Plastic Pipes Engineering Handbook

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Material Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Industrial Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18
Harrington's corporate office in Chino, CA
INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Relative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-23

Thermoplastic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-45
Above-Ground Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46-53
Below-Ground Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47-56
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Installation of Thermoplastics
Solvent Cementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-66
Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67-69
Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71-72
Hydraulic Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73-75
Conversion Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76-82
Pump Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83-84
Glossary of Piping Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85-88
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
POLYVINYLS
PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) has a relatively high tensile
strength and modulus of elasticity and therefore is stronger
and more rigid than most other thermoplastics. The
maximum service temperature is 140F for Type 1. PVC has
excellent chemical resistance to a wide range of corrosive
fluids, but may be damaged by ketones, aeromatics, and
some chlorinated hydrocarbons. It has proved an excellent
material for process piping (liquids and slurries), water
service, and industrial and laboratory chemical waste
drainage. Joining methods are solvent welding, threading
(Schedule 80 only), or flanging.
CPVC (CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) is particularly useful for handling corrosive fluids at temperatures up
to 210F. In chemical resistance, it is comparable to PVC. It
weighs about one-sixth as much as copper, will not sustain
combustion (self-extinguishing), and has low thermal
conductivity. Suggested uses include process piping for hot,
corrosive liquids CPVC is choosen for many plating applications; hot and cold water lines in office buildings and residences; and similar applications above the temperature
range of PVC. CPVC pipe may be joined by solvent welding, threading, or flanging.
POLYOLEFINS
POLYPROPYLENE (HOMOPOLYMER) is the lightest
thermoplastic piping material, yet it has considerable
strength, outstanding chemical resistance, and may be used
at temperatures up to 180F in drainage applications.
Polypropylene is an excellent material for laboratory and
industrial drainage piping where mixtures of acids, bases,
and solvents are involved. It has found wide application in
the petroleum industry where its resistance to sulfur-bearing
compounds is particularly useful in salt water disposal line,
chill water loops, and demineralized water. Joining methods
are coil fusion and socket heat welding.
COPOLYMER POLYPROPYLENE is a copolymer of propylene and polybutylene. It is made of high molecular weight
copolymer polypropylene and possesses excellent dielectric
and insulating properties because of its structure as a nonpolar hydrocarbon polymer. It combines broad chemical
resistance with toughness and strength at operating temperatures from freezing to 200F. It has excellent abrasion
resistance and good elasticity, and is joined by butt as well
as socket fusion.
POLYETHYLENE, although its mechanical strength is
comparatively low, polyethylene exhibits very good chemical
resistance and is generally satisfactory when used at
temperatures below 120F. Types I and II (low and medium
density) polyethylene are used frequently in tanks, tubing,
and piping. Polyethylene is excellent for abrasive slurries. It
is generally joined by butt fusion.
FLUOROPOLYMERS
PVDF (POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) is a strong, tough,
and abrasion-resistant fluoroplastic material. It resists
distortion and retains most of its strength to 280F. As well
as being ideally suited to handle wet and dry chlorine,
bromine, and other halogens, it also withstands most acids,

bases, and organic solvents. PVDF is not recommended for
strong caustics. It is most widely recognized as the material of choice for high purity piping such as deionized water.
PVDF is joined by thermal butt, socket, or electrofusion.
HALAR is a durable copolymer of ethylene and chlorofluoroethylene with excellent resistance to a wide variety of
strong acids, chlorine, solvents, and aqueous caustics.
Halar has excellent abrasion resistance, electric properties,
low permeability, temperature capabilities from cryogenic to
340F, and radiation resistance. Halar has excellent application for high purity hydrogen peroxide and is joined by thermal butt fusion.
TEFLON
There are three members of the Teflon family of resins.
PTFE TEFLON is the original Teflon resin developed by
DuPont in 1938. This fluoropolymer offers the most unique
and useful characteristics of all plastic materials. Products
made from this resin handle liquids or gases up to 500F.
The unique properties of this resin prohibit extrusion or
injection molding by conventional methods. When melted
PTFE does not flow like other thermoplastics and it must be
shaped initially by techniques similar to powder metallurgy.
Normally PTFE is an opaque white material. Once sintered
it is machined to the desired part.
FEP TEFLON was also invented by DuPont and became a
commercial product in 1960. FEP is a true thermoplastic that
can be melt-extruded and fabricated by conventional methods. This allows for more flexibility in manufacturing. The
dielectric properties and chemical resistance are similar to
other Teflons, but the temperature limits are -65F to a maximum of 300F. FEP has a glossy surface and is transparent
in thin sections. It eventually becomes translucent as thickness increases. FEP Teflon is the most transparent of the
three Teflons. It is widely used for its high ultraviolet light
transmitting ability.
PFA TEFLON, a close cousin of PTFE, was introduced in
Caution: While the Teflon resin family has great

mechanical properties and excellent temperature
resistance, care must be taken when selecting the
proper method of connections for your piping
system. Generally, Teflon threaded connections will
handle pressures to 120 PSIG. Loose ferrule
connections are limited to 60 PSIG at ambient
temperatures. Teflon loses its ability to bear a load
at elevated temperatures quicker than other thermoplastics. When working with the PTFE products
shown in this catalog external ambient temperatures ranging from -60F to 250F (-51C to 121C)
may be handled safely. Fluid or gas temperatures
inside the product should be limited to -60 to 400F
(-51C to 204C) unless otherwise noted. Always
use extreme care when working with chemicals at
elevated temperatures.
(to 300F). Epoxy has been used extensively for fuel piping
and steam condensate return lines.
POLYESTER pipe and fittings have been used by the
industry since 1963. It has a proven resistance to most
strong acids and oxidizing materials. It can be used in
applications up to 200F. Polyester is noted for its strength
in both piping and structural shapes.
DURAPLUS
ABS (ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE)
There are many possibilities for polymer properties by combining these resins. For our purposes we will limit it to two
products. One is the less expensive ABS resin used in drain,
waste, and vent applications. The other resin for more stringent industrial applications has a different combination of the
three polymers that make up the copolymer. The Duraplus
product is made from this copolymer and has outstanding
impact resistance even at low temperatures. The product is
very tough and abrasion resistant. Temperature range is 40F
to 176F.
RYTON (PPS) POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE remains quite
stable during both long and short term exposure to high
temperatures. The high tensile strength and flexural modulus
typical of PPS compounds, decrease with an increase in
temperature. PPS is also highly resistant to chemical attack.
Relatively few chemicals react to this material even at high
temperatures. Its broad range of chemical resistance is second
only to that of Teflon (PTFE). Ryton is used primarily for
precision pump parts.
ELASTOMERS
VITON (FLUOROCARBON) is inherently compatible with a
broad spectrum of chemicals. Because of this extensive
chemical compatibility which spans considerable concentration
and temperature ranges, Viton has gained wide acceptance
as a sealing for valves, pumps, and instrumentation. Viton
can be used in most applications involving mineral acids, salt
solutions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and petroleum oils.
EPDM (EPT) is a terpolymer elastomer made from ethylenepropylene diene monomer. EPDM has good abrasion and
tear resistance and offers excellent chemical resistance to a
variety of acids and alkalies. It is susceptible to attack by oils
and is not recommended for applications involving petroleum
oils, strong acids, or strong alkalies.
HYTREL is a multipurpose polyester elastomer similar to vulcanized thermoset rubber. Its chemical resistance is comparable to Neoprene, Buna-N and EPDM; however, it is a
tougher material and does not require fabric reinforcement as
do the other three materials. Temperature limits are -10F
minimum to 190F maximum. This material is used primarily
for pump diaphragms.
VINYLESTER resin systems are recommended for most

chlorinated mixtures as well as caustic and oxidizing acids
up to 200F. Vinylester for most service has superior chemical resistance to epoxy or polyester.
NYLONS are synthetic polymers that contain an amide
group. Their key characteristics are: (a) excellent resistance and low permeation to fuels, oils, and organic solvent, including aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones; (b) outstanding resistance to
fatigue and repeated impact; and (c) wide temperature
range from -30F to 250F.
Caution: Acids will cause softening, loss of strength,

rigidity, and eventual failure of nylon.
POLYURETHANES
There are essentially two types of polyurethanes: polyester
based and polyether based. Both are used for tubing applications.
POLYESTER based is the toughest of the two, having
greater resistance to oil and chemicals. It does not harden
when used with most oils, gasoline, and solvents.
Polyurethane is extremely resistant to abrasives making it
ideal for slurries, solids and granular material transfer.
Temperature limit is 170F.
POLYETHER-based polyurethane possesses better low
temperature properties, resilience and resistance to hydrolytic
degradation than the polyester previously discussed.
Accelerated testing indicates that polyether-based
polyurethanes have superior hydrolytic stability as compared to polyester based material. Made with no plasticizers and with a low level of extractables, polyether is ideal for
high purity work. It will not contaminate laboratory samples
and is totally non-toxic to cell cultures. Compared with PVC
tubing, polyurethanes have superior chemical resistance to
Caution: Polyester based polyurethanes may be

subject to hydrolysis under certain conditions, high
relative humidity at elevated temperatures, aerated
water, fungi, and bacteria. Where these potentials
exist, we recommend polyether-based polyurethane.
THERMOSETS
EPOXY pipe and fittings have been used extensively by a
wide variety of industries since 1960. It has good chemical
resistance and excellent temperatures to pressure properties
fuels, oils, and some solvents. Its excellent tensile strength

and toughness make it suitable for full vacuums. This tubing can withstand temperatures from -94F to 200F.
POLYCARBONATE
1972. It has excellent melt-processability and properties rivaling

or exceeding those of PTFE Teflon. PFA permits conventional
thermoplastic molding and extrusion processing at high rates
and also has higher mechanical strength at elevated temperatures to 500F. Premium grade PFA Teflon offers superior
stress and crack resistance with good flex-life in tubing. It is
generally not as permeable as PTFE.
Polycarbonate is a liner polyester of carbonic acid. It is a
thremoplastic used for its high impact strength, heat resistance and dimensional stability. Excellent for molding
extruding or thermo forming, it is used for non-breakable
windows and street light globes. Its chemical resistance is
less impressive than its mechanical properties. Strong alkalies will attack polycarbonate. It is slowly attacked by strong
acids. Weak acids have no effect and weak alkalies show
limited degradation, it resistent to some and not to others.
However polycarbonate is resistant to most oils and greases. Generally acceptable in FDA applications (some additives are not). It is steam sterilizable . Maximum use temperature is generally 265f. Not for use in ketones, esters,
chloronated and aeromatic organics.
SILICONE
Silicone is broad family of polymers that have extreme water

resistance, high lubricity and dielectric properties. It is very
resistant to weathering, oxidation and high temperatures.
Most gases can permerate it. Used for many medical uses
such as tubing and surgical membranes. Silicone is attacked
by strong acids, chlorated hydrocarbons, ketones and to a
lesser extent by strong alkalies. It is however steam
sterilizable and is accepted in FDA applications.
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP) including
epoxy, polyester, and vinylester have become a highly valuable process engineering material for process piping.
FRP has been accepted by many industries because it
offers the following significant advantages:
(a) moderate initial cost and low maintenance; (b) broad
range of chemical resistance; (c) high strength-to-weight
ratio; (d) ease of fabrication and flexibility of design; and (e)
good electrical insulation properties.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
The standards referenced herein, like all other standards,
are of necessity minimum requirements. It should be recognized that two different plastic resin materials of the
same kind, type, and grade will not exhibit identical physical
and chemical properties. Therefore, the plastic pipe purchaser is advised to obtain specific values or requirements
from the resin supplier to assure the best application of the
material not covered by industry specifications; this suggestion assumes paramount importance.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute, Inc.
655 15th St. N.W.
300 Metropolitan Square
Washington, DC 20005
Phone (202) 639-4090
2729
2846
2949
3034
PVC sewer pipe and fittings

Chlorinated (CPVC) plastic hot water distribution system
3 thin wall PVC plastic drain, waste,
and vent pipe and fittings
Type PSM PVC sewer pipe and fittings
Plastic Pipe Fittings Specifications:

D
2464
437
2466
2467
439
3036
Threaded PVC plastic pipe fittings,

Schedule 80
Threaded chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC) plastic pipe fittings, Schedule 80
Socket-type PVC plastic type fittings,
Schedule 40
Socket-type PVC plastic type fittings,
Schedule 80
Socket-type chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride (CPVC) plastic pipe fittings
Schedule 80
PVC plastic pipe lined couplings, socket
type
Plastic Pipe Solvent Cement Specifications
The following ASTM standards have been accepted by

ANSI and assigned the following designations.
Table 1
2564
493
Solvent cements for PVC plastic pipe and

fittings
CPVC solvent cement
Plastic Lined Steel Piping Specifications:

ASTM A-587
Standard specification for electric-welded

low carbon steel pipe for the chemical
industry
ASTM A-53
Standard specification for pipe, steel, black

and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and
seamless
ASTM A-105
Standard specification for forgings, carbon

steel, for piping components
ASTM A-125
Standard specification for steel springs,

helical, heat-treated
ASTM A-126
Standard specifications for gray iron castings for valves, flanges, and pipe fittings
American Society of Testing and Materials

1916 Race Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
ASTM A-395
Standard specification for ferritic ductile

iron pressure retaining castings for use at
elevated temperatures
Plastic Pipe Specifications:

D
1785
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe,
schedules 40, 80, and 120
F
441
Chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride)(CPVC)
plastic pipe, schedules 40 and 80
D
2241
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe
(SD - PR)
D
2513
Thermoplastic gas pressure pipe, tubing
and fittings
D
2665
PVC plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe
and fittings
D
2672
Bell-ended PVC pipe
ASTM A-216
Standard specification for carbon steel

castings suitable for fusion welding for
high temperature service
ASTM A-234
Standard specification for piping fittings of

wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for
moderate and elevated temperatures
ANSI B-16.1
Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings

Class 25, 125, 150, 250 and 800
ANSI B-16.42
Ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings Class 150 and 300
ANSI
Designation
B72.1
B72.2
B72.3
B72.4
B72.5
B72.6
B72.7
B72.8
B72.9
B72.10
ASTM
Designation
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2239
2241
2282
1503
1527
1598
1785
2104
2152
2153
ANSI
Designation
B 72.11
B 72.12
B 72.13
B 72.16
B 72.17
B 72.18
B 72.19
B 72.20
B 72.22
B 72.23
ASTM
Designation
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2412
2446
2447
2564
2657
2661
2662
2672
2740
2235
ASTM
ANSI PRESSURE CLASSES

ANSI Class 125 means 175 PSIG at 100F
ANSI A119.2 - 1963
ANSI B72.2 - 1967
ANSI B31.8 - 1968
ANSI Z21.30 - 1969
D
D
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
D
1180
Test for bursting strength of round, rigid

plastic tubing
1598
Test for time to failure of plastic pipe

under long-term hydrostatic pressure
1599
Test for short-time rupture strength of

plastic pipe, tubing and fittings
Standard specification for pipe, steel black

and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and
seamless
2122
Determining dimensions of thermoplastic

pipe and fittings
Standard specification for forgings, car-
2152
Test for quality of extruded PVC pipe by

acetone immersion
2412
Test for external loading properties of

plastic pipe by parallel-plate loading
2444
Test for impact resistance of thermoplastic

pipe and fittings by means of a tup (falling
weight)
2837
Obtaining hydrostatic design basis

thermoplastic pipe materials
2924
Test for external pressure resistance of

plastic pipe
ANSI B-16.5
Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings

Class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and
2500
A-587
Standard specification for electric-welded

low carbon steel pipe for the chemical
industry
A-53
A-105
bon
steel, for piping components

A-125
Standard specification for steel springs,

helical, heat-treated
A-126-73
Standard specification for gray iron castings for valves, flanges, and pipe fittings
A-395-77
Standard specification for ferritic ductile

iron pressure retaining castings for use at
elevated temperatures
A-216-77
Standard specification for carbon steel

castings suitable for fusion welding for
high temperature service
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Methods of Test Specifications:
2153
Calculating stress in plastic pipe under

internal pressure
256
Test for impact resistance of plastics and

electrical insulating materials
2321
Underground installation of flexible

thermoplastic sewer pipe
543
Test for resistance of plastics to chemical

reagents
2657
Heat joining of thermoplastic pipe and

fittings
570
Test for water absorption of plastics
2749
Standard definitions of terms relating to

plastic pipe fittings
618
Conditioning plastics and electrical insulating materials for testing
2774
Underground installation of thermoplastic

pressure pipe
621
Tests for deformation of plastics under

load
2855
Making solvent cemented joints with PVC

pipe and fittings
635
Test for flammability of self-supporting

plastics
ASTM STANDARDS FOR PLASTIC MATERIALS

REFERENCED IN PLASTIC PIPE, FITTINGS, AND
CEMENT STANDARDS
638
Test for tensile properties of plastics
648
Test for deflection temperature of plastics

under load
671
Tests for repeated flexural stress of

plastics
757
Test for flammability of plastics, selfextinguishing type
790
Test for flexural properties of plastics
883
Nomenclature relating to plastics
1784
PVC compounds and CPVC compounds
BOCA
Building Officials Conference of America
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637
BOCA Basic Plumbing Code
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Table 2
Group
Commercial Standard
or Product Standard
ASTM Standard or
Tentative Specification
PS10
D2104
PS11
D2238
PS12
D2447
PS18
D1527
PS19
D2282
PS21
D1785
PS22
D2241
CS228
D2852
CS270
D2661
CS272
D2665
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service
SCS National Engineering Handbook, Section 2, Part 1,
Engineering Practice Standards
SCS432-D
High pressure underground plastic

irrigation pipelines
SCS432-E
Low head underground plastic irrigation

pipelines
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY STANDARDS

Commanding Officer
Naval Publications and Forms Center
5108 Tabor Avenue
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19120
MIL-A-22010A(1)
CS 272
PVC-DWV pipe and fittings
MIL-P-14529B
Pipe, extruded, thermoplastic
PS 21
PVC plastic pipe (Schedules 40, 80, 120)

supersedes CS 207-60
MIL-P-19119B(1)
Pipe, plastic, rigid, unplasticized, high

impact, polyvinyl chloride
PS 22
PVC plastic pipe (SDR) supersedes

CS 256
MIL-P-22011A
Pipe fittings, plastic, rigid, high impact,

polyvinyl chloride, (PVC) and poly 1, 2
dichlorethylene
MIL-P-28584A
Pipe and pipe fittings, glass fiber reinforced plastic for condensate return lines
MIL-P-29206
Pipe and pipe fittings glass fiber reinforced plastic for liquid petroleum lines
CSA
Canadian Standards Association
178 Rexdale Boulevard
Rexdale, Ontario, Canada
B
137.0
Defines general requirements and methods of testing for thermoplastic pressure

pipe
137.3
Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe for

pressure applications
137.4
Thermoplastic piping systems for gas

service
137.14 Recommended practice for the installation

of thermoplastic piping for gas service
181.2
Polyvinyl chloride drain, waste, and vent

pipe and pipe fittings
181.12 Recommended practice for the installation

of PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe fittings
182.1
Plastic drain and sewer pipe and pipe

fittings for use underground
182.11
Recommended practice for the installation

of plastic drain and sewer pipe and pipe
fittings
Adhesive solvent-type, polyvinyl chloride

amendment
MIL-C-23571A(YD) Conduit and conduit fittings, plastic, rigid
DOT - OTS
Department of Transportation, Hazardous Materials
Regulation Board, Office of Pipeline Safety, Title 49, Docket
OPS-3 and amendments, Part 192. Transportation of
Natural Gas and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal
Safety Standards, Federal Register, Vol, 35, No. 161,
Wednesday, August 19, 1980. Amendments to date are 1921, Vol. 35, No. 205, Wednesday, October 21, 1970; 19-2, Vol.
35, No. 220, Wednesday, November 11, 1970; and 192-3,
Vol. 35, No. 223, Tuesday, November 17, 1970.
FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications Activity
Printed Materials Supply Division
Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant
L-P-320a
Pipe and fittings, plastic (PVC, drain,

waste, and vent)
L-P-1036(1)
Plastic rod, solid, plastic tubes and tubing,

heavy walled; polyvinyl chloride
COMMERCIAL AND PRODUCT STANDARDS

Supt. of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
FHA
Architectural Standards Division
Federal Housing Administration
FHA UM-41
PVC plastic pipe and fittings for domestic

water service
FHA UM-49
ABS and PVC plastic drainage and vent

pipe and fittings, FHA 4550.49
FHA UM-53a
Polyvinyl chloride plastic drainage, waste

and vent pipe and fittings
FHA MR-562
Rigid chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)

hi/temp water pipe and fittings
FHA MR-563
PVC plastic drainage and vent pipe and

fittings
FHA Minimum
Property standards interim revision No. 31
IAPMO
International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials
5032 Alhambra Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90032
Uniform Plumbing Code
IAPMO IS8
Solvent cemented PVC pipe for water

service and yard piping
IAPMO IS9
tings
PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe and fit-
IAPMO IS10
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) natural gas

yard piping
IAPMO PS27
Supplemental standard to ASTM D2665;

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic drain,
waste, and vent pipe and fittings
(NOTE: IS = installation standard; PS = property standard)

NSF
National Sanitation Foundation
School of Public Health
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
NSF
Standard No. 14: Thermoplastic Materials, Pipe, Fittings,
Valves, Traps, and Joining Materials
NSF
Seal of Approval: Listing of Plastic Materials, Pipe, Fittings,
and Appurtenances for Potable Water
and Waste Water (NSF Testing
Laboratory).
NSPI
National Swimming Pool Institute
2000 K Street, N.W.
T.R.-19 The Role of Corrosion-Resistant Materials in
Swimming Pools, Part D, The Role of Plastics in
Swimming Pools.
PHCC
National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling
Contractors
1016 20th Street, N.W.
National Standard Plumbing Code
SBCC
Southern Building Code Congress
1166 Brown-Marx Building
Birmingham, Alabama 35203
SBCC Southern Standard Plumbing Code
SIA
Sprinkler Irrigation Association
1028 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Minimum Standards for Irrigation Equipment
WUC
Western Underground Committee, W.H. Foote
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
P.O. Box 111
Los Angeles, California 90054
Interim Specification 3.1: Plastic Conduit and Fittings
UL
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
207 East Ohio Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
UL 651 Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit (September 1968)
UL 514 Outlet Boxes and Fittings (March 1951 with
Amendments of 22-228-67)
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Type 4X
Watertight, Dusttight and CorrosionResistant - Indoor and Outdoor: This

type has same provisions as Type 4 and,
in addition, is corrosion-resistant.
Type 1
Type 5
Superseded by Type 12 for Control

Apparatus.
Type 6
Submersible, Watertight, Dusttight, and

Sleet (Ice) Resistant - Indoor and
Outdoor: Type 6 enclosures are intended for use indoors and outdoors where
occasional submersion is encountered,
such as in quarries, mines, and manholes. They are required to protect
equipment against a static head of water
of 6 feet for 30 minutes and against dust,
splashing or external condensation of
non-corrosive liquids, falling or hose
directed lint and seepage. They are not
sleet (ice) proof.
Type 7
Class I, Group A, B, C, and D-Indoor

Hazardous Locations - Air-Break
Equipment: Type 7 enclosures are
intended for use indoors, in the atmospheres and locations defined as Class 1
and Group A, B, C or D in the National
Electrical Code. Enclosures must be
designed as specified in Underwriters
Laboratories, Inc. Industrial Control
Equipment for Use in Hazardous locations, UL 698. Class I locations are
those in which flammable gases or
vapors may be present in explosive or
ignitable amounts. The group letters A,
B, C, and D designate the content of the
hazardous atmosphere under Class 1 as
follows:
General Purpose - Indoor: This enclosure

is intended for use indoors, primarily to
prevent accidental contact of personnel
with the enclosed equipment in areas
where unusual service conditions do not
exist. In addition, they provide protection
against falling dirt.
Type 2
Dripproof - Indoor: Type 2 dripproof enclosures are for use indoors to protect the
enclosed equipment against falling noncorrosive liquids and dirt. These enclosures are suitable for applications where
condensation may be severe such as
encountered in cooling rooms and laundries.
Type 3
Dusttight, Raintight, Sleet (Ice) Resistant

Outdoor: Type 3 enclosures are intended
for use outdoors to protect the enclosed
equipment against windblown dust and
water. They are not sleet (ice) proof.
Type 3R
Rainproof and Sleet (Ice) Resistant Outdoor: Type 3R enclosures are intended for
use outdoors to protect the enclosed
equipment against rain and meet the
requirements of Underwriters Laboratories
Inc., Publication No. UL 508, applying to
Rainproof Enclosures. They are not
dust, snow, or sleet (ice) proof.
Type 3S
Dusttight, Raintight, and Sleet (Ice) ProofOutdoor: Type 3S enclosures are intended for use outdoors to protect the
enclosed equipment against windblown
dust and water and to provide for its operation when the enclosure is covered by
external ice or sleet. These enclosures do
not protect the enclosed equipment
against malfunction resulting from internal
icing.
Type 4
Watertight and Dusttight - Indoor and

Outdoor: This type is for use indoors or
outdoors to protect the enclosed equipment against splashing and seepage of
water or streams of water from any direction. It is sleet-resistant but not sleetproof.
Group A
Atmospheres containing acetylene.
Group B
Atmospheres containing hydrogen or
gases or vapors of equivalent hazards
such as manufactured gas.
Group C
Atmospheres containing ethyl ether
vapors, ethylene, or cyclopropane.
Group D
Atmospheres containing gasoline,
hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane,
propane, alcohols, acetone, lacquer solvent vapors and natural gas.
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
2101 L St. N.W.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Type 8
Class I, Group A, B, C or D - Indoor

