Jack-o'-lantern

For other uses, see Jack-o'-lantern (disambiguation).

jack-'o-lantern lights featuring various colors and ickerA jack-o'-lantern (or jack o'lantern) is a carved ing eects are also marketed specically for this purpose.
It is common to see jack-o'-lanterns on doorsteps and otherwise used as decorations prior to and on Halloween.

1 Etymology

A traditional jack-o'-lantern, made from a pumpkin, lit from

within by a candle.
An assortment of carved pumpkins.

The term jack-o'-lantern was originally used to describe

the visual phenomenon ignis fatuus (lit., foolish re)
known as a will-o'-the-wisp in English folklore. Used especially in East England, its earliest known use dates to
the 1660s.[1] The term will-o'-the-wisp uses wisp (a
bundle of sticks or paper sometimes used as a torch) and
the proper name "Will": thus, Will-of-the-torch. The
term jack-o'-lantern is of the same construction: "Jack
of [the] lantern.

2 History
A jack-o'-lantern in the shape of the Wikipedia logo.

2.1 Origin

pumpkin or turnip, associated with the holiday of

Halloween and named after the phenomenon of a strange
light ickering over peat bogs, called will-o'-the-wisp or
jack-o'-lantern. In a jack-o'-lantern, the top of the pumpkin or turnip is cut o to form a lid, the inside esh is
scooped out, and an image - usually a monstrous or comical face - is carved out of the rind to expose the hollow interior. To create the lantern eect, a light source is placed
within before the lid is closed. Though the light source is
traditionally a ame such as a candle or tea light), electric

The carving of vegetables has been a common practice

in many parts of the world, and gourds were the earliest
plant species domesticated by humans c. 10,000 years
ago, primarily for their carving potential.[2] For example,
gourds were used to carve lanterns by the Maori over 700
years ago;[3] the Mori word for a gourd also describes a
lampshade.[4]
It is believed that the custom of making jack-o'-lanterns
at Halloween, from turnips or pumpkins, began in
1

HISTORY

Celtic-speaking regions, Halloween was also the festival

of Samhain and was seen as a time when supernatural
beings (the Aos S) and the souls of the dead roamed the
earth. The belief that the souls of the dead roamed the
earth at Halloween was found in other places, as well.
Jack-o'-lanterns were also made at Halloween in
Somerset (see Punkie Night) during the 19th century.[8]
Some of those who made the lanterns said they represented the spirits or supernatural beings;[8] some
sources suggest that the jack-o'-lanterns originally represented Christian souls in purgatory, as Halloween is the
eve of All Saints Day (1 November)/All Souls Day (2
November).[9] Others said they were used to ward o evil
spirits[10] were set on windowsills to keep harmful spirits
out of their home.[11] However, sometimes, they were
used by Halloween guisers to frighten people.[10][11][12]

A traditional Irish Jack-o'-Lantern in the Museum of Country

Life, Ireland.

At Halloween in 1835, the Dublin Penny Journal carried a lengthy discourse on the legend of Jack-o'-theLantern.[13] In 1837, the Limerick Chronicle refers to a
local pub holding a carved gourd competition and presenting a prize to the best crown of Jack McLantern.
The term McLantern also appears in an 1841 publication of the same paper.[14]
There is also evidence that turnips were used to carve
what was called a Hoberdys Lantern in Worcestershire,
England at the end of the 18th century. The folklorist
Jabez Allies recalls:

2.2 In North America

Adaptations of Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) often depict the Headless
Horseman with a pumpkin or jack-o'-lantern in place of
his severed head. (In the original story, a shattered pumpkin is discovered next to Ichabod Crane's abandoned hat
on the morning after Cranes supposed encounter with the
Horseman.)
The application of the term to carved pumpkins in American English is rst attested in 1834.[16] The carved
pumpkin lanterns association with Halloween is recorded
in the 1 November 1866 edition of the Daily News
(Kingston, Ontario):
James Fenimore Cooper wrote a nautical novel titled The
Jack O'lantern (le Feu-Follet), Or the Privateer (1842).
The Jack O'lantern was the name of the ship.[18]

Modern carving of a Cornish Jack-o'-Lantern made from a

turnip.

