ELBOW MIXTURE ANALYSIS

Satvinder Singh Bhatia, 2Ritesh Nishad,3Sameer Rajendra Patil, 4Mukund Kishor Dewangan,
5
Purushottam Chandrawanshi, 6Makhan Sahu,
Bachelor of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Email: [email protected], [email protected] ,
3
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],
6
[email protected]

AbstractThe transfer and mixing of fluids

is common procedure that happen almost in
all manufacturing companies. The pipe which
transfers and mixes heat have different
sections, the quality and accuracy of product
have directly related to the quality of heat
transfer and mixing of fluids.
In this project, we have studied one of the
device used for fluid mixing and heat transfer
in pipes i.e. ELBOW MIXTURE. Elbow
Mixture is a device used for fluid mixing and
heat transfer through fluids in pipes. The
design of Elbow mixture affects its function.
Therefore for a designer of Elbow Mixture, it
should be very necessary to have such a
reference through which, he can predict the
Fluid flow and Heat transfer phenomena
inside the Elbow mixture.
Since, information about Elbow Mixture is
rare, therefore in this project we have deal
with a particular case of Elbow mixture in two
different type of fluid flow i.e. laminar and
turbulent flow, and compared them. So that a
designer should ensure about the difference in
flow pattern in both flows.
For these purpose, we have used the ANSYS
software for analysis which becomes most
reliable engineering software than other. For
a quality solution, we have made the each type
of flow in three different steps. Firstly we used
simple solver, then after a improved method
of coupled Solver available in ANSYS and
then we use adaptation for checking any

further improvement by refining the cells in

meshing.
At the end of project, we get some useful flow
pattern diagrams regarding velocity, pressure
and temperature inside the Elbow mixture
that can be used as reference by any designer
for Elbow mixture.
I. INTRODUCTION
Elbow Mixture is a device used in pipes to
transfer and mixing of two different fluid of
different parameters. This transfer and mixing of
fluid plays big role in the productivity.
Therefore, it is desirable that design of Elbow
Mixture should be as optimum as possible.
To get a good design, it is essential to know the
flow distribution pattern inside the Elbow
Mixture, so that prediction can be made
regarding flow distribution which can be used as
reference for the design of Elbow mixture. In this
project, we have studied the Elbow mixture to
get such a solution which can use as reference for
design.
In this project report, we have made the CFD
(Computer Fluid Dynamics) analysis of Elbow
mixture, to determine the flow and heat transfer
pattern in Elbow mixture. Since the mixing
Elbow configuration is encountered in piping
systems in power plants and process industries.
It is often important to predict the flow field and
temperature field in the area of the mixing region
in order to properly design the junction.

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
45

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

We have analyzed the Elbow mixture in laminar

as well as turbulent flow and compared them to
see the difference in flow distribution so that
design can be made with respect to both type of
flow. Since it becomes very costly to prepare the
Elbow mixture practically and have no means to
analyze that in physical form. Therefore, all the
studies and analysis have done through a
engineering software.
For this purpose we have used the ANSYS
software to make the CFD i.e. Computer Fluid
Dynamics analysis of Elbow mixture. Now in
present day ANSYS become the worlds leading
engineering software, and their solutions are
very much reliable than other. Therefore, now a
days all the organizations are using this software
for their work in different ways.
A. Aim of the project
The main objectives of our projects are listed
below:1. To study the Elbow mixture and generate
Fluid Flow pattern.
2. To get solution to determine the heat
transfer and flow pattern which can be
used as reference for Elbow mixture
designing.
3. To analyze the pressure, velocity,
temperature
and
mass
transfer
distribution and pattern through laminar
and turbulent flow.
4. To analyze the difference in pattern by
laminar and turbulent flow.
B. ELBOW Mixture
Elbow Mixture is a fluid flow device, which is
used to mix and transfer two different fluids of
either same type with different parameters or of
different types with same parameters. The Elbow
mixture used for study in this project have utilize
the same fluid water as working fluid but have
different parameters like velocity and
temperature.