Hazardous
Locations
Oil-immersed
Equipment: These enclosures are intended
for indoor use under the same class and
group designations as Type 7, but are also
subject to immersion in oil.
Type 9
Class II, Group E, F and G - Indoor Hazardous Locations - Air-Break Equipment: Type
9 enclosures are intended for use indoors
in the atmospheres defined as Class II and
Group E, F, or G in the National Electrical
Code. These enclosures shall prevent the
ingress of explosive amounts of hazardous
dust. If gaskets are used, they shall be
mechanically attached and of a non-combustible, nondeteriorating, verminproof
material. These enclosures shall be
designed in accordance with the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Publication No. UL 698. Class II locations
are those in which combustible dust may be
present in explosive or ignitable amounts.
The group letter E,F, and G designate the
content of the hazardous atmosphere as follows:
Group E
Atmosphere containing metal dusts, including aluminum, magnesium, and their commercial alloys.
Group F
Atmospheres containing carbon black, coal,
or coke dust.
Type 10
Bureau of Mines: Enclosures under Type 10

must meet requirements of Schedule 2G
(1968) of the Bureau of Mines, U.S.
Department of the Interior, for equipment to
be used in mines with atmospheres containing methane or natural gas, with or without
coal dust.
Type 11
Corrosion-Resistant and Dripproof-OilImmersed - Indoor: Type 11 enclosures are

corrosion-resistant and are intended for use
indoors to protect the enclosed equipment
against dripping, seepage, and external
condensation of corrosive liquids. In addition, they protect the enclosed equipment
against the corrosive effects of fumes and
gases by providing for immersion of the
equipment in oil.
Type 12
Industrial Use - Dusttight and Driptight Indoor: Type 12 enclosures are intended for
use indoors to protect the enclosed equipment against fibers, flyings, lint, dust and
dirt, and light splashing, seepage, dripping
and external condensation of non-corrosive
liquids.
Type 13
Oiltight and Dusttight - Indoor: Type 13

enclosures are intended for use indoors primarily to house pilot devices such as limit
switches, foot switches, pushbuttons, selector switches, pilot lights, etc., and to protect
these devices against lint and dust, seepage, external condensation, and spraying of
water, oil or coolant. They have oil-resistant
gaskets.
Group G
Atmospheres containing flour, starch, and
grain dust.
HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS

IN ACCORDANCE WITH FACTORY MUTUAL ENGINEERING CORP.
The National Electrical Code and the Canadian Electrical
Code divide hazardous locations into three classes according to the nature of the hazard: Class I, Class II, and Class
III. The locations in each of these classes are further divided by divisions according to the degree of the hazard.
Class I, Division 1 locations are those in which flammable
gases or vapors are or may be present in sufficient quantities to produce an ignitable mixture (continuously, intermittently, or periodically).
Class I, Division 2 locations are those in which hazardous
mixtures may frequently exist due to leakage or maintenance
repair.
Class I, Division 3 are those in which the breakdown of
equipment may release concentration of flammable gases or
vapors which could cause simultaneous failure of electrical
equipment.
For purposes of testing, classification and approval of electrical equipment atmospheric mixtures are classified in
seven groups (A through G) depending on the kind of
material involved.
Class II locations are classified as hazardous because of
the presence of combustible dusts.
Class III locations are hazardous because of the presence
of combustible fibers or flyings in textile processes.
There are similar divisions and groups for Class II and
Class III as those described for Class I. For specifics or
further details contact Harrington's Technical Services
department.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SIGNALS
Hazardous Material Signals based on the National Fire
Protection Association Code number 704M and Federal
Standard 313. This system provides for identification of hazards to employees and to outside emergency personnel.
The numerical and symboled system shown here are the
ADHESIVE-BACKED PLASTIC
BACKGROUND PIECES - ONE
NEEDED FOR EACH NUMERAL,
THREE NEEDED FOR EACH
COMPLETE SIGNAL
WHITE PAINTED BACKGROUND,

WHITE PAPER OR CARD STOCK
FLAMMABILITY
SIGNAL - RED
REACTIVITY
SIGNAL YELLOW
HEALTH
SIGNAL BLUE
4
2
4
3
W
Figure 1. For use where specified color

background is used with numerals of contrasting colors.
Figure 2. For use where a white background is necessary.
Figure 3. For use where a white background is used with painted numerals, or
for use when the signal is in the form of
sign or placard.
Table 4 - ARRANGEMENT AND

ORDER OF SIGNALS - OPTIONAL
FORM OF APPLICATION
DISTANCE AT
WHICH SIGNALS
MUST BE LEGIBLE
MINIMUM SIZE
OF SIGNALS
REQUIRED
50 FEET
75 FEET
100 FEET
200 FEET
300 FEET
NOTE:
This shows the correct spatial arrangement and order of signals used for identification of materials by hazard.
IDENTIFICATION OF
MATERIALS BY HAZARD
SIGNAL ARRANGEMENT
This is a system for the identification of hazards to life

and health of people in the prevention and control of
fires and explosions in the manufacture and storage of
materials.
4
3
The basis for identification are the physical properties

and characteristics of materials that are known or can
be determined by standard methods. Technical terms,
expressions, trade names, etc., are purposely avoided
as this system is concerned only with the identification
of the involved hazard from the standpoint of safety.
The explanatory material on this page is to assist users
of these standards, particularly the person who assigns
the degree of hazard in each category.
Figure 4. Storage Tank
standards used for the purpose of safeguarding the lives of

those who are concerned with fires occurring in an industrial
plant or storage location where the fire hazards of material
may not be readily apparent.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Table 5
IDENTIFICATION OF THE FIRE AND HEALTH HAZARDS OF MATERIALS
IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS

COLOR CODE: BLUE
SIGNAL
TYPE OF POSSIBLE INJURY
Materials which on very short

exposure could cause death or
major residual injury even though
prompt medical treatment were
given.
3
2
1
0
Materials which on short exposure

could cause serious, temporary or
residual injury even though prompt
medical treatment were given.
Material which on intense or

continued exposure could cause
temporary incapacitation or
possible residual injury unless
prompt medical treatment is
given.
Materials which on exposure
would cause irritation but only
minor residual injury, even if no
treatment is given.
Materials which on exposure under

fire conditions would offer no
hazard beyond that of ordinary
combustible material.
IDENTIFICATION OF FLAMMABILITY
COLOR CODE: RED
SIGNAL
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF
MATERIALS TO BURNING
Materials which will rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric

pressure and normal ambient temperature, or which are readily dispersed in air and which will burn
readily.
3
2
Liquids and solids that can be

ignited under almost all ambient
temperature conditions.
Materials that must be moderately

heated or exposed to relatively
high ambient temperatures before
ignition can occur.
Materials which in themselves are

readily capable of detonation or of
explosive decomposition or reaction at normal temperatures and
pressures.

capable of detonation or of explosive reaction but require a strong
initiating source or which must be
heated under confinement before
initiation or which react explosively
with water.
2
1
1
0
Materials that will not burn.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
RELEASE OF ENERGY
SIGNAL
Materials that must be preheated

before ignition can occur.

normally unstable and readily
undergo violent chemical change
but do not detonate. Also materials
which may react violently with
water or which may form potentially
explosive mixtures with water.
Materials which, in themselves,
are normally stable, but which can
become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures or which
may react with water with some
release of energy but not violently.
Materials, which in themselves are
normally stable, even under fire
exposure conditions, and which
are not reactive with water.
FIRE HAZARD
FLASH POINTS
4 - BELOW 73F
3 - BELOW 100F
2 - BELOW 200F
1 - ABOVE 200F
0 - WILL NOT BURN
HEALTH HAZARD
4 - DEADLY
3 - EXTREME DANGER
2 - HAZARDOUS
1 - SLIGHTLY HAZARDOUS
0 - NORMAL MATERIAL
3
SPECIFIC HAZARD
Oxidizer
OXY
Acid
ACID
Alkali
ALK
Corrosive
COR
W
Use NO WATER
Radiation Hazard
IDENTIFICATION OF REACTIVITY
COLOR CODE: YELLOW
4
W
2
REACTIVITY
4 - MAY DETONATE
3 - SHOCK AND HEAT MAY
DETONATE
2 - VIOLENT CHEMICAL CHANGE
1 - UNSTABLE IF HEATED
0 - STABLE
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Government regulatory agencies
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Consumer Affairs
1000 Independence Avenue SW
Ph#: 202/586-5373
Fax: 202/586-0539
The Department of Energy is entrusted to contribute to the welfare of the nation by providing the technical information and scientific and educational foundation for technology, policy, and institutional leadership necessary to achieve efficiency in energy used,
diversity in energy sources, a more productive and competitive
economy, improved environmental quality, and a secure national
defense.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
1849 C Street NW
Ph#: 202/208-3100
Fax: 202/208-6950
As the nations principal conservation agency, the Department
of the Interior's responsibilities include: encouraging and providing
appropriate management, preservation and operation of the
nations public lands and natural resources; developing and using
resources in an environmentally sound manner; carrying out related scientific research and investigations in support of these objectives; and carrying out trust responsibilities of the U.S. government
with respect to American Indians and Alaska Natives.
It manages more than 440 million acres of federal lands.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Office of Information and Public Affairs
200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Ph#: 202/219-7316
Fax: 202/219-8699
The Department of Labors principal mission is to help working
people and those seeking work.
The departments information and other services, particularly in
job training and labor law enforcement, benefit and affect many
other groups, including employers, business organizations, civil
rights groups and government agencies at all levels as well as the
academic community.
DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION
Office of Public Affairs
400 Seventh Street SW, Room 10414
Ph#: 202/366-4570
Fax: 202/366-6337
The Department of Transportation ensures the safety of all
forms of transportation; protects the interests of consumers; conducts planning and research for the future; and helps cities and
states meet their local transportation needs.
The Department of Transportation Is composed of 10 operating
administrations, including the Federal Aviation Administration; the
Federal Highway Administration; the Federal Railroad
Administration; the Federal Transit Administration; the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration; the Maritime Administration;
the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corp.; the U.S. Coast
Guard; the Research and Special Programs Administration; and
the Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
DEPARTMENT OF THE
TREASURY
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms
Liaison and Public Information
650 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Room 8290
Ph#: 202/927-8500
Fax: 202/927-8112
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) is an
agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
ATFs responsibilities are law enforcement; regulation of the
alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives industries; and ensuring
the collection of taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.
ATFs mission is to curb the illegal traffic in and criminal use of
firearms; to assist federal, state and local law enforcement agencies in reducing crime and violence; to investigate violations of federal explosive laws; to regulate the alcohol, tobacco, firearms and
explosives industries; to assure the collection of all alcohol, tobacco and firearm tax revenues; and to suppress commercial bribery,
consumer deception, and other prohibited trade practices in the
alcoholic beverage industry.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
Communication, Education and Public Affairs
401 M Street SW
Ph#: 202/260-2090 Public Information Center
Mail Code 3404
Ph#: 202/260-2080
Fax: 202/260-6257
Chemical Control
401 M St. SW
Washington DC 20460
Ph#: 202/260-3749
Fax: 202/260-8168
Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention 401 M St.
SW Washington, DC 20460 Ph#: 202/ 260-8600 Fax: 202/260-7906
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent
agency in the executive branch of the U.S. government. EPA controls pollution through a variety of activities, which includes
research, monitoring, standards setting, and enforcement.
The Environmental Protection Agency supports research and
antipollution efforts by state and local governments as well as by
public service institutions and universities.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Institute
of Standards and Technology
Public and Business Affairs Div.
Building 101, Room A903
Gaithersburg, MD 20889
Ph#: 301/975-2762
Fax: 301/926-1630
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
focuses on tasks vital to the countrys technology infrastructure
that neither industry nor the government can do separately.
NIST works to promote U.S. economic growth by working with
industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and
standards.
Part of the Commerce Departments Technology
Administration, NIST has four major programs that reflect U.S.
industrys diversity and multiple needs. These programs include
the Advanced Technology Program; Manufacturing Extension
Partnership; Laboratory Research and Services; and the Baldrige
National Quality Program.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Government regulatory agencies

FEDERAL AVIATION
ADMINISTRATION
800 Independence Avenue, SW
Ph#: 800/FAA-SURE
FAA Consumer Hotline
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides a safe,
secure and efficient global aerospace system that contributes to
national security and the promotion of U.S. aerospace.
As the leading authority in the international aerospace community, FAA is responsive to the dynamic nature of customer needs,
economic conditions and environmental concerns.
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
SAFETY BOARD
490 LEnfant Plaza SW
Ph#: 202/382-6600
The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent federal accident investigation agency that also promotes transportation
safety.
The board conducts safety studies; maintains official U.S. census of aviation accidents; evaluates the effectiveness of government
agencies involved in transportation safety; evaluates the safeguards
used in the transportation of hazardous materials; and evaluates the
effectiveness of emergency responses to hazardous material accidents.
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Office of Public Affairs

Public Health Service Department of Health & Human Services
5600 Fishers Lane (HFI-40)
Rockville, MD 20857
Ph#: 301/443-3170
Consumer Affairs
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) works to protect, promote, and enhance the health of the American people by ensuring
that foods are safe, wholesome, and sanitary; human and veterinary drugs, biological products and medical devices are safe and
effective; cosmetics are safe; electronic products that emit radiation are safe; regulated products are honestly, accurately, and
informatively represented; these products are in compliance with
the law and the FDA regulations; and non-compliance is identified
and corrected and any unsafe and unlawful products are removed
from the marketplace.
NUCLEAR REGULATORY
COMMISSION
Office of Public Affairs
Ph#: 301/415-8200
Fax: 301/415-2234
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulates the civilian uses
of nuclear materials in the United States to protect the public health
and safety, the environment, and the common defense and security.
The mission is accomplished through licensing of nuclear facilities and the possession, use and disposal of nuclear materials; the
development and implementation of requirements governing
licensed activities; and inspection and enforcement to assure compliance.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
300 E Street SW
Ph#: 202/358-0000
Fax: 202/358-3251
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration explores,
uses and enables the development of space for human enterprise;
advances scientific knowledge and understanding of the Earth, the
solar system and universe; uses the environment of space for
research; and researches, develops, verifies and transfers
advanced aeronautics, space and related technologies.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH
Public Affairs
200 Independence Avenue SW
Ph#: 202/260-8519
Fax: 202/260-1898
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) was established by the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970. NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention and is the federal institute responsible for conducting
research and making recommendations for the prevention of
work-related illnesses and injuries.
The Institutes responsibilities include: investigating potentially
hazardous working conditions as requested by employers or
employees; evaluating hazards in the workplace; creating and disseminating methods for preventing disease, injury, and disability;
conducting research and providing scientifically valid recommendations for protecting workers; and providing education and training to individuals preparing for or actively working in the field of
occupational safety and health.
NIOSH identifies the causes of work related diseases and
injuries and the potential hazards of new work technologies and
practices. It determines new ways to protect workers from chemicals, machinery, and hazardous working conditions.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Office of Information and Consumer Affairs
200 Constitution Avenue NW, Room N3647
Ph#: 202/2198151
Fax: 202/219-5986
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets
and enforces workplace safety and health standards with a goal of
ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for all Americans.
OSHA issues standards and rules for safe and healthful working
conditions, tools, equipment, facilities, and processes.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
Office of Public Information
One Lafayette Center
1120 20th Street, NW, Ninth Floor
Washington, DC 20036-3419
Ph#: 202/606-5398
Fax: 202/606-5050
The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission is an
independent federal agency that serves as a court to provide decisions in workplace safety and health disputes arising between
employers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in
the department of labor.
U.S. COAST GUARD
Hazard Materials Standards Branch
2100 Second Street SW
Ph#: 202/267-2970
Fax: 202/267-4816
The U.S. Coast Guard is the United States primary maritime law
enforcement agency as well as a federal regulatory agency and one
of the armed forces.
The U.S. Coast Guard duties include aids to navigation; defense
operations; maritime pollution preparedness and response; domestic and international ice breaking operations in support of commerce
and science; maritime law enforcement; marine inspection and
licensing; port safety and security; and search and rescue.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
Chemical Industry Trade Associations
ADHESIVES MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION
1200 19th Street NW, Suite 300
Ph#: 202/857-1127
Fax: 202/857-1115
The Adhesives Manufacturers Association (AMA) is a national
organization comprised of major U.S. companies engaged in the
manufacturing, marketing, and selling of formulated adhesives or
formulated adhesives coatings to the industrial marketplace.
Associate members supply raw materials to the industry.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

(AAEE)
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Indianapolis, MD 21401
Ph#: 301/261-8958 (Washington, DC)
This organization certifies environmental engineers.
AMERICAN BOILER
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
950 N. Glebe Road, Suite 160
Arlington, VA 22203
Ph#: 703/522-7350
Fax: 703/522-2665
The mission of the American Boiler Manufacturers Association
is to improve services to the public; to be proactive with government in matters affecting the industry; to promote safe, economical, and environmentally friendly services of the industry; and to
carry out other activities recognized as lawful for such organizations.
THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
P.O. Box 6136
Westerville, OH 43086-6136
Ph#: 614/890-4700
Fax: 614/899-6109
Customer Service: 614/794-5890
The American Ceramic Society is the headquarters for the professional organization for ceramic engineers.
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(ACS)
1155 Sixteenth Street NW
Ph#: 202/872-4600
Fax: 202/872-6337
ACS has 149,000 members. The members are chemists, chemical engineers, or people who have degrees in related fields.
AMERICAN COKE AND COAL
CHEMICALS INSTITUTE
1255 23rd Street NW
Ph#: 202/452-1140
Fax: 202/466-4949
The ACCls mission is to represent the interests of the coke and
coal chemicals industry by communicating positions to legislative
and regulatory officials, cooperating with all government agencies
having jurisdiction over the industry, providing a forum for the
exchange of information, and discussion of problems and promoting
the use of coke and its byproducts in the marketplace.
AMERICAN CROP PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

Ph#: 202/872-3869
Fax: 202/463-0474
ACPA is the trade association for the manufacturers and formulators/distributors representing virtually all of the active ingredients
manufactured, distributed, and sold in the United States for agricultural uses, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGICAL AND
PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (AIME)
345 E. 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
Ph#: 212/705-7695
Fax: 212/371-9622
AIME serves as the unifying forum for the Member Societies,
which include the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration;
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society; Iron and Steel Society;
Society of Petroleum Engineers; and the AIME Institute
Headquarters.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE, INC.
(ANSI) 11 W. 42nd Street, 13th Floor
New York, NY 10036
Ph#: 212/642-4900
Fax: 212/302-1286
The Sales Department
ANSI is an approval entity in the United States for the voluntary
standards effort.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
1220 L Street NW
Ph#: 202/682-8000
Fax: 202/682-8232
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the U.S. petroleum
industrys primary trade association. API provides public policy
development and advocacy, research, and technical services to
enhance the ability of the petroleum industry to meet its mission.
AMERICAN SOClETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS
3340 Pilot Knob Road
St. Paul, MN 55121
Ph#: 612/454-7250
Fax: 612/454-0766
Member Services Representative
A non-profit organization that publishes scientific books and
journals.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND
AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS (ASHRAE)
1791 Tullie Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
Ph#: 404/636-8400
Fax: 404/ 321-5478
Customer Service: 800/527-4723
ASHRAE is an engineering society whose members are engineers specializing in heating, refrigerating, and air conditioning.
It serves members through meetings and publications.
AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT

ASSOCIATION
1 Gateway Center, 3rd Floor
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Ph#: 412/232-3444
Fax: 412/232-3450
Membership Department
The Air & Waste Management Association is a non-profit, technical and educational organization with 17,000 members in 58
countries. Founded in 1907, the association provides a neutral
forum in which all viewpoints of an environmental issue (technical,
scientific, economic, social, political, and health-related) receive
equal consideration. The association serves its members and the
public by promoting environmental responsibility and providing
technical and managerial leadership in the fields of air and waste
management.
AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF
GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENISTS (ACGIH)
Kemper Woods Center
1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Suite 600
Cincinnati, OH 45240
Ph#: 513/742-2020
Fax 513/742-3355
The ACGIH is an organization of more than 5,500 industrial
hygienists and occupational health and safety professionals devoted to the technical and administrative aspects of worker health and
safety.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME)
345 E 47th Street
New York, NY 10017-2392
Ph#: 212/705-7722
Fax: 212/705-7674
Member Services
This organization provides classes and networking, and also
serves its members by providing information about technology and
solutions to the problems of an increasingly technological society.
COMPOSITES FABRICATORS ASSOCIATION

8201 Greensboro Drive, Suite 300
McLean, VA 22102
Ph#: 703/610-9000
Fax: 703/610-9005
The Composites Fabricators Association provides educational
services including seminars, video training tapes, publications, a
monthly technical magazine, and an annual convention. It offers
free technical, government, and regulatory service to its members.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

(ASNT)
1711 Arlingate Lane
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
Ph#: 614/274-6003
Fax: 614/274-6899
A non-profit organization that has 10,000 members worldwide.
It sells technical books as well as providing testing for certification
for non-destructive testing. This organization also publishes a
monthly magazine.
COSMETIC, TOILETRY AND FRAGRANCE ASSOCIATION

Ph#: 202/331-1770
Fax: 202/331-1969
The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association is the leading
trade association for the personal care product industry, representing the majority of U.S. personal care product sales. The
industry trade association was founded in 1894.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY CONTROL (ASQC)

P.O. Box 3005
Milwaukee, Wl 53201-3005
Ph#: 414/272-8575
Fax: 414/272-1734
Customer Service: 800/ 248-1946
This organization facilitates continuous improvement and
increased customer service by identifying, communicating, and
promoting the use of quality concepts and technology. The ASQC
carries out a variety of professional, educational, and informational programs.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS
1800 E. Oakton
Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187
Ph#: 847/699-2929
Membership Department, extensions 231, 228, or 254
Fax: 847/296-3769
This is the oldest and largest organization servicing safety engineers. It has more than 32,000 members and 139 local chapters.
The society provides safety education seminars, technical publications, and a monthly magazine among other services.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING
& MATERIALS (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
W. Conshohocken, PA 19428
Ph#: 610/832-9500
Fax: 610/832-9555
Membership Department
This non-profit organization deals with 132 different committees, and provides materials and tests different standards.
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION (CMA)
1300 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22209
Ph#: 703/741-5000
Fax: 703/741-6095
CMA is one of the oldest trade associations in North America.
The CMA is also the focal point for the chemical industrys collective action on legislative, regulatory, and legal matters at the international, national, state and local levels.
CHLORINE INSTITUTE
2001 L Street NW #506
Ph#: 202/775-2790
Fax: 202/223-7225
This organization supports the chloralkaline industry and serves
as a public service for safety and health.
FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

492 Norristown Road
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Ph#: 610/940-0291
Fax: 610/940-0292
This is a trade association for the paint industry.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVISORY COUNCIL
1101 Vermont Avenue NW, Suite 301
Ph#: 202/289-4550
Fax: 202/289-4074
Incorporated in 1978, the Hazardous Materials Advisory Council
(HMAC) is an international, non-profit organization devoted to promoting regulatory compliance and safety in the transportation of
hazardous materials, substances, and wastes.
ISA
P.O. Box 12277
67 Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Ph#: 919/549-8411
Fax: 919/549-8288
Brian Duckett, Meetings Manager
ISA develops standards for the instrumentation and control
field.
METAL FINISHING SUPPLIERS ASSOCIATION
801 N. Cass Avenue, Suite 300
Westmont, IL 60559
Ph#: 708/887-0797
Fax: 708/887-0799
MFSA is an organization representing 175 member companies
who are suppliers of equipment, chemicals, and services to the
metal finishing industry.
NACE INTERNATIONAL
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
P.O. Box 218340
Houston, TX 77218-8340
Ph#: 713/492-0535
Fax: 713/492-8254
This organization provides a number of services to its members: the selling of books, publications, magazines, classes, seminars and symposiums are among some of those services.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHEMICAL RECYCLERS
1900 M. Street NW, Suite 750
Ph#: 202/296-1725
Fax: 202/296-2530
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
PRINTING INK MANUFACTURERS, INC.
(NAPIM)
Heights Plaza, 777 Terrace Avenue
Hasbrouck Heights, NJ 07604
Ph#: 201/288-9454
Fax: 201/288-9453
The National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers is a trade
association whose purpose it is to represent the printing ink industry in the United States and to provide direction to management in
the areas of environmental issues, business management, government regulations, and regulatory compliance.
PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND MANUFACTURERS OF

AMERICA
1100 Fifteenth Street NW, Suite 900
Ph#: 202/845-3400
Fax: 202/835-3414
The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
(PhRMA) represents the countrys largest research based pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Investing nearly $16 billion a year in discovering and developing new medicines. PhRMA
companies are the source of nearly all new drug discoveries worldwide.
PROCESS EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
111 Park Place
Falls Church, VA 22046-4513
Ph#: 703/538-1796
Fax: 703/241-5603
The Process Equipment Manufacturers Association is an organization of firms and corporations engaged in the manufacture of
process equipment such as agitators, mixers, crushing, grinding
and screening equipment, vacuum and pressure filters, centrifuges, furnaces, kilns, dryers, sedimentation and classification
devices, and waste treatment equipment.
PULP CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION, INC
15 Technology Parkway South
Norcross, GA 30092
Ph#: 770/446-1290
Fax: 770/446-1487
The Pulp Chemicals Association Inc. is an international trade
association serving the common goals of its membership. Any person, firm or corporation who manufactures chemical products
derived from the pulp and forest products industries is eligible for
membership.
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1400 K Street NW, Suite 900
Ph#: 202/682-4800
Fax: 202/682-4854
The Rubber Manufacturers Association is a trade association
representing the rubber and tire industry in North America.
SOAP AND DETERGENT ASSOCIATION 475 Park Avenue, S.
New York, NY 10016
Ph#: 212/725-1262
Fax: 212/213-0685
This is a national, non-profit trade association that represents
the manufacturers of soaps and detergents.
SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS

14 Fairfield Drive
Brookfield, CT 06804-0403
Ph#: 203/775-0471
Fax: 203/775-8490
This society deals with education, holds seminars and conferences, and produces magazines and journals. Membership of
37,500 worldwide individuals in all areas of the plastics industry, in
70 countries.
THE SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS
INDUSTRY INC.
1275 K Street NW, Suite 400
Ph#: 202/371-5200
Fax: 202/371-1022
VALVE MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA (VMA)
Ph#: 202/331-8105
Fax: 202/296-0378
WANER ENVIRONMENT
FEDERATION
601 Wythe Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-1994
Ph#: 703/684-2400
Fax: 703/684-2450
Member Services
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION

ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
Ph#: 617/770-3000
Fax: 617/770-0700
Member Services
Fire protection standards and manuals. Services and interpretation of standards are available to members only.
SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT

