VICENTE JOSEFA, Petitioner, vs. MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY, Respondent.

G.R. No. 182705

July 18, 2014
FACTS:
At around 1:45 p.m. on April 21, 1991, a dump truck, a jeepney and a car figured in a
vehicular accident along Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City. As a result of the accident, a 45-foot
wooden
electricity post, 3 75 KVA transformers, and other electrical line attachments were damaged.
Upon
investigation, Meralco discovered that it was a truck registered in Josefa's name that hit the
electricity
post. Meralco demanded from Josefa reimbursement for the replacement cost of the
electricity post
and its attachments, but Josefa refused to pay. Thus, Meralco sued Josefa and Pablo Manoco,
the
truck driver, for damages before the RTC of Pasig City.
In its complaint, Meralco alleged that (Bautista) Manoco's reckless driving resulted in
damage
to its properties. It also imputed primary liability on Josefa for his alleged negligence in the
selection
and supervision of Manoco. The RTC dismissed the complaint for insufficiency of evidence.
The RTC
held that Meralco failed to establish that it was the truck that hit the electricity post. The RTC
ruled
that SPO2 Galang's account of the accident was merely hearsay since he did not personally
witness
the incident. It also did not give probative value to the police blotter entry dated January 7,
1994 since
the accident had long occurred in 1991.
The CA reversed the RTC ruling and held that the RTC erred in disregarding the parties'
stipulation at the pre-trial that it was the truck that hit the electricity post. The CA also found
that
Bautista was Josefa's employee when the accident occurred since Josefa did not specifically
deny
this material allegation in the amended complaint. It likewise noted that the sheriff's return
stated that
Bautista was under Josefa's employ until 1993. The CA concluded that the fact that the truck
hit the
electricity post was sufficient to hold Josefa vicariously liable regardless of whether Bautista
was
negligent in driving the truck. In the same breath, the CA also stated that the employer's
presumptive
liability in quasi-delicts was anchored on injuries caused by the employee's negligence. Even
assuming that Bautista was not Josefa's employee, the CA maintained that Josefa would still
be liable
for damages since the law presumes that the registered owner has control of his vehicle and
its driver
at the time of the accident. It thus ordered Josefa to pay Meralco. Josefa filed the present
petition
after the CA denied his motion for reconsideration.
Issue/s:

(1) Whether or not Bautista exercised due diligence in driving when the truck hit the
electricity post;
(2) Whether or not Josefa was the employer of driver Bautista being the registered owner of
the vehicle making the former vicariously liable for the latters negligence under paragraph
5, Article 2180 of the Civil Code;
(3) Whether Meralco is entitled to actual damages, attorney's fees, and expenses of
litigation.
Held:
(1) Bautista did not exercise due diligence. Bautista's negligence was the proximate cause of
the
property damage caused to Meralco. Bautista is presumed to be negligent in driving the
truck under
the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.
Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is
obliged to pay for the damage done. This fault or negligence, if there is no pre-existing
contractual
relation between the parties, is called quasi-delict. Thus, for a quasi-delict case to prosper,
the
complainant must establish: (1) damages to the complainant; (2) negligence, by act or
omission, of
the defendant or by some person for whose acts the defendant must respond, was guilty;
and (3) the
connection of cause and effect between such negligence and the damages. With respect to
the third
element, the negligent act or omission must be the proximate cause of the injury.
Contrary to the CA's finding, the parties did not stipulate that the truck hit the electricity
post.
The pre-trial order shows that the parties merely agreed that the truck "was involved in an
accident on
April 21, 1991. Nonetheless, Meralco has sufficiently established the direct causal link
between the
truck and the electricity post through Abio's testimony. Abio categorically stated during trial
that he
saw the truck hit the electricity post. We find his first-hand account of the incident during the
directexamination frank and straightforward. Even without Abio's testimony, it does not
escape this Court's attention that Josefa judicially admitted in his motions and pleading that
his truck hit the electricity post. These statements constitute deliberate, clear and
unequivocal admissions of the causation in fact between the truck and the electricity post.
Contrary to the CA's opinion, the finding that it was the truck that hit the electricity post
would
not immediately result in Josefa's liability. It is a basic rule that it is essentially the wrongful
or
negligent act or omission that creates the vinculum juris in extra-contractual obligations. In
turn, the
employee's negligence established to be the proximate cause of the damage would give rise
to the

