Polymorphism

Deepali Singla
Assistant Professor
Chandigarh university

Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability to use an operator or function in

different ways.
Polymorphism gives different meanings or functions to the operators

or function.
Poly, referring too many, signifies the many uses of those operators

and functions
A single function usage or an operator functioning in many ways can

be called polymorphism.
Polymorphism refers to codes, operations or objects that behave

differently in different contexts.

2

Types of Polymorphism
Two types of polymorphism:
Compile time
Function and operator overloading

Run time
Virtual Function

Compile time
This is also the early binding
In that compiler decide the scope of member function at the

compile time.

Function Overloading
Overloading a function Simply means, that a function is not

only defined its name but by its name and parameter types.
Function should be declare or define in same class
The following function are different :
int area(int I, int k);
void area(float I, float k);
float area();

Function Overloading
Overloading a function Simply means, that a function is not

only defined its name but by its name and parameter types.
Function should be declare or define in same class
The following function are different :
int area(int I, int k);

These three

void area(float I, float k);

methods are

float area();

different Bases on
there arguments

Function Overloading

class A
{
public:
void sum(int a, int b)
{
cout<<"Integers sum is :"<<(a+b)<<endl;
}
void sum(float a, float b)
{
cout<<"float sum = "<<(a+b)<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
A a1;
float i=1.01,j=9.23;
a1.sum(2,5);
a1.sum(i,j);
}

Function overloading

Function Overloading

class A
{
public:
void sum(int a, int b)
{
cout<<"Integers sum is :"<<(a+b)<<endl;
}
void sum(float a, float b)
{
cout<<"float sum = "<<(a+b)<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
A a1;
float i=1.01,j=9.23;
a1.sum(2,5);
a1.sum(i,j);
}

Output:
Integers sum is : 7

float sum = 10.24

Operator Overloading
When operator is overloaded with multiple jobs, it is known

as a operator overloading
Means one operator have different meaning.
It is a way to implement compile time polymorphism.

Operator Overloading
Rules :

Any symbol can be used as function name

If it is valid operator in c language
If it is preceded by operator keywords

You cannot overloaded sizeof and ?: (Conditional)

operator

10

Operator Overloading
class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
};

11

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3=c1 + c2;
c3.showdata();
}

Operator Overloading
class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
};

12

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3=c1 + c2;
c3.showdata();
}

Error

Operator Overloading
class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
};

13

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1.add(c2);
c3.showdata();
}

Operator Overloading

14

class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex add(complex o1)
{
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1.add(c2);
c3.showdata();
}

Operator Overloading

15

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a
a
}
b
b
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

16

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a
}
b= 5
b
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

17

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

18

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

19

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

20

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a= 6
b= 8
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

21

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a= 10
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a= 6
b= 8
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

22

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a= 10
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b= 13
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a= 6
b= 8
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

23

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a= 10
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b= 13
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a
b
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

24

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1.add(c2);
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl; a= 4
a= 6
}
b= 5
b= 8
complex add(complex o1)
functions
functions
{
c1
c2
complex temp;
a= 10
temp.a= a + o1.a;
b= 13
temp.b= b + o1.b;
functions
return (temp);
} };
temp

a
b
functions
o1
a = 10
b= 13
functions
c3

Operator Overloading

25

class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex add(complex o1)
{
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1.add(c2);
c3.showdata();
}

Output:
a= 10, b= 13

Operator Overloading

26

class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex add(complex o1)
{
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1.add(c2);
c3.showdata();
}

In place of add can we write

Sum ?
Yes
But can we write +

Operator Overloading

27

class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex add(complex o1)
{
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1.add(c2);
c3.showdata();
}

In place of add can we write

Sum ?
Yes
But can we write +

Yes we can write + in place of

Function name using the
operator keyword

Operator Overloading

28

class complex
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
void setdata(int x, int y)
{
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex operator +(complex o1)
{
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

void main()
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
c1.setdata(4,5);
c2.setdata(6,8);
c3= c1 + c2
c3.showdata();
}

Here we perform operator

overloading.
In that program + operator
used to add two complex no
But in normal case this is
used to add two primitive no.