OF MATERIAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING
(SAMPE)
P.O. Box 2459
Covina, CA 91722
Ph#: 818/33-0616
Fax: 818/332-8929
SAMPE is a global, member-governed, volunteer, not-for-profit
organization, which supplies information on advanced state-of-theart materials and process opportunities for career development
within the materials and process industries.
MIXED CHEMICALS
Table 6
CHEMICALS
CONCENTRATION
(%)
PVC* CPVC*
Sulfuric Add
Chromic Add
Sodium Silicon
fluoride
0.7
250 g/l
Sulfuric Add
Hydrofluoric Acid
PP*
PVDF*
TEFLON*
VITON*
248
140
176
248
20
10
140
140
248
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrofluoric Add
25
15
140
140
248
Sulfuric Add
Nitric Acid
Chlorine Gas
75
5
Little
140
176
104
176
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfurous Acid
75
4
140
176
176
248
Sulfuric Acid
Spelter
Manganese Sulfate
150 g/l
80
2
140
176
176
Sodium Sulfide
Sulfuric Acid
Formaldehyde
225 g/l
225 g/l
50
104
176
176
1
248
248
248
104
104
248
104
140
248
248
176
212
212
212
176
140
Mixed Chemicals
NOTE: * Temperature at F.
EPT*
MIXED CHEMICALS
Table 6 (contd)
CHEMICALS
CONCENTRATION
(%)
Hydrochloric Acid
36
Allyl Chloride
PVDF*
TEFLON*
VITON*
EPT*
104
104
140
248
248
176
104
140
176
176
248
248
140
68
140
176
176
248
248
140
68
104
104
212
248
104
140
176
248
248
104
104
248
248
248
248
176
140
140
248
248
140
176
248
248
140
140
68
248
248
140
140
140
248
248
176
104
68
68
176
248
140
176
176
248
248
176
176
140
176
176
248
248
140
140
248
248
54 PPM
18
490 PPM
36
Hydrochloric Acid
Chlorobenzene
PP*
36
Hydrochloric Acid
Chlorobenzene
CPVC*
12 PPM
Hydrochloric Acid
Benzene
PVC*
890 PPM
Hydrofluoric Acid
220 g/l
Chromium Sulfate
1 g/l
Sodium Silico-
12 g/l
fluoride
Hydrofluoric Acid
350 g/l
Sodium Silico-
17 g/l
fluoride
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Oxalic Acid
1 g/l
Hydrochloric Acid
35
Ferrous Chloride
28
Hydrochloric Acid
10
Hydrofluoric Acid
15
Hydrochloric Acid
18
Hydrofluoric Acid
20
Hydrochloric Acid
20
Nitric Acid
50
Hydrochloric Acid
36
Ortho-chlorophenal
170 PPM
Hydrochloric Acid
36 g/l
Sulfuric Acid
98 g/l
Hydrochloric Acid
20
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
36
Sulfuric Acid
98
Hydrofluoric Acid
Ammonium
Fluoride
250 g/l
NOTE: * Temperature at F
8 g/l
MIXED CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
CONCENTRATION
(%)
Hydrochloric Acid
25
Ferric Chloride
28
Hydrochloric Acid
20
Ferrous Chloride
28
Nitric Acid
15
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
15
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
15
Hydrofluoric Acid
10
Nitric Acid
15
Hydrofluoric Acid
15
Nitric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
PP*
PVDF*
TEFLON*
VITON*
EPT*
140
212
212
248
248
176
176
248
248
176
176
140
140
140
248
248
140
104
104
248
248
176
104
140
68
104
248
248
140
68
104
248
248
140
176
248
248
68
68
68
248
248
140
176
68
248
104
68
104
104
248
248
104
68
104
104
248
248
68
140
140
248
248
5
20
50
100g
50
100g
Sulfuric Acid
Chromic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
10
Chromic Acid
10
Sulfuric Acid
10
Chromic Acid
25
Sulfuric Acid
4 g/l
Chromic Acid
400 g/l
Sulfuric Acid
15
Chromic Acid
Phosphoric Acid
80
Sulfuric Acid
Chromic Acid
10
Water
80
NOTE: *Temperature at F
CPVC*
PVC*
248
140
176
248
248
140
104
140
176
248
248
104
RELATIVE PROPERTIES
Table 6 (contd)
TABLE 7
Gr. B
POISSONS RATIO V
ASTM - D256
IZOD IMPACT
78 ft. lbs/in. notched
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
psi
ASTM - D790
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
psi
ASTM - D695 o
MATERIAL
STEEL
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
IN TENSION psi @ 73F x 10
ASTM - D638 E
TENSILE STRENGTH
psi at 73F
ASTM - D638
WATER ABSORPTION
%/24 hrs at 73F
ASTM - D570
Table 7
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ASTM-D792
RELATIVE PROPERTIES
RELATIVE PROPERTIES
7.86
60,000
290
32
.33
ALUMINUM 3003
2.73
16,000
100
20
.33
COPPER
8.94
30,000
170
43
(PVC) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

TYPE 1
1.38
.05
7,940
4.2
14,500
.65
9,600
.35-.38
(CPVC) CHLORINATED
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
1.55
.05
8,400
4.2
15,800
3.0
9,00022,000
.35-.38
.02
5,000
1.7-2.5
7,000
1.3
5,500-
.38-.40
(PP) POLYPROPYLENE NON PPFR

(PPFR)
.905
8,000
POLYPROPYLENE FLAME RETARDANT

(PROLINE) POLYPROPYLENE/
POLYBUTYLENE COPOLYMER
.905
.02
5,800
1.1
2,900
4.7
7,000
.34-4.0
1.6
.05
19,500
1.6
29,000
1.4
21,000
(PVDF) POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE
1.751.78
.04
5,000 7,000
2.13
12,180
2.8
10,500
.38
POLYETHYLENE
LD PE - LOW DENSITY
.925
.01
2,300
.14-.38
9.0
(RYTON) POLYPHYLENE SULFIDE

40% GLASS FIBER REINFORCED
HALAR
1.69
.04
4,500
2.40
---
DURAPLUS (ABS)
1.06
---
5,500
2.40
---
No Break
8.5
--6,150
0.3-0.4
---
HD PE - HIGH DENSITY
.965
.01
4,500
.6-1.8
7,000
4.0
3,600
XL PE - CROSS LINK PE
1.28
.02
3,000
5,000
2.0
4,000
TEFLON (PTFE)
POLYTETRAFLUORETHYLENE
2.14
.02
2,600
1.0
TEFLON (PFA) PERFLUOROALKOXY
2.2
2,0005,000
.58
TEFLON (FEP)
FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE
2.1
0.0
2,7003,100
.50
EPOXY FIBERGLASS
1.6
.05-.20
VINYLESTER FIBERGLASS
1.6
POLYSULFONE
1.24
0.0
81,000
10,000
No Break
3.0
3,500
1,700
2,200
1.0
25,000
18,000
No Break
10,000
1.35
.02
10,500
1.4
15,600
2.5
0.3
10,200
3.6
15,400
1.3
RELATIVE PROPERTIES
290
1450
1/8
400
2610
FLAME
SMOKE
(PVC) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

TYPE 1
2,000
3.0
1/3
140
173
160
1.2
43
V-0 15
850
(CPVC) CHLORINATED
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
2,000
3.8
1/2
210
238
221
.95
60
V-0
295
180
220
125-140
1.2
17
V-2 119 791
ALUMINUM 3003
COPPER
(PP) POLYPROPYLENE NON PPFR
20,000
725-800
.06
5.0
5/8
Slow
(PPFR) POLYPROPYLENE
FLAME RETARDANT
(PROLINE) POLYPROPYLENE/
POLYBUTYLENE COPOLYMER
(RYTON) POLYPHYLENE SULFIDE
40% GLASS FIBER REINFORCED
800
8.33
200
1.2
1/2
200
485
1.5 -0.91
280
284
195
1.32
(PVDF) POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE
2,300
6.6-8.7
POLYETHYLENE
LD PE - LOW DENSITY
10.022.0
1-1/4
140
100-121 90-105
2.3
HD PE - HIGH DENSITY
7.2
7/8
160
175-196 110-130
3.5
XL PE - CROSS LINK PE
180
10.0
2/3
500
250
7.6
0.9
500
TEFLON (FEP) FLUORINATED

ETHYLENE PROPYLENE
8.3-10.5
1/3
300
EPOXY FIBERGLASS
4.0-10.0 1/10
300
300
VINYLESTER FIBERGLASS
1/10
200
200
POLYSULFONE
3.1
300
345
1.8
HALAR
4.4-9.2
300
195
151
1.07
DURAPLUS (ABS)
5.6
5/8
176
194
223
1.7
TEFLON (PTFE)
POLYTETRAFLUORETHYLENE
(PFA) PERFLUOROALKOXY
* Self-Extinguishing
180
120
Slow
SURFACE BURNING OF
BLDG. MATERIALS E-84
400
Gr. B
BURNING CLASS UL 94
BURNING RATE
ASTM - D635
5/32
STEEL
LIMITED OXYGEN
index (%)
ASTM - D2863-70
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
BTU/hr/sq. ft/F/in.
ASTM - C177 K
750
MATERIAL
HEAT DISTORTION TEMP

F at 264 psi
ASTM - D648
HEAT DISTORTION
66 psi
ASTM - D648
1/16
WORKING STRESS
@ 73 FM, psi S
RESISTANCE TO HEAT
F
Continous
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR
EXPANSION in/(in F) x 105
ASTM - D696 e
THERMAL EXPANSION
inches per 10-F
change per 100 of pipe
Table 8
10
115 412
V-2 110 515

V-0 - -
44
V-0
Very Slow
V-1 - -
VerySlow
226
V-1 - -
- -
Slow
V-1 -
6.0
95
V-0 -
1.3
95
V-0 -
158
6.0
95
V-0
1.7
V-0
- -
2.0
V-0
- -
33
V-0
60
V-O
- -
*
*
- -
RELATIVE PROPERTIES
TABLE 8
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DATA

FOR THERMOPLASTIC PIPING
INTRODUCTION
In the engineering of thermoplastic piping systems to comply with the Uniform Building Code, Uniform Fire Code,
Uniform Mechanical Code, and Uniform Plumbing Code, it is
necessary to have not only a working knowledge of piping
design, but also an awareness of the unique properties of
thermoplastics. The selection of the proper piping material
is based upon S T A M P:
THERMOPLASTIC ENGINEERING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Size
Temperature
Application
Media
Pressure
Size of piping is determined by carrying capacity of the piping selected. Carrying capacity and friction loss are discussed on pages 50-58.
Temperature refers to the temperature of the liquid being
piped and is the most critical factor in selecting plastic piping. Refer to the Continuous Resistance To Heat column in
the Relative Properties tables on pages 40-41 to select an
appropriate plastic material. Temperature of media must not
exceed continuous resistance to heat. Temperature also
refers to the maximum and minimum media or climactic conditions which the piping will experience. These maximum
and minimum temperatures directly affect chemical resistance, expansion and contraction, support spacing, pressure
rating, and most other physical properties of the piping
material. These different considerations are discussed separately later.
Application asks what the pipe is being designed to do.
Above or below ground, in a building or outside, drainage or
pumped, in a floor trench or in a ceiling, high purity, short-/or
long-term application, FDA requirement, flame and smoke
spread required, and double containment required are all
questions which should be answered.
Media is the liquid being contained and its concentration.
Specific gravity, percent of suspended solids, and crystallization should be determined. Consult with the chemical
resistance chart on pages 18-38 to make a selection based
on liquid, concentration, and temperature.
Pressure is the pressure within the piping. Pressure is
directly affected by temperature, wall thickness, diameter,
and method of joining being employed. Refer to the
Temperature-Pressure charts on pages 44-48 to conform
the desired installation. Pressure inside the pipe may be
less than the surrounding soil or atmospheres such as in
vacuum or deep burial applications, and collapse pressure
of piping must be determined from tables on page 49.
If more than one material meets the STAMP criteria, cost of
material, personal preferences, and additional safety considerations are used to determine the right material for the
service.
After piping, fitting, valve, and gasket materials are chosen

for the service being considered, engineering the piping system begins with calculations for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pressure Ratings
Water Hammer
Temperature-Pressure Relationships
Flow Rate and Friction Loss Characteristics
Dimensional and Weight Data
It must be noted that storage, handling, and use of gaseous,

liquid, and solid hazardous production material (HPM), as
defined and discussed in the Uniform Building Code and
Uniform Fire Code, requires very careful consideration and
compliance to provide piping systems that comply with the
law and are safe to man and the environment.
PRESSURE RATINGS OF THERMOPLASTICS
DETERMINING PRESSURE-STRESS-PIPE
RELATIONSHIPS
ISO EQUATION
Circumferential stress is the largest stress present in any
pressurized piping system. It is this factor that determines
the pressure that a section of pipe can withstand. The relationship of stress, pressure, and pipe dimensions is
described by the ISO (International Standardization
Organization) equation. In various forms this equation is:
P = 2S =
R-1
2S = R - 1
P
2St
D0 - t
2S =
P
D0
t
-1
S = P(R - 1)
2
Where:
P = Internal Pressure, psi
S = Circumferential Stress, psi
t = Wall Thickness, in.
D0 = Outside Pipe Diameter, in.
R = D0/t
LONG-TERM STRENGTH
To determine the long-term strength of thermoplastic pipe,
lengths of pipe are capped at both ends (see Figure 5) and
subjected to various internal pressure, to produce circumferential stresses that will produce failure in from 10 to 10,000
hours. The test is run according to ASTM D-1598 - Standard
Test for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Long-Term
Hydrostatic Pressure.
The resulting failure points are used in a statistical analysis
(outlined in ASTM D-2837, see page 6) to determine the
characteristics of the regression curve that represents the
stress/time-to-failure relationship for the particular thermoplastic pipe compound under test.

This curve is represented by the equation:
Log = a + b log S
FIGURE 6
Where:
REGRESSION CURVE - STRESS/TIME-TO-FAILURE

FOR PVC TYPE 1
a and b are constants describing the slope and intercept of

the curve, and T and S are time-to-failure and stress,
respectively.
SERVICE FACTOR
FIGURE 5
LONG-TERM STRENGTH TEST PER ASTM D1598
Pipe test specimen per ASTM D1598 for Time-to-Failure of

Plastic Pipe Under Long-Term Hydrostatic Pressure
The Hydrostatic Stress Committee of the Plastics Pipe

Institure (PPI) has determined that a service (design) factor
of one-half the hydrostatic design basis would provide an
adequate safety margin for use with water to ensure useful
plastic-pipe service for a long period of time. While not stated in the standards, it is generally understood within the
industry that this long period of time is a minimum of 50
years.
The regression curve may be plotted on a log-log paper, as

shown in Figure 6, and extrapolated from 10,000 to 100,000
hours (11.4 years). The stress at 100,000 hours is known as
the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS) for that particular thermoplastic compound. From this (LTHS) the
Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) is determined by applying
the service factor multiplier, as described below.

The standards for plastic pipe, using the 0.5 service factor,
require that the pressure rating of the pipe be based upon
this hydrostatic design stress, again calculated with the ISO
equation.
Table 9
SERVICE FACTORS AND HYDROSTATIC
DESIGN STRESS
(Hydrostatic design basis equals 4000 PSI)
HDS
SERVICE FACTOR
While early experience indicated that this service factor, or

multiplier, of 0.5 provided adequate safety for many if not
most uses, some experts felt that a more conservative service factor of 0.4 would better compensate for water hammer pressure surges, as well as for slight manufacturing
variations and damage suffered during installation.
0.5
2000 psi (13.8 MPa)
0.4
1600 psi (11 MPa)
Material: PVC Type I & CPVC
TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE AND MODULUS

RELATIONSHIPS
The PPI has issued a policy statement officially recommending this 0.4 service factor. This is equivalent to recommending that the pressure rating of the pipe should equal
1.25 times the system design pressure for any particular
installation. Based upon this policy, many thousands of miles
of thermoplastic pipe have been installed in the United
States without failure.
Temperature Derating
Pressure ratings for thermoplastic pipe are generally determined in a water medium at room temperature (73F). As
the system temperature increases, the thermoplastic pipe
becomes more ductile, increases in impact strength, and
decreases in tensile strength. The pressure ratings of thermoplastic pipe must therefore be decreased accordingly.
It is best to consider the actual surge conditions, as outlined

later in this section. In addition, substantial reductions in
working pressure are advisable when handling aggressive
chemical solutions and in high-temperature service.
The effects of temperature have been exhaustively studied

and correction (derating) factors developed for each thermoplastic piping compound. To determine the maximum
operating pressure at any given temperature, multiply
the pressure rating at ambient shown in Table 10 by the
temperature correction factor for that material shown in
Table 11. Attention must also be given to the pressure
rating of the joining technique, i.e., threaded system
normally reduces pressure capabilities substantially.
Numerical relationships for service factors and design

stresses of PVC are shown in Table 9.
Table 10
MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURES (PSI) AT 73F AMBIENT
BASED UPON A SERVICE FACTOR OF .5
PVC & CPVC
SCHEDULE 80
POLYPROPYLENE*(PP)
PROLINE
SDR
PVC & CPVC

NOMINAL SCHEDULE 40 SOLVENT
SOLVENT WELD WELD THREADED PPRO-SEAL 11
SIZE
32
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)

SUPER PROLINE
SDR
11
32
SCHEDULE 80
SOCKET
FUSION
THREADED
1/4
780
1130
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3/8
620
920
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1/2
600
850
420
150
160
45
230
N/A
975
290
3/4
480
690
340
150
160
45
230
N/A
790
235
450
630
320
150
160
45
230
N/A
725
215
1-1/4
370
520
260
N/A
160
45
230
N/A
600
180
1-1/2
330
471
240
150
160
45
230
N/A
540
160
150
160
45
280
400
200
230
N/A
465
135
2-1/2
300
425
210**
N/A
160
45
N/A
160
N/A
N/R
260
375
190**
N/A
160
45
N/A
160
430
N/R
160
220
324
160**
N/A
45
N/A
160
370
N/R
180
280
N/R
N/A
160 45
N/A
160
N/A
N/R
160
250
N/R
N/A
160
45
N/A
160
N/A
N/A
10
140
230
N/R
N/A
160
45
N/A
160
N/A
N/A
N/R
N/A
160
45
N/A
N/A
N/A
160
- = Data not available at printing; N/R = Not Recommended; N/A = Not Available (not manufactured)
* Threaded Polypropylene is not recommended for pressure applications and Fuseal drainage systems are not pressure rated.
**For threaded joints properly backwelded.
NOTE: The pressure ratings in this chart are based on water and are for pipe and fittings only. Systems that include valves, flanges, or other
weaker items will require derating the entire system.
12
130
230

Table 11
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS
FACTORS
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE
POLYPROPYLENE
OPERATING
TEMPERATURES
F
PVC
CPVC
PPRO-SEAL
NATURAL
PROLINE
SUPER
PROLINE
SCHEDULE 80
73
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
80
.88
.94
.93
.95
.93
.87
.87
.80
.82
90
.75
.86
.83
100
.62
.78
.74
110
.50
.71
.66
120
.40
.64
.58
130
.30
.57
.51
140
.22
.50
.40
150
N/R
.43
.38
160
N/R
.37
.35
180
N/R
.25
.23
200
N/R
.18
.14
210
N/R
.16
.10
N/R
220
N/R
N/R
N/R
N/R
240
N/R
N/R
N/R
N/R
250
N/R
N/R
N/R
N/R
280
N/R
N/R
N/R
N/R
.64
.76
.71
.68
.40
.61
.57
.49
.54
.28
.42
.47
.10
.36
.41
.38
.35
.25
.28
.22
.18
FLANGED SYSTEMS
Table 12 - MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
(PSI) FOR FLANGED SYSTEMS
FLANGED SYSTEMS
Maximum pressure for any flanged system
is 150 psi. At elevated temperatures the
pressure capability of a flanged system
must be derated as shown in Table 12.
Design Pressure - Pressure rating at 73F
x temperature correction factor.
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE
F
PVC*
CPVC*
PP**
PVDF
100
150
150
150
150
110
135
145
140
150
120
110
135
130
150
130
75
125
118
150
150
140
50
110
105
150
N/R
100
93
140
160
N/R
90
80
133
170
N/R
80
70
125
180
N/R
70
50
115
190
N/R
60
N/R
106
200
N/R
50
N/R
97
210
N/R
40
N/R
90
N/R
N/R
60
240
N/R
N/R
25
280
N/R
N/R
N/R = Not Recommended
* PVC and CPVC flanges sizes 2-1/2 through 3-/and 4-inch threaded must be backwelded for the above pressure capability to be
applicable.
** Threaded PP flanges size 1/2 through 4 inch as well as the 6
back welded socket flange are not recommended for pressure applications (drainage only).
.65
.58
PRESSURE RATINGS
PVC LARGE DIAMETER FABRICATED FITTINGS
AT 73F 10 THROUGH 24
The following tables indicate the working pressure recommended by the manufacturer for large diameter PVC fabricated
fittings. These fittings are not generally recommended for high pressure applications. Pressure capabilities are not necessarily the same as the rating of the pipe from which they are fabricated. Be sure pressure to temperature correction factors are considered when system design calls for temperatures above 73F.
Water hammer and surge pressure are the two most critical elements in large-diameter design. Keeping velocities below
5 feet per second and working pressures to these guidelines will give years of trouble-free service.
Table 13
90 ELBOW
Table 16
45 ELBOW
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
WT.
PSI
(LBS.)
RTG
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
10
22
140
34
230
10
15
140
24
230
12
30
130
50
230
12
21
130
36
230
14
40
130
70
220
14
30
130
52
220
16
56
130
100
220
16
42
130
75
220
18
90
100
93
125
18
47
100
71
160
20
121
50
125
75
20
62
50
95
75
24
202
50
208
75
24
103
50
159
75
Table 14
COUPLING
Table 17
REDUCING TEE
SCHEDULE 40
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
10
SCHEDULE 80
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
PSI
RTG
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
15
230
10 x 8
23
140
32
230
130
23
230
10 x 6
21
140
30
230
130
33
220
10 x 4
18
140
28
230
29
130
54
220
12 x 10
32
130
55
220
18
33
100
53
160
12 x 8
30
130
49
220
20
45
50
74
75
12 x 6
26
130
47
220
24
77
50
110
75
12 x 4
24
130
45
220
14 x 12
46
100
70
160
14 x 10
39
100
66
160
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
140
12
15
14
19
16
Table 15
TEE
SCHEDULE 40
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
10
28
140
44
12
14
16
41
54
78
130
130
130
14 x 8
36
100
59
160
16 x 14
PSI
RTG
68
100
118
160
16 x 12
61
100
105
160
230
16 x 10
54
100
90
160
230
16 x 8
49
100
82
160
220
18 x 16
82
100
132
160
220
18 x 14
73
100
116
160
104
75
160
100
SCHEDULE 80
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
69
95
139
18
115
100
156
160
20 x 18
20
153
50
204
75
20 x 16
98
75
156
100
75
24 x 20
162
50
251
75
24
231
50
338
PRESSURE RATINGS
AT 73F 10 THROUGH 24
Table 20
EXTENDED BUSHING
Table 18
CONCENTRIC REDUCER
SCHEDULE 40
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
10 x 8
140
10 x 6
22
140
10 x 4
23
140
12 x 10
15
130
12 x 8
31
130
12 x 6
34
130
14 x1 2
23
130
14 x 10
36
130
16 x 14
32
130
16 x 12
54
130
18 x 16
46
100
20 x 18
45
100
24 x 20
87
100
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
SCHEDULE 40
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
10 x 8
11
140
12 x 10
19
130
14 x 12
28
130
16 x 14
38
130
Table 21
MALE ADAPTOR
SCHEDULE 40
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
25
25
10
25
12
14
25
Table 19
BUSHING (SPIG x SOC)
SCHEDULE 40
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
10 x 8
11
140
10 x 6
16
140
10 x 4
20
140
12 x 10
15
130
12 x 8
26
Table 22
FEMALE ADAPTOR
SCHEDULE 40
130
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
12 x 6
31
130
25
14 x 12
24
100
25
16 x 14
22
100
10
25
16 x 12
46
100
12
14
25
16 x 10
61
100
16 x 8
72
100
18 x 16
30
100
20 x 18
33
100
24 x 20
55
100
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
PRESSURE RATINGS
AT 73F
Table 24
FLANGE (BLIND)
Table 23
CROSS
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
PSI
RTG
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
260
10
16
25
32
75
220
240
12
21
25
42
75
160
22
240
14
26
25
52
75
22
160
30
240
16
33
25
66
75
10
38
140
62
230
18
36
25
72
75
12
58
130
95
230
20
44
25
88
75
14
74
130
129
220
24
57
25
114
75
16
107
130
190
220
18
117
100
185
160
20
158
50
247
75
24
267
50
413
75
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
240
13
Table 25
CAP
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
NOMINAL
SIZE
(IN.)
WT.
(LBS.)
PSI
RTG
WT.
(LBS.)
10
140
14
PSI
RTG
230
12
130
17
230
14
23
130
35
220
16
32
130
49
220
18
38
100
54
160
20
49
50
69
75
24
74
50
108
75
Table 26
IPS PIPE DIMENSION TABLE
SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE 80
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
(IN.)
O.D.
AVERAGE I.D.
MINIMUM WALL
AVERAGE I.D.
MINIMUM WALL
1.315
1.033
.133
.935
.179
1-1/4
1.660
1.364
.140
1.256
.191
1-1/2
1.900
1.592
.145
1.476
.200
2.375
2.049
.154
1.913
.218
3.500
3.042
.216
2.864
.300
4.500
3.998
.237
3.786
.337
5.563
5.047
.258
4.813
.375
6.625
6.013
.280
5.709
.432
8.625
7.943
.322
7.565
.500
10
10.750
9.976
.365
9.492
.593
12
12.750
11.890
.406
11.294
.687
14
14.000
13.126
.437
12.440
.780
16
16.000
15.000
.500
14.200
CLASS 100
.900
CLASS 160
18
18.000
17.120
.440
16.614
.693
20
20.000
19.022
.489
18.460
.770
24
24.000
22.870
.585
22.152
.924

Table 27
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (x10 ) PSI VS. TEMPERATURE

