Assignment Chronlogy

Technology
Management
Assignment # 2
Improvement of Technology
in
Computer Engineering
Before Christ (B.C.)
3000 B.C.
The abacus is developed in Babylonia.

After Death (A.D.)
A.D. 700-900
Europeans begin using Hindu-Arabic math.

17th Century
1600
Hindu-Arabic math is in common use throughout Europe.
1614
John Napier introduces logarithms.
1617
Napier invents rods.
1623
Wilhelm Schickard invents the mechanical calculator.
1630-1633
William Oughtred and Richard Delamain introduce the slide

rule.
1644-1645
Blaise Pascal completes his calculator.
1672-1674
Leibniz builds his first calculator.

19th Century
1801
Joseph-Marie Jacquard develops a loom programmed by

punched tape.
1820
The Arithmometer, the first commercial calculator, is

introduced.
1823
Charles Babbage begins the Difference Engine project.
1834
Babbage starts designing the Analytical Engine.
1847
George Boole publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.
1853
Pehr and
Machine.
1854
Boole publishes The Laws of Thought.
1875
Frank Baldwin opens a workshop in Philadelphia,

inaugurating the American calculator industry.
1876-1878
Baron Kelvin builds his harmonic analyzer and tide predictor

machines.
Edvard
Scheutz
complete
their
Tabulating
1878
Ramon Verea patents a calculator capable

multiplication and division.
1885
Doff Felt devises the Comptometer, a key-driven adding and

subtracting calculator.
1889
Felts Comptograph,
introduced.
1890
Herman Holleriths punch cards and tabulating equipment

are used in the U.S. Census.
1892
William S. Burroughs introduces an adder-subtracter with a

superior printer.
1893
The Millionaire, the first efficient four-function calculator, is

invented.
containing
built-in
of
direct
printer,
is
20th Century
1900-1910
1906
1910-1913
Mechanical calculators become commonplace.

Lee De Forest devises a three-electrode tube, or triode.
Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead publish
Principia Mathematica.
1911
Hollerith Tabulating Machine Company merges

Computing- Tabulating-Recording Corporation (CTR).
into
1914
Thomas Watson, Sr., joins CTR.
1919
W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan publish a paper on flip-flop

circuits.
1924
CTR becomes International Business Machines Corporation

(IBM).
1930
Vannevar Bush completes his differential analyzer,

stimulating international interest in analog computing.
1937
Alan Turing publishes On Computable Numbers.
1938
Konrad Zuse finishes his Z1, the first binary calculating

machine
1939
Bell Labs builds the Complex Number Calculator.
1941
Zuse assembles the Z3, the first electromechanical general

purpose program-controlled calculator.
1942
John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berrys electronic calculating

machine, one of the first calculating devices with tubes,
goes into operation.
1943
IBM-Harvard Mark I is completed, First Colossus codebreaking machine is installed at Bletchley Park.
1944
J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly conceive of the stored

program computer
1945
ENIAC, the first fully functional electronic calculator, goes

into operation in November.
IBM becomes the largest business machine manufacturer in

the United States.
1946
Eckert and Mauchly establish the Electronic

Company, Americas first computer manufacturer.
Control
1947
Bell Labs invents the point-contact transistor.
1948
IBM assembles the SSEC electromechanical computer,

which runs a stored program on 27 January.
Manchester Universitys Mark I prototype runs the first fully
electronic stored program on 21 June.
1949
EDSAC, the first full-scale electronic stored-program

computer, begins operating at Cambridge University in June.
BINAC, the first stored-program computer in America, is
tested in August.
1950
Remington Rand
Corporation.
buys
the
Eckert-Mauchly
Computer
1951
The Ferranti Mark I, the first commercially manufactured

computer, is installed at Manchester University in February.
The first UNIVAC is delivered to the Census Bureau in March.
Whirlwind, the first real-time computer, is completed.
William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
1952
Thomas Watson, Jr., becomes president of IBM.

UNIVAC successfully
presidential election.
1953
predicts
the
outcome
of
the
IBM delivers the 701, its first electronic computer, to Los

Alamos in March.
MIT conducts a successful full-scale test of Jay W. Forresters
magnetic-core memory.
1954
IBM introduces the 650 medium-size computer in December.
1955
Shockley establishes a semiconductor company in Mountain

View, California.
1956
John McCarthy, an MIT computer scientist, coins the phrase

artificial intelligence
1957
IBM introduces FORTRAN, the first high-level computer

language.
1958
Jack Kilby builds an

Instruments in Dallas.
1959
Kurt Lehovec designs an IC whose components are isolated

with pn junctions.
integrated circuit (IC) at Texas
Robert Noyce invents a planar IC, paving the way for the
mass manufacture of reliable and efficient ICs.
1961
MIT develops the first computer time-sharing system.

Texas Instruments builds the first IC computer.
1963
The Digital Equipment

minicomputer.
Corporation
introduces
the
1964
IBM unveils the System/360, the first family of computers.
1968
Noyce and Gordon Moore establish Intel in Santa Clara,

California.
Intel introduces the first 1K random-access memory (RAM).
1971
Intel invents the microprocessor.
1973
The ENIAC patent is invalidated, IC computers become

commonplace.
1974
An article describing the construction of a personal

minicomputer appears in Radio-Electronics.
1975
The
Altair
computer
premieres
in Popular
Electronics, inaugurating the personal computer industry.
1977
The Apple II is introduced.
1981
IBM enters the personal computer market with the PC.
1984
IBM develops a one-million bit RAM.
1988
The first "Internet Worm" is released by Robert Morris Jr.