Fig,1Elbow
Mixture

C. ANSYS
ANSYS, Inc. is an engineering simulation
software (computer-aided engineering, or CAE)
developer headquartered south of Pittsburgh in
the south pointe business park in Cecil township,
Pennsylvania, United States. One of its most
significant products is ANSYS CFD, a
proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
program.
ANSYS software is a combined unit of
different individual software such as :1. ANSYS Fluent:- This part of ANSYS is

used the CFD (Computer Fluid Flow)

analysis of a solid as well as Fluid.
2. ANSYS Structure:- This part of ANSYS
is used to solve the mechanics problem
relating to stress, deformation, and loads.
3. ANSYS Thermal:- This part of ANSYS
deal with the temperature relating
problems like enthalpy, heat transfer etc.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Elbow Mixture has a wide application in the
field of Mass and Heat transfer by fluid in pipes.
This directly affects the productivity of products,
since it transfers and mixes the working fluid.
The quality of transferring and mixing have
proportional effect on the product quality. Elbow
mixture has been used from the beginning of
production but still the design of Elbow mixture
has not varied much. Still a traditional type
Elbow mixture are applied for fluid transfer.
Only few works have made regarding the
improvement of Elbow mixture design. In this
series one of the major work was done by
Quamrul H. Mazumder for mechanical
engineering, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint,
MI 48502, USA.

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
46

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis

was performed in four different 90 degree
Elbows with air-water two-phase flows. The
inside diameters of the Elbows were 6.35mm
and 12.7mm with radius to diameter ratios () of
1.5 to 3. The pressure drops at two different
upstream and downstream locations were
investigated using empirical, experimental, and
computational methods. The combination of
three different air velocities, ranging from 15.24
to 45.72m/sec, and nine different water
velocities, in the range of 0.110.0m/s, was used
in this study.
CFD analysis of two-phase flow in a 6.35, and
12.7mm pipe diameter with ratio of 1.5 and 3
was performed using commercially available
CFD code FLUENT. Analysis was performed
for three different air velocities between 15.24,
30.48, and 45.72m/s and six different water
velocities, ranging from 0.1 to 10.0m/s, in each
of the four Elbows. Pressure drop profiles and
their respective cross-sectional pressure contour
maps were presented for characteristic flow
behaviors in multiphase flows. After these, there
is not having any more study relating to Elbow
mixture.
P.L. Spedding, E. Benard and N.M. Crawford
have made another crucial study of Elbow
mixture regarding the Fluid flows through a
vertical to horizontal 90Elbow bend III three
phase flow. This study also gave improvement in
the elbow mixture.
We can get some little bit information about
the Elbow mixture through the tutorial guide of
ANSYS fluent. This gives the dimensions and
parameters which have used in this project for
our analysis.
III. PHASE OF WORKING
A. Modeling of Elbow Mixture
In this part of project, the design and
meshing of Elbow mixture has done with the
using ANSYS fluent in ANSYS. The design
and meshing have much importance
regarding the quality of solutions.
B. Analysis in Laminar and Turbulent Flow
After creating the geometry and meshing as
per requirement, then analysis has done with
two different case of flow i.e. firstly with
laminar flow and then after with turbulent
flow.

C. Comparison of Results
For the proper design it should be
necessary to understand the differences in
flow pattern with laminar and turbulent so
that design should made by keeping both
type of flow. Fig,2.PhaseofWorking

Fig,2.PhaseofWorking

IV. PROBLEM SOLVER AND PROCEDURE

A. Solution steps
For a reliable solution which can be accepted,
the complete solution for each type of flow can
be done in three steps.
I. Simple Solver
This type of solver is used to get the initial
preliminary solution of the particular problem.
This solver can solve the problem with the
accuracy of 90%. For the further improvement in
solution coupled solver can be used after this
solver.
II. Coupled Solver
The Elbow solution computed in the first part
of this tutorial used the SIMPLE solver scheme
for pressure-velocity coupling. For many general
fluid-flow problems, convergence speed can be
improved by using the coupled solver. You will
now change the solution method to a coupled
scheme.
III. Adaptation
For the first two runs of this tutorial, you have
solved the Elbow problem using a fairly coarse
mesh. The Elbow solution can be improved
further by refining the mesh to better resolve the
flow details. ANSYS Fluent provides a built-in
capability to easily adapt the mesh according to
solution gradients.

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
47

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

Geometry

Setup

Meshing

Laminar

Solution
Setup

Result

Comparisio
n

Turbulent

Solution
Setup

Result

Compariso
n

Outer Radius
= 200mm
2. Extrude = 200mm
for both ends.