5
TEMPERATURE, F
MATERIAL
73
90
110
140
PVC
4.20
3.85
3.40
3.00
CPVC
4.23
4.10
3.70
3.27
2.93
170
210
250
280
2.40
2.26
200
PP Fuseal
2.00
1.30
.097
.074
0.61
0.55
0.53
PP Pressure
1.50
1.34
1.18
0.96
0.77
0.59
0.53
PVDF
2.13
1.66
1.37
1.04
0.80
0.61
0.55
0.37
0.29
1. For thick wall pipe where collapse is caused by compression and failure of the pipe material:
(Do2-Di2)
Pc = o
2
2Do
2. For thin wall pipe where collapse is caused by elastic
instability of the pipe wall:
3
Pc = 2cE
t
2
1-v
Dm
Where:
Pc = Collapse Pressure (external minus internal
pressure), psi
o = Compressive Strength, psi
E = Modulus of elasticity, psi
v = Poissons Ratio
Do = Outside Pipe Diameter, in.
Dm = Mean Pipe Diameter, in.
Di = Inside Pipe Diameter, in.
t = Wall Thickness, in.
c = Out-of-Roundness Factor, Approximately 0.66
( )
Choice of Formula - By using formula 2 on thick-wall pipe,

an excessively large pressure will be obtained. It is therefore necessary to calculate, for a given pipe size, the collapse pressure using both formulas and use the lower value
as a guide to safe working pressure. For short-term loading
conditions, the values of E, o and v from the relative properties charts shown on pages 40-41 will yield reasonable
results. See individual materials charts for short-term collapse pressures at 73F. For long-term loading conditions,
appropriate long-term data should be used.
SHORT-TERM COLLAPSE PRESSURE
Thermoplastic pipe is often used for suction lines or in applications where external pressures are applied to the pipe,
such as in heat exchangers, or underwater loading conditions. The differential pressure rating of the pipe between
the internal and external pressures is detemined by derating
collapse pressures of the pipe. The differential pressure rating of the pipe is determined by derating the short-term collapse pressures shown in Table 28.
Collapse pressures must be adjusted for temperatures other

than for room temperature. The pressure temperature correction chart (Table 28) used to adjust pipe pressure ratings
may be used for this purpose. (See note below table).
Table 28
SHORT-TERM COLLAPSE PRESSURE IN PSI AT 73F
1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2
3
4
6
8
10
12
SCHEDULE 40 PVC
2095 1108 900 494 356 211 180 109
SCHEDULE 80 PVC
2772 2403 2258 1389 927 632
54
521 335 215
39
27
22
147 126 117
SCHEDULE 80 CPVC - IPS

2772 2403 2258 1389 927 632 521 335 215
SCHEDULE 80 PRESSURE POLYPROPYLENE
1011 876 823 612 412 278 229 147 94
SCHEDULE 80 PVDF - IPS
2936 1576 1205 680 464 309 255 164 105
PROLINE PRO 150
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
PROLINE PRO 45
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
1.6
1.6
SUPER PROLINE
202 99 92 44
5.8 5.8
41
22
147 126 117

- IPS
65 55 51
72
61
57
40
40
40
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
5.8
5.8 5.8
5.8
NOTE: These are short-term ratings; long-term ratings should be

reduced by 1/3 to 1/2 of the short-term ratings.
Vacuum Service - All sizes of Schedule 80 thermoplastic

pipe are suitable for vacuum service up to 140F and 30
inches of mercury. Solvent-cemented joints are recommended for vacuum applications when using PVC.
Schedule 40 PVC will handle full vacuum up to 24 diameter.
Laboratory tests have been conducted on Schedule 80 PVC
pipe to determine performance under vacuum at temperatures above recommended operating conditions. Pipe sizes
under 6 inches show no deformation at temperatures to
170F and 27 inches of mercury vacuum.
The 6 inch pipe showed slight deformation at 165F, and 20
inches of mercury. Above this temperature, failure occurred
due to thread deformation.
EXTERNAL PRESSURES - COLLAPSE RATING

Thermoplastic pipe is frequently specified for situations
where uniform external pressures are applied to the pipe,
such as in underwater applications. In these applications,
the collapse rating of the pipe determines the maximum permissible pressure differential between external and internal
pressures. The basic formulas for collapsing external pressure applied uniformly to a long pipe are:
CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SCHEDULE 80 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE

(Independent variables: Gallons per minute and nominal pipe size O.D.
Dependent variables: Velocity, friction head and pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, interior smooth .)
4 IN.
TABLE 29
CARRYING CAPACITY & FRICTION LOSS
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
12 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
10 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
8 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
6 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
5 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR SCHEDULE 40 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE

4 IN.
5 IN.
TABLE 30
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
12 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
10 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
8 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
6 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR 315 PSI AND SDR 13.5 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
TABLE 31
6 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
5 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
4 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
1/2 IN.
3/4 IN.
1 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
3 IN.
CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS FOR 200 PSI AND SDR 21 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
4 IN.
TABLE 32
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
12 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
10 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
8 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
6 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
5 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTION LOSS 160 PSI AND SDR 26 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
4 IN.
TABLE 33
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
12 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
10 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
8 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
6 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
5 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
TABLE 34
PROLINE-POLYPROPYLENE 150 FLOW RATES
18 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
16 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
14 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
12 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
10 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
8 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
55
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
6 IN.
4 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
56
TABLE 35
PROLINE-POLYPROPYLENE 45 FLOW RATES

FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
24 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
20 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
18 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
16 IN.
14 IN.
12 IN.
10 IN.
8 IN.
4 IN.
6 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
TABLE 36
SUPER/PROLINE - PVDF FLOW RATES

FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
12 IN.
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
10 IN.
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
18 IN.
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
57
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
FRICTION LOSS
POUNDS PER
SQUARE INCH
FRICTION HEAD
FEET
VELOCITY
FEET PER SECOND
GALLONS
PER MINUTE
16 IN.
4 IN.
3 IN.
2-1/2 IN.
2 IN.
1-1/2 IN.
1-1/4 IN.
1 IN.
3/4 IN.
1/2 IN.
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE IN FEET

TABLE 37
SLOPE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE PIPING

Horizontal drains are designated to flow at half full capacity under uniform flow conditions so as to prevent the generation of
positive pressure fluctuations. A minimum of 1/4 per foot should be provided for 3 pipe and smaller, 1/8 per foot for 4
through 6, and 1/16 per foot for 8 and larger. These minimum slopes are required to maintain a velocity of flow greater
than 2 feet per second for scouring action. Table 41 gives the approximate velocities and discharge rated for given slopes
and diameters of horizontal drains based on modified Manning Formula for 1/2 full pipe and n = 0.015. The valves for R, R
2/3, A, S, S 1/2 and n are from Tables 38, 39 & 40.
Q = A x 1.486
x R 2/3 x S
n
Where:
Q = Flow in GPM
A = Cross sectional area, sq. ft.
n = Manning coefficient
Table 38
PIPE
SIZE
(IN.)
R=
D
4
FEET
2/3
1/2
(7.48x60)
R = Hydraulic radius of pipe

S = Hydraulic gradient
A - CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA FOR FULL FLOW
SQ. FT.
A - CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA FOR HALF FULL FLOW
SQ. FT.
0.0335
0.1040
0.01412
0.00706
0.0417
0.1200
0.02180
0.01090
2-1/2
0.0521
0.1396
0.03408
0.01704
0.0625
0.1570
0.04910
0.02455
0.0833
0.1910
0.08730
0.04365
0.1040
0.2210
0.13640
0.06820
0.1250
0.2500
0.19640
0.09820
0.1670
0.3030
0.34920
0.17460
10
0.2080
0.3510
0.54540
0.27270
12
0.2500
0.3970
0.78540
0.39270
14
0.3125
0.4610
1.22700
0.61350
1/2
Table 39 VALUES OF S AND S

SLOPE
INCHES
PER FOOT
Table 40 VALUES OF n.
S
FOOT PER FOOT
1-1/2
1/2
1/8
0.0104
0.102
1/4
0.0208
0.144
1/2
0.0416
0.204
PIPE SIZE
1-1/2
0.012
2 through 3
0.013
0.014
5 and 6
0.015
8 and larger
0.016
Table 41 APPROXIMATE DISCHARGE RATES AND VELOCITIES IN SLOPING DRAINS

FLOWING HALF FULL DISCHARGE RATE AND VELOCITY
1/16 IN./FT.
SLOPE
1/8 IN./FT.
SLOPE
1/2 IN./FT.
SLOPE
1/4 IN./FT.
SLOPE
ACTUAL INSIDE
DIAMETER
OF PIPE
INCHES
DISCHARGE
GPM
VELOCITY
FPS
DISCHARGE
GPM
VELOCITY
FPS
1-1/4
3.40
1.78
1-3/8
3.13
1.34
4.44
1.90
1-1/2
3.91
1.42
5.53
2.01
1-5/8
4.81
1.50
6.80
2.12
8.42
1.72
11.9
2.43
1.99
21.6
2.82
2-1/2
DISCHARGE
GPM
10.8
1.41
15.3
VELOCITY
FPS
DISCHARGE VELOCITY
GPM
FPS
17.6
1.59
24.8
2.25
35.1
3.19
26.70
1.36
37.8
1.93
53.4
2.73
75.5
3.86
48.3
1.58
68.3
2.23
96.6
3.16
137.
4.47
78.5
1.78
111.
2.52
157.
3.57
222.
5.04
170.
2.17
240.
3.07
340.
4.34
480.
6.13
10
308.
2.52
436.
3.56
616.
5.04
872.
7.12
12
500.
2.83
707.
4.01
999.
5.67
1413.
8.02

WATER HAMMER
Surge pressures due to water hammer are a major factor contributing
to pipe failure in liquid transmission systems. A column of moving fluid
within a pipeline, owing to its mass and velocity, contains stored energy. Since liquids are essentially incompressible, this energy cannot be
absorbed by the fluid when a valve is suddenly closed.
The result is a high momentary pressure surge, usually called water
hammer. The five factors that determine the severity of water hammer are:
1. Velocity (The primary factor in excessive water hammer: see

discussion of Velocity and Safety Factor on page 62).
2. Modulus of elasticity of material of which the pipe is made.
3. Inside diameter of pipe.
4. Wall thickness of pipe.
5. Valve closing time.
Maximum pressure surges caused by water hammer can be calculated by using the equation below. This surge pressure should be
added to the existing line pressure to arrive at a maximum operating pressure figure.
1/2
Et 3960
Ps = V
Et + 3 x 105 Di
Where:
Ps = Surge Pressure. in psi
V = Liquid Velocity, in ft. per sec.
Di = Inside Diameter of Pipe, in.
E = Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe Material, psi
t = Wall Thickness of Pipe, in.
Calculated surge pressure, which assumes instantaneous valve closure, can be calculated for any material using the values for E
(Modulus of Elasticity) found in the properties chart, pages 40-41.
Here are the most commonly used surge pressure tables for IPS pipe
sizes.
Table 42 - SURGE PRESSURE, Ps IN PSI AT 73F

WATER
VELOCITY
(FT/SEC)
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

1/2
3/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
18.9
37.8
56.7
75.6
94.5
113.4
17.4
34.8
52.2
69.6
87.0
104.4
15.5
31.0
46.5
62.0
77.5
93.0
14.6
29.2
43.8
58.4
73.0
87.6
10
12
SCHEDULE 40 PVC & CPVC

1
2
3
4
5
6
27.9
55.8
83.7
111.6
139.5
167.4
25.3
50.6
75.9
101.2
126.5
151.8
24.4
48.8
73.2
97.6
122.0
146.4
22.2
44.4
66.6
88.8
111.0
133.2
21.1
42.2
63.3
84.4
105.5
126.6
19.3
38.6
57.9
77.2
96.5
115.8
13.9
27.8
41.7
55.6
69.5
83.4
13.4
26.8
40.2
53.6
67.0
80.4
SCHEDULE 80 PVC & CPVC

32.9
65.6
98.7
131.6
164.5
197.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
29.9
59.8
89.7
119.6
149.5
179.4
28.7
57.4
86.7
114.8
143.5
172.2
26.2
52.4
78.6
104.8
131.0
157.2
25.0
50.0
75.0
107.0
125.0
150.0
23.2
46.4
69.6
92.8
116.0
133.2
22.4
44.8
67.2
89.6
112.0
134.4
20.9
41.8
62.7
83.6
104.5
125.4
19.4
38.8
58.2
77.6
97.0
116.4
18.3
36.6
59.9
73.2
91.5
109.8
17.3
35.6
53.4
71.2
89.0
106.8
17.6
35.2
52.8
70.4
88.0
105.6
18.1
36.2
54.3
72.4
90.5
108.6
17.1
34.2
51.3
68.4
85.5
102.6
15.9
31.6
47.4
63.2
79.0
94.8
15.2
30.4
45.6
60.8
76.0
91.2
14.1
28.2
42.3
56.4
70.5
84.6
13.1
26.2
39.3
52.4
65.5
78.6
12.2
24.4
36.6
48.8
61.0
73.2
11.9
23,8
35.7
47.6
59.5
71.4
11.8
23.6
35.4
47.2
59.0
70.8
SCHEDULE 80 POYLPROPYLENE
23.5
47.0
70.5
94.0
117.5
141.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20.9
41.8
62.7
83.6
104.5
125.4
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
22.6
45.2
67.8
90.4
118.0
135.6
21.6
43.2
64.8
86.4
108.0
129.6
19.5
39.0
58.5
78.0
97.5
117.0
18.5
37.0
55.5
74.0
92.5
111.0
17.1
34.2
51.3
68.4
86.5
102.6
16.5
33.0
49.5
66.0
82.5
99.0
15.3
30.6
45.9
61.2
76.5
91.8
14.2
28.9
42.6
56.8
71.0
85.2
13.3
26.6
39.9
53.2
66.5
79.8
12.9
25.8
38.7
51.6
64.5
77.4
12.8
25.6
38.4
51.2
64.0
76.8
19.8
39.7
59.5
79.4
99.2
119.0
19.6
39.1
58.7
78.3
97.9
117.4
17.4
34.7
52.1
69.5
86.9
104.2
17.1
34.2
51.4
68.5
85.6
102.7
15.5
30.9
46.4
61.8
77.3
92.8
18.4
24.8
37.2
49.7
62.1
74.5
12.6
25.2
37.7
50.3
62.9
75.5
12.5
24.9
37.4
49.9
62.3
74.8
12.4
24.8
37.2
49.6
62.0
74.4
12.4
24.9
37.3
49.8
62.2
74.6
12.4
24.8
37.3
49.7
62.1
74.5
14.1
28.2
42.3
56.4
70.5
84.6
12.9
25.9
38.8
51.8
64.7
77.6
12.6
25.3
37.9
50.5
63.2
75.8
12.8
25.6
38.4
51.2
64.0
76.8
12.8
25.6
38.4
51.2
64.0
76.8
12.7
25.5
38.2
51.0
63.7
76.5
12.7
25.4
38.2
50.9
63.6
76.3
12.8
25.5
38.3
51.0
63.8
76.5
12.7
25.5
38.2
50.9
63.7
76.4
12.7
25.5
38.2
51.0
63.7
76.5
12.7
25.5
38.2
50.9
63.7
76.4
7.0
14.1
21.1
28.2
35.2
42.2
7.1
14.1
21.2
28.2
35.3
42.4
7.1
14.1
21.1
28.2
35.3
42.3
SCHEDULE 80 PVDF
1
2
3
4
5
6
25.2
50.4
75.6
100.8
126.0
151.2
SUPER PROLINE
1
2
3
4
5
6
22.3
44.5
66.8
89.1
111.3
133.6
PROLINE PRO 150

1
2
3
4
5
6
15.3
30.7
46.0
61.4
76.7
92.1
PROLINE PRO 45
NOTE: For sizes larger than 12, call Harringtons Technical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7.1
14.2
21.3
28.4
35.5
42.5
Services Group.
7.0
14.1
21.1
28.1
35.2
42.3
7.1
14.3
21.4
28.6
35.7
42.8
7.1
14.2
21.2
28.3
35.4
42.5

WATER HAMMER (continued)
However, to keep water hammer pressures within reasonable limits, it is common practice to design valves for closure
times considerably greater than 2L/C.
Tc>2L
Proper design when laying out a piping system will eliminate the possibility of water hammer damage.
C
Where:
Tc = Valve Closure time, sec.
L = Length of Pipe run, ft.
C = Sonic Velocity of the Pressure
Wave = 4720 ft. sec.
1)
In a plastic piping system, a fluid velocity not exceeding

5ft/sec. will minimize water hammer effects, even with
quickly closing valves, such as solenoid valves.
2)
Using actuated valves which have a specific closing

time will eliminate the possibility of someone inadvertently slamming a valve open or closed too quickly. With
pneumatic and air-spring actuators, it may be necessary to place a valve in the air line to slow down the
valve operation cycle.
3)
If possible, when starting a pump, partially close the

valve in the discharge line to minimize the volume of liquid which is rapidly accelerating through the system.
Once the pump is up to speed and the line completely
full, the valve may be opened.
4)
A check valve installed near a pump in the discharge

line will keep the line full and help prevent excessive
water hammer during pump start-up.
The following suggestions will help in avoiding problems:
Another formula which closely predicts water hammer

effects is:
p = a
w
144g
Where p = maximum surge pressure, psi

v = fluid velocity in feet per second
C = surge wave constant for water at 73F
It should be noted that the surge pressure (water hammer)
calculated here is a maximum pressure rise for any fluid
velocity, such as would be expected from the instant closing
of a valve. It would therefore yield a somewhat conservative
figure for use with slow closing actuated valves, etc.
For fluids heavier than water, the following correction should
be made to the surge wave constant C.
C1 = (S.G. -1) C + C
2
Where
C1 = Corrected Surge Wave Constant
S.G. = Specific Gravity or Liquid
For example, for a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.2 in 2
Schedule 80 PVC pipe, from Table 43 = 24.2
C1 = (1.2 - 1) (24.2) + 24.2
2
1
C1 = 2.42 + 24.2
C = 26.6
Table 43 - Surge Wave Correction for Specific Gravity
PIPE
POLYKYNAR
CPVC
PVC
SIZE
PROPYLENE (PVDF)
(IN.) SCH 40 SCH 80 SCH 40 SCH 80 SCH 80 SCH 80
34.7
33.2
1/4
31.3
37.3
3/8
29.3
32.7
31.0
34.7
1/2
28.7
31.7
30.3
33.7
25.9
28.3
3/4
26.3
29.8
27.8
31.6
23.1
25.2
25.7
29.2
27.0
30.7
21.7
24.0
1-1/4
23.2
27.0
24.5
28.6
19.8
1-1/2
22.0
25.8
23.2
27.3
18.8
20.6
19.0
20.2
24.2
21.3
25.3
17.3
2-1/2
21.1
24.7
22.2
26.0
19.5
23.2
20.6
24.5
16.6
17.8
21.8
18.8
22.9
15.4
15.7
20.2
16.8
21.3
14.8
18.8
15.8
19.8
10
14.0
18.3
15.1
19.3
12
13.7
18.0
14.7
19.2
14
13.4
17.9
14.4
19.2
VELOCITY
Thermoplastic pipe is not subject to erosion caused by high
velocities and turbulent flow, and in this respect is superior
to metal piping systems, particularly where corrosive or
chemically agressive fluids are involved. The Plastics Pipe
Institute has issued the following policy statement on water
velocity:
The maximum safe water velocity in a themoplastic piping
system depends on the specific details of the system and
the operating conditions. In general, 5 feet per second is
considered to be safe. Higher velocities may be used in
cases where the operating characteristics of valves and
pumps are known so that sudden changes in flow velocity
can be controlled. The total pressure in the system at any
time (operating plus surge or water hammer) can not
exceed 150 percent of the pressure rating of the system.
SAFETY FACTOR
As the duration of pressure surges due to water hammer is
extremely short - seconds, or more likely, fractions of a second - in determining the safety factor the maximum fiber
stress due to total internal pressure must be compared to
some very short-term strength value. Referring to Figure 6,
shown on page 43, it will be seen that the failure stress for
very short time periods is very high when compared to the
hydrostatic design stress.
The calculation of safety factor may thus be based very conservatively on the 20-second strength value given in Figure
6, shown on page 43 - 8470 psi for PVC Type 1.
A sample calculation is shown below, based upon the listed
criteria:
Pipe = 1-1/4 Schedule 80 PVC
O.D. = 1.660: Wall = 0.191
HDS = 2000 psi
The calculated surge pressure for 1-1/4 Schedule 80 PVC
pipe at a velocity of 1 ft/sec is 26.2 psi/ft/sec.
which is based on the elastic wave theory. In this text, we

have further simplified the equation to:
p = Cv

Water Velocity = 5 feet per second
Static Pressure in System = 300 psi
Total System Pressure = Static Pressure + Surge Pressure:
Pt = P x Ps
= 300 + 5 x 26.2
= 431.0 psi
Maximum circumferential stress is calculated from a variation of the ISO Equation:
S = Pt (Do-t) = 431(1.660-.191) = 1657.4
2t
2x.191
Safety Factor = 20 second strength = 8470 = 5.11

Maximum stress
1657
Table 44 gives the results of safety factor calculations based
upon service factors of 0.5 and 0.4 for the 1-1/4 PVC
Schedule 80 pipe of the example shown above using the full
pressure rating calculated from the listed hydrostatic designstress.
In each case, the hydrostatic design basis = 4000 psi, and

the water velocity = 5 feet per second.
Comparing safety factor for this 1-1/4 Schedule 80 pipe at
different service factors, it is instructive to note that changing
from a service factor of 0.5 to a more conservative 0.4
increases the safety factor only by 16%.
100 x
3.38 = 16%
( 1 - 4.03
)
In the same way, changing the service factor from 0.4 to 0.35
increases the safety factor only by 9%. Changing the service factor from 0.5 to 0.35 increases the safety factor by
24%.
From these comparisons it is obvious that little is to be
gained in safety from surge pressures by fairly large
changes in the hydrostatic design stress resulting from
choice of more conservative service factors.
Table 44
SAFETY FACTORS VS. SERVICE FACTORS - PVC TYPE 1 THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
PIPE CLASS
SERVICE
FACTOR
HDS
PSI
PRESSURE
RATING
PSI
SURGE
PRESSURE
AT 5 FT/SEC
1-1/4 Sch. 80
0.5
2000
520
131.0
1-1/4 Sch. 80
0.4
1600
416
131.0
Pressure rating values are for PVC pipe, and for most sizes
are calculated from the experimentally determined long-term
strength of PVC extrusion compounds. Because molding
compounds may differ in long term strength and elevated
temperature properties from pipe compounds, piping systems
MAXIMUM
PRESSURE
PSI
MAXIMUM
STRESS
PSI
SAFETY
FACTOR
651.0
2503.5
3.38
547.0
2103.5
4.03
consisting of extruded pipe and molded fittings may have

lower pressure ratings than those shown here, particularly at
the higher temperatures. Caution should be exercised in
design operating above 100F.
FRICTION LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

THROUGH PLASTIC PIPE, FITTINGS AND VALVES
INTRODUCTION
A major advantage of thermoplastic pipe is its exceptionally
smooth inside surface area, which reduces friction loss
compared to other materials.
Friction loss in plastic pipe remains constant over extended
periods of time, in contrast to some other materials where
the value of the Hazen and Williams C factor (constant for
inside roughness) decreases with time. As a result, the flow
capacity of thermoplastics is greater under fully turbulent
flow conditions like those encountered in water service.
C FACTORS
Tests made both with new pipe and pipe that had been in
service revealed C factor values for plastic pipe between 160
and 165. Thus, the factor of 150 recommended for water in
the equation below is on the conservative side. On the other
hand, the C factor for metallic pipe varies from 65 to 125,
depending upon age and interior roughening. The obvious
benefit is that with plastic systems it is often possible to use
a smaller diameter pipe and still obtain the same or even
lower friction losses.
The most significant losses occur as a result of the length of
pipe and fittings and depend on the following factors.
1. Flow velocity of the fluid.
2. The type of fluid being transmitted, especially its viscosity.
3. Diameter of the pipe.