Ireland.[5][6][7] In the 19th century, turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often
carved with grotesque faces, were used at Halloween in
parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[8] In these

The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, who was born in

Massachusetts in 1807, wrote the poem The Pumpkin
(1850):[19]
Agnes Carr Sage wrote, in the article, Halloween Sports
and Customs (Harpers Young People (1885):[20]
In the United States, the carved pumpkin was rst associated with the harvest season in general, long before it
became an emblem of Halloween.[21] In 1900, an article
on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-

3
lantern as part of the festivities.[21][22]

2.3

Folklore

A commercial "R.I.P." pattern.

and is similar to the story of Will-o'-the-wisp[23] retold

in dierent forms across Western Europe,[24] with variations being present in the folklore of England, Germany,
Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Wales.[25] An
old Irish folk tale from the mid-19th Century tells of
Stingy Jack, a lazy yet shrewd blacksmith who uses a cross
to trap Satan. One story says that Jack tricked Satan into
climbing an apple tree, and once he was up there Jack
quickly placed crosses around the trunk or carved a cross
into the bark, so that Satan couldn't get down.[26]
Another version of the story says that Jack was getting
chased by some villagers from whom he had stolen, when
he met Satan, who claimed it was time for him to die.
However, the thief stalled his death by tempting Satan
with a chance to bedevil the church-going villagers chasing him. Jack told Satan to turn into a coin with which
he would pay for the stolen goods (Satan could take on
any shape he wanted); later, when the coin (Satan) disappeared, the Christian villagers would ght over who had
stolen it. The Devil agreed to this plan. He turned himself into a silver coin and jumped into Jacks wallet, only
to nd himself next to a cross Jack had also picked up in
the village. Jack had closed the wallet tight, and the cross
stripped the Devil of his powers; and so he was trapped.
In both folktales, Jack only lets Satan go when he agrees
never to take his soul. After a while the thief died, as all
living things do. Of course, his life had been too sinful
for Jack to go to heaven; however, Satan had promised not
to take his soul, and so he was barred from hell as well.
Jack now had nowhere to go. He asked how he would
see where to go, as he had no light, and Satan mockingly
tossed him an ember from the ames of Hades, that would
never burn out. Jack carved out one of his turnips (which
were his favorite food), put the ember inside it, and began
endlessly wandering the Earth for a resting place. He became known as Jack of the Lantern, or jack-o'-lantern.

Halloween jack-o'-lantern.

Cornish folklorist Dr. Thomas Quiller Couch (d. 1884)

recorded the use of the term in a rhyme used in Polperro,
Cornwall, in conjunction with Joan the Wad, the Cornish
version of Will-o'-the-wisp. The people of Polperro regarded them both as pixies. The rhyme goes:[27]
Jack-o-lanterns were also a way of protecting ones home
against the undead. Superstitious people used them
specically to ward away vampires. They thought this
because it was said that the jack-o-lanterns light was a
way of identifying vampires who, once their identity was
known, would give up their hunt for you.

3 In media
Pumpkin projected onto the wall.

In addition to the folklore and literature noted above,

jack-'-lanterns have been the subject of numerous media
The story of the jack-o'-lantern comes in many variants works over the years.

4 PUMPKIN CRAFT

3.1

Comics

In a Smurfs comic book story, Halloween, the

Smurfs archenemy the evil wizard Gargamel connives with a wicked witch to conjure up Jack himself
to get revenge on the Smurings for pulling some
Halloween pranks on them using pumpkin jack-o'lanterns. Unfortunately, instead of granting their request, Jack insists on carrying away whoever summoned him. When neither Gargamel and the witch
will own up to summoning Jack, and try to pin it
solely on each other, Jack punishes them both by
turning Gargamel into a pumpkin and causing a
string of sausages to grow from the witchs nose.