Fig,3.WorkingProcedure

V. MODELING AND MESHING

A. Problem setup
The setup of problem considered in these project
is shown. The cold fluid having temperature
293.15 K enters through the inlet of large
diameter with the velocity of 0.4 m/s while the
hot fluid of temperature 313.15 K enters through
the inlet of small diameter with velocity of 1.2
m/s. They both mixed inside the Elbow mixture
and exchanges their heat and these flow pattern
distribution becomes very important in order to
design a good Elbow Mixture.

Create- PrimitivesCylinderParameters
Base Plane- XY
Plane
Origin X - 137.5
Origin Y- -225
Origin Z -0
Creating
Axis Y -125
the Side
Radius-12.5
Pipe

Fig5:ElbowMixture

Tools- Symmetry-XY
plane-Apply
Generate.
3

Symmet
ry

Fig,4.ProblemSetup
Fig6:Symmetry

B. Geometry
S.N
O

ANSYS
Fluent

Creating
Main
Pipe

Geometry
1. Create- PrimitivesTorous.
Parameters Base Y= -1
Base Z= 0
Angle 900
Inner Radius
= 100mm

C. Meshing
ANSYS
S.No
Fluent

Create
named
selection

Mesh
Mesh- Create Named
Selection
Velocity Inlet
Large
Velocity Inlet
Small
Pressure Outlet

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
48

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

Symmetry.

Details
of
Meshing

1. Physics
Preference- CFD
2. Solver PreferenceFluent
3. Sizing
Relevance CentreFine
Smoothing- High
4. Inflation
Use Automatic
Inflation- Program
Controlled
5. Generate.

Fig8:.Fluent

VI. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION

A. Solution Setup
Now after completing the first three steps of
modeling, meshing and setup, the main body of
analysis starts from here. In this part all the
necessary steps are defined like types of flow,
materials, modes and boundary conditions etc.
In this project, this step have done twice for
laminar as well as turbulent flow, the whole
procedure have definite importance.
Fig7:Meshing

D. Fluent Setup
ANSYS
S.NO
Fluent

Fluent
Launcher

Setup
1. Dimension- 3D
2. Display Options: Display Mesh
After Reading
Embed Graphics
Windows
Workbench Color
Scheme
3. Processing
Options- Serial

Fig9:SolutionSetup

B. The two types of flow of analysis are as

follows:I. Laminar Flow
II. Turbulent Flow

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
49

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

VII. LAMINAR FLOW ANALYSIS

Gener
S.N
al
O
Mesh

1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.

Check Mesh
Scale Units in mm
Report Quality.
Pressure Based Solver.
Energy on.
Viscous- Laminar.

Mode
s

A. Simpler Solver
SOL
UTI
ON
Soluti
on
Scheme- Simple Solver.
1
Meth
od
Surface Monitors Report type- Mass
Weight Average.
Field VariableMonit
2
ors
Temperature.
Surface monitorPressure Outlet.

3
Fig10:Models

Create Fluid Water: Density- 1000kg/m3

Specific heat4216j/kg-K
Materi

Thermal Conductivityal
0.677
Viscosity- 0.0008
Ns/m2
Cell
Zone
Condi
tion

Bound
ary
Condi
tion.

Soluti
on
Initial
izatio
n.
Run
Calcu
lation
REP
ORT
AND
RES
ULT

Fluid- Water
1. Velocity inlet large
Velocity- 0.4m/s in X
direction.
Temperature293.15K.
2. Velocity inlet Small Velocity- 1.2 m/s in Y
direction.
Temperature- 313.15K

Flux

Hybrid InitializationInitialize
1. Iteration- 150.
2. Calculate.

1. Mass Flow rate(Kg/s)

Pressure Outlet:- 1.85*10-6
Inlet Large:1.56*10-6
Inlet Small:2.89*10-7
.
.
Net Mass Flow-10
3.014*10 .
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
7.729*10-6 W.

The above solution obtained through Simpler

solver can be improved by using coupled
solver.
ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
50

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

B. Coupled Solver
SOL
UTI
ON
Soluti
on
Scheme- Coupled Solver
1.
Meth
od
Soluti
on
Hybrid Initialiazation2.
Initial
Initialize
izatio
n
Iteration- 90
Calculate.

Net Mass Flow3.439*10-12.

2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
4.0624*10-6 W.

2.

Conto
urs

1. Velocity- 2.238 m/s

2. Pressure- -2.177 Pa to
6512.83 Pa

The solution obtained from coupled solver can

be further improved by refining their cell
meshing. This can be done by using the ADAPT
tool available in ANSYS software.
C. Adaptation
ADA
PTA
TIO
N

3.