4. Surface roughness of interior of the pipe.
5. The length of the pipeline.
Hazen and Williams Formula
The head losses resulting from various water flow rates in
plastic piping may be calculated by means of the Hazen and
Williams formula:
1.852
( )
f = 0.2083 100
C
q 1.852
Di 4.8655
= .0983 q1.852 for C = 150

Di 4.8655
P = .4335f
Where:
f
P
Di
q
C
=
=
=
=
=
Friction Head in ft. of Water per 100 ft of Pipe

Pressure Loss in psi per 100 ft. of Pipe
Inside Diameter of Pipe, in.
Flow Rate in U.S. gal/min
Constant for Inside Roughness (C equals 150
thermoplastics)

FLOW OF FLUIDS AND HEAD LOSS CALCULATIONS
Tables, flow charts, or a monograph may be used to assist in the
design of a piping system depending upon the accuracy desired. In
computing the internal pressure for a specified flow rate, changes in
static head loss due to restrictions (valves, orifices, etc.) as well as
flow head loss must be considered.
The formula in Table 45 can be used to determine the head loss due
to flow if the fluid viscosity and density and flow rate are known. The
head loss in feet of fluid is given by:
h = :186 fLV2
d
f, the friction factor, is a funcion of the Reynolds number, adimensionless parameter which indicates the degree of turbulence.
The Reynolds number is defined as:
f=
Figure 7 below shows the relationship between the friction factor, f,

and the Reynolds number, R. It is seen that three distinct flow zones
exist. In the laminar flow zone, from Reynolds numbers 0 to 2000,
the friction factor is given by the equation:
f= 64
R
Substituting this in the equation for the head loss, the formula for
laminar flow becomes:
TABLE 45
FORMULAS FOR HEAD LOSS CALCULATIONS
dVw
12 u
R= 3160 G
kd
2220B
R=
kd
22,735 Qw
R=
zd
R=
When R = 4000:
fLV2
d
2
fLG
h= .0311
d5
fLB2 W
P= 9450d 2
2
fLQ W
P= 43.5
d5
h= .186
SYMBOL
B
d
f
G
h
k
L
P
Q
R
u
V
w
z
QUANTITY
UNITS
flow rate
inside diameter
friction factor
flow rate
head loss
kinematic viscosity
length of pipe
pressure drop
flow rate
Reynolds number
absolute viscosity
velocity
density
absolute viscosity
barrels/hour
inches
dimensionless
gallons/minute
feet of fluid
centistokes
feet
2
lbs/in
3
ft /sec.
dimensionless
lb/ft-sec.
ft./sec.
lbs/ft 3
centipoises
h = 143 ULV
2
Friction Factor, f
Wd
Table 46
MANNING EQUATION
The Manning roughness factor is another equation used to determine friction loss in hydraulic flow. Like the Hazen-Williams C factor, the Manning n factor is an empirical number that defines the
interior wall smoothness of a pipe. PVC pipe has an n value that
ranges from 0.008 to 0.012 from laboratory testing. Comparing with
cast iron with a range of 0.011 to 0.015, PVC is at least 37.5 percent more efficient, or another way to express this would be to have
equal flow with the PVC pipe size being one-third smaller than the
cast iron. The following table gives the range of n value for various
piping materials.
PIPE MATERIAL
CAST IRON
WROUGHT IRON (BLACK)
WROUGHT IRON (GALVANIZED)
SMOOTH BRASS
GLASS
RIVETED AND SPIRAL STEEL
CLAY DRAINAGE TILE
CONCRETE
CONCRETE LINED
CONCRETE-RUBBLE SURFACE
PVC
WOOD
n RANGE
0.011-0.015
0.012-0.015
0.013-0.017
0.009-0.013
0.009-0.013
0.013-0.017
0.011-0.017
0.012-0.016
0.012-0.018
0.017-0.030
0.008-0.012
0.010-0.013
dVW
12U
Flow in the critical zone, Reynolds numbers 2000 to 4000, is unstable and a surging type of flow exists. Pipe lines should be designed
to avoid operation in the critical zone since head losses cannot be
calculated accurately in this zone. In addition, the unstable flow
results in pressure surges and water hammer which may be excessively high. In the transition zone, the degree of turbulence increases as the Reynolds number increases. However, due to the smooth
inside surface of plastic pipe, complete turbulence rarely exists.
Most pipe systems are designed to operate in the transition zone.
ABOVE-GROUND INSTALLATION
OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPING
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF PLASTIC PIPE
Plastics, like other piping materials, undergo dimensional
changes as a result of temperature variations above and
below the installation temperature. In most cases, piping
should be allowed to move unrestrained in the piping
support system between desired anchor points without
abrasion, cutting or restriction of the piping. Excessive piping movement and stresses between anchor points must be
compensated for and eliminated by installing expansion
loops, offsets, changes in direction or teflon bellows expansion joints. (See Figure 7 for installed examples.)
If movement resulting from these dimensional changes is
restricted by adjacent equipment, improper pipe clamping
and support, inadequate expansion compensation, or by a
vessel to which the pipe is attached, the resultant stresses
and forces may cause damage to the equipment or piping.
A. Calculating Dimensional Change and Expansion
Loop Size
The extent of expansion or contraction (L) is dependent
upon the piping material of construction and its coefficient of
linear expansion (Y), the length of straight run being considered (L), and the temperature that the piping will possibly
experience (T1 - T2). The worst possible situations for
maximum and minimum temperatures must be considered. The formula for determining change in pipe length due
to temperature change is:
L=
Y (T1 - T2)
L
x
10
100
TABLE 47
EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
Material
FRP (Epoxy and Vinylester)
PVC
CPVC
Fuseal (PP) 1-1/2 - 6 in.
Fuseal (PP) 8, 10, 12 in.
Proseal (PP)
Proline (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Superproline (PVDF)
Y value (in/10F/100ft)
.100
.360
.456
.600
.732
.732
1.000
1.250
0.800
Generally, stresses due to expansion and contraction of a piping system can be reduced or eliminated through frequent
changes in direction or through the installation of expansion
loops. Loops, as depicted in Figure 7, are fabricated with 4
elbows and straight pipe and are much less expensive than
teflon expansion joints. The loop sizing formula is as follows:
R = 1.44 D L
Where: R = Expansion loop leg length in feet
D = Nominal outside diameter (O.D.) of pipe
in inches
L = Change in length in inches due to
expansion or contraction
EXAMPLE:
How much expansion can be expected in a 300 foot straight
run of 6 inch PVC Sch. 80 pipe that will be installed at 80F,
operated at 110F, and will experience a 50F minimum in
winter and 120F maximum in summer? How long should the
expansion loop legs be to compensate for the resultant
expansion and contraction?
Where: L = Dimensional change due to thermal

expansion or contraction (inches).
Y = Expansion coefficient (inches/10F/100 ft)
See Table 47
(T1 - T2) = Temperature differential (degrees F)
L = Length of straight pipe run being
considered (Feet)
(120-50) x 300
10
100
= 0.360 x 7.0 x 3
= 7.56 inches change in length
R = 1.44 D L
= 1.44 6.625 x 7.56
= 1.44 x 7.08
= 10.20 Feet
L= 0.360
Figure 7
THERMAL EXPANSION COMPENSATION
The change in length of thermoplastic pipe with temperature variation should always be considered when installing pipe lines and
proviisions made to compensate for this change in length. The following tables have been prepared to assist you in determining this
expansion.
Table 48 THERMAL EXPANSION L (in.) - PVC Type 1
Table 51 THERMAL EXPANSION L (in.) - PVDF

Schedule 80
LENGTH OF RUN IN FEET

TEMP.
CHANGE
10 20 30
40 50
60
70
80
TF
30
.11 .22 .32 .43
.54
.65
.76
.86
90
100
.97 1.08
40
.14 .29 .43 .58
.72
.86
50
.18 .36 .54 .72
.90
1.08 1.26 1.40 1.62 1.80
1.01 1.15 1.30 1.44
60
.22 .43 .65 .86 1.08 1.30 1.51 1.72 1.94 2.16
70
.25 .50 .76 1.01 1.26 1.51 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52
80
90
.29 .58 .86 1.15 1.44 1.73 2.02 2.30 2.59 2.88
.32 .65 .97 1.30 1.62 1.94 2.27 2.59 2.92 3.24
100
.36 .72 1.03 1.44 1.80 2.16 2.52 2.88 3.24 3.60
Example: Highest temperature expected - 120F
Lowest temperature expected 50F
Total change (T)
70F
Length of run - 40 feet
From 70F row on PVC chart read 1.01 in. length change (L)
NOTE: Table is based on: L = 12eL(T)
Where
e = Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
-5
= 3.0 x 10 in./in. F
L = Length of Run
T = Temperature Change
Table 49 THERMAL EXPANSION L (in.)
CPVC Schedule 80
TEMP.
CHANGE
10
TF

20
30
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
.09 .18 .27 .36
.46
.55
30
.14 .27 .41 .55
.68
.82
.64
.73
.82
.91
.96
1.09 1.23 1.37
40
.18 .36 .55 .73
.91
1.09 1.28 1.46 1.64 1.82
50
.23 .46 .68 .91 1.14 1.37 1.60 1.82 2.05 2.28
60
.27 .55 .82 1.09 1.37 1.64 1.92 2.19 2.46 2.74
70
.32 .64 .96 1.28 1.60 1.92 2.23 2.55 2.87 3.19
80
.36 .73 1.09 1.46 1.82 2.19 2.55 2.92 3.28 3.65
90
.41 .82 1.23 1.64 2.05 2.46 2.87 3.28 3.69 4.10
100
.46 .91 1.37 1.82 2.28 2.74 3.19 3.65 4.10 4.56
Table 50 THERMAL EXPANSION L (in)

Copolymer Polypropylene
TEMP.
CHANGE
10
TF

20 30
40
50
60
70
.73
.88
80
90
100

20
30 40
50
.96
60
70
80
90
100
1.15 1.34 1.54 1.73 1.92
20
.19 .38 .58 .77
40
.38 .77 1.15 1.54 1.92 2.30 2.69 3.07 3.46 3.84
50
.48 .96 1.44 1.92 2.40 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 4.80
60
.58 1.15 1.73 2.30 2.88 3.46 4.03 4.61 5.18 5.76
70
.67 1.34 2.02 2.69 3.36 4.03 4.70 5.38 6.05 6.72
80
.77 1.54 2.30 3.07 3.84 4.61 5.38 6.14 6.91 7.68
90
.86 1.73 2.59 3.46 4.32 5.18 6.05 6.91 7.78 8.64
100
.96 1.92 2.88 3.84 4.80 5.76 6.72 7.68 8.64 9.60
The following expansion loop and offset lengths have been calculated based on stress and modulus of elasticities at the temperature shown below each chart. To calculate the proper length
of loop at other temperatures the following formula may be used:
l
3E(O.D.) L
2S
Where:
T = Temperature Change in F
S = Thermal Stress, psi = e(T)E
E = Modulus of Elasticity (found in relative properties
chart on pages 40-41.
L= Length Change in Inches at T (see tables above)
l = Total Length of Loop or Offset
Table 52 EXPANSION LOOPS AND OFFSET LENGTHS, PVC

Type 1 Schedule 40 and 80
NOM.
70 80 90 100
PIPE AVERAGE 10 20 30 40 50 60
SIZE
O.D.
LENGTH OF LOOP l IN INCHES
1/2
.840
11 15 19 22
24
27
29
31
32
34
3/4
1.050
12 17 21 24
27
30
32
34
36
38
1.315
14 19 23 27
30
33
36
38
41
43
1-1/4
1.660
15 22 26 30
34
37
40
43
46
48
1-1/2
1.900
16 23 28 33
36
40
43
46
49
51
58
2.375
18 26 32 36
41
45
48
52
55
20
.15 .29 .44 .59
1.02 1.17 1.32 1.46
3.500
22 31 38 44
49
54
58
63
66
70
30
.22 .44 .66 .88 1.10 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.98 2.20
4.500
25 35 43 50
56
61
66
71
75
79
40
.29 .59 .88 1.17 1.46 1.76 2.05 2.34 2.64 2.93
6.625
30 43 53 61
68
74
80
86
91
96
50
.37 .73 1.10 1.46 1.83 2.20 2.56 2.93 3.29 3.66
8.625
35 49 60 69
78
85
92
98 104 110
60
.44 .88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.07 3.51 3.95 4.39
10
10.750
39 55 67 77
87
95
102 110 116 122
70
.51 1.02 1.54 2.05 2.56 3.07 3.59 4.10 4.61 5.12
12
12.750
42 60 73 84
94 103 112 119 126 133
80
.59 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.93 3.51 4.10 4.68 5.27 5.86
90
.66 1.32 1.98 2.69 3.29 3.95 4.61 5.27 5.93 6.59
100
.73 1.46 2.20 2.93 3.66 4.39 5.12 5.86 6.59 7.32
NOTE: Table based on stress and modulus of elasticity at 130F

T = 50F
S = 600 psi
E = 3.1 x 105 psi
40
TEMP.
CHANGE
10
TF
Table 53
EXPANSION LOOPS AND OFFSET LENGTHS, CPVC
Schedule 80
Table 55
EXPANSION LOOPS AND OFFSET LENGTHS, PVDF
Schedule 80

NOM.
70 80 90 100
PIPE AVERAGE 10 20 30 40 50 60
SIZE
O.D.

NOM.
70 80 90 100
PIPE AVERAGE 10 20 30 40 50 60
SIZE
O.D.
1/2
.840
15 21 26 30
33
37
39
42
45
47
3/4
1.050
17 22 27 31
34
38
40
43
46
48
1.315
19 26 32 37
42
46
49
53
56
59
1-1/4
1.660
21 30 36 42
47
52
56
59
63
67
1-1/2
1.900
23 32 39 45
50
55
59
64
67
71
2.375
25 35 43 50
56
62
67
71
75
80
3.500
31 43 53 61
68
75
81
86
91
97
4.500
35 49 60 69
77
85
92
98
103 109
6.625
42 59 73 84
94
103 111 119 125 133
8.625
48 67 83 96 107 118 127 135 143 152
10
10.750
54 75 93 107 119 131 142 151 160 169
12
12.750
59 82 101 116 130 143 154 164 174 184
NOTE: Table based on stress and modulus of elasticity at 160F.

T = 100F
S = 750 psi
E = 2.91 x 105 psi
Table 54
EXPANSION LOOPS AND OFFSET LENGTHS
Copolymer Polypropylene
NOM.
PIPE AVERAGE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SIZE
O.D.
100
1/2
.840
18 25 31 36
40
44
47
50
54
57
3/4
1.050
20 28 35 40
45
49
53
56
60
63
1.315
22 32 39 45
50
55
59
63
67
71
1-1/4
1.660
25 35 43 50
56
62
66
71
75
79
1-1/2
1.900
27 38 46 54
60
66
71
76
81
85
2.375
30 42 52 60
67
74
79
85
90
95
3.500
36 52 63 73
81
89
96
103 109 115
4.500
41 58 71 83
92 101 109 117 124 131
6.625
50 71 87 100 112 123 132 142 151 159
8.625
57 81 99 114 128 140 151 162 172 181
10
10.750
64 90 111 128 143 156 169 181 192 202
12
12.750 69 98 121 139 155 170 184 197 209 220
T = 100F
S = 240 psi
5
2
E = .83 x 10 lb./in.
1/2
.840
10 15 18
20
23
25
27
29
31
32
3/4
1.050
11 16 20
23
26
28
30
32
34
36
1.315
13 18 22
26
29
31
34
36
38
40
1-1/4
1.660
14 20 25
29
32
35
38
41
41
45
1-1/2
1.900
15 22 27
31
34
38
41
44
44
49
2.375
17 24 30
34
38
42
46
49
49
54

T = 100F
S = 1080 psi
E = 1.04 x 105 psi
These tables are based on:
F = As = restraining force, lbs.
A = Cross sectional wall area, in.2
S = e(T)E*
e = Coefficient of liner expansion*
E = Modulus of elasticity*
T = Temperature change, F
*All values are available from relative properties
chart on pages 40-41.
Table 56
RESTRAINT FORCE F (LB.) - PVC Type 1
Schedule 40 and 80.
Table 58
RESTRAINT FORCE F (LB.) Copolymer Polypropylene
Schedule 80
SCHEDULE 40 PVC
SCHEDULE 80 PVC
CROSS
T =
T =
CROSS
T =
T =
100F
SECTIONAL 50F
100F SECTIONAL 50F
PIPE
WALL
S=
S=
WALL
S=
S=
2
SIZE
AREA (IN2) 630 PSI 1260 PSI AREA (IN ) 630 PSI 1260 PSI
.250
.320
200
400
310
1/2
155
PIPE
SIZE
CROSS SECTIONAL
WALL AREA (IN )
T = 50F
S = 550 PSI
T = 100F
S = 1110 PSI
1/2
.320
147
294
3/4
.434
199
398
.639
293
586
.2
3/4
.333
210
420
.434
275
550
1-1/4
.882
404
808
.494
310
6220
.639
405
810
1-1/2
1.068
489
978
1-1/4
.669
420
840
.882
555
1,110
1.477
663
1,325
1-1/2
.800
505
1,010
1.068
675
1,350
3.016
1,381
2,276
1.075
675
1,350
1.477
930
1,860
4.407
2,018
4,036
2.229
1,405
2,810
3.016
1,900
3,800
8.405
3,899
7,698
3.174
2,000
4,000
4.407
2,775
5,550
12.763
5,895
11,690
5.581
3,515
7,030
8.405
5,295
10,590
10
18.922
8,666
17,332
16,080
12
26.035
11,929
23,848
8.399
5,290 10,580
12.763
8,040
10
11.908
7,500 15,000
18.922
11,920 23,840
12
15.745
9,920 19,840
26.035
16,400 32,800
Table 59
RESTRAINT FORCE F (LB.) PVDF Schedule 80
T = 50F
S = 850 PSI
T = 100F
S = 1700 PSI
1/2
CROSS SECTIONAL
WALL AREA (IN 2)
.320
270
540
PIPE
SIZE
CROSS SECTIONAL
WALL AREA (IN 2)
T = 50F
S = 805 PSI
T = 100F
S = 1610 PSI
PIPE
SIZE
1/2
.320
260
520
3/4
.434
350
700
3/4
.434
370
740
.639
515
1,030
.639
540
1,080
1-1/4
.882
710
1,420
1-1/4
.882
750
1,500
1-1/2
1.068
860
1,720
1-1/2
1.068
905
1,810
1.477
1,190
2,380
1.477
1,255
2,510
3.016
2,565
5,130
4.407
3,745
7,490
3.016
2,430
4,860
4.407
3,550
7,100
8.405
6,765
13,530
12.763
10,275
20,550
10
18.922
15,230
30,460
12
26.035
20,960
41,920
Table 57
RESTRAINT FORCE F (LB.) CPVC Schedule 80
A. HANGERS
Plastic piping hangers must allow axial movement between
anchor points. Hangers must prevent transverse movement
and in conjunction with anchors, prevent point loading of the
piping. Figures 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 on page 70 are examples of types of hangers, anchors and support which may be
used. Sleeving plastic piping at horizontal support points
with a plastic pipe one pipe size larger which will allow unrestricted movement is recommended. Anchors should be
placed at tees, valves, and desired locations to create sections of predictable expansion and contraction in the piping
system.
Vertical lines must also be supported at proper intervals so
that the fitting at the lower end is not overloaded. The supports should not exert a compressive strain on the pipe such
as the double-bolt type. Riser clamps squeeze the pipe and
are not recommended. If possible, each clamp should be
located just below a coupling or other fitting so that the
shoulder of the coupling provides bearing support to the
clamp.
B. SUPPORT SPACING OF PLASTIC PIPE
When thermoplastic piping systems are installed aboveground, they must be properly supported to avoid unnecessary stresses and possible sagging.
Horizontal runs require the use of hangers spaced approximately as indicated in tables for individual material shown
below. Note that additional support is required as temperatures increase. Continuous support can be accomplished by
the use of a smooth structural angle or channel.
Where the pipe is exposed to impact damage, protective

shields should be installed.
If 0.100 in. is chosen arbitrarily as the permissible sag (y)

between supports, then:
L4 = 18.48 El
W
Where:
W = Weight of Pipe + Weight of Liquid, lb./in.

For a pipe I = (Do4 - Di4)
64
Where:
Do = Outside diameter of the pipe, in.
Di = Inside diameter of the pipe, in.
Then:
1/4
4
4 1/4
L = .907 E (Do - Di )
W
= .976 E (Do4 - Di4)

W
Table 60
SUPPORT SPACING L (FT.) - PVC
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
TEMP
F
1/2
3/4
1-1/4 1-1/2
10
12
SCHEDULE 40 PVC
60
4-1/4 4-1/2
100
140
3-3/4
5-1/2 5-3/4 6-1/4 7-1/2 8-1/4 9-1/2
4-1/4 4-3/4 5-1/4 5-1/2

4-1/2
7-3/4
10-1/2 11-1/2 12-1/2

10
5-1/4 5-3/4 6-3/4 7-1/2 8-1/2
11
11-3/4
9-3/4 10-1/2 11-1/4
SCHEDULE 80 PVC
60
100
140
4-1/2 4-3/4 5-1/4 5-3/4

4
4-1/2
6-1/2
8-3/4 10-1/2 11-1/2 12-3/4
5-1/2 5-3/4 6-1/4 7-1/2 8-1/4
3-3/4 4-1/4 4-3/4 5-1/4 5-1/4
10
9-1/2
11
14
12-1/4 13-1/4
10-1/2 11-1/2 12-1/2
Tables are based on the maximum deflection of a uniformly

loaded, continuously supported beam calculated from:
4
y = .00541 wL
El
Where:
y
w
L
E
I
= Deflection or sag, in.

= Weight per unit length, lb/in.
= Support spacing, in.
= Modulus of elasticity at given temp. lb/in2
= Moment of inertia, in.4
Table 61
SUPPORT SPACING L (FT.) - CPVC Schedule 80
TEMP
F
1/2
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

3/4
1-1/4 1-1/2
5-1/2 5-3/4 6-1/2 7-3/4 8-1/2 10-1/4 11-1/4 12-1/2 13-3/4

5-1/2 5-3/4 6-1/4 7-1/2 8-1/4
73
4-1/2
100
4-1/2
120
4-1/4 4-3/4 5-1/4 5-1/2 6-1/4 7-1/2 8-1/4 9-3/4 10-1/2
4-1/4 4-3/4 5-1/4 5-1/2
140
7-1/4
10
11
10
12
12-1/2 13-1/4
12
13
9-1/2 10-1/2 11-3/4 12-3/4
160
3-3/4 4-1/4 4-1/2
5-1/4 5-3/4
7-3/4 9-1/4 10-1/4 11-1/2 12-1/2
180
3-3/4
4-1/2
5-1/4 5-3/4
7-1/2
4-1/4 4-3/4
210
3-1/2
5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/4 8-3/4
10-1/4 11-1/4 12-1/4

9-3/4
10-3/4 11-3/4
Table 62
SUPPORT SPACING L (FT.) - Polypro Schedule 80
TEMP
F
1/2
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

3/4
73
3-3/4
120
3-1/2 3-3/4
140
1-1/4 1-1/2
5
4-1/2 4-3/4
4
3-1/2 3-3/4
5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/4
4-1/2 4-3/4
4
6-3/4
4-1/4 4-1/2 5-1/2
160
3-1/2 3-3/4
180
2-3/4
3-1/4 3-1/2 3-3/4
200
2-1/2 2-3/4
3-1/2 3-1/2
212
2-1/2 2-3/4
3-1/4 3-1/4 3-3/4 4-1/2
4-1/4 5-1/4 5-3/4

5
5-1/2
4-3/4 5-1/4
5
6
8-1/2
12
10
9-1/2 10-1/2 11-1/4

9-3/4 10-1/2
8-3/4
7-1/4
8-3/4
6-3/4
7-1/2
8-1/4
6-1/2
7-3/4
8-1/2
6-3/4
7-1/2
5-3/4
6-1/2
7-1/4
7-3/4
9-1/2
Support spacing subject to change with SDR piping systems

and different manufacturers resins. See manufacturers support spacing guide prior to installation.
Table 64
SUPPORT SPACING L (FT.) - PVDF Schedule 80
TEMP
F
1/2
68
TEMPERATURE
1-1/4 1-1/2
3-1/2 3-3/4 4-1/4 4-1/2 4-3/4 5-1/4 6-1/2
120
160
2-3/4
200
2-1/2 2-3/4
240
2-1/4 2-1/2 2-3/4
260
2-1/4 2-1/2 2-3/4
280
Table 63
SUPPORT SPACING L(FT.) - Proline & Super Proline
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

3/4
3-1/4 3-3/4
3
3-1/2 3-3/4
3
8-1/2
4-1/4 4-3/4 5-3/4 6-1/4 7-1/2

4
3-1/2 3-1/2
4-1/4 5-1/4 5-3/4 6-3/4

4
4-3/4 5-1/4 6-1/4
3-1/4 3-1/2 4-1/4 4-3/4 5-1/2
3-1/4 3-1/2
2-1/4 2-1/2 2-3/4
3-1/4
10
12
9-1/2 10-1/2 11-1/4

8-1/4
9-1/4
10
7-1/2
8-1/2
7-3/4
8-1/4
6-1/4
7-1/2
7-1/4
7
4-1/2 5-1/2
6-3/4
4-1/4 5-1/4
5-3/4
6-1/2
Support spacing subject to change with SDR piping systems

and different manufacturers resins. See manufacturers support spacing guide prior to installation.
PIPE SIZE 68F/ 86F/ 104F/ 122F/ 140F/ 158F/ 176F/

(IN.)
20C 30C 40C 50C 60C 70C 80C
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3/4
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
1-1/2
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
2-1/2
5.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
5.5
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.5
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.5
7.5
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.0
5.0
10
8.5
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
12
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
14
10.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.5
16
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
18
11.5
10.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
20
12.0
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.5
8.0
7.5
13.5
11.5
10.0
9.5
8.5
8.0
7.5
24
This support spacing chart shows spans for polypropylene

(PP) SDR 11, PP SDR 17.6, and PVDF pipes. For PP SDR
32, multiply span times .55 for the reduced value.
The support spacing chart shown above is based on liquids
with a specific gravity of 1.0. Spacing should be reduced by
10% for liquids having 1.5 specific gravity, 15% for 2.0 s.q.,
and 20% for 2.5 s.q.
NOTE: All tables shown are based in .100 inch SAG

between supports.
1/2
PLASTICS AND FIRE (continued)
The surface burning characteristics of building materials are based
upon UBC 42-1 Standards and ASTM E-84 testing to provide flame
and smoke spread information of plastic material found on page 41.
All plastics melt before they burn when exposed to an open flame,
and generate toxic carbon monoxide, non-toxic carbon dioxide,
water vapor by-products, and dense smoke. PVC and CPVC also
release toxic hydrogen chloride when burned. PVDF and other fluorocarbons release hydrogen fluoride. ABS, nylon and other nitrogen containing polymers release hydrogen cyanide.
An Underwriters Lab approved kaolin clay thermal insulation cloth,
which will fireproof any plastic piping system to a 0 flame spread
and 0 smoke spread per ASTM E-84 testing, has been used effectively to meet fire codes.
TABLE 66 MAXIMUM FLAME-SPREAD CLASS

(UBC 1994)
Occupancy
Enclosed Vertical
Other
Group
Description
Exitways
Exitways
A
Stadium
I
II
E
High Schools
I
II
I
Hospital
I
I
H-1
H-2
H-3
H-4
H-5
H-6
H-7
TABLE 65 FLAME-SPREAD CLASSIFICATION

(UBC 1994)
Class
I
II
III
Flame-Spread Index
0-25
26-75
76-200
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
R-1
R-3
SEISMIC DESIGNS FOR STORAGE TANKS
High Explosive
I
II
Moderate Explosive
High Fire
Repair Garage, Not B below
Aircraft Repair, Not B below
Semiconductor Fab and
Research and Development
Health Hazards - Highly Corrosive
or Toxic
III
Gas Stations
I
II
Office Buildings - No highly flammable
or combustible materials
Airplane Hangar, No open flame
Power Plant, Factories using
non-combustible and non-explosive materials
III
Hotel, Apartment
Houses
III
III
I
III
II
III
structures considering the entire weight of the tanks and its

contents. Seismic forces and wind forces tend to topple a
tank. These forces must be calculated by a registered engineer and an approved restraint system utilized when
installing a tank.
The Uniform Building Code 1994 edition states: Flat bottom

tanks or other tanks with supported bottoms found at or
below grade shall be designed to resist the seismic forces
calculated using the procedures in Section 2312 (i) for rigid
Rooms
or Areas
II
III
II
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES
SUNLIGHT WEATHERING AND PAINTING
Plastic pipe and fittings have varying resistance to weathering. PVC, CPVC, and Polypropylene undergo surface oxidation and embrittlement by exposure to sunlight over a period of several years. The surface oxidation is evident by a
change in pipe color from gray to white. Oxidized piping
does not lose any of its pressure capability. It does, however, become much more susceptible to impact damage.
PVDF is unaffected by sunlight but is translucent when
unpigmented.
PVC and CPVC pipe and fittings can be easily protected
from ultraviolet oxidation by painting with a heavily pigmented, exterior water base latex paint. The color of the paint is
of no particular importance, as the pigment acts as an ultraviolet screen and prevents sunlight damage. White or some
other light color is recommended as it helps reduce pipe
temperature. The latex paint must be thickly applied as an
opaque coating on the pipe and fittings that have been
cleaned well and very lightly sanded.
Polypropylene and PVDF pipe and fittings are very difficult to
paint properly and should be protected by insulation.
THERMAL EFFECTS ON PLASTICS