disputable presumption that the employer did not exercise the diligence of a good father of
a family in
the selection and supervision of the erring employee.
The procedural effect of res ipsa loquitur in quasi-delict cases is that the defendant's
negligence is presumed. For this doctrine to apply, the complainant must show that: (1) the
accident
is of such character as to warrant an inference that it would not have happened except for
the
defendant's negligence; (2) the accident must have been caused by an agency or
instrumentality
within the exclusive management or control of the person charged with the negligence
complained of;
and (3) the accident must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the
part of the
person injured. The present case satisfies all the elements of res ipsa loquitur. It is very
unusual and
extraordinary for the truck to hit an electricity post, an immovable and stationary object,
unless
Bautista, who had the exclusive management and control of the truck, acted with fault or
negligence.
We cannot also conclude that Meralco contributed to the injury since it safely and
permanently
installed the electricity post beside the street. Thus, in Republic v. Luzon Stevedoring Corp.,
we
imputed vicarious responsibility to Luzon Stevedoring Corp. whose barge rammed the
bridge, also an
immovable and stationary object.
(2) YES. Josefa is vicariously liable under paragraph 5, Article 2180 of the Civil Code because
there
is an employer-employee relations between Bautista and Josefa, and Josefa failed to show
that he
exercised the diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and supervision of
Bautista.
The finding that Bautista acted with negligence in driving the truck gives rise to the
application
of paragraph 5, Article 2180 of the Civil Code which holds the employer vicariously liable for
damages
caused by his employees within the scope of their assigned tasks.
In the present case, Josefa avoids the application of this provision by denying that Bautista
was his employee at the time of the incident. Josefa cannot evade his responsibility by
mere denial of his employment relations with Bautista in the absence of proof
that his truck was used without authorization or that it was stolen when the
accident occurred. In quasi-delict cases, the registered owner of a motor vehicle
is the employer of its driver in contemplation of law. The registered owner of any
vehicle, even if not used for public service, would primarily be responsible to the
public or to third persons for injuries caused while the vehicle was being driven
on highways or streets.
In order for Josefa to be relieved of his vicarious liability, he must show that he exercised
due

diligence in the selection and supervision of Bautista. In concrete terms, Josefa should show
by
competent object or documentary evidence that he examined Bautista as to the latter's
qualifications,
experience and service records prior to employment. He should likewise prove by
competent object
or documentary evidence that he formulated standard operating procedures, monitored
their
implementation and imposed disciplinary measures for breach of these procedures.
However, Josefa
failed to overcome the presumption of negligence against him since he waived his right to
present
evidence during trial.
(3) Meralco is only entitled to temperate damages with interest at legal rate.
Notwithstanding Josefa's
vicarious liability, Meralco failed to point out the specific facts that afford a basis for its claim
for actual
damages. Actual damages cannot be presumed; they must be pleaded and proven in court
in order to
be recoverable. One is entitled to an adequate compensation only for the pecuniary loss that
he has
adequately proved based upon competent proof and on the best evidence obtainable by
him. We
cannot give weight to Exhibit "D" as to the amount of actual damages for being hearsay.
Exhibit "D"
constitutes hearsay evidence since it was derived on alleged pieces of documentary
evidence that
were not identified and authenticated in court during trial.
Meralco is entitled to temperate damages because it clearly suffered pecuniary loss as a
result
of Bautista and Josefa's negligence. When the court finds that some pecuniary loss has been
suffered but the amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proven with certainty, the
court may
award temperate damages in the exercise of its sound discretion. Considering the attendant
circumstances of this case, we find the amount of P200,000.00 to be a fair and sufficient
award by
way of temperate damages.
Meralco is not entitled to attorney's fees and expenses of litigation. The CA likewise erred in
awarding Meralco attorney's fees and expenses of litigation without explaining its basis. In
Buan v.
Camaganacan, we held that the text of the decision should state the reason why attorney's
fees are
being awarded; otherwise, the award should be disallowed. Besides, no bad faith has been
imputed
to Josefa that would warrant the award of attorney's fees under Article 2208 (5) of the Civil
Code. It is
a settled rule that attorney's fees shall not be recovered as cost where the party's
persistence in
litigation is based on his mistaken belief in the righteousness of his cause. There is also no
factual,
legal, or equitable justification that would justify the Court's award of attorney's fees under
Article

2208 (11) of the Civil Code.

Finally, we impose an interest rate of 6% per annum on temperate damages pursuant to the
guidelines enunciated in Eastern Shipping Lines v. CA, as modified by Nacar v. Gallery
Frames.