Gradient Refine Threshold0.003

Cell Marked- Zero

Run
Calcu
lation

1.

Adapt

Fig.11:RunCalculation

REP
ORT
AND
RES
ULT
S

1.

Flux

Fig.12:GradientAdaptation

1. Mass Flow rate(Kg/s)

Pressure Outlet:- 1.8566*10-6
Inlet Large:1.566*10-6
Inlet Small:2.897*10-7
.
.

2.

Calcu
late

1. Iteration- 90
Calculate

RES
ULT
AND
REP
ORT
3.

Flux

1. Mass Flow rate(Kg/s)

Pressure Outlet:- 1.86*10-6

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
51

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

Inlet Large:1.5697*10-6
Inlet Small:2.8973*10-7
.
.
Net Mass Flow-13
8.2422*10 .
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
2.352*10-6 W

1. Velocity- 2.28m/s

2. Pressure- -2.167 to
6512.85 Pa

4.

Contou
r
3. Temperature= 293.15313.15K

Fig.13:ContourofVelocity,
PressureandTemperature

Result:The above result for laminar flow in Elbow

mixture can be used as reference for designing
the Elbow mixture for laminar flow.

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
52

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

VIII. TURBULENT FLOW ANALYSISI

A. Simple Solver
1

Gener
al
Mesh

1.
2.
3.
4.

Check Mesh
Scale Units in mm
Report Quality.
Pressure Based Solver.

1. Energy on.
2. Viscous- K-eplison
(Turbulent Flow)

Fig.15VelocityInlet

2. Velocity inlet Small Velocity- 1.2m/s in Y

direction.
Temperature- 313.15K
Turbulent Intensity5%
Hydraulic Diameter25mm

Mode
s

SOLU
TION

Fig.14.Turbulent

Mater
ial

Cell
Zone
Condi
tion

Boun
dary
Condi
tion

1. Create Fluid Water: Density- 1000kg/m3

Specific heat4216j/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity0.677
Viscocity- 0.0008
Ns/m2.

Fluid- Water
1. Velocity inlet large
Velcocity- 0.4m/s in X
direction.
Temperature293.15K.
Turbulent intensity5%
Hydraullic Diameter100mm

Soluti
on
Scheme- Simple Solver.
Metho
d
Surface Monitors Report typeMass Weight
Average.
Field VariableMonit
Fig.14:- Viscous
Model
Temperature.
ors
Surface
monitorPressure
Outlet.
Soluti
on
Hybrid InitializationInitial
Initialize
izatio
n.
Run
1. Iteration- 150.
Calcul
2. Calculate.
ation
REP
ORT
AND
RES
ULT
1. Mass Flow rate(Kg/s)
Flux
Pressure Outlet:1.867*10-6

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
53

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

Inlet Large:1.5667*10-6
Inlet Small:2.897*10-7

..
Net Mass Flow-10
1.10702*10 .
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
1.8605*10-5 W.
THE

ABOVE SOLUTION CAN BE IMPROVED BY

USING COUPLED SOLVER INSTEAD OF SIMPLE
SOLVER IN SOLUTION METHOD

B. Coupled Solver
SOL
UTIO
N
Soluti
on
Scheme- Coupled Solver
1
Metho
d
Soluti
Hybrid Initializationon
2
Initiali Initialize
zation
1. Iteration- 90
Run
3
Calcul
2. Calculate.
ation
REP
ORT
AND
RESU
LTS
1. Mass Flow rate(Kg/s)
Pressure Outlet:1
Flux
1.856*10-6
Inlet Large:1.566*10-6

Inlet Small:2.897*10-7

..
Net Mass Flow1.620*10-12
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
2.5052*10-7 W.

