both online:
input-output characteristics unit1
1500
+ 120
1000
H
H2= 6P2 +
0.04P22
500
Pn is unit output in MW
0
a. Plot the input-output characteristics for each unit expressing input in MBtu
per hour and output in megawatts. Assume that the minimum loading of each
unit is 20 MW and that the maximum loading is 100 MW.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
P
input-output characteristics unit2
160
180
200
20
40
60
160
180
200
60
80
100
120
140
160
P
incremental production cost per MWh unit2
180
200
180
200
1200
1000
c. Assume that the cost of fuel is 1.5 $/MBtu. Calculate the incremental
production cost in F/MWh of each unit, and plot against output in megawatts.
H
800
600
400
200
80
100
P
120
140
16
14
12
20
40
20
40
25
= 12 + 0.072P1
Plot the incremental production cost of each unit by Matlab we get the
figure2:
dF/dP
20
= 9 + 0.12P2
15
10
60
80
100
P
120
140
160
p1=20:100;
df1=12+0.072*p1;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(p1,df1)
p2=20:100;
df2=9+0.12*p2;
p1=20:100;
p2=20:100;
subplot(2,1,2);
h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80;
h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;
plot(p2,df2)
f1=1.5*h1;
f2=1.5*h2;
df1=diff(f1);
df2=diff(f2);
p1=21:100;
p2=21:100;
subplot(2,1,1);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(p1,df1)
plot(p2,df2)
Solution:
Draw again the incremental production cost of two units in problem 3.1 in the
same axis by the matlab program:
dF1
18
16
p1=20:100;
14
12
df1=12+0.072*p1;
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
P
incremental production cost unit2
160
180
200
p2=20:100;
df2=9+0.12*p2;
25
plot(p1,df1,p2,df2)
20
dF2
15
0.12 -1];
10
20
40
60
80
100
P
120
140
160
180
200
B=[-12
-9];
P=A\B
We get this figure and the answer for the intersection point value :
P = 62.5000
(turn on) generating units, as well as dispatch them economically. This problem is
known as the unit commitment problem and is the subject of Chapter 5.
Given the two generating units in Problem 3.1, assume that they are both
off-line at the start. Also, assume that load starts at 50 MW and increases to 200
MW. The most economic schedule to supply this varying load will require
committing one unit first, followed by commitment of the second unit when the
load reaches a higher level. Determine which unit to commit first and at what load
the remaining unit should be committed. Assume no start-up costs for either unit.
Also, assume that a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and
returning it to service after 12 h. Consider the 24-h period from 0600 one morning
dF1
dF2
20
dF/dP
C, What is the economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600
(load = 50 MW)?
Solution:
10
20
30
40
50
60
P
70
80
90
100
From the figure we can see the incremental cost of unit 1 is higher than unit 2
if P< 62.5 MWh. So for the optimal production cost, unit 2 must start first at the
load of 50MW. But when the load increases to 62.5 MW and more, using unit 2
costs more than using unit 1. So for the economic benefit the unit 1 should be
committed.
F2(50)=780;
Problem 3.6:
F2 = 960;
But a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and returning it to
service after 12 h so the real cost is:
F1= 990;
About the simultaneous operation of two units. The minimal cost is calculated by
fmincon function.
function f=costfun(p)
0000-0600
50
0600- 1800
150
1800-0000
50
f=12*p(1)+0.036*p(1)^2+120+9*p(2)+0.06*p(2)^2+180;
[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun',[40,10],[],[],[1 1],[50],[20; 20],[100;100])
Then we get the answer of the minimal cost is 878.4 $ when P1=20 MW and
P2=30MW
a. Use the lambda-iteration method to find the economic dispatch for a total
P = 20
b. Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic
30
fval = 878.4000
schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.
In short, we can find out that the best way is running 2 units at the same time.
Solution:
b, The economic schedule for the period of time from 0600 to 1800( load =150) is:
Method 1: from the above table we can find the cost function as
F1=H1(P1)*0.8=180+6.72*P1+0.002*
P = 78.1250 71.8750
F2=H2(P2)*1.02 =743.58+5.04*P1+0.008262*
fval = 2.4141e+003
c, The economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600( load =50) is
found out by the same way as shown in part a.
P = 20
30
fval = 878.4000
F3=H3(P3)*0.9=360+6.75*P1+0.00225*
Hence,
F=1283.58+6.72*P1+0.002*
+5.04*P1+0.008262*
+6.75*P1+0.00225*
Problem 3.7:
f=6.72*p(1)+0.002*p(1)^2+1283.58+5.04*p(2)+0.008262*p(2)^2+6.75*p(3)+0.00225*p(3)^2;
Assume that all three of the thermal units described below are running. Find the
>>
[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1
47.5],[350;350;450])
economic dispatch schedules as requested in each part. Use the method and starting
conditions given.
fval = 3.8904e+003
1],[450],[45;
45;
function lamda=lamda_interation(p1,p2,p3)
lamda(1)=10*rand(1);
p1(1)=(lamda(1)-6.72)/0.004;
p2(1)=(lamda(1)-5.04)/0.016524;
p3(1)=(lamda(1)-6.75)/0.0045;
epsilon(1)=450-p1(1)-p2(1)-p3(1);
lamda(2)=epsilon(1)+sign(epsilon(1))*0.1*epsilon(1);
p1(2)=(lamda(2)-6.72)/0.004;
p2(2)=(lamda(2)-5.04)/0.016524;
p3(2)=(lamda(2)-6.75)/0.0045;
epsilon(2)=450-p1(2)-p2(2)-p3(2);
for i=3:100
lamda(i)=-(lamda(i-1)-lamda(i-2))/(epsilon(i-1)-epsilon(i-2))*epsilon(i-2)+lamda(i-2)
p1(i)=(lamda(i)-6.72)/0.004
p2(i)=(lamda(i)-5.04)/0.016524
p3(i)=(lamda(i)-6.75)/0.0045
epsilon(i)=450-p1(i)-p2(i)-p3(i)
if (epsilon(i)<0.01) break;end;
end
In summary, the results got from two method is the same. The interation
lamda =7.6210
b . Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic
6.8589
schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.
p1 = 225.2421 34.7179
Method 1:
p2 = 156.1951 110.0745
p3 =193.5485 24.1937
epsilon = -124.9857 281.0139
% for 3 last cycles:
lamda =4.8598
5.3458
7.3864
= 0.47
epsilon = 1.0e+003 *
1.3460
1.0871 -0.0000
=0.115
P2
P3
Epsilon
Interation
Start
1
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)
225.2421
156.1951
193.5485
34.7179
110.0745
24.1937
-124.9857
281.0139
PD=495-450=45
Pnew1=P1+
Pnew2=P2+
Pnew3=P3+
7.6210
6.8589
225.2421
156.1951
193.5485
1346.0
7.6210
34.7179
110.0745
24.1937
1087.1
6.8589
166.5898
141.9970
141.4132
-0.0000
7.3864
Method 2:
>> [P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1 1 1],[495],[45; 45;
47.5],[350;350;450])
P = 187.7079 147.1087 160.1834
fval =4.6746e+003
Briefly, the results also are the same in two methods. So the base-point and
participation factor method can give the good output if choosing the suitable start
point.