3.2

Games

knight to Jacks home and do away with him. When

Grim came to reap him, Jack refused to go and managed to take Grims scythe, only giving it back in
exchange for eternal life. When he was granted it
however, Grim, who does not like being tricked, decided to cut Jacks head o to make sure he doesn't
bother the villagers anymore. Not long afterwards,
Jack had found a pumpkin to use as a new head (giving him the name Jack O' Lantern) though he was
shunned from society, forcing him to only come out
every Halloween night to play his pranks. Jack is
later referenced in the Big Boogey Adventure and
also appears as a playable character in the video
game.

4 Pumpkin craft

In Bully and Bully: Scholarship Edition, players must

break 30 jack-o'-lanterns earn a jack-o'-lantern hat.
They are found Around Bullworth Academy on Halloween mission. If all of them are not destroyed,
they can be found in the Bullworth Academy Basement.
In the Megami Tensei game series, Jack O'Lantern
(also called Pyro Jack) is a commonly encountered
demon.
In Pokmon X and Y, the Ghost Pokmon Pumpkaboo and Gourgeist resemble Jack-o-Lanterns.
In Quest 64 (released as Holy Magic Century in Australia, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand) the jack-o'lantern is an enemy and can be found in Windward Pumpkin craft for Halloween, using a commercial carving patForest. The element is re for this monster.
tern.

3.3

Television

In Gravity Falls the residents of the namesake location celebrate Summerween and carve jacko'-melons out of watermelons, and in the episode
named after the holiday, The Summerween Trickster threatened to eat Dipper, Mabel, Grenda, Soos,
and Candy(the character) if they did not bring him
500 pieces of candy before all the jack-o'-melons
extinguished, as the nal extinguishing signaled the
end of the holiday.
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Halloween
special, Billy and Mandys Jacked-Up Halloween,
features a completely dierent if similar version of
the above story; Jack was depicted as the village
trickster of Endsville long before the series events.
Despite being pleasant, he constantly pulled pranks
on the villagers (and was rumored to have invented
some tricks, as well as laughing himself to sleep),
bad enough to make them send a prank gift to their
Queen and frame Jack for it. She in response sent a

Jack-o'-lantern.

Sections of the pumpkin or turnip are cut out to make

holes, often depicting a face, which may be either cheerful, scary, or comical. More complex carvings (or paintings on the gourds) are becoming more common such
as: gures, logos, and symbols. A variety of tools can
be used to carve and hollow out the gourd, ranging from
simple knives and spoons to specialized instruments, typically sold in holiday sections of North American grocery

5.2

Worlds largest jack-o'-lantern

stores. Printed stencils can be used as a guide for increasingly complex designs. After carving, a light source (such
as a ame candle, electric candle, or tea light) is placed
inside the gourd, and the top is put back into place. The
light is normally inserted to illuminate the design from the
inside and add an extra measure of spookiness. Sometimes a chimney is carved, too. It is possible to create
surprisingly artistic designs, either simple or intricate in
nature.

5
were simultaneously lit on Boston Common.[28] Highwood, Illinois tried to set the record on October 31,
2011 with an unocial count of 30,919 but did not follow the Guinness regulations, so the achievement did not
count.[29]
On October 19, 2013, Keene, New Hampshire broke the
Boston record and reclaimed the world record for most lit
jack-o'-lanterns on display (30,581). Keene has now broken the record eight times since the original attempt.[30]

5.2 Worlds largest jack-o'-lantern

On October 31, 2005, Scott Cully carved the worlds
largest jack-o'-lantern from the worlds-largest pumpkin (at the time), in Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania.
The pumpkin was grown by Larry Checkon and weighed
1,469 lb (666.33 kg) on October 1, 2005 at the Pennsylvania Giant Pumpkin Growers Association Weigh-o.[31]
Picking out and carving pumpkins for Halloween.