The physical properties of thermoplastic piping is significantly related to its operating temperature. As the operating
temperature falls, the pipes stiffness and tensile strength
increases, increasing the pipes pressure capacity and its
ability to resist earth-loading deflection. With the drop in
temperature, impact strength is reduced.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HEAT TRACING AND

INSULATION
Plastic piping, unlike metal, is a very poor conductor of heat.
Thermal conductivity is expressed as BTU/hr./sq.ft./F/in.
where BTU/hr. or British Thermal Unit per hour is energy
required to raise temperature of 1 pound of water (12 gallons
specific gravity) one Fahrenheit degree in one hour. Sq. ft.
refers to 1 square foot where heat is being transferred. Inch
refers to 1 inch of pipe wall thickness. As pipe wall increases,
thermal conductivity decreases.
Although plastics are poor conductors of heat, heat tracing

of plastic piping may be necessary to maintain a constant
elevated temperature of a viscous liquid, prevent liquid freezing, or to prevent a liquid, such as 50% sodium hydroxide,
from crystallizing in a pipeline at 68F. Electric heat tracing
with self-regulating, temperature-sensing tape such as
Raychem Chemelex Autotrace will maintain a 90F temperature to prevent sodium hydroxide from freezing. The tape
should be S-pattern wrapped on the pipe to allow pipe
repairs and to avoid deflection caused by heating one side
of the pipe. Heat tracing should be applied directly on the
pipe within the insulation, and must not exceed the temperature-pressure-chemical resistance design of the system.
Insulation to further reduce plastic piping heat loss is available in several different forms from several manufacturers.
The most popular is a two half foam insulation installed within a snap together with aluminum casing. Insulation can also
provide weathering protection and fireproofing to plastic piping and is discussed later.
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT STERILIZATION

UV sterilizers for killing bacteria in deionized water are
becoming common. The intense light generated will stress
crack PVC, CPVC, polypropylene, and PVDF piping over
time that is directly connected to the sterilizer. PVDF goes
through a cross-linking of H-F causing a discoloration of the
fitting and pipe material, and joint stress cracking.
VIBRATION ISOLATION
Plastic piping will conduct vibration from pumping and other
sources of resonance frequencies, such as liquid flow
through a partially open valve. Vibration isolation is best
accomplished using a flanged, teflon, or thin rubber bellows
expansion joint installed near the pump discharge or source
of vibration. Metallic or thick rubber expansion joints lack the
flexibility to provide flange movement and vibration isolation
and should not be used in plastic piping systems. The proper bellows expansion joint will also provide for pipe system
flexibility against a stationary mounted pump, storage tank,
or equipment during an earthquake to reduce pipe breakage.
With an increase in temperature, there is a decrease in pipe

tensile strength and stiffness and a reduction in pressure
capability, as outlined in the Temperature-Pressure charts on
page 44.
A comparison to steel, aluminum, and copper can be seen

on page 41. Copper, a good conductor of heat, will lose
2,610 BTU/hr per square foot of surface area with a wall
thickness of 1 inch. PVC will lose only 1.2 BTU/hr! If wall
thickness is reduced to 0.250 inches, the heat loss increases
4 times.
BELOW-GROUND INSTALLATION
OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
INTRODUCTION
BEDDING
Many problems experienced by above-ground plastic piping

such as weathering/painting, expansion/contraction, pipe
support/hangers, fire, and external mechanical damage are
virtually eliminated by proper below-ground installation. The
depth and width of trenching, bedding and backfilling, thrust
blocking, snaking, air and pressure relief, and size and wall
thickness of pipe must be considered.
The bottom of the trench should provide a firm, continuous

bearing surface along the entire length of the pipe run. It
should be relatively smooth and free of rocks. Where hardpan, ledge rock or boulders are present, it is recommended
that the trench bottom be cushioned with at least four (4)
inches of sand or compacted fine-grained soils.
SNAKING
TRENCHING AND BEDDING
DEPTH
In installing underground piping systems, the depth of the
trench is determined by the intended service and by local
conditions (as well as by local, state and national codes that
may require a greater trench depth and cover than are technically necessary).
Underground pipes are subjected to external loads caused
by the weight of the backfill material and by loads applied at
the surface of the fill. These can range from static to dynamic
loads.
Static loads comprise the weight of the soil above the top of
the pipe plus any additional material that might be stacked
above ground. An important point is that the load on a flexible pipe will be less than on a rigid pipe buried in the same
manner. This is because the flexible conduit transfers part of
the load to the surrounding soil and not the reverse. Soil
loads are minimal with narrow trenches until a pipe depth of
10 feet is attained.
Dynamic loads are loads due to moving vehicles such as
trucks, trains and other heavy equipment. For shallow burial
conditions live loads should be considered and added to static loads, but at depths greater than 10 feet, live loads have
very little effect.
Pipe intended for potable water service should be buried at
least 12 inches below the maximum expected frost penetration.
WIDTH
The width of the trench should be sufficient to provide adequate room for snaking 1/2 to 2-1/2 inch nominal diameter
pipe from side to side along the trench bottom, as described
below, and for placing and compacting the side fills. The
trench width can be held to a minimum with most pressure
piping materials by joining the pipe at the surface and then
lowering it into the trench after adequate joint strength has
been obtained.
To compensate for thermal expansion and contraction when

laying small diameter pipe in hot weather, the snaking technique of offsetting 1/2 to 2-1/2 inch nominal diameter pipe
with relation to the trench center line is recommended.
A. 1/2 inch to 2-1/2 inch nominal diameter. When the
installation temperature is substantially lower than the operating temperature, the pipe should, if possible, be installed
with straight alignment and brought up to operating temperature after joints are properly cured but before backfilling.
This procedure will permit expansion of the pipe to be
accommodated by a snaking action.
When the installation temperature is substantially above the
operating temperature, the pipe should be installed by
snaking in the trench. For example, a 100-foot length of PVC
Type 1 pipe will expand or contract about 3/4 inch for each
20F temperature change. On a hot summer day, the direct
rays of the sun on the pipe can drive the surface temperature up to 150F. At night, the air temperature may drop to
70F. In this hypothetical case, the pipe would undergo a
temperature change of 80F and every 100 feet of pipe
would contract 3 inches overnight. This degree of contraction would put such a strain on newly cemented pipe joints
that a poorly made joint might pull apart.
A practical and economical method is to cement the line
together at the side of the trench during the normal working
day. When the newly cemented joint has dried, the pipe is
snaked from one side of the trench to the other in gentle
alternate curves. This added length will compensate for any
contraction after the trench is backfilled. See Figure 13.
B. 3 inch and larger nominal diameter pipes should be
installed in straight alignment. Before backfilling to the
extent that longitudinal movement is restricted, the pipe temperature should be adjusted to within 15F of the operating
temperature, if possible.
FIGURE 13
Table shown below gives the required loop length in feet and
offset in inches for various temperature variations.
Snaking of thermoplastic pipe within trench to compensate
for thermal expansion and contraction.
DETERMINING SOIL LOADING FOR FLEXIBLE

PLASTIC PIPE, SCHEDULE 80
Underground pipes are subjected to external loads caused
by the weight of the backfill material and by loads applied at
the surface of the fill. These can range from static to dynamic loads.
Static loads comprise the weight of the soil above the top of
the pipe plus any additional material that might be stacked
above ground. An important point is that the load on a flexible pipe will be less than on a rigid pipe buried in the same
manner. This is because the flexible conduit transfers part of
the load to the surrounding soil and not the reverse. Soil
loads are minimal with narrow trenches until a pipe depth of
10 feet is attained.
Dynamic loads are loads due to moving vehicles such as
trucks, trains and other heavy equipment. For shallow burial
conditions live loads should be considered and added to static loads, but at depths greater than 10 feet, live loads have
very little effect.
Table 67
SNAKING LENGTH VS. OFFSET (IN.) TO
COMPENSATE FOR THERMAL CONTRACTION
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE VARIATION (F) BETWEEN
TIME OF CEMENTING AND FINAL BACKFILLING
SNAKING
10
LENGTH
(FT.)
50
20
30
40
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.20
50
6.5
9.0 11.0 12.75 14.25 15.50 17.00 18.00 19.25 20.25
100
13.0 18.0 22.0 26.00 29.00 31.50 35.00 37.00 40.00 42.00
20
60
70
80
90
100
7.25
7.75
8.00
Soil load and pipe resistance for other thermoplastic piping

products can be calculated using the following formula or
using Tables 68 & 69.
LOOP OFFSET (IN.)

5.75
6.25
6.75
Wc = X(El + .061 Er3)80

r3
Wc = Load Resistance of the Pipe, lb./ft.
x = Deflection in Inches @ 5% (.05 x I.D.)
E = Modulus of Elasticity
t = Pipe Wall Thickness, in.
r = Mean Radius of Pipe (O.D. -t)/2
E = Modulus of Passive Soil Resistance, psi
H = Height of Fill Above Top of Pipe, ft.
I = Moment of Inertia t3
12
TABLE 68
LIVE LOAD FOR BURIED FLEXIBLE PIPE
(LB/LIN.FT)
H20 WHEEL LOADS FOR VARIOUS

DEPTHS OF PIPE (LB./LIN.FT.)
PIPE
SIZE
2
3
4
10
309
82
38
18
16
442
118
56
32
21
574
154
72
42
27
837
224
106
61
40
1102
298
141
82
53
10
1361
371
176
101
66
12
1601
440
210
120
78
NOTE: H20 wheel load is 16,000 lb./wheel
TABLE 69
SOIL LOAD AND PIPE RESISTANCE FOR
FLEXIBLE THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
PVC Schedule 40 and 80 Pipe
Wc = LOAD RESISTANCE OF
PIPE (LB./FT.)
NOM. SCHEDULE 40 SCHEDULE 80
PIPE
PIPE
SIZE
(IN.) E=200 E=700 E=200 E=700
Wc = SOIL LOADS AT
VARIOUS TRENCH
WIDTHS AT TOP OF
PIPE (LB./FT.)
H
(FT) 2 FT 3 FT
10
20
30
40
106
138
144
4 FT
5 FT
125
182
207
214
136
212
254
269
152
233
314
318
1-1/2
1084
1282
2809
2993
879
1130
2344
2581
10
20
30
40
132
172
180
156
227
259
267
170
265
317
337
190
291
392
398
2-1/2
1344
1647
3218
3502
10
20
30
40
160
204
216
191
273
306
323
210
321
377
408
230
352
474
482
1126
1500
2818
3173
10
20
30
40
196
256
266
231
336
266
394
252
392
384
497
280
429
469
586
3-1/2
1021
1453
2591
3002
10
20
30
40
223
284
300
266
380
426
450
293
446
524
568
320
490
660
670
969
1459
2456
2922
10
20
30
40
252
328
342
297
432
493
506
324
540
603
639
360
551
743
754
896
1511
2272
2861
10
20
30
40
310
395
417
370
529
592
625
407
621
730
790
445
681
918
932
880
1620
2469
3173
10
20
30
40
371
484
503
437
636
725
745
477
742
888
941
530
812
1093
1110
911
1885
2360
3290
10
20
30
40
483
630
656
569
828
945
970
10
976
2198
2597
3764
10
20
30
40
860
774
602 710
785 1032 1204 1317
817 1177 1405 1774
1209 1527 1801
12
1058
2515
2909
4298
10
20
30
40
919 1020
714 942
931 1225 1429 1562
969 1397 1709 2104
1434 1811 2136
621 690
966 1057
1156 1423
1225 1445
NOTE 1: Figures are calculated from minimum soil resistance values (E = 200 psi for uncompacted sandy clay foam) and compacted soil (E = 700 for side-fill that is compacted to 90% or more of
Proctor Density for distance of two pipe diameters on each side of
the pipe). If Wc is less than Wc at a given trench depth and width,
then soil compaction will be necessary.
NOTE 2: These are soil loads only and do not include live loads.
H = Height of fill above top of pipe, ft.

W = Trench width at top of pipe, ft.
HEAVY TRAFFIC
When plastic pipe is installed beneath streets, railroads, or
other surfaces that are subjected to heavy traffic and resulting shock and vibration, it should be run within a protective
metal or concrete casing.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTING

Plastic pipe is not designed to provide structural strength
beyond sustaining internal pressures up to its designed
hydrostatic pressure rating and normal soil loads. Anchors,
valves, and other connections must be independently supported to prevent added shearing and bending stresses on
the pipe.
RISERS
The above piping design rule applies also where pipe is
brought out of the ground. Above-ground valves or other
connections must be supported independently. If pipe is
exposed to external damage, it should be protected with a
separate, rigidly supported metal pipe sleeve at the danger
areas. Thermoplastic pipe should not be brought above
ground where it is exposed to high temperatures. Elevated
temperatures can lower the pipes pressure rating below
design levels.
NOTE: For additional information see ASTM D-2774, Underground

Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping.
TESTING THERMOPLASTIC PIPING SYSTEMS

We strongly recommend that all plastic piping systems be
hydrostatically tested as described below before being put
into service. Water is normally used as the test medium.
Note: Do not pressure test with compressed air or gas!
Severe damage or bodily injury can result.
The water is introduced through a pipe of 1-inch diameter or
smaller at the lowest point in the system. An air relief valve
should be provided at the highest point in the system to
bleed off any air that is present.
The piping system should gradually be brought up to the
desired pressure rating using a pressure bypass valve to
assure against over pressurization. The test pressure should
in no event exceed the rated operating pressure of the lowest rated component in the system such as a 150-pound
flange.
INITIAL LOW-PRESSURE TEST
The initial low-pressure hydrostatic test should be applied to
the system after shallow back-filling which leaves joints
exposed. Shallow back-filling eliminates expansion/contraction problems. The test should last long enough to determine that there are no minute leaks anywhere in the system.
LOCATE ALL LEAKS

Even though a leak has been found and the pipe or joint has
been repaired, the low-pressure test should be continued
until there is a reasonable certainty that no other leaks are
present. Locating and repairing leaks is very much more difficult and expensive after the piping system has been buried.
Joints should be exposed during testing.
HIGH-PRESSURE TESTING
Following the successful completion of the low-pressure
test, the system should be high-pressure tested for at least
12 hours. The run of pipe should be more heavily backfilled
to prevent movement of the line under pressure. Since any
leaks that may develop probably will occur at the fitting
joints, these should be left uncovered.
Solvent-cemented piping systems must be fully cured before
pressure testing. For cure times, refer to the solvent cementing instruction tables on page 84.
TEST PRESSURE
The test pressure applied should not exceed: (a) the
designed maximum operating pressure, (b) the designed
pressure rating of the pipe, (c) the designed pressure rating
of any system component, whichever is lowest.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
(1) Do not test with fluid velocities exceeding 5 ft./sec. since
excessive water hammer could damage the system. (2) Do
not allow any personnel not actually working on the highpressure test in the area, in case of a pipe or joint rupture.
(3) Do not test with air or gas.
TRANSITION FROM PLASTIC TO OTHER
MATERIALS
Transitions from plastic piping to metal piping may be made
with flanges, threaded fittings, or unions. Flanged connections are limited to 150 psi, and threaded connections are
limited to 50% of the rated pressure of the pipe.
NOTE: When tying into a threaded metal piping system, it is recommended that a plastic male thread be joined to a metal female
thread. Since the two materials have different coefficients of expansion, the male plastic fitting will actually become tighter within the
female metal fitting when expansion occurs.
PRESSURE GAUGE METHOD

Where time is not a critical factor, the reading of a regular
pressure gauge over a period of several hours will reveal any
small leaks. If the gauge indicates leakage, that entire run
of piping must then be visually inspected - paying special
attention to the joints - to locate the source of the leak.
VISUAL INSPECTION METHOD
After the line is pressurized, it can be visually inspected for
leaks without waiting for the pressure gauge to reveal the
presence or absence of a pressure drop.
DO NOT TEST WITH AIR OR COMPRESSED GAS.
TESTING
LOCATING BURIED PIPE

The location of plastic pipelines should be accurately recorded at the time of installation. Since pipe is a non-conductor,
it does not respond to the electronic devices normally used
to locate metal pipelines. However, a copper or galvanized
wire can be spiraled around, taped to, or laid alongside or
just above the pipe during installation to permit the use of a
locating device, or use marker tape.
Even though no leaks are found during the initial inspection,

however, it is recommended that the pressure be maintained
for a reasonable length of time. Checking the gauge several times during this period will reveal any slow developing
leaks.
INSTALLATION OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPING SYSTEMS

HANDLING & STORAGE PLASTIC PIPE
Normal precautions should be taken to prevent excessive
mechanical abuse. However, when unloading pipe from a truck,
for example, it is unwise to drag a length off the tailgate and
allow the free end to crash to the ground. Remember, too, that
SCRATCHES AND GOUGES ON THE PIPE SURFACE CAN
LEAD TO REDUCED PRESSURE-CARRYING CAPACITY.
Standard pipe wrenches should not be used for making up
threaded connections since they can deform or scar the pipe.
Use strap wrenches instead. When using a pipe vise or chuck,
wrap jaws with emery cloth or soft metal.
Pipe should be stored on racks that afford continuous support
and prevent sagging or draping of longer lengths. Burrs and
sharp edges of metal racks should be avoided. Plastic fittings
and flanges should be sB4 ?k4*3) 1P
0.r$\+j%+)q&7$G
FIELD STACKING
During prolonged field storage of loose pipe, its stacks should
not exceed two feet in height. Bundled pipe may be doublestacked providing its weight is distributed by its packaging
boards.
HANDLING
Care should be exercised to avoid rough handling of pipe and
fittings. They should not be pushed or pulled over sharp projections, dropped or have any objects dropped upon them.
Particular care should be taken to avoid kinking or buckling the
pipe. Any kinks or buckles which occur should be removed by
cutting out the entire damaged section as a cylinder. All sharp
edges on a pipe carrier or trailer that could come in contact with
the pipe should be padded; i.e., can use old fire hose or heavy
rubber strips. Only nylon or rope slings should be used for lifting bundles of pipe; chains are not to be used.
INSPECTION
Before installation, all lengths of pipe and fittings should be thoroughly inspected for cuts, scratches, gouges, buckling, and any
other imperfections which may have been imparted to the pipe
during shipping, unloading, storing, and stringing. Any pipe or
pre-coupled fittings containing harmful or even questionable
defects should be removed by cutting out the damaged section
as a complete cylinder.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
JOINING TECHNIQUES
FOR THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
There are six recommended methods of joining thermoplastic
pipe and fittings, each with its own advantages and limitations:
SOLVENT CEMENTING
The most widely used method in Schedule 40 PVC, Schedule 80
PVC and CPVC piping systems as described in ASTM D-285593. The O.D. of the pipe and the I.D. of the fitting are primed,
coated with special cement and joined together, as described in
detail below. Knowledge of the principles of solvent cementing is
essential to a good job. These are discussed in the Solvent
Welding Instructions Section.
NOTE: The single most significant cause of improperly or failed
solvent cement joints is lack of solvent penetration or inadequate
primer application.
THREADING
Schedule 80 PVC, CPVC, PVDF, and PP can be threaded with
special pipe dyes for mating with Schedule 80 fittings provided
with threaded connections. Since this method makes the piping
system easy to disassemble, repair, and test, it is often employed
on temporary or take-down piping systems, as well as systems
joining dissimilar materials. However, threaded pipe must be derated by 50 percent from solvent-cemented systems. (Threaded
joints are not recommended for PP pressure applications.)
FLANGES
Flanges are available for joining all thermoplastic piping systems.
They can be joined to the piping either with solvent-cemented or
threaded connections. Flanging offers the same general advantages as threading and consequently is often employed in pip-
ing systems that must frequently be dismantled. The technique is limited to 150 psi working pressure.
BUTT FUSION
This technique us used to connect all sizes of Polypropylene
(Proline), PVDF (Super Proline) and large diameter Fuseal. Butt
fusion is an easy, efficient fusion method especially in larger
diameters.
SOCKET FUSION
This technique is used to assemble PVDF and polypropylene
pipe and fittings for high-temperature, corrosive-service applications. (See each material Design Data section for recommended joining technique.)
FUSEAL HEAT FUSION
R & G Sloanes Fuseal is a patented method of electrically fusing pipe and fitting into a single homogenous unit. This
advanced technique is used for GSR Fuseal polypropylene corrosive waste-handling systems.
FUSEAL MECHANICAL JOINT
Mechanical Joint polypropylene drainage system is used extensively for accessible smaller sized piping areas. The system, as
the name implies, is a mechanical sealed joint that consists of a
seal-ring, grab-ring, and nut. It is quick and easy to install and
can be disconnected just as easily. You will find it most suitable
for under sink and under counter piping.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOLVENT CEMENTING
1. The joining surfaces must be clean, then softened and

made semi-fluid.
2. Sufficient cement must be applied to fill the gap
between pipe and fittings.
3. Assembly of pipe and fittings must be made while the
surfaces are still wet and fluid.
4. Joint strength develops as the cement dries. In the
tight part of the joint the surfaces will tend to fuse
together. In the loose part the cement will bond to
both surfaces.
Penetration and softening should be achieved with a suitable
primer such as P70. Primer will penetrate and soften the
surfaces more quickly than cement alone. Primer also provides a safety factor for the installer, as he can know under
various temperature conditions when he has achieved sufficient softening of the material surfaces. For example, in cold
weather more time and additional applications of primer will
be required.
If the cement coating on the pipe and fittings are wet and
fluid when assembly takes place, they will tend to flow
together and become one cement layer. Also, if the cement
is wet the surface beneath them will be soft, and these softened surfaces in the tight part of the joint will tend to fuse
together.
Surfaces Must Be Assembled

While They Are Wet and Soft
As the solvent dissipates, the cement layer and the softened

surfaces will harden with a corresponding increase in joint
strength. A good joint will take the required pressure long
before the joint is fully dry and final strength is obtained. In
the tight (fused) part of the joint, strength will develop more
quickly than in the loose (bonded) part of the joint.
Information about the development of the bond strength of
solvent-cemented joints is available on request.
JOINING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Cutting Tool (Saw or Wheel cutter)

Deburring Tool (knife or file)
Applicator Can or Bucket
Solvent Cement
Notched Boards
Rags (nonsynthetic, i.e., cotton)

Cement and Primer Applicators
Purple Primer
Tool Tray
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
There are step-by-step procedures on just how to make solvent-cemented joints shown on the following pages.
However, we feel that if the basic principles involved are first
explained and understood, better quality installation can
result with ease. To consistently make good joints, the following basics should be clearly understood by the installer.
Cement Coatings of Sufficient Thickness
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Solvent cementing is a preferred method of joining rigid PVC

(Polyvinyl Chloride) and CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl
Chloride) pipe and fittings providing a chemically fused joint.
The solvent-cemented joint is the last vital link in the installation process. It can mean the success or failure of the
whole system. Accordingly, it requires the same professional care and attention that is given to the other components
of the system. Experience shows that most field failures of
plastic piping systems are due to improperly made solventcemented joints.
More than sufficient cement to fill the loose part of the joint
must be applied. Besides filling the gap, adequate cement
layers will penetrate the surface and also remain wet until
the joint is assembled. Prove this for yourself. Apply on the
top surface of a piece of pipe two separate layers of cement.
First, flow on a heavy layer of cement, then alongside it a
thin brushed out layer. Test the layers every 15 seconds or
so by a gentle tap with your finger. You will note that the thin
layer becomes tacky and dries quickly (probably within 15
seconds). The heavy layer will remain wet much longer.
Now check for penetration a few minutes after applying
these layers. Scrape them with a knife. The thin layer will
have achieved little or no penetration, the heavy one much
more penetration.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Cements contain highly volatile solvents which
evaporate rapidly. Avoid breathing the vapors. If
necessary, use a fan to keep the work area clear of
fumes. Avoid skin or eye contact. Do not use near
heat, sparks, or open flame. Do not pressure test
with compressed air or gas! Severe damage or
bodily injury can result.

