Psijourn WDD

Dr. WILLIAM D.
DAR
President, InangLupa Movement
Paper presented during the PSciJourn National Congress held on 23 July 2016 at BSWM, Quezon City
Poverty, Food Production, & Population Nexus
(2014-2016 projection)
Finite Land & Water Resources

132,275 km2 total degraded lands
affecting 33 M Filipinos
5.2 M ha arable land severely eroded
8.5 M ha arable land moderately eroded
Source: Global Assessment of Land Degradation & Improvement Study
Philippines will be the 57th

most water stressed country in 2040
out of 167 countries
The sector that will bear the effect of water

shortage by 2040 is agriculture
Source: World Resources Institute
Soils are not only hungry

but also thirsty!
Land
degradation
Poverty
Water
is the key issue

Source: ICRISAT
Preliminary Research on Philippine Climate

Projections & Potential Impacts on Agriculture
Projected Changes in Rainfall (2050s)
Source: Manila Observatory, 2016
Agricultural Lands
Farmer-centric Community Watershed:

Entry Point for Improving Sustainable Livelihoods
IGNRM, holistic livelihood approach
Science-based consortium approach

Profitability and sustainability
Empowerment and knowledge sharing
Social inclusion (equity, gender and
youth)
Source: ICRISAT
Community-based Rainwater Harvesting

Groundwater Recharging Structures
Check dams
Percolation tanks
Gabion structures
Grassed waterways
Diversion drains
Masonry check dam
Gabion structure
Earthen check dam

Source: ICRISAT
Status of Philippine Soils

(BSWM Land Degradation Assessment 2013)
Declining fertility of rice growing areas especially in lowland areas

Increasing soil erosion for upland agricultural areas
Rapid conversion of agricultural areas to residential; and other

land types to various land uses
Increasing water pollution that is in turn a major land

degradation concern
Soil Health Assessment:Entry Point

as an
Bhoochetana
Transition to land health
Uses soil health assessment as
an entry point to plan sciencebased interventions that can
lead to tangible benefits for
farmers through convergence
of sustainable technologies for
increasing productivity of farm
households with an effective
integrated watershed
management approach.
Monitor the
outcome
Assess the
symptoms
Treat the
problem
Diagnose
the causes
Source: ICRISAT
Case in India:
Bhoochetana
(Soil Rejuvenation)
is a mission mode project of ICRISAT

that harness science for sustainable
use of natural resources among
farmers and increase rainfed crop
yields by 20%.
Increased crop yield by 20-66%

Covered 3.1M ha and benefitted 4.4M
families
Contributed to rise in agriculture growth:
above 5% annually since 2009

Benefit-cost ratio: 3-14:1
Accrued net benefit in 4 years: $ 240M
Source: ICRISAT
Bhoochetana Achievements
Saved their soils. To avoid
soil erosion, farmers did
contour planting, green
manuring, broad-bed and
furrow planting.
Saved water. Farmers did

conservation furrows and
added to the soil organic
materials, which led to better
conservation of water.
Saved the environment.

Farmers use biocontrol
agents, not pesticides that
pollute the environment.
Saved on fertilizers.
Instead of following blanket
recommendations, farmers
tested their soils for lack of
nutrients.
Saved good seeds. ICRISAT gave farmers

high-yielding and drought-resistant
new/improved varieties of chickpea,
peanut, pearl millet, pigeon pea, and
sweet sorghum.
Source: ICRISAT
Case in the Philippines:
Yamang Lupa Program

is the Philippine adaptation of the Bhoochetana concept.
It has 3 pilot regions 15,767 ha
Quezon (Luzon)
Samar (Visayas)
Zamboanga Sibugay (Mindanao)
Soil Health Cards

473
developed and distributed
Mean Results of Field Demonstration

REGION
4A
Crop
Rice
Tomato
Ampalaya
String bean
Onion
Average Yield (t/ha)