Operator Overloading

29

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2,c3;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2.setdata(6,8);
void setdata(int x, int y)
c3= c1 + c2
{
c3.showdata();
a=x; b=y;
}
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex operator +(complex o1)
Output:
{
a= 10, b= 13
complex temp;
temp.a= a + o1.a;
temp.b= b + o1.b;
return (temp);
} };

Unary operator overloading

Unary operator is a operator where we have only one

operant.
For example:

b=-a
Here is a unary operator which is used to perform

negation operation

30

Unary operator overloading

31

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2= -c1;
void setdata(int x, int y)
c2.showdata();
{
}
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex operator -()
{
complex temp;
temp.a= -a;
temp.b= -b;
return (temp);
} };

Unary operator overloading

32

class complex
void main()
{
{
private:
complex c1,c2;
int a,b;
c1.setdata(4,5);
public:
c2= -c1;
void setdata(int x, int y)
c2.showdata();
{
}
a=x; b=y;
}
void showdata()
{
cout<<"a= "<<a<<", b= "<<b<<endl;
}
complex operator -()
Output:
{
a= -4, b= -5
complex temp;
temp.a= -a;
temp.b= -b;
return (temp);
} };

Run time
Run time polymorphism also called the dynamic binding or

late binding
Dynamic means object are created at run time
Dynamic binding offer a greater flexibility and higher level

of abstraction than static binding because it is done on the

fly when a program executes

33

Run time
Virtual function is the best example of run time

polymorphism
Virtual function :
if we define any function as a virtual that means that function cannot

bind at compile time.

Compiler perform late binding of that function
So using the virtual function we try to remove the ambiguity

problem in a program during the inheritance

34

Run time
class A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<< "hello"<<endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<<"hello there"<<endl;
}
};

35

void main()
{
A *p;
B ob;
p=&ob;
p->f1();
}

Run time
class A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<< "hello"<<endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<<"hello there"<<endl;
}
};

36

void main()
{
A *p;
B ob;
p=&ob;
p->f1();
}

Output:
hello

Run time
class A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<< "hello"<<endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<<"hello there"<<endl;
}
};

37

void main()
{
A *p;
B ob;
p=&ob;
p->f1();
}

Output:
hello

This is wrong because we want to execute drive

classs function f1() but here execute base classs function.
So thats why we perform late binding . But how can be do
that?
Using the virtual keywords.
Syntax:
virtual <return type> <name of function> <no. of
arg.>

Run time
class A
{
public:
virtual void f1()
{
cout<< "hello"<<endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<<"hello there"<<endl;
}
};

38

void main()
{
A *p;
B ob;
p=&ob;
p->f1();
}

Output:
hello

Function define as a virtual

Run time
class A
{
public:
virtual void f1()
{
cout<< "hello"<<endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void f1()
{
cout<<"hello there"<<endl;
}
};

39

void main()
{
A *p;
B ob;
p=&ob;
p->f1();
}

Output:
Hello there

Function define as a virtual

Run time
Static Binding
Static binding means that the

legality of a member function

invocation is checked at the
earliest possible moment : by
the compiler at compile time.
The compiler uses the static
type of the pointer to
determine weather the
member function invocation
is legal
40

Dynamic Binding
Dynamic binding means that

the address of the code in a

member function invocation
is determined at the last
possible moment: based on
the dynamic type of the
object at run time. It is called
dynamic binding because
the binding to the code that
actually gets called as
accomplished dynamically (at
run time).

Run time
Static Binding

41

Dynamic Binding

With static binding, you get

Dynamic binding offers

better run time efficiency

because the compiler can
actually optimize the code
before running it.
The CLR knows how much
memory to take up for the
static method object

greater flexibility and a higher

level of abstraction than static
binding because it is done on
the fly when a program
executes.
The CLR doesn't know how
much memory to take up for
the dynamic method object

ThanQ

42