This affects about 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet,
and DARPA creates CERT (Computer Emergency Response
Team) to respond to threats to the Internet.
1989
The "WWW" is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, text only

version, but allows hyper-links.
The first CD-ROM is developed by Phillips and Sony, CD-I
1991
Linus Torvalds develops an open operating system called

Linux
1993
The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics

and music on PCs.
1995
The first macro virus is detected. By 1996, the MS Word

macro virus known as "Concept" becomes the most widely
spread computer virus to date.
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) debuts.
1996
Intel announces the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), a new

processor interface for graphics accelerators.
1997
Intel releases the Pentium MMX as the next generation

processor in January.
Intel releases the Pentium II chip

1998
Microsoft ships Windows 98.

Microsoft becomes the world's most valuable company.
Compaq Computer acquires Digital Equipment for US$9.6
billion.
1999
The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language

and users begin connecting to the Internet without wires.
21st Century
2000
By mid-2000 USB 2.0 became available
2001
Microsoft launches the Windows XP operating system
2003
Advanced Micro Devices releases the Opteron processor,

with 32-bit and 64-bit instruction operation, without
requiring 32-bit code to be re-compiled.
2004
Mozillas Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsofts Internet Explorer,

the dominant web browsers.
2005
Intel releases the first desktop dual-core processor
2006
Apple Computer releases its first Macintosh (iMac) computer

with an Intel processor.
2007
The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smart

phone.
Microsoft releases the Windows Vista operating system for
retail sales.
2008
Android operating system released
2009
Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin
applications to the taskbar and advances in touch and

handwriting recognition, among other features.
2010
Apple Surpasses Microsoft as Most Valuable Technology

Company
2011
Intel announces the commercialization of 3D transistors
2012
Raspberry Pi, a bare-bones, low-cost credit-card sized

computer created by volunteers mostly drawn from
academia and the UK tech industry, is released to help
teach children to code.
Microsoft releases the operating system Windows 8.
Intel demonstrates its Next Unit of Computing,
motherboard measuring only 4 4 in (10 10 cm)
2014-2015
Intel unveiled its first eight-core desktop processor, the

Intel Core i7-5960X.
Google releases the 64 bits version of Chrome for Windows.
References:
1. http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computingtimeline.pl
2. http://ds.haverford.edu/bitbybit/

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Technology

Before Christ (B.C.)

The abacus is developed in Babylonia.

Europeans begin using Hindu-Arabic math.

Hindu-Arabic math is in common use throughout Europe.

John Napier introduces logarithms.

Napier invents rods.

Wilhelm Schickard invents the mechanical calculator.

William Oughtred and Richard Delamain introduce the slide

Blaise Pascal completes his calculator.

Leibniz builds his first calculator.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard develops a loom programmed by

The Arithmometer, the first commercial calculator, is

Charles Babbage begins the Difference Engine project.

Babbage starts designing the Analytical Engine.

George Boole publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.

Boole publishes The Laws of Thought.

Frank Baldwin opens a workshop in Philadelphia,

Baron Kelvin builds his harmonic analyzer and tide predictor

Ramon Verea patents a calculator capable

Doff Felt devises the Comptometer, a key-driven adding and

Herman Holleriths punch cards and tabulating equipment

William S. Burroughs introduces an adder-subtracter with a

The Millionaire, the first efficient four-function calculator, is

Mechanical calculators become commonplace.

Hollerith Tabulating Machine Company merges

Thomas Watson, Sr., joins CTR.

W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan publish a paper on flip-flop

CTR becomes International Business Machines Corporation

Vannevar Bush completes his differential analyzer,

Alan Turing publishes On Computable Numbers.

Konrad Zuse finishes his Z1, the first binary calculating

Bell Labs builds the Complex Number Calculator.

Zuse assembles the Z3, the first electromechanical general

John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berrys electronic calculating

J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly conceive of the stored

ENIAC, the first fully functional electronic calculator, goes

IBM becomes the largest business machine manufacturer in

Eckert and Mauchly establish the Electronic

Bell Labs invents the point-contact transistor.

IBM assembles the SSEC electromechanical computer,

EDSAC, the first full-scale electronic stored-program

The Ferranti Mark I, the first commercially manufactured

Thomas Watson, Jr., becomes president of IBM.

IBM delivers the 701, its first electronic computer, to Los

IBM introduces the 650 medium-size computer in December.

Shockley establishes a semiconductor company in Mountain

John McCarthy, an MIT computer scientist, coins the phrase

IBM introduces FORTRAN, the first high-level computer

Jack Kilby builds an

Kurt Lehovec designs an IC whose components are isolated

integrated circuit (IC) at Texas

MIT develops the first computer time-sharing system.

The Digital Equipment

IBM unveils the System/360, the first family of computers.

Noyce and Gordon Moore establish Intel in Santa Clara,

Intel invents the microprocessor.

The ENIAC patent is invalidated, IC computers become

An article describing the construction of a personal