6 See also
Cuco

World records

The Great Pumpkin

7 References
[1] Harper, Douglas. Jack o'lantern (n.)". Online Etymology
Dictionary. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
[2] Paris, H.S. (1989). Historical records, origins, and development of the edible cultivar groups of Cucurbita pepo
(Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany, 43 (4): 423443.
[3] Te Ao Hou. The Maori Magazine (National Library of
New Zealand). June 1962. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
[4] Buse, Jasper; Raututi Taringa (1995). Cook Islands Maori
Dictionary. p. 537.
[5] The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 269. Retrieved February
17, 2011.
A sugar cookie decorated with frosting in the shape of a jack-o'lantern.

5.1

Most jack-o'-lanterns carved and lit in

one place

For a long time, Keene, New Hampshire held the world

record for most jack-o'-lanterns carved and lit in one
place. The Life is good company teamed up with Camp
Sunshine, a camp for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families, to break the record; a record was
set on October 21, 2006, when 30,128 jack-o'-lanterns

[6] Pumpkins Passions. BBC. October 31, 2005. Retrieved

October 19, 2006. They continue to be popular choices
today as carved lanterns in Northern England, Scotland,
and Northern Ireland; the British purchased a million
pumpkins for Hallowe'en in 2004.
[7] Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en. BBC. October 28, 2005. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
[8] Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History
of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp.
382383.
[9] Rogers, Nicholas (2003). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual
to Party Night. Oxford University Press. p. 57.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[10] Palmer, Kingsley (1973). Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David

& Charles. pp. 8788.

[30] Most Lit Jack-o'-lanterns Displayed. Guinness World

Records.

[11] Arnold, Bettina (2001-10-31). Bettina Arnold Halloween Lecture: Halloween Customs in the Celtic
World. Halloween Inaugural Celebration. University of
WisconsinMilwaukee: Center for Celtic Studies. Retrieved 2007-10-16.

[31] Largest Jack O'Lantern. Guinness World Records 2009.

Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved October 10, 2009.

[12] Wilson, David Scoeld (1999). Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. University of Tennessee Press. p. 154.
[13] History of Jack-o'-the-Lantern. Dublin Penny Journal
34: 229, 1835.
[14] Jack-o'-Lantern History. History.com.
[15] Allies, Jabez (1856). The British, Roman, and Saxon
antiquities and folklore of Worcestershire. London: J.R.
Smith. p. 423.
[16] Jack-o'-lantern. Oxford English Dictionary. The earliest
citation is from 1663.
[17] Carved pumpkin.
November 1, 1866.

Daily News (Kingston, Ontario).

[18] Review of Coopers 'Jack O'Lantern'". The Spectator.

December 3, 1842.
[19] Whittier, John Greenleaf (1885). The Pumpkin. Poets.org.
[20] Template:Author=Sage, Agnes Carr
[21] The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially. The New York Times. November
24, 1895. p. 27.
[22] Odd Ornaments for Table. The New York Times. October 21, 1900. p. 12.
[23] Santino, Jack (1995). All Around the Year: Holidays and
Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press.
p. 157.
[24] Allies, Jabez (1856). The British, Roman, and Saxon
antiquities and folklore of Worcestershire. London: J.R.
Smith. p. 430.
[25] Newell, William Wells (1 January 1904). The Ignis
Fatuus, Its Character and Legendary Origin. Journal of
American Folk-Lore 17.
[26] Mark Hoerrner (2006). History of the Jack-O-Lantern.
buzzle.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
[27] Simpson, Jacqueline & Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary
of English Folklore. Oxford University Press.
[28] Levenson, Michael & McCabe, Kathy (October 22,
2006). A Love in Common for Pumpkins. The Boston
Globe. p. B6.
[29] Highwood sets pumpkin-carving record - Highland Park
News. Highlandpark.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2012-1030.

8 External links
Jack-o'-lanterns at DMOZ

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Jack-o'-lantern Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack-o'-lantern?oldid=688188738 Contributors: The Cunctator, Koyaanis Qatsi,

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Mattwo7, Hiraethi and Anonymous: 450

9.2

Images

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9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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