Kinds of Sentences According to Structure

A sentence may consist of one clause (independent clause) or more

clauses (independent and dependent clauses). An independent clause is
also called main clause. A dependent clause is also called subordinate
clause.
On the basis of numbers of clause and types of clauses present in a
sentence, sentences are divided in to four kinds.

Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of only one independent clause containing
a subject and a verb and it expresses complete thought. There is no
dependent clause.
An independent clause (also called main clause) is called a simple
sentence.

Examples.
He laughed.
She ate an apple.
They are sleeping.
I bought a book.

Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of at least two independent clauses joined
by coordinating conjunctions. There is no dependent clause in compound
sentence. The coordinating conjunctions use to join independent clauses
are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Independent clauses can also be joined
by a semicolon (;). A comma may or may not be used before the
conjunction in compound sentence.
Examples
I like an apple but my brother likes a mango.
I helped him and he became happy.
He failed two times yet he is not disappointed.
I asked him a question; he replied correctly.

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one

dependent clause joined by subordinating conjunction (because, although,
since, when, unless etc) or relative pronoun (that, who, which etc).

Examples
I met the boy who had helped me.
She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
You cant pass the test unless you study for it.
If a complex sentence begins with an independent clause, a comma is not
used between clauses in a complex sentence. If a complex sentence
begins with dependent clause then a comma is use after dependent
clause in a complex sentence. See the following example.
He is playing well although he is ill.
Although he is ill, he is playing well.
Complex - Compound Sentence
A complex-compound sentence consists of at least two independents and
one or more dependent clauses. It is also sometimes called compoundcomplex Sentence.
Examples
1. He went to college and I went to a market where I bought a book.
2. I like Mathematics but my bother likes Biology
because he wants to be a doctor.
In the first sentence of above sentence, there are two independent
clauses he went to college and I went to a market, and one dependent
clause where I bought a book.

8 Parts of Spech
Noun
names a person, place, thing, or idea

adjective
modifies a noun or a pronoun and answers these questions: which?
what kind of? how many?

Adverb
modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers these
questions: when? where? how? how much? why?

pronoun
is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns

preposition
shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a
sentence

interjection
expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the
sentence

verb
expresses an action or a state of being

conjunction
joins words or groups of words (phrases or clauses)

What is an Educated Filipino?

-Francisco Benitez
What is an educated Filipino and what qualities should distinguish him today?
The conception of education and of what an educated man is varied in response
to fundamental changes in the details and aims of society. In our country and
during this transition stage in our national life, what are the qualities which an
educated man should possess?
Alterations in Our Social Life
Great changes have taken place in the nature of our social life during the last
forty years. The contact with Americans and their civilization has modified many
of our own social customs, traditions, and practices, some for the worse and
many for the better. The means of communication have improved and therefore
better understanding exists among the different sections of our country. Religious
freedom has developed religious tolerance in our people. The growth of public
schools and the establishment of democratic institutions have developed our
national consciousness both in strength and in solidarity.
Education Has Changed in Meaning
With this growth in national consciousness and national spirit among our people,
we witness the corresponding rise of a new conception of education the
training of the individual for the duties and privileges of citizenship, not only for
his own happiness and efficiency but also for national service and welfare. In the
old days, education was a matter of private concern; now it is a public function,
and the state not only has the duty but it has the right as well to educate every
member of the community the old as well as the young, women as well as men
not only for the good of the individual but also for the self-preservation and
protection of the State itself. Our modern public school system has been
established as a safeguard against the shortcomings and dangers of a
democratic government and democratic institutions.
1. Practical Activity
In the light of social changes, we come again to the question: What qualities
should distinguish the educated Filipino of today? I venture to suggest that the
educated Filipino should first be distinguished by the power to do. The Oriental
excels in reflective thinking; he is a philosopher. The Occidental is the doer; he
manages things, men and affairs. The Filipino of today needs more of his power
to translate reflection into action. I believe that we are coming more and more to
the conviction that no Filipino has the right to be considered educated unless he