Farmers Practice YLP Demo Farm
4.40
4.62
5.00
8.175
5.75
7.00
7.85
8.36
11.60
25.00
% Difference
4.88
48.20
19.61
6.29
73.22
(as of November 2015)
REGION
Crop
Upland Rice
Lowland Rice
Peanut
Okra
Corn

Farmers Practice YLP Demo Farm
4.40
5.95
7.00
8.75
3.31
6.75
3.05
5.45
3.32
4.60
% Difference
29.95
22.22
68.39
56.47
32.32
(as of November 2015)
Mean Results of Field Demonstration

Crop
REGION
Ampalaya
Peanut
Lowland rice (NSIC 298)
Sweet potato
Sweet corn
Cassava
Squash
Hot pepper
Upland rice
Yellow corn
Watermelon

Farmers
YLP Demo Farm
Practice
5.50
12.70
1.00
2.10
4.50
8.20
4.20
13.30
5.40
10.60
7.50
20.20
8.50
20.10
5.10
11.50
3.20
6.40
2.50
5.50
6.00
11.50
% Difference
79.00
71.00
58.00
104.00
65.00
92.00
81.00
77.00
67.00
75.00
63.00
(as of March 2015)
Narrowing the yield gaps

Rainfed agriculture: a large untapped potential
8
80% of global
agriculture is rainfed
(1.2 B ha)
Observed potential yield
Current farmers
yields are lower by
2-5 folds than the
achievable yields
Yield (t ha
-1
BW1
Rate of growth
71 kg ha-1 y-1
Carrying Capacity
-1
4.8 persons ha
2
Rate of growth
Vast potential of
rainfed agriculture
needs to be
harnessed
Carrying Capacity
-1
27 persons ha
BW4C
20 kg ha-1 y-1
0
1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
2010
Year
Source: ICRISAT
We must empower the

farmer to become a:
Producer
Team player
Scientist/Technologist
Businessman/Entrepreneur
Environmentalist
Agriculture
Production
Big part: INDUSTRY
ASEAN Agri-food
Trade, 2014 ($B)
Country
Exports
Indonesia
38.8
Malaysia
26.2
Philippines
6.7
Thailand
38.4
Vietnam
24.8
From farm to agro-industry

Farm Level
Agro-industry
Increasing
productivity
More food and raw

materials for industry
Diversifying
the base
More products to process

Diversify exports
Value adding
More off-farm and

non-farm jobs
Source: Rolando Dy, UA&P
Agribusiness:
Catalyst to drive regional

economic transformation
Transform & upgrade

agriculture from traditional
farming to a globally
competitive agribusiness sector
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
(2014-2017)
(2018-2021)
(2022-2025)
Focus on rubber,
coconut, mangoes,
coffee, cacao, banana,
palm oil; other high
value crops
Attend to supply chain

gaps
Strengthen agro-processing
& its linkages to production --R&D; strengthen supply
chains, upgrade commodity
clusters; provide access to
technologies, finance;
regulatory & certification
system
Deepen participation in
inclusive Global Value
Chain (GVC)
Present the Philippines

as an agribusiness
regional hub
Source: RM Aldaba, DTI
Most food-secured country in the world

Global Food Security Index (GFSI) 2015
nd
2
Singapore
imports nearly all (over 90%)
the food it consumes
th
Vietnam
65
one of the biggest rice

exporters in the world
th
Malaysia
34
nd
Philippines
72
nd
Thailand
52
th
Indonesia
74
imports about 1/3 of its

total rice requirements

exporters in the world

importers in the world

importers in the world
ASEAN alone, it is evident that food self-sufficiency does not necessarily make a
countrys people more food-secure. What counts is that people have the ability to
obtain food, which means prices and incomes are key.
What makes Philippine rice so much more expensive

than its ASEAN neighbors?
Philippine rice policy restricts rice imports by
Facts to Consider:
Thailand
putting imports under the strict control of the NFA

all in the name of pursuing rice self-sufficiency.
Vietnam
Philippines
11M ha (80% irrigated) 7.5M ha (~100% irrigated)

of rice land to feed
90M Vietnamese
66M Thais
4.5M ha (69% irrigated)