SOLVENT CEMENTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR PVC AND CPVC PIPE AND FITTINGS
Before commencing work, this entire section
should be studied and thoroughly understood. It
is important that workers making joints be knowledgeable of these instructions and follow them
carefully. Do not take shortcuts or omit any of the
detailed steps.
KNOW YOUR MATERIAL
There are two general types of rigid vinyl materials, PVC and
CPVC. Fitting are made of both materials and in both
Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 weights.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
Because of the difference in socket dimensions between the

Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 fittings, more care must be
taken with the Schedule 80 fittings and the cure schedules
are different. Determine before proceeding with the job
which type of vinyl plastic you are working with and which
weight of fitting.
HANDLING CEMENTS AND PRIMERS
Cements and primers contain highly volatile solvents which
evaporate rapidly. Avoid breathing the vapors. If necessary,
use a fan to keep the work area clear of fumes. Avoid skin
or eye contact. Keep cans closed when not actually in use.
Solvent cements are formulated to be used as received in
the original containers. If the cement thickens much beyond
its original consistency, discard it. Cement should be free
flowing, not jelly-like. Do not attempt to dilute it with thinner,
as this may change the character of the cement and make it
ineffective. Caution: Solvent cement has limited shelf life,
usually one year for CPVC and two years for PVC. Date of
manufacture is usually stamped on the bottom of the can. Do
not use the cement beyond the period recommended by the
manufacturer. Always keep solvent cements and primers out
of the reach of children.
(e) Use #719 gray, extra-heavy-bodied cement for Schedule

40, 80, and all class or schedule sizes over 8 size.
CPVC
(a) Use #P-70 purple primer for all sizes of CPVC pipe and
fittings except copper tube size CPVC (which requires
#P-72 or 729).
(b) Use #714 orange or gray, heavy-bodied cement for all
sizes of CPVC pipe and fittings.
2. Obtain the correct primer applicators. (See Harringtons
Catalog for applicators.) Generally, the applicator
should be about 1/2 the pipe diameter.
(a) Use #DP-75, 3/4 diameter, dauber (Supplied with pint
size cans of P-70 primer.) for pipe sizes thru 1 1/4.
(b) Use #DP-150, 1 1/2 diameter, dauber for pipe sizes
through 3.
(c) Use #4020 cotton string mop for pipe sizes 4 and larger.
Low VOC 724 cement for hypochlorite service.
Weld-on 724 CPVC low VOC cement is a gray, medium bodied,
fast setting solvent cement used for joining CPVC industrial piping
through 12 diameter, and is specially formulated for services that
include caustics and hypochlorites.
3. Obtain the correct solvent cement applicators. Generally,

the applicator should be about 1/2 the pipe diameter.
SELECTION OF CEMENTS, PRIMERS AND APPLICATORS

1. Obtain the correct primer and solvent cement for the product
being installed. (See Harringtons Catalog for detailed information on solvent cements and primers.)
PVC
(a) Use #P-70 purple primer for all sizes of PVC pipe and fittings.
(b) Use #710 clear, light-bodied cement with PVC Schedule
40 fittings having an interference fit through 2 size. Not
for use on Schedule 80.
(c) Use #705 clear, medium-bodied cement with PVC
Schedule 40 fittings having an interference fit though 6
size. Not for use on Schedule 80.
(d) Use #711 gray, heavy-bodied cement with PVC
Schedule 80 fittings through 8 and Schedule 40 fittings
6 and 8 size.
(a) Use #DP-75 3/4 diameter dauber or a natural bristle

brush for pipe sizes 1/2 through 1-1/4
(b) Use #DP-150 1-1/2 diameter dauber for pipe sizes 3/4
through 3. (1 natural bristle brush may be used for
pipe sizes up to 2.).
(c) Use #3020, 2 diameter, Roll-A-Weld roller for 3
through 6 pipe sizes.
(d) Use #7020 7 long roller or #4020 large cotton swab for
6 through 12 pipe sizes.
(e) Use extra-large natural bristle paint brush to flow
cement onto pipe larger than 12.

PREPARATION
Condition pipe and fittings to the same temperature.
1. Cut pipe square to desired length using a hand saw and

miter box or mechanical cutoff saw. A diagonal cut reduces
the bonding area in the most effective part of the joint.
For 3/8 to 8 pipe - 1/16 to 3/32

For 10 to 30 pipe - 1/4 to 5/8
2. Plastic tubing cutters may also be used for cutting plastic

pipe. However, most produce a raised bead at the end of the
pipe. This must be removed with a file, knife, or beveling
tool. A raised bead will wipe the cement away when the pipe
is inserted into the fitting.
5. Clean and dry pipe and fitting socket of all dirt, moisture,
and grease. Use a clean, dry rag.
Check pipe and fitting for fit (dry) before cementing. For proper interference fit, the pipe must go into the fitting 1/3 to
3/4 of the way to the stop. Too tight of a fit is not desirable.
You must be able to fully bottom the pipe into the socket after
it has been softened with primer. If the pipe and fitting are
not out of round, a satisfactory joint can be made if there is
a net fit. That is, the pipe bottoms in the fitting socket with
no interference, but without slop. All pipe and fitting must
conform to ASTM or other standards.
3. Large diameter pipe should be cut and chamfered with
appropriate power tools. See Harrington's Products Catalog
for tools.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
4. Chamfer end of the pipe as shown above.

PRIMING
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
7. The purpose of the primer is to penetrate and soften the

surfaces so that they can fuse together. The proper use of
the primer and checking of its softening effect provides
assurance that the surfaces are prepared for fusion in a wide
variety of temperatures and working conditions.
Before starting the installation, we recommend checking the

penetration and softening effect of the primer on a scrap
piece of the material you will be working with. This should be
done where the temperature and environmental conditions
are the same as those where the actual installation will take
place. The effect of the primer on the surface will vary with
both time and temperature. To check for proper penetration
and softening, apply primer as indicated in step number 9.
After applying primer, use a knife or sharp scraper and draw
the edge over the coated surface. Proper penetration has
been made if you can scratch or scrape a few thousandths
of an inch of the primed surface away.
When the surface is primed, remove any puddles of primer

from the socket. Puddles of primer can weaken the pipe
and/or joint itself.
9. Apply the primer to the end of the pipe equal to the depth
of the fitting socket. Application should be made in the same
manner as was done to the fitting socket. Be sure the entire
surface is well dissolved or softened.
10. Apply a second application of primer to the fitting socket
and immediately, while the surfaces are still wet, apply the
appropriate solvent cement. Time becomes important at this
stage. Do not allow cement or primer to dry or start forming
film on the surface.
CEMENTING
11. Apply a liberal coat of solvent cement to the male end of
the pipe. Flow the cement on with the applicator. Do not
brush cement out to a thin paint-type layer that will dry in a
few seconds. The amount should be more than sufficient to
fill any gap between the pipe and fitting.
8. Using the correct applicator as previously mentioned,

apply primer freely with a scrubbing motion to the fitting
socket, keeping the surface and applicator wet until the surface has been softened. This usually requires 5-15 seconds.
More time is needed for hard surfaces (found in belled-end
pipe and fittings made from pipe stock) and in cold weather
conditions. Redip the applicator in the primer as required.

12. Apply a medium layer of solvent cement to the fitting
socket; avoid puddling cement in the socket. On bell-end
pipe do not coat beyond the socket depth or allow cement to
run down in the pipe beyond the bell.
15. After assembly a properly made joint will normally show

a ring or bead of cement completely around the juncture of
the pipe and fitting. Any gaps at this point may indicate a
defective assembly job, due to insufficient cement or the use
of light bodied cement on larger diameters where heavy bodied cement should have been used.
13. Apply a second full, even coat of solvent cement to the
male end of the pipe. There must be sufficient cement to fill
any gap in the joint. The cement must be applied deliberately but without delay. It may be necessary for two men to
work together when cementing three inch and larger pipe.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
14. While both the inside of the socket and the outside surface of the male end of the pipe are soft and wet with
cement, forcefully bottom the male end of the pipe into the
socket. Give the male end of the pipe a one-quarter turn if
possible. This will help drive any air bubbles out of the joint.
The pipe must go into the bottom of the socket and stay
there. Hold the joint together until both soft surfaces are
firmly gripped. (Usually less than 30 seconds on small diameter piping, larger sizes will require more time.) Care must
be used since the fitting sockets are tapered and the pipe
will try to push out of the fitting just after assembly.
When solvent cementing large diameter (8 inch and above)
pipe and fittings proper equipment should be used. We recommend using straps and come-alongs as shown. See the
tool section of the Harrington catalog.
16. Without disturbing the joint, use a rag and remove

excess cement from the pipe at the end of the fitting socket.
This includes the ring or bead noted earlier. This excess
cement will not straighten the joint and may actually cause
needless softening of the pipe and additional cure times.
17. Handle newly assembled joints carefully until initial set
has taken place. Recommended setting time allowed before
handling or moving is related to temperature. See initial set
times (Table 70).
18. Allow the joint to cure for adequate time before pressure
testing. Joint strength development is very rapid within the
first 48 hours. Short cure periods are satisfactory for high
ambient temperatures with low humidity, small pipe sizes,
and interference-type fittings. Longer cure periods are necessary for low temperatures, large pipe sizes, loose fits, and
relatively high humidity. See Table 71 for recommended cure
times.

INITIAL SET TIMES
Table 70
TEMPERATURE RANGE
DURING INITIAL
SET TIME
60 TO 100 F
40 TO 59 F
0 TO 39 F
SET TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
1/2 TO 1 1/4
15 MIN.
1HR.
3 HR.
SET TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
1 1/2 TO 3
30 MIN.
2 HR.
6 HR.
SET TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
4 TO 8
1 HR.
4 HR.
12 HR.
SET TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
10 TO 14
2 HR.
8 HR.
24 HR.
SET TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
16 TO 24
4 HR.
16 HR.
48 HR.
* In damp or humid weather allow 50% more cure time.
The following cure schedules are suggested as guides. They

are based on laboratory test data and should not be taken to
be the recommendation of all cement manufacturers.
Individual manufacturers' recommendations for their particular cement should be followed. These cure schedules are
Table 71
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
60% OR LESS*
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
TEMPERATURE RANGE
DURING ASSEMBLY
AND CURE TIME
60 TO 100 F
40 TO 59 F
0 TO 39 F
based on laboratory test data obtained on net fit joints. (Net

fitin a dry fit the pipe bottoms snugly in the fitting socket
without meeting interference.) If a gap joint is encountered in
the system, double the following cure times.
JOINT CURE SCHEDULE

FOR PVC/CPVC PIPE AND FITTINGS
CURE TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
1/2 TO 1 1/4
CURE TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
1 1/2 TO 3
CURE TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
4 TO 8
Up To Above 180 Up To Above 180 Up To Above 180

180 psi to 370 psi 180 psi to 315 psi 180 psi to 315 psi
6 Hr.
24 Hr.
1 Hr.
12 Hr.
6 Hr.
2 Hr.
48 Hr.
12 Hr.
2 Hr.
24 Hr.
12 Hr.
4 Hr.
48 Hr.
8 Days
8 Hr.
96 Hr.
48 Hr.
16 Hr.
TROUBLESHOOTING AND TESTING

SOLVENT CEMENT JOINTS
DO NOT TEST WITH AIR OR COMPRESSED GAS.
DO NOT TAKE SHORTCUTS. Experience has
shown that shortcuts from the instructions given
above are the cause of most field failures. Dont take
a chance.
Solvent cemented joints correctly assembled with
good cement under reasonable field conditions
should never blow apart when tested, after the suggested cure period under recommended test pressures.
Good solvent cemented joints exhibit a complete dull surface on both surfaces when cut in half and pried apart.
Leaky joints will show a continuous or an almost continuous
series of shiny spots or channels from the bottom to the
outer lip of the fitting. No bond occured at these shiny
spots. The condition can increase to the point where the
entire cemented area is shiny, and the fitting can blow off at
this point.
CURE TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
10 TO 14
CURE TIME
FOR PIPE
SIZES
16 TO 24
Up to
180 psi
24 Hr.
72 hrs
8 Days
Up to
100 psi
48-72 Hr.
5 Days
10-14 Days
Shiny areas can be attributed to one or a combination of

the following causes:
1. Cementing surface not properly primed and dissolved
prior to applying solvent cement.
2. Use of too small an applicator for primer or cement in
comparison to pipe and fitting diameter.
3. Use of a cement which has partially or completely dried
prior to bottoming the pipe into the fitting.
4. Use of jelled cement which will not bite into the pipe and
fitting surface due to loss of the prime solvent.
5. Insufficient cement or cement applied only to one
surface.
6. Excess gap which cannot be satisfactorily filled.
7. Excess time taken to make the joint after start of the
cement application. In many of these cases, as well as
condition No. 2, examination will show that it was impossible to bottom the fitting, since the lubrication effect of the
cement had dissipated.
8. Cementing with pipe surfaces above 110F has
evaporated too much of the prime solvent.
9. Cementing with cement which has water added by one
means or another, or excess humidity conditions coupled
with low temperatures.
10. Joints that have been disturbed and the bond broken prior
to the firm set, or readjusted for alignment after bottoming.

JOINING PLASTIC PIPE IN HOT WEATHER
There are many occasions when solvent cementing plastic
pipe in 95F temperatures and over cannot be avoided. If special precautions are taken, problems can be avoided. Solvent
cements for plastic pipe contain high-strength solvents which
evaporate faster at elevated temperatures. This is especially
true when there is a hot wind blowing. If the pipe is stored in
direct sunlight, surface temperatures may be 20F to 30F
above the air temperature. Solvents attack these hot surfaces
faster and deeper, especially inside the joint. Thus it is very
important to avoid puddling inside the socket and to wipe off
excess cement outside the joint.
By following our standard instructions and using a little extra
care as outlined below, successful solvent cemented joints
can be made even in the most extreme hot weather conditions.
GOOD JOINTS CAN BE MADE AT SUB-ZERO

TEMPERATURES
By following our standard instructions and using a little
extra care and patience, successful solvent cemented
joints can be made at temperatures even as low as -15F.
In cold weather solvents penetrate and soften the surfaces
more slowly than in warm weather. Also, the plastic is more
resistant to solvent attack. Therefore, it becomes more
important to presoften surfaces with primer.
Because solvents evaporate slower in cold weather, a
longer cure time will be required. The cure schedule printed in Table 71 already allows a wide margin for safety. For
colder weather, simply allow more cure time.
JOINING PLASTIC PIPE IN COLD WEATHER

Working in freezing temperatures is never easy, but sometimes the job is necessary. If that unavoidable job includes
solvent cementing of plastic pipe, it can be done.
TIPS TO FOLLOW WHEN SOLVENT CEMENTING IN HIGH TEMPERATURES:

5. Make sure that both surfaces to be joined are still wet
with cement when putting them together. With large size
pipe, more people on the crew may be necessary.
6. Use one of our heavier bodied, high viscosity cements
since they will provide a little more working time.
7. Be prepared for a greater expansion-contraction factor
in hot weather.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
1. Store solvent cements and primers in a cool or shaded

area prior to use.
2. If possible, store fittings and pipe, or at least the ends to
be solvent cemented, in a shady area before cementing.
3. Cool surfaces to be joined by wiping with a damp rag.
Be sure that surface is dry prior to applying solvent
cement.
4. Try to do the solvent cementing in the cooler morning
hours.

TIPS TO FOLLOW IN SOLVENT CEMENTING DURING COLD
WEATHER:
1. Prefabricate as much of the system as is possible in a heated
working area.
2. Store cements and primers in a warmer area when not in use and
make sure they remain fluid.
3. Take special care to remove moisture, including ice and snow.
4. Use extra primer to soften the joining surfaces before applying
cement.
5. Allow a longer initial set and cure period before the joint is moved
or the system is tested.
6. Read and follow all of our directions carefully before installation.
PHYSICAL DATA
711 GRAY CEMENT FOR PVC
BOILING POINT (F) Based on 1st boiling 151F
Comp. THF.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20=1)
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg.)

THF @ 25C
190
PERCENT, VOLATILE
BY VOLUME (%)APPROX.
2.49
EVAPORATION RATE
(BUAC = 1) APPROX.
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR = 1) APPROX.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
For all practical purposes, good solvent cemented joints can be

made in very cold conditions with our existing products, providing
proper care and a little common sense are used.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

(T.O.C.) 8F
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
% in Air
UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS

Fire hazard because of low flash point, high volatility and heavy vapor.
PHYSICAL DATA
719 GRAY CEMENT FOR PVC
BOILING POINT (F) Based on 1st boiling 151F
Comp. THF.

THF @
PERCENT, VOLATILE
BY VOLUME (%)
80%
EVAPORATION RATE
(BUAC = 1) APPORX. Initial
5-8
190
BOILING POINT (F) Based on 1st boiling

151F SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20=1)
Comp. THF.
PERCENT, VOLATILE
BY VOLUME (%)
100%
2.49
EVAPORATION RATE
(BUAC = 1) APPROX.
5.5 - 8
2.49

FLAMMABLE LIMITS
(T.C.C.)8F
SOLUBILITY IN WATER 100%
Used
11.8
SPECIAL FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES

Close or confined quarters require self-contained breathing apparatus. Positive pressure hose
mask or airline masks.

FLAMMABLE LIMITS
Left
2
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Carbondioxide, Dry chemicals
APPEARANCE AND ODOR - Purple Color, - Etheral Odor
(T.C.C.) 6F
0.009 0.004
APPEARANCE AND ODOR - Gray color, paste like, Etheral Odor
FLASH POINT (Method used)
Used
11.8

Close or confined quarters require self contained breathing apparatus. Positive pressure hose
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Solvent portion

PVC resin & filler - Precipates
190
Left
2.0
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Dry chemical, Carbondioxide - Foam - Ansul Purple K National Aero-O-Foam

0.870 0.010
5.0 to 8
APPEARANCE AND ODOR - Gary color, medium syrupy liquid - Etheral Odor
PHYSICAL DATA
P-70 PRIMER FOR PVC AND CPVC

THF @ 25
90%
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Solvent portion PVC resin & filler - Precipates
Regular cements are formulated to have well-balanced drying characteristics and to have good stability in sub-freezing
temperatures. Some manufacturers offer special cements
for cold weather because their regular cements do not have
that same stability.
0.958+- 0.008
Left
1.8
Used
11.8
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Dry chemical,Carbondioxide - Foam - Ansul Purple K National Aero-O-Foam


PHYSICAL DATA
714 GRAY CEMENT FOR CPVC

BOILING POINT (F)

The lowest boiling point
151

THF @ 25
190
PERCENT, VOLATILE
BY VOLUME (%)
85-90%
EVAPORATION RATE
(BUAC = 1) Initially
8.0
PHYSICAL DATA
705 CLEAR OR GRAY CEMENT FOR PVC
BOILING POINT (F) Based on 1st boiling
151F SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H20=1)
Comp. THF.
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Resin precipates

0.920 0.02
APPEARANCE AND ODOR -Gray color, Medium syrupy liquid - Etheral Odor

THF @ 25C
190
PERCENT, VOLATILE
BY VOLUME (%) APPROX
85 to 90%
2.49
EVAPORATION RATE
(BUAC = 1) APPROX.
5.5 to 8
Left
1.8
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Dry chemical,Carbondioxide - Foam - Ansul Purple K National Aero-O-Foam
Left
Used
1.8 % 11.8%

mask or airline masks

FLAMMABLE LIMITS
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Dry chemical, Carbondioxide - Foam - Ansul Purple K National Aero-O-Foam
APPEARANCE AND ODOR - Clear,Thin syrupy liquid, Etheral odor
(T.O.C.)10F

(T.O.C.) 6F
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Solvent portion PVC resin & filler - Precipates
2.49
Used
1.8

Low VOC 724 cement for hypochlorite service

weld-on 724 CPVC low VOC cement is a gray, medium bodied,
fast-setting solvent cement used for joining CPVC industrial piping through 12 diameter and is specially formulated for services
that include caustics and hypochlorites.
THREADING INSTRUCTIONS PVC - CPVC - PP - PVDF

SCOPE
The procedure presented herein covers threading
of all IPS Schedule 80 or heavier thermoplastic
pipe. The threads are National Pipe Threads (NPT)
which are cut to the dimensions outlined in ANSI
B2.1 and presented below:
DO NOT THREAD SCHEDULE 40 PIPE
Threading Dimensions
Table 72
THREADS
PIPE
LENGTH
NORMAL
OF
ENGAGEMENT EFFECTIVE
BY HAND
THREAD
C
A
(IN.)
(IN.)
.200
.4018
TOTAL
LENGTH:
END OF PIPE
TO VANISH
POINT
B
(IN.)
PITCH
DIAMETER
AT END OF
INTERNAL
THREAD
E
(IN.)
DEPTH
OF
THREAD
MAX.
(IN.)
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
(IN.)
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
D
PER INCH
NUMBER
OF
THREADS
(IN.)
1/4
.540
18
.5946
.48989
.04444
1/2
.840
14
.320
.5337
.7815
.77843
.05714
3/4
1.050
14
.339
.5457
.7935
.98887
.05714
1.315
11-1/2
.400
.6828
.9845
1.23863
.06957
1.660
11-1/2
.420
.7068
1.0085
1.58338
.06957
1-1/2
1.900
11-1/2
.420
.7235
1.0522
1.82234
.06957
2.375
11-1/2
.436
.7565
1.0582
2.29627
.06957
2-1/2
2.875
.682
1.1375
1.5712
2.76216
.10000
3.500
.766
1.2000
1.6337
3.38850
.10000
4.500
.844
1.3000
1.7337
4.38713
.10000
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
1
1-1/4

THREADING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Pipe dies
Pipe vise
Threading ratchet or power machine
Tapered plug
Cutting lubricant (soap and water, soluble
machine oil and water)
Strap wrench
Teflon tape
Cutting tools
Deburring tool
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
PIPE PREPARATION
Cut pipe square and smooth and remove burrs or raised
edges with a knife or file. To ensure square end cuts, a miter
box, hold down or jig must be used. The pipe can be easily
cut with a power or hand saw, circular or band saw. Smooth
cuts are obtained by using fine-toothed cutting blades (1618 teeth per inch). A circumferential speed of about 6000
ft./min. is suitable for circular saws, band saw speed should
be approximately 3000 ft./min. Pipe or tubing cutters can
also be used to produce square, smooth cuts, however, the
cutting wheel should be specifically designed for plastic
pipe. Such a cutter is available from your local service center.
If a hold down vise is used when the pipe is cut, the jaws
should be protected from scratching or gouging the pipe by
inserting a rubber sheet between the vise jaws and the pipe.
THREADING DIES
Thread-cutting dies should be clean, sharp and in good condition and should not be used to cut materials other than
plastics. Dies with a 5 negative front rake are recommended when using power threading equipment and dies with a
5 to 10 negative front rake are recommended when cutting
threads by hand.
2. A tapered plug must be inserted in the end of the pipe to

be threaded. This plug provides additional support and
prevents distortion of the pipe in the threaded area.
Distortion of the pipe during the threading operation will
result in eccentric threads, non-uniform circumferential
thread depth, or gouging and tearing of the pipe wall. See
Table 72 for approximate plug O.D. dimensions.
3. Use a die stock with a proper guide that is free of burrs or
sharp edges, so the die will start and go on square to the
pipe axis.
When cutting threads with power threading equipment, selfopening die heads and a slight chamfer to lead the dies will
speed production.
THREADING AND JOINING
1. Hold pipe firmly in a pipe vise. Protect the pipe at the point
of grip by inserting a rubber sheet or other material
between the pipe and vise.
4. Push straight down on the handle avoiding side pressure

that might distort the sides of the threads. If power threading equipment is used, the dies should not be driven at high
speeds or with heavy pressure. Apply an external lubricant
liberally when cutting the threads. Advance the die to the
point where the thread dimensions are equal to those listed in Table 72. Do not overthread.