1. Velocity- 2.199 m/s

2. Pressure- -0.1285 Pa
to 6246.11 Pa
3. Eddy Viscosity 2.475*10-14 to
5.272*10-6 Pas

Conto
urs

The solution obtained from coupled solver can

be further improved by refining their cell
meshing. This can be done by using the ADAPT
tool available in ANSYS software.
B. Adaptation
ADAP
TATI
ON

Adapt

Calcula
te
RESU
LT
AND
REPO
RT

Gradient Refine Threshold0.003

Cell Marked- Zero

1. Iteration- 90
Calculate.
Net Mass Flow8.2422*10-13
Kg/s
Net Heat transfer
1.303*10-8 W

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
54

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

1. Velocity- 2.199m/s

2. Pressure- 0.128 Pa to
6246.11 Pa

Co
1 nto
ur

3. Temperature- 293.15
K to 313.15K

4. Eddy Viscosity1.85*10-14 to
5.272*10-6 Pa

Result:The above result for turbulent flow in Elbow

mixture can be used as reference for designing
the Elbow mixture for turbulent flow.
IX. APPLICATION AND BENEFITS
Elbow mixture has a wide variety of
application in all manufacturing companies.
Therefore, the solution obtained through above
analysis will also serve many ways. It can be
used as
For the design of Elbow mixture to obtain
a best geometry.
This report can be used for the analysis of
laminar flow in Elbow mixture.
This report can be used for the analysis of
turbulent flow in Elbow mixture.
This report can be used for checking the
difference in design requirement for
laminar and turbulent flow.
A. Benefits
This reports represents the combine
report on laminar as well as turbulent
flow pattern.
This reports provide a good idea about
the distribution and flow pattern of
temperature, velocity, and pressure
inside the Elbow mixture.
This reports provides a complete report
on Elbow mixture and fluid flow
behavior , so that it can be used for a good
design concept.
B. Final Report
The results obtained through the analysis of
Elbow mixture above can be used as reference
for the design of Elbow mixture. This results can
be used for the design for laminar and turbulent
flow both.

Fig.16ContourofVelocity,
Pressure,TemperatureandEddy
Viscosity.

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
55

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

C. Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow

Mass
Flow
Rate

LAMINAR
1. Mass Flow rate- (Kg/s)
Pressure Outlet:- 1.86*10-6
Inlet Large:1.5666*10-6
Inlet Small:2.897*10-7
.
Net Mass Flow- 8.2422*10-13
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
2.352*10-6 W
Velocity- 2.28m/s

TURBULENT

1.

Mass Flow rate- (Kg/s)

Pressure Outlet:- -1.8567*10-6
Inlet Large:1.569*10-6
Inlet Small:2.897*10-7
..
Net Mass Flow-8.2422*1013
.
2. Heat Transfer: Net Heat transfer
1.303*10-8
W

Velocity- 2.199m/s

Pressure- -2.167 to 6512.85 Pa

Pressure- --0.128 to 6246.11 Pa

Contour

Temperature:- 293.15K-313.15K

Temperature:- 293.15K-313.15K

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
56

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

1. Velocity Streamline

Vector
and
Stream
Line

2. Velocity Vector

Fig17.ElbowMixtureindifferent

X. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

A number of concept and conclusion can be draw
through the solution obtained above, but we have
made focused on the pressure, velocity and

temperature distribution in the Elbow mixture

under a specific parameters. The quality of
solution mostly depends upon the software used
and parameters selection. In this project we have
used the parameters obtained from a reputed

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
57

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME)

report files, that have made the project on Elbow

mixture with some other concept and method.
In this project, we have used the ANSYS 14.0
software for analysis, which provides the
solution that is more reliable than the solution
obtained from any other software. At present, all
big organizations, companies are using this
software and their complete function depends
upon this software.
Since we have focused on particular
parameters, so one can study all the parameters
obtained through the analysis of Elbow mixture
for better design concept. Therefore this project
have vast field of research for obtaining a good
result. Future scope for this project becomes high
for a good analytical.
At present time, the research regarding Elbow
mixture doesnt have a enough number. Only
few research has done for these. Therefore there
is a variety of things that can be used for study in
future.
XI. References
1. CFD and Experimental Study of Fluid
flow through a vertical to horizontal
90elbow bend III three phase flow by
P.L. Spedding, E. Benard *
, N.M. Crawford.
2. CFD Analysis of the Effect of Elbow
Radius on Pressure Drop in Multiphase
Flow by Quamrul H.
MazumderMechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI
48502, USA.
3. CFD Analysis of Elbow mixture by
Ansys Fluent Tutorial guide for tool
practice.
4. Experimental and CFD study of a single
phase cone-shaped helical coiled heat
exchanger: an empirical correlation. By
Daniel Flrez-Orrego, ECOS June 26-29,
2012
5. Mixing method and apparatus utilizing
pipe elbows by US 4410281 A..

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-2,2015
58