102M Filipinos
Mekong River naturally irrigating their rice areas

and permitting up to three crops a year
Archipelago with no massive

rivers running through it
We must open up rice trade & shift to import tariffs

as our mode of protecting rice farmers!
Agriculture Productivity in the Philippines & Vietnam

Philippines
(MT/ha)
Vietnam
(MT/ha)
Rice
3.9
5.6
Corn
2.9
4.4
Coconut
4.3
9.7
Sugarcane
5.8
6.5
Coffee
0.34
2.5
Cassava
10.9
17.9
Income per hectare
$340/year
$1,063/year
Exports
$4 B/year
$34 B/year
Commodities
FOOD SECURITY is the way forward!

There is no doubt that
we can attain 100% rice
self-sufficiency.
Given if we do it righti.e., use hybrid seeds,

fertilization, irrigation and crop care. For sure,
we can even produce well beyond our needs.
The challenge is not

really producing more
rice but at what cost!
Farm gate cost of domestic palay

Philippines = P14-P15/kg
Thailand = P10/kg
Vietnam = P7/kg
Could we even export rice

without losing money on it,
given international prices?
Its not about productivity alone.

Its about productivity, incomes and
competitiveness.
Diversify Agriculture
by promoting more products
Rice | Corn | Coconut
account for over 80% of farm land
Shifts in program priorities from mono-cropping
to diversification and multiple cropping:
1. Further production intensification and

mechanization in favorable irrigated rice
growing areas to drive down costs.
2. Less productive upland and rainfed lowland

rice farms will be diverted to the growing of
higher value vegetables, fruits, ornamentals
and industrial tree crops like coffee, oil
palm, rubber, cacao and hybrid coconuts.
Build Strong Partnership

between DA and LGUs
DA focuses on national priorities/directions (steering function)
LGUs focus on effective programs and services (rowing function)
DA is accountable to its partners (people and communities) it serves.

Monitoring and evaluation is an institutionalized practice to ensure
adequate feedbacking and immediate action on issues that arise.
DA-LGU partnerships are built on clear understanding,

embodied through partnership agreements such as MOAs.

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Dr. WILLIAM D.

Poverty, Food Production, & Population Nexus

Finite Land & Water Resources

Philippines will be the 57th

The sector that will bear the effect of water

Soils are not only hungry

is the key issue

Preliminary Research on Philippine Climate

Projected Changes in Rainfall (2050s)

Source: Manila Observatory, 2016

Farmer-centric Community Watershed:

IGNRM, holistic livelihood approach

Science-based consortium approach

Community-based Rainwater Harvesting

Masonry check dam

Earthen check dam

Status of Philippine Soils

Declining fertility of rice growing areas especially in lowland areas

Rapid conversion of agricultural areas to residential; and other

Increasing water pollution that is in turn a major land

Soil Health Assessment:Entry Point

is a mission mode project of ICRISAT

Increased crop yield by 20-66%

above 5% annually since 2009

Saved water. Farmers did

Saved the environment.

Saved good seeds. ICRISAT gave farmers

Case in the Philippines:

Yamang Lupa Program

Soil Health Cards

Mean Results of Field Demonstration

Average Yield (t/ha)

Average Yield (t/ha)

Mean Results of Field Demonstration

Average Yield (t/ha)

Narrowing the yield gaps

Observed potential yield

We must empower the

Big part: INDUSTRY

From farm to agro-industry

More food and raw

More products to process

More off-farm and

Source: Rolando Dy, UA&P

Catalyst to drive regional

Transform & upgrade

Attend to supply chain

Present the Philippines

Most food-secured country in the world

one of the biggest rice

imports about 1/3 of its

one of the biggest rice

one of the biggest rice

one of the biggest rice

What makes Philippine rice so much more expensive

putting imports under the strict control of the NFA

11M ha (80% irrigated) 7.5M ha (~100% irrigated)

4.5M ha (69% irrigated)

Mekong River naturally irrigating their rice areas