5. Periodically check the threads with a ring gauge to ensure
that proper procedures are being followed. Thread dimensions are listed in Table 72 and the gauging tolerance is
+1-1/2 turns.
6. Brush threads clean of chips and ribbons. Then starting
with the second full thread and continuing over the thread
length, wrap TFE (Teflon) thread tape in the direction of
the threads. Overlap each wrap by one-half the width of
the tape.
TABLE 73
REINFORCING PLUG DIMENSIONS*
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
(IN.)
PLUG O.D.*
1/2
.526
3/4
.722
.935
1-1/4
1.254
1-1/2
1.475
1.913
2-1/2
2.289
2.864
3.786
*These dimensions are based on the median wall thickness

and average outside diameter for the respective pipe sizes.
Variations in wall thickness and O.D. dimensions may require
alteration of the plug dimensions.
7. Screw the fitting onto the pipe and tighten by hand. Using
a strap wrench only, further tighten the connection an additional one to two threads past hand tightness. Avoid excessive torque as this may cause thread damage or fitting
damage.
Caution: Air or compressed gas is not recommended and

should not be used as a media for pressure testing of plastic
piping systems.
Caution: Pressure ratings for threaded systems are reduced
drastically. Check your application with your local service
center prior to installation.
USE STRAP WRENCH ONLY!
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
PRESSURE TESTING
Threaded piping systems can be pressure tested up to 50%
of the pipe's hydrostatic pressure rating as soon as the last
connection is made.
FLANGED JOINTS
SCOPE
Flanged joints are recommended extensively for plastic piping systems that require periodic dismantling. Flanges and
flanged fittings are available in almost all materials and sizes
to meet your requirements. Please consult your local service center for the availability of any flanged fitting not shown
in this catalog. Flanges are normally assembled to pipe or
fittings by solvent welding, threading, or thermal fusion.
Gasket seals between the flange faces should be an elastomeric, full, flat-faced gasket with a hardness of 50 to 70
durometer. Harrington Industrial Plastics can provide neoprene gaskets in the 1/2 through 24 range having a 1/8
thickness. For chemical environments too aggressive for
neoprene, other more resistant elastomers should be used.
DIMENSIONS
Bolt circle and number of bolt holes for the flanges are the
same as 150 lb. metal flanges per ANSI B16.1. Threads are
tapered iron pipe size threads per ANSI B2.1. The socket
dimensions conform to ASTMD 2467 which describes onehalf through 8 sizes.
INSTALLATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
PRESSURE RATING
Maximum pressure for any flanged system is 150 psi. At elevated temperatures the pressure capability of a flanged system must be derated as follows:
Table 74
MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE (PSI)
INSTALLATION TIPS
Once a flange is joined to pipe, the method for joining two
flanges together is as follows:
1. Make sure that all the bolt holes of the matching flanges
match up. It is not necessary to twist the flange and pipe
to achieve this.
2. Insert all bolts.
3. Make sure that the faces of the mating flanges are not
separated by excessive distance prior to bolting down the
flanges.
4. The bolts on the plastic flanges should be tightened by
pulling down the nuts diametrically opposite each other
using a torque wrench. Complete tightening should be
accomplished in stages and the final torque values in the
following table should be followed for the various sizes of
flanges. Uniform stress across the flange will eliminate
leaky gaskets.
Table 75
FLANGE SIZE
(IN.)
RECOMMENDED
TORQUE (FT. LBS.)*
1/2-1-1/2
10-15
2-4
20-30
6-8
33-50
10
53-75
12
80-110
14-24
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE
100
*For a well lubricated bolt.
(F)
PVC*
CPVC*
PP**
PVDF
100
150
150
150
150
110
135
140
140
150
120
110
130
130
150
130
75
120
118
150
140
50
110
105
150
150
NR
100
93
140
160
NR
90
80
133
170
NR
80
70
125
180
NR
70
50
115
190
NR
60
NR
106
200
NR
50
NR
97
250
NR
NR
NR
50
280
NR
NR
NR
25
NR- Not Recommended

* PVC and CPVC flanges sizes 2-1/2, 3 and 4-inch threaded must be back
welded for the above pressure capability to be applicable.
** Threaded PP flanges size 1/2 thru 4 as well as the 6 back weld socket
flange are not recommended for pressure applications (drainage only).
SEALING
The faces of flanges are tapered back away from the orifice
area at a 1/2 to 1 degree pitch so that when the bolts are
tightened the faces will be pulled together generating a force
in the waterway area to improve sealing.
1
8
5
The following tightening
pattern is suggested for
the flange bolts.
4
6
7
2
5. If the flange is mated to a rigid and stationary flanged

object, or a metal flange, particularly in a buried situation
where settling could occur with the plastic pipe, the plastic
flange must be supported to eliminate potential stressing.
Note: Flange gasket and low torque gasket sets are
available from Harrington Industrial Plastics.
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP)

FRP is a special segment of the corrosion-resistant plastics
industry. By combining flexible strands of glass with various
thermoset resins, a wide range of performance characteristics
can be achieved. Unlike thermoplastic resins, thermoset
resins do not return to a liquid state with heat.
The different types of glass all have different rates of resin

absorption. For the most part, every mechanical attribute is
enhanced by increasing the volume of glass contained in the
plastic thermoset resin. Thus, glass versus resin ratio
becomes a key criteria in defining a product for a particular
application.
Glass fiber and resin are described as a composite or laminate. When combining glass and resin, it is important to wet
the glass and this is done by eliminating the trapped air which
increases the glass to resin interface. The glass used for FRP
is treated with silane or other similar chemistry to enhance the
resin's affinity to the glass.
Selecting a specific resin will dictate the performance characteristics of the final FRP product. Chemical resistance, temperature range and mechanical properties are determined by
the choice of resin and the glass.
Epoxy resins give exceptional mechanical strength and are
very chemically resistant. Epoxies are used for caustics,
hydrocarbons, and most organic chemicals. Several catalysts
can be used in curing the epoxy resin by a crosslinking of the
long polymer chain. The choice of catalyst will determine the
properties of the finished FRP product. For example, an anhydride catalyst will give an epoxy product with limited chemical
resistance and limited temperature capability. An aromatic
amines catalyst, on the other hand, will produce a final product with broad chemical resistance and a temperature range
of up to 300 F in certain services.
Primary disadvantages of epoxies are they require long curing times and are best cured using heat to promote complete
reaction for all the epoxy sites. Epoxies are, therefore,
stronger when the catalyzation is enhanced by heat.
Polyester resins are available in many forms. The two that are
relevant to FRP are orthophthalic and isophthalic resins. The
former is a non-corrosion resistant resin used in boats, auto
bodies, and structural forms. The latter is the chemically resistant resin that is appropriate to our use in handling corrosive
fluids. Isophalic polyester is the most economical of all the
resin choices for FRP.
FRP piping is available from a few major manufacturers as a

standard catalog, off-the-shelf product in diameters up to 16
inches. Face to face dimensions for fittings are based on steel
and the requirements of American National Standards
Institute ANSI B -16.3. Not all fittings meet ANSI requirements
unless specified by agreement. FRP flanges are always thicker than steel, so longer bolts are needed.
There are many fabricators who specialize in made-to-order
or custom vessels, as well as special made-to-order piping.
For FRP piping larger than 16 inch in diameter, it is also made
to order. Large diameter FRP pipe can be custom made in
sizes even larger than 12 feet.
FRP pipe products are manufactured by several techniques.
Filament winding is done using continuous lengths of fiberglass yarn or tape which are wound onto a polished steel
mandrel. The glass is saturated with a catalyzed resin as it is
being wound onto the mandrel. This process is continued until
the desired wall thickness is achieved. The resin polymerizes
usually by an exothermic reaction. Depending on the angle at
which the glass is applied and the tension, the mechanical
properties of the finished product can be affected. Piping and
vessels are produced in this manner.
Centrifugal casting involves applying glass and catalyzed
resin to the inside of a rotating polished cylindrical pipe.
Curing of the glass resin combination forms a finished pipe.
The forces of the centrifugal rotating cylinder forces the resin
to wet the glass and gives an inherent resin rich and polished
outside diameter to the final product. The resin that is in
excess of that required to wet the glass forms a pure resin
liner. Pipe, both small and larger diameter, as well as tanks,
are manufactured by this process.
Applications for FRP have grown since the introduction almost
forty years ago of thermoset resins. The following is a list of
some of the general advantages of FRP:
Corrosion resistant
Lightweight
High strength-to-weight ratio
Low resistance to flow
Ease of installation
Low cost of installation
Very low electrical conductivity
Excellent thermal insulation
Long service life
Dimensional stability
Industrial uses for FRP tanks and piping have developed in oil
and gas, chemical processing, mining, nuclear, and almost
every other industry you can think of.
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED
PLASTICS (FRP)
The glass can be prepared in a variety of forms which determines the final properties of the glass resin combination. As
an example, the glass can be chopped strands in a mat or felt
type fabric, yarns, woven fabric, continuous strands, unidirectional or bidirectional fabrics and so on. The choices are
almost infinite.
Vinylester is a coined word describing a polyester that has

been modified by the addition of epoxide reactive sites. The
vinylester resin has broad chemical resistance including most
acids and weak bases. It is generally the choice for high purity deionized water storage in an FRP vessel.
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED
PLASTICS (FRP)
FRP piping is very amenable to the addition of specific additives to achieve certain properties. Antimony trioxide or
brominated compounds, for example, can be added to provide excellent fire resistant characteristics. Specifically,
designed FRP piping systems are produced for internal pressures up to 3000 PSI. Other FRP piping is used for down hole
in the oil field, usually for salt water reinjection. FRP products
are one of the most easily modified to meet specific needs,
thus the broad range of industrial applications.
As with any piping material, good system design, proper fabrication and correct installation techniques are necessary for
long and reliable service life.
Selecting the proper joining method is important for controlling installation costs and being compatible with the nature of
the installation.
Butt and wrap is used to join FRP pipe by simply butting two
sections of pipe together and overwrapping the joint with multiple layers of fiberglass saturated with the appropriate resin.
Threaded connections are often used for rapid and easy joining. There can be an O-ring gasket used to provide the sealing mechanism.
FIBERGLASS PIPE AND FITTINGS

Specification for:
D 2997 - 95
D 5421 - 93
D 5677 - 95
D 5686 - 95
D
D
D
D
3517
5685
2996
4024
91
95
95
94
FIBERGLASS TANKS AND EQUIPMENT

Specifications for:
D 4097 - 95a
C 482 - 95
Bell and spigot joints are used usually with a bonding adhesive or with a gasket.
D 3982 - 92
Flanges are most often used to join FRP pipe to metal or

other dissimilar piping materials.
D 3299 - 95a
Contact molding is a process of applying fiberglass and resin

to the surface of a mold that may be a variety of shapes. This
process can be done by hand, spraying, or with an automated system. FRP fittings, vessels, and piping are produced by
this method.
Compression molding is a process normally used to manufacture FRP fittings. A mixture of glass and resin is placed
inside a mold and with heat and other molding techniques a
finished part is produced.
Current standards outline the composition, performance
requirements, construction method, design criteria testing
and quality of workmanship. The modern standards have
their origin in the U.S. Dept. of Commerce Voluntary Standard
PS1549. Custom Contact Molded Reinforced Polyester
Chemical Resistant Equipment. The ASTMC-582-95 takes
the place of PS1569.
The following is a partial listing of ASTM standards for FRP
Industrial products.
Centrifugally Cast Fiberglass Pipe

Contact Molded Fiberglass Flanges
Fiberglass Pipe and Pipe Fittings,
Adhesive Bonded Joint Type, for Aviation
Jet Turbine Fuel Lines
Fiberglass Pipe and Pipe Fittings,
Adhesive Bonded Joint Type Epoxy Resin,
for Condensate Return Lines
Fiberglass Pressure Pipe
Fiberglass Pressure Pipe Fittings
Filament-WoundFiberglass Pipe
Reinforced Thermosetting Resin (RTR)
Flanges
Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermoset Resin Chemical-Resistant
Tanks
Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting
Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion
Resistant Equipment
Custom Contact-Pressure-Molded GlassFiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin
Hoods
Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermoset Resin Chemical-Resistant
Tanks
There are many special tools used for making field joints. The
best policy is to follow the FRP pipe manufacturers recommendations precisely. Most manufacturers offer the services
of a factory person to train or supervise fabrication and installation.
To take maximum advantage of the many advantages of FRP
in your corrosive or high purity application, contact your nearest Harrington or Corro-Flo Harrington location, or contact
our Technical Services Group in Chino, California, using the
number listed on the inside back cover.
HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS
PRESSURE The basic definition of pressure is force per
unit area. As commonly used in hydraulics and in this catalog, it is expressed in pounds per square inch (PSI).
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is the force exerted on a unit

area by the weight of the atmosphere. At sea level, the
atmospheric standard pressure is 14.7 pounds per square
inch.
GAUGE PRESSURE Using atmospheric pressure as a
zero reference, gauge pressure is a measure of the force
per unit area exerted by a fluid. Units are PSIG.
FLUID FUNDAMENTALS Fluids include liquids, gases, and

mixtures of liquids, solids, and gases. For the purpose of this
catalog, the terms fluid and liquid are used interchangeably to mean pure liquids, or liquids mixed with gases or
solids which act essentially as a liquid in a pumping application.
DENSITY OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT of a fluid is its weight per
unit volume, often expressed in units of pounds per cubic
foot, or grams per cubic centimeter.
Example: If weight is 80 Ib.; density is 80 Ib/cu. ft.
The density of a fluid changes with temperature.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY of a fluid is the ratio of its density to
the density of water. As a ratio, it has no units associated
with it.
EXAMPLE: Specific gravity is 80 lb or SG = 1.282
62.4 lb.
TEMPERATURE is a measure of the internal energy level

in a fluid. It is usually measured in units of degrees fahrenheit (F) or degrees centigrade (C). The temperature of a
fluid at the pump inlet is usually of greatest concern.
See F-C conversion chart on page 96.
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE is the total force per unit area
exerted by a fluid. It equals atmospheric pressure plus
gauge pressure. Units are expressed in PSIA.
OUTLET PRESSURE or discharge pressure is the average
pressure at the outlet of a pump during operation, usually
expressed as gauge pressure (psig).
INLET PRESSURE is the average pressure measured near
the inlet port of a pump during operation. It is expressed
either in units of absolute pressure (psig) preferably, or
gauge pressure (psig).
VACUUM OR SUCTION are terms in common usage to indicate pressures in a pumping system below normal atmospheric pressure and are often measured as the difference
between the measured pressure and atmospheric pressure
in units of inches of mercury vacuum, etc. It is more convenient to discuss these in absolute terms; that is from a
reference of absolute zero pressure in units of psia.
For example: If 100F water is exposed to the reduced

absolute pressure of .95 psia, it will boil. It will boil, even at
100F.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE is the difference between the

outlet pressure and the inlet pressure. Differential pressure is
sometimes called Pump Total Differential pressure.
VAPOR PRESSURE of a liquid is the absolute pressure

(at a given temperature) at which a liquid will change to a
vapor. Vapor pressure is best expressed in units of psi
absolute (psia). Each liquid has its own vapor pressuretemperature relationship.
VISCOSITYThe viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
tendency to resist a shearing force. High viscosity fluids require a greater force to shear at a given rate than low viscosity fluids.
The CENTIPOISE (cps) is the most convenient unit of
absolute viscosity measurement.
Other units of viscosity measurement such as the centistoke (cks) or Staybolt Second Universal (SSU) are measures of Kinematic viscosity where the specific gravity of
the fluid influences the viscosity measured. Kinematic viscometers usually use the force of gravity to cause the fluid
to flow down a calibrated tube while timing its flow.
The absolute viscosity, measured in units of centipoise

(1/100 of a poise) is used throughout this catalog as it is a
convenient and consistent unit for calculation. Other units
of viscosity can easily be converted to centipoise:
Kinematic vicsocity x Specific Gravity = Absolute Viscosity
Centistokes
x Specific Gravity = Centipoise
SSU x .216
x Specific Gravity = Centipoise
See page 100 for detailed conversion charts
Viscosity unfortunately is not a constant, fixed property of a
fluid, but is a property which varies with the conditions of
the fluid and the system.
In a pumping system, the most important factors are the

normal decrease in viscosity with temperature increase.
And the viscous behavior properties of the fluid in which the
viscosity can change as shear rate or flow velocity
changes.
pH value for a fluid is used to define whether the aqueous

solution is an acid or base (with values of pH usually
between 0 and 14):
1. Acids or acidic solutions have a pH value less than 7.
2. Neutral solutions have pH value of 7 at 25C (example:
pH of pure water = 7).
3. Bases or alkaline solutions have a pH value greater
than 7.
RELATION OF PRESSURE TO ELEVATION
In a static liquid (a body of liquid at rest) the pressure difference between any two points is in direct proportion only
to the vertical distance between the points.
This pressure difference is due to the weight of the liquid
and can be calculated by multiplying the vertical distance
by the density (or vertical distance x density of water x specific gravity of the fluid). In commonly used units
P static (in PSI) - Z (in feet) x 62.4 Ibs./cu. ft. x

SG 144 sq.
in./sq. ft.
PUMP HEAD-PRESSURE-SPECIFIC GRAVITYin a
centrifugal pump the head developed (in feet) is dependent
on the velocity of the liquid as it enters the impeller eye and
as it leaves the impeller periphery and therefore, is independent of the specific gravity of the liquid. The pressure
head developed (in psi) will be directly proportional to the
specific gravity.
Pressure-Head relation of identical pumps handling liquids

of differing specific gravities.
EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY is a term describing the real

effect of the viscosity of the ACTUAL fluid, at the SHEAR
RATES which exist in the pump and pumping system at the
design conditions.
Centrifugal pumps are generally not suitable for pumping
viscous liquids. When pumping more viscous liquids
instead of water, the capacity and head of the pump will be
reduced and the horsepower required will be increased.
Pressure-head relation of pumps delivering same pressure
handling liquids of differing specific gravity.
IMPORTANT PUMP TERMS: The term HEAD is commonly
used to express the elevational equivalent of pressure allowing for specific gravity, Generally expressed in feet, head
can best be defined by the following equation:
Pounds per square inch x 2.31 = Head in feet
Specific Gravity
The following expressions of HEAD terms are generally
accepted as standards throughout the industry.
Static Head
The hydraulic pressure at a point in

a fluid when the liquid is at rest.
Friction Head
The loss in pressure or energy due
to frictional losses in flow.
Velocity Head
The energy in a fluid due to its
velocity, expressed as a head unit.
Pressure Head A pressure measured in equivalent
head units.
Discharge Head The output pressure of a pump in
operation.
Total Dynamic
The total pressure difference Head
between the inlet and outlet of a pump
in operation.
Suction Head
The inlet pressure of a pump when
above atmospheric.
Suction Lift
The inlet pressure of a pump when
below atmospheric.
FRICTIONAL LOSSES
The nature of frictional losses in a pumping system can be
very complex. Losses in the pump itself are determined by
actual test and are allowed for in the manufacturers' curves
and data. Similarly, manufacturers of processing equipment,
heat exchangers, static mixers, etc., usually have data available for friction losses.
Frictional losses due to flow in pipes are

directly proportional to the:
length of pipe
pipe diameter
flow rate
viscosity of the fluid
Pipe friction tables have been established by the Hydraulic

Institute and many other sources which can be used to compute the friction loss in a system for given flow rates, viscosities, and pipe sizes. Friction loss charts for plastic pipe
appear in this catalog on pages 50-58. Tables of equivalent
lengths for fittings and valves are on page 58.
NPSH
Fluid will only flow into the pump head by atmospheric pressure or atmospheric pressure plus a positive suction head.
If suction pressure at suction pipe is below the vapor pressure of the fluid, the fluid may flash into a vapor. A centrifugal pump cannot pump vapor only. If this happens, fluid flow
to the pump head will drop off and cavitation may result.
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD, AVAILABLE (NPSHA) is
based on the design of the system around the pump inlet.
The average pressure (in psia) is measured at the port during operation, minus the vapor pressure of the fluid at operating temperature. It indicates the amount of useful pressure
energy available to fill the pump head.
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD, REQUIRED (NPSHR) is
based on the pump design. This is determined by testing of
the pump for what pressure energy (in psia) is needed to fill
the pump inlet. It is a characteristic which varies primarily
with the pump speed and the viscosity of the fluid.
Table 3
PIPE O.D.S CONVERSION CHART
U.S. (ANSI)
EUROPE (ISO)
d
(ACTUAL O.D.)
ACTUAL
O.D.
INCHES
MM
IN.
1/8
.405
10
(.394)
1/4
.540
12
(.472)
3/8
.675
16
(.630)
1/2
.840
20
(.787)
3/4
1.050
25
(.984)
1.315
32
(1.260)
1-1/4
1.660
40
(1.575)
1-1/2
1.900
50
(1.969)
2.375
63
(2.480)
2-1/2
2.875
75
(2.953)
3.500
90
(3.543)
4.500
110
(4.331)
5.563
140
(5.512)
6.625
160
(6.299)
8.625
225
(8.858)
10
10.750
280
(11.024)
12
12.750
315
(12.402)
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZES
(IN.)
CONVERSION CHARTS
CONVERSION DATA
TABLE 76
CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER READINGS

Degrees centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit
C
VOLUME
Volume of a pipe is computed by:
V= ID2x7rx Lx3
Where:
V = volume (in cubic inches)
ID = inside diameter (in inches)
= 3.14159
L= length of pipe (in feet)
1 U.S. Gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 fl. oz. (U.S.)
231 cu. in.
0.134cu. ft.
3.785 litres
.00379 cu. meters
0.833 Imp. gal.
0238 42-gal. barrel
1 Imperial Gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 U.S. gal.
1 Cubic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.48 U.S. gal.
0.0283 cu. meter
1 Litre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2642 U.S. gal.
1 Cubic Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.314 cu. ft.
264.2 U.S. gal.
1 Acre Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,560 cu. ft.
325,829 U.S. gal.
1 Acre Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,630 cu. ft.
27,100 U.S. gal.
LENGTH
1 Inch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 centimeters
1 Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 ft.
39.37 in.
1 Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 ft.
1 Mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,280 ft. (1.61 kilometers)
WEIGHT
1 U.S. Gallon @ 50F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.33 lb. x sp. gr.
1 Cubic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.35 lb. x sp. gr.
7.48 gal. (U.S.)
1 Cubic Ft. of Water @50F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.41 lb.
1 Cubic Ft. of Water @39.2F
(39.2F is water temperature
at its greatest density). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.43 lb.
1 Kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 lb.
1 Imperial Gallon Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 Ib.
1 Pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 U.S. gal. -sp. gr.
016 cu. ft. sp. gr.
CAPACITY OR FLOW
1 Gallon Per Minute (g.p.m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 c.f.m.
500 lb. per hr. x sp. gr.
500 lb. Per Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 g.p.m. sp. gr.
1 Cubic Ft. Per Minute (c.f.m.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 g.p.h.
1 Cubic Ft. Per Second (c.f.s.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 g.p.m.
1 Acre Foot Per Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 g.p.m.
1 Acre Inch Per Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 g.p.m.
1 Cubic Meter Per Minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.2 g.p.m.
1,000,000 Gal. Per Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 g.p.m.
Brake H.P. = (g.p.m. ) (Total Head in Ft.) (Specific Gravity)
(3960) (Pump Eff.)
TABLE 77
CONVERSION CHARTS
CONVERSION DATA
CONVERSION CHARTS
CONVERSION DATA
TABLE 78
EQUIVALENT OF COMMON FRACTIONS OF AN INCH

FRACTION
DECIMALS
MILLIMETERS
1/64 .015625 0.397

1/32 .03125 0.794
3/64 .046875 1.191
1/16 .0625 1.588
5/64 .078125 1.984
3/32 .09375 2.381
7/64 .109375 2.778
1/8 .1250 3.175
9/64 .140625 3.572
5/32 .15625 3.969
11/64 .171875 4.366
3/16 .1875 4.762
13/64 .203125 5.159
7/32 .21875 5.556
15/64 .234375 5.953
1/4 .256.350
17/64 .265625 6.747
9/32 .28125 7.144
19/64 .296875 7.541
5/16 .3125 7.938
21/64 .328125 8.334
11/32 .34375 8.731
23/64 .359375 9.128
3/8 .3750 9.525
25/64 .390625 9.922
13/32 .40625 10.319
27/64 .421875 10.716
7/16 .4375 11.112
29/64 .453125 11.509
15/32 .46875 11.906
31/64 .484375 12.303
1/2 .512.700
FRACTION
DECIMALS
MILLIMETERS
33/64 .515625 13.097

17/32 .53125 13.494
35/64 .546875 13.891
9/16 .5625 14.288
37/64 .578125 14.684
19/32 .59375 15.081
39/64 .609375 15.478
5/8 .625 15.875
41/64 .640625 16.272
21/32 .65625 16.669
43/64 .671875 17.066
11/16 .6875 17.462
45/64 .703125 17.859
23/32 .71875 18.256
47/64 .734375 18.653
3/4 .7500 19.050
49/64 .765625 19.447
25/32 .78125 19.844
51/64 .796875 20.241
13/16 .8125 20.638
53/64 .828125 21.034
27/32 .84375 21.431
55/64 .859375 21.828
7/8 .8750 22.225
57/64 .890625 22.622
29/32 .90625 23.019
59/64 .921875 23.416
15/16 .9375 23.812
61/64 .953125 24.209
31/32 .96875 24.606
63/63 .984375 25.003
1 1.0 25.400
TABLES 79, 80, & 81

WATER PRESSURE TO FEET HEAD
FEET HEAD OF WATER TO PSI
NOTE: One pound of pressure per square inch of water

equals 2.31 feet of water at 60 F. Therefore, to find the feet
head of water for any pressure not given in the table above,
multiply the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.31.
NOTE: One foot of water at 60 F equals .433 pounds pressure per square inch. To find the pressure per square inch for
any feet head not given in the table above, multiply the feet
head by .433.
EQUIVALENTS OF PRESSURE AND HEAD
* Water at 68 F (20C)
** Mercury at 32 F (0 C)
*** 1 MPa (Megapascal) = 10 Bar = 1,000 N/m2)
To convert from one set of units to another, locate the given unit in the left hand column, and multiply the numerical value by
the factor shown horizontally to the right, under the set of units desired.
CONVERSION CHARTS
CONVERSION DATA
CONVERSION CHARTS
CONVERSION DATA
TABLES 82 & 83
Poise = c.g.s. unit of absolute viscosity
Stoke = c.g.s. unit of kinematic viscosity
Centipoise = 0.01 poise
Centistoke = 0.01 stoke
Centipoises = centistokes x density (at temperature under consideration)
Reyn (1 lb. sec. per sq. in.) = 69 x 105 centipoises
VISCOSITY CONVERSION
Kinematic Viscosity (in centistokes) =

Absolute Viscosity (in centipoise)
Density
REYNOLDS NUMBER, R.
Reynolds Number, R. is a dimensionless number or ratio of
velocity in ft. per sec. times the internal diameter of the pipe
in feet times the density in slugs per cu.ft. divided by the
absolute viscosity in lb. sec. per sq. ft.
This is equivalent to R=VD/v (VD divided by the kinematic
viscosity). Reynolds Number is of great significance because
R= VD
V
it determines the type of flow, either laminar or turbulent,

which will occur in any pipe line, the only exception being a
critical zone roughly between an R of 2000 to 3500. Within
this zone it is recommended that problems be solved by
assuming that turbulent flow is likely to occur. Computation
using this assumption gives the greatest value of friction loss
and hence the result is on the safe side.
For those who prefer the greater precision of an algebraic
equation, Reynolds Number for a pipe line may also be computed from the following formula:
R=
Q
29.4dv
where Q is in GPM, d is inside diameter of pipe in inches, and

V is kinematic viscosity in ft.2/sec.
PUMPING VISCOUS LIQUIDS WITH

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps are generally not suitable for pumping viscous liquids. However, liquids with viscosities up to 2000 SSU
can be handled with Centrifugal pumps. The volume and
pressure of the pump will be reduced according to the following table.
Percent reduction in flow and head and percent increase in
power when pumping viscous liquid instead of water are
shown in the table below.
VISCOSITY
SSU
Flow Reduction
GPM %
Head Reduction
Feet %
Horsepower
increase %
30 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000
14
19
23
30
40
11
14
18
23
30
10
20
30
50
65
85
100
CONVERSION DATA BAUME

LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER
TABLE 84
LIQUIDS LIGHTER THAN WATER
From Circular No. 59 Bureau of Standards.
Formula sp gr =
Formula sp gr =
145
145- Baume
140
130+ Baume
CONVERSION CHARTS
UNITED STATES STANDARD BAUME SCALES

RELATION BETWEEN BAUME DEGREES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
CONVERSION CHARTS
RELATIVE SIZE OF PARTICLES

TABLE 85
RELATIVE SIZE OF PARTICLES

MAGNIFICATION 500 TIMES
144 MICRONS 100 MESH

2 MICRONS
74 MICRONS
8 MICRONS
44 MICRONS
325 MESH
200 MESH
5 MICRONS
25 MICRONS
PUMP SIZING GUIDELINES

The following worksheet is designed to take you step-by-step through the process of selecting the proper pump for most
common applications. There are three major decisions to make when choosing the right pump. They are size, type and
best buy for the particular application. Each factor must be weighed carefully and a final selection refined through the
process of elimination. The following worksheet will help eliminate many common oversights in design selection. This is a
combination of many manufacturers specification request, so it may be photocopied and used by any applications engineer.
I. Sketch the layout of the proposed installation. Trying to pick a pump without a sketch of the system is like a miner
trying to work without his lamp. You are in the dark from start to finish. When drawing the system, show the piping, fittings,
valves and/or other equipment that may affect the system. Mark the lengths of pipe runs. Include all elevation changes.
PUMP DATA
II. Determine and study what is to be pumped. All of the following criteria will affect the pump selection in terms of
materials of construction and basic design.
What is the material to be pumped and its concentration?_________________________________________________
Is it corrosive?__________yes___________no_____________pH value.
Specific Gravity_________or pounds per gallon___________. Temperature: Min.______Max._______ degrees C. or F.
Viscosity at temperature