Types of Muscle Tissue

Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal
: contractions are under voluntary control, forcefuland strong
: with alternating light and dark bands
: the nuclei is located just underneath the plasmalemma(not centrally located):
cylindrical, multinucleated formed by the fusion of multiple individual nucleated
cells called myoblast duringembryonic devt and because of the fusion of these
myoblast resulted in the formation of a syncytium or what we call a muscle fiber
:the nuclei is not centrally located because the myofibrils, making up the bulk of
the cytoplasm, and these push the nuclei to the sides
2.Smooth
: Cytoplasm is homogenously eosinophilic
: spindle-shaped, fusiform
: has no striations
: uninucleated and elongated, centrally located at the whitest portion of the cell
: contractions under involuntary control, slow
2. Cardiac
: striations are present ; alternating dark and light bands
: 1 nucleus present, centrally located and ovoid in shape surrounded by
myofibrils that have a pattern of cross striations similar to skeletal muscle
: branched fibers connected by intercalated disks
: contractions is strong rhythmic, and under involuntary control
Figure 1: differentiation between muscles types. Note the presence of intercalated disks in cardiac
muscle
II. Skeletal Muscle

o arranged in bundles called muscle fasicles
o longitudinal-section: bundles are parallel to one another
o cross-section: nuclei are seen at the periphery; skeletal muscle are grouped
into bundles called muscle fascicle
o nuclei is at the periphery and flattened against the sarcolemmabecause of the
myofibrils
o With a small golgi complex and numerous mitochondria found in the juxtanuclear
sarcoplasm
o With myoglobin, an oxygen binding protein
SKELETAL MUSCLE(highly organized): enveloped by a thick connective tissue
called the epimysium
MUSCLE FASCICLE/BUNDLE: each fasicle is enveloped by the connective
tissue perimysium which is an inward extension of the epimysium

o INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBERS: enclosed by a delicate
o network of reticular fibers(very thin connective tissue) called
endomysium
o MYOFIBRILS: thousands of which comprise each individual muscle
fiber; comprises of two types: thick and thin MYOFILAMENTS
o Satellite cells myoblasts that are located around muscle fibers

- have flat nucleus and scanty cytoplasm
MYOFIBRILS
- accounts for the cross-striation of the muscle as a whole
(accdg to bloom and fawcett before the development of electron microscope, the
alternating light and dark bands of striated muscles where named accdg to their
appearance, the
dark-staining bands were anisotropic and it is called the A- band while the
light bands which are isotropic are called the I- bands) (these can be seen
under the light microscope with the Z line)
o A band: alternating light and dark bands; both thin and thick
o H band: thick filaments only; area in the a band which is void of thin filaments
o I band: thin filaments only
o M line: middle of the H band; bisecting the A band
o Z line: bisects the I band
*End-to-end demarcates a sarcomere- composed of the centrally located A

band and the two contiguous I bands: one on each side

*Hband,Mline,Sarcomere,ZlinecouldbeseeninEMimages
MUSCLE CELL ORGANELLES
Sarcolemma- plasmalemma
-
Its outer surface is coated with thin external lamina(similar to basal lamina
of epithelium)- coated with dystrophin which prevents mechanical stress
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy- a hereditary disease that causes
progressive weakness of muscles over age due to the absence of the
protein dystrophin starts at age 3, gradually become weaker until the age
of 13, they are confined in a wheelchair
Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm- contains glycogen granules and myoglobin (protein
which binds to oxygen)
Sarcosome- mitochondria
-
provides energy for muscle contraction
*Ellipticalorganelleswouldbethemitochondria
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- a special type of smooth E.R.; has no ribosomes

-
encircles the myofibrils

site of sequestration of calcium during muscle relaxation
arranged longitudinally between each myofibril
They have connections with one another:

At the level of the A-I junction, there would be a pair of tubules called the terminal
cisternae(junctional reticulum) which are saccules confluent with the
sarcoplasmic reticulum; It contains a protein calsequestrin, which serves as a
sequestering agent for the storage of calcium
t-tubule: internal invagination of the sarcolemma; once a nerve impulse goes to

the sarcolemma, depolarization occurs wherein, from the sarcolemma it would
reach the t-tubules which would signal the terminal cisternae to release calcium
to enable muscle to contract
triad: composed of the paired terminal cisterna and t- tubule; found in the junction
of the A and I; pair of triads in a sarcomere

IMPULSES: Sarcolemma > T-tubule > Cisterna > Release of calcium > Muscle
contraction
PROTEINS IN MYOFILAMENTS
Four proteins:
1. Actin- thin filament
2. Myosin- thick filament
3. Tropomyosin- thin filament

4. Troponin- thin filament
Myosin: major constituent of the A-band of the sarcomere;theonlyconstituentof
thethickfilament
: composed of two strands twisted together; wherein it usually bends between
the head and the tail portion
: Head portion and Tail portion wherein the X-section of the H band you will only
see the tail portion while you will see in X section of the A band, you will see the
thin filament and the head portion of the thick filament
:Heavy Meromyosin found in the head portion
:Light Meromyosin found in the tail portion
Thin Filaments:
a) Actin
-Consists of 2 strands wherein each strand will contain a G-actin monomer
wherein each has a binding site for myosin; with G-actin monomers together,
it forms a polypeptide chain, wherein two chains would twist to become Actin
b) Troponin
3 components/peptides:
*TnC- has a binding site for calcium that initiates contraction

*TnT- binds the complex to tropomyosin
*TnI- inhibits the binding of myosin to actin
c) Tropomyosin- composed of a pair of polypeptide chain
Troponin + Tropomyosin forms the Troponin-Tropomyosin complex wherein in a

resting muscle, this covers the myosin binding sites of the Actin
In order for the thin filament to react with the thick filament, the TroponinTropomyosin complex should be removed by calcium (which binds with TnC)
which pushes the complex into the groove, exposing the myosin binding sites
Heavy Meromyosin is the one that attaches to the actin forms the cross
bridge(connection between your thin and thick filaments)
In the contracted State, The I band, H band, Sarcomere shortens; wherein the
myofilaments and A band does not change because there is a sliding of the thin
past the thick filaments (Sliding Filament Theory)

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Types of Muscle Tissue

II. Skeletal Muscle

tissue perimysium which is an inward extension of the epimysium

o Satellite cells myoblasts that are located around muscle fibers

*End-to-end demarcates a sarcomere- composed of the centrally located A

provides energy for muscle contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- a special type of smooth E.R.; has no ribosomes

encircles the myofibrils

They have connections with one another:

t-tubule: internal invagination of the sarcolemma; once a nerve impulse goes to

3. Tropomyosin- thin filament

*TnC- has a binding site for calcium that initiates contraction

Troponin + Tropomyosin forms the Troponin-Tropomyosin complex wherein in a

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