is prepared and ready to take an active and useful part in the work, life, and
progress of our country as well as in the progress of the world.
The power to do embraces the ability to produce enough to support oneself and
to contribute to the economic development of the Philippines. Undoubtedly, a
man may be, and often is, an efficient producer of economic goods and at the
same time he may not be educated. But should we consider a man who is utterly
unable to support himself and is an economic burden to the society in which he
lives as educated merely because he possesses the superficial graces of culture?
I hope that no one will understand me as saying that, the only sign of economic
efficiency is the ability to produce material goods, for useful social participation
may take the form of any of any of the valuable services rendered to society
trough such institutions as the home, the school, the church and the
government. The mother, for example, who prepares wholesome meals, takes
good care of her children and trains them in morals and right conduct at home,
renders efficient service to the country as well as the statesman or the captain of
industry. I would not make the power to do the final and only test of the educated
Filipino; but I believe that in our present situation, it is fundamental and basic.
2. Acquaintance with Native History and Culture
The educated Filipino, in the second place, should be distinguished not only by
his knowledge of the past and of current events in the worlds progress but more
especially by his knowledge of his race, hi people, and his country, and his love
of the truths and ideals that our people have learned to cherish. Our character,
our culture, and our national history are the core of national life and
consequently, of our education. I would not have the educated Filipino ignore
the culture and history of other lands, but can he afford to be ignorant of the
history and culture of his own country and yet call himself educated?
3. Refinement in Speech and Conduct
The educated Filipino, in the third place, must have ingrained in his speech and
conduct those elements that are everywhere recognized as accompaniments of
culture and morality; so that, possessing the capacity for self entertainment
and study, he may not be at the mercy of the pleasure of the senses only or a
burden to himself when alone.
There are, then, at least three characteristics which I believe to be the evidence
of the educated Filipino the power to do, to support himself and contribute to
the wealth of our people; acquaintance with the worlds progress, especially with
that of his race, people, and the community, together with love of our best ideals
and traditions; and refined manners and moral conduct as well as the power of
growth.

The Hands of the Blacks by Luis Bernardo Honwana

I dont remember now how we got on to the subject, but one day, Teacher said
that the palms of the Blacks hands were much lighter than the rest of their
bodies. This is because only a few centuries ago, they walked around with them
like wild animals, so their palms werent exposed to the sun, which made the rest
of their bodies darker. I thought of this when Father Christiano told us after
catechism that we were absolutely hopeless, and that even the pygmies were
better than us, and he went back to this thing about their hands being lighter,
and said it was like that because they always went about with their hands folded
together, praying in secret. I thought this was so funny, this thing of the Blacks
hands being lighter, that you should just see me now. I do not let go of anyone,
whoever they are, until they tell me why they think that the palms of the Blacks
hands are lighter. Doa Dores, for instance, told me that God made Blacks hands
lighter so they would not dirty the food they made for their masters, or anything
else they were ordered to do that had to be kept clean.
Seor Antunes, the Coca-Cola man, who only comes to the village now and again
when all the Cokes in the cantinas have been sold, said it was a lot of baloney. Of
course, I do not know if it was really such, but he assured me, it was. After that I
said, All right, it was baloney, and then he told me what he knew about this
thing of the Blacks hands. It was like this: Long ago, many years ago, God the
Father, Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, many other saints, all the angels
that were in Heaven, and some of the people who had died and gone to Heaven
they all had a meeting and decided to create the Blacks. Do you know how?
They got hold of some clay and pressed it into some second-hand molds and
baked the clay of creatures, which they took from the heavenly kilns. Because
they were in a hurry and there was no room next to the fire, they hung them in
the chimneys. Smoke, smoke, smokeand there you have them, black as coals.
And now, do you want to know why their hands stayed white? Well, didnt they
have to hold on while their clay baked?

When he told me this, Seor Antunes and the other men who were around us
were very pleased and they all burst out laughing. That very same day, Seor
Frias told me that everything i had heard from them there had been just one big
pack of lies. Really and truly, what he knew about the Blacks hands was right

that God finished men and told them to bathe in a lake in Heaven. After bathing,
the people were nice and white. The Blacks, well. They were made very early in
the morning and at this hour, the water in the lake was very cold, so they only
wet the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet before dressing and
coming to the world.

But i read in a book that happened to mention the story, that the Blacks have
hands lighter like this because they spent their lives bent over, gathering the
white cotton of Virginia and i dont know where else. Of course, Doa Estefania
did not agree when i told her this. According to her, it is only because their hands
became bleached with all that washing.

Well, i do not know what to think about all this but the truth is that however
calloused and cracked they may be, Black hands are always lighter than the rest
of him. And thats that!

My mother is the only one who must be right about this question of a Blacks
hands being lighter than the rest of his body. On the day that we were talking
about it, i was telling her what i already knew about the question, and she could
not stop laughing. When i was talking, she did not tell me at once what she
thought about all this and she only talked when she was sure that i wouldnt get
tired of bothering her about it. And even then, she was crying and clutching
herself around the stomach like someone who had laughed so much that it was
quite unbearable. What she said was more or less this:

God made Blacks because they had to be. They had to be, my son. He thought
they really had to be. Afterwards, He regretted having made them because other
men laughed at them and took away their homes and put them to serve as
slaves and not much better. But because He couldnt make them all white, for
those who were used to seeing them black would complain, He made it so that
the palms of their hands would be exactly like the palms of the hands of other
men. And do you know why that was? Well, listen: it was to show that what men
do is only the work of men... that what men do is done by hands that are the
samehands of people. How, if they had any sense, would know that before
anything else they are men. He must have been thinking of this when He made
the hands of those men who thank God they are not black!

After telling me all this, my mother kissed my hands. As i ran off to the yard to
play ball, i thought that i had never seen a person cry so much as my mother did
then.

I am an African Child
Poem- by Eku McGred2
I am an African child
Born with a skin the colour of chocolate
Bright, brilliant and articulate
Strong and bold; I'm gifted
Talented enough to be the best
I am an African child

Often the target of pity

My future is not confined to charity
Give me the gift of a lifetime;
Give me a dream, a door of opportunity;
I will thrive
I am an African child

Do not hide my fault

show me my wrong
I am like any other;
Teach me to dream
And I will become
I am an African child

I am the son, daughter of the soil

Rich in texture and content
Full of potential for a better tomorrow
Teach me discipline, teach me character, teach me hard work
Teach me to think like the star within me
I am an African child

I can be extra-ordinary
call me William Kamkwamba the Inventor;
Give me a library with books
Give me a scrap yard and discarded electronics
Give me a broken bicycle;
Plus the freedom to be me
And I will build you a wind mill
I am an African child

We are the new generation

Not afraid to be us
Uniquely gifted, black and talented

Shining like the stars we are

We are the children of Africa
Making the best of us
Yes! I am an African child

Why Sinigang?
By Doreen G. Fernandez
Rather than the overworked adobo (so identified as the Philippine stew in foreign
cookbooks), sinigang seems to me the dish most representative of Filipino taste.
We like the lightly boiled, the slightly soured, the dish that includes fish (or
shrimp or meat) vegetables and broth. It is adaptable to all tastes ( if you dont
like shrimp, then bangus, or pork), to all classes and budgets, (even ayungin, in
humble little piles, find their way into the pot), to seasons and availability
(walang talong, mahal ang gabi? kangkong na lang!).
But why? Why does sinigang find its way to bare dulang, to formica-topped
restaurant booth, to gleaming ilustrado table? Why does one like anything at all?
How is a peoples taste shaped?
But still, why soured? Aside from the fact that sour broths are cooling in
hot weather, could it be perhaps because the dish is meant to be eaten against
the mild background of rice? Easy to plant and harvest, and allowing more than
one crop a year, rice is ubiquitous on the landscape. One can picture our
ancestors settling down beside their rivers and finally tuning to the cultivation of
fields, with rice as one of the first steady crops.
RICE
Rice to us is more than basic cereal, for as constant background, steady
accompaniment; it is also the shaper of other food, and of tastes. We not only
sour, but also salt (daing, tuyo, bagoong) because the blandness of rice suggests
the desirability of sharp contrast. Rice can be ground into flour and thus the
proliferation of puto; the mildly sweet Putong Polo, the banana leaf-encased
Manapla variety; puto filled with meat or flavored with ube; puto in cakes or
wedges, white or brown eaten with dinuguan or salabat.

THE GREENERY
The landscape also offers the vines, shrubs, fields, forest and tress from
which comes the galaxy of gulay with which we are best all year round. Back
home, an American friend commented. All we use from day to day are peas,
carrots, potatoes, cabbage, and very few others.

The dietarily uninhibited Filipino, on the other hand, recognizes the

succulence of roots (gabi, ube, kamote); the delicacy and flavor of leaves
(pechay, dahong bawang, kintsay, pako, malunggay) and tendrils (talbos ng
ampalaya, kalabasa, sayote); the bounty of fruits (not only upo and kalabasa,
talong and ampalaya, but also desserts like langka and banana, which double as
vegetables; and the excitement of flowers like katuray and kalabasa.

Weekly Written
Output
In
English
Prepared by: Diana Elizabeth Valdez
(G-Faith)

Prepared to: Mrs.Glory Mae C.

Santander
(Teacher)