CH111 Lab 4
CH111 Lab 4
CH111 Lab 4
Arthur, Sherilyn
Matthew
CH111-L1 Monday 2:30-5:30pm
150629890
22/02/2016
Procedure
For the procedure, see lab manual (CH111 Lab Manual, Winter 2016) pages
57-59.
Wilfrid Laurier University Chemistry Department. Winter 2016. Experiment
4. Le Chteliers Principle. Pages 35-38 in Chemistry 111 Lab Manual. Wilfrid
Laurier University, ON, Canada.
Results
A.I: Acid-Base Equilibria
Added
Volume
(mL or
drops)
Colour
K2CrO4
3 mL
H2SO4
5 drops
NaOH
4 drops
H2SO4
6 drops
Bright
Brownish
Yellow
Dark
Yellow
Yellow
Orange
Table 1; 2 CrO4^2- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) Cr2O7^2- (aq) + H2O
(l)
A.II: Weak Acid-Base Indicator Equilibria-Methyl Orange
and Phenolphthalein
Added
Volume
Methyl
Orange
1 drop
HCl
NaOH
HCl
2 drops
4 drops
2 drops
(mL or
Drops)
Colour
Light
Clear
Clear
Clear
Orange
Pinkish Red Yellow
Pinkish Red
Table 2; Hln (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ln- (aq) (ln= Methyl
Orange)
Predicted # Drops:2
Actual Drops: 2
Phenolphth
alein
1 drop
HCl
NaOH
HCl
2 drops
4 drops
4 drops
Clear,
Clear,
Clear,
Clear,
colourless
colourless Dark Pink
colourless
Table 3; Hln (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ln- (aq) (ln=
Phenolphthalein)
Predicted # Drops:4
Actual Drops: 4
B: Complex Ion Equilibria: Temperature Dependence
of Co(II) Complex Ion
Added
CoCl2
Sample 1
HCl
Volume
(mL or
Drops)
3mL
10 Drops
Sample 2
Sample 2
Hot Water Cold
Water
12 seconds 5 seconds
to change
to return to
colour
previous
colour
Colour
Clear
Bubblegum
Pink
Clear Pale
Lavender
Dark bluish
purple
Clear
bubblegum
pink
Dark Bluish
Purple,
Clear
Clear, Dark
bubblegum
pink
BaCl2
3 mL
K2CrO4
6 drops
HCl
12 drops
Clear,Colour
less
Added
CaCl2
Volume
(mL or
drops)
Colour
3 mL
Cloudy
Sample Sample
1
2
H2C2O4 (NH4)2C
2O4
1 drop
2 drops
Slightly
Cloudy
Sample
1 & HCl
Sample
1 and
NH3
9 drops
30 drops
Very
Clear,
Cloudy
Colourle
White
ss
Table 6; Ca2+ (aq) + C2O4^2- (aq) CaC2O4 (s)
Clear,
Colourle
ss
Questions
1)
the hydroxide ions reacted with the hydronium ions, so the reaction
shifted right to produce more hydronium ions.
For Phenolphthalein, colourless in acids and bright pink in bases.
Adding HCl shifted the equation to the left, and it remained colourless,
while adding a base, NaOH, shifted the reaction to the right, to turn
clear, dark pink. The reaction shifted due to the same reasons
described for Methyl Orange.
4)
Yes, the answers were accurate. This is because in an acid base
situation such as NaOH and HCl, molarities usually end up on a 1:1
ratio. Meaning, 1 mole of HCl= 1 mol of NaOH. So the weak acid- base
needed equal amounts of drops to change the indicator from colourless
to pink, and vice versa.
1)
Starting with temperature, this reaction is endothermic. Since
heat was added, the reaction changed colour and shifted to the right to
produce more products to reach equilibrium again. Adding HCl also
made the reaction shift to the right, since increasing the concentration
of the reactants caused the reaction to shift right to make more
products to stabilize the concentration change of ions that put stress
on the system.
2)
Yes, it was. H2O is a product, and increasing the concentration of
the products will put stress on the system, causing it to shift to the left
to produce more reactants, and therefore changing the colour back.
1)
Ba^2+ (aq)
2)
+ CrO4^2- (aq)
->
BaCrO4 (s)
3)
Discussion
The results of the experiments were recorded accordingly, in reference
to Le Chtaliers Principle. In Part A.I, adding HCl increased the concentration
of the reactant side, making the reaction shift to the right to produce more
products to reach equilibrium (Question #1, Table 1). In part A.II, the reaction
shifted to the left when acid was added to the methyl orange indicator,
changing the colour from light orange to pinkish red, and increasing product
concentration (Question #3, Table 2). Also in part A.II, adding acid to
phenolphthalein shifted the reaction to the left to produce more products,
while adding base turned the colour from colourless to dark pink, while also
then shifting the reaction back to right, due to an increase in concentration
of the reactants (Question #3, Table 3). In part B, temperature was
additionally used as a stress factor on a reaction. The reaction turned out to
be endothermic, since adding heat caused the reaction to shift to the left and
change colour, and according to Le Chtaliers Principle, addition of reactants
upsets equilibrium and causes the reaction to shift right to make more
products. Taking away heat therefore returned the colour back to normal by
producing more reactants on the left, and therefore, more heat. Adding acid,
H+ ions, increased reactant concentration and caused the reaction to shift
right (Question #1 Part B, Table 4). In part C, the precipitate dissolved due to
the common ion effect, where both HCl and potassium chloride had similar
anions. Therefore, product concentration increased, and the reaction shifted
to the left, and the precipitate dissolved (Question #2 Part C, Table 5). In Part
D, the precipitate was determined to be CaC2O4 (Table 5), and the reactions
in both test tubes, A and B, shifted to the right to produce a precipitate when
acid was added, indicating product formation due to an increase in reaction
concentration. The addition of acid gave a better and cloudier precipitate
(Question # 1
part D, Table 5). Human sources of error included accidentally adding more
or less drops of acid or base into solutions, which resulted in inaccurate
measurements and recorded results. Also, inaccurately determining the
observed results, such as precipitate formation or colour changes that
occurred. An experimental source of error couldve been impure equipment
and solutions, resulting in improper predictions and observations, such as the
wrong colour change, etc. A way to improve this lab would be to add more
experiments to observe changes other than concentration, such as pressure
changes.
Conclusion
The results were determined accordingly, using the predictions of Le
Chtaliers Principle. In Part A.I, the reaction shifted to the right when acid
was added, and to the left for both indicators when acid was added, meaning
concentration changes in reactants and products, respectively. The number
of drops used and the predicted number of drops used were the same for
both indicators. In part B, the reaction shifted to the right when heat was
added, concluding an endothermic reaction, and to the left when the solution
was placed in an ice bath, indicating temperature change. To reverse colour
change, water was added, proving a successful hypothesis. In part C, when
acid was added the reaction shifted to the left, and the precipitate dissolved,
when HCl was added. In part D, the precipitate that formed was CaC2O4, and
the reactions shifted left to form a precipitate, the product, when acid was
added. The addition of acid, HCl, gave a more complete precipitate. In
conclusion, using Le Chateliers Principle to predict how reactions reduced the
stress of concentration or temperature changes that were placed upon them,
and reached equilibrium, was successfully carried out and observed through
a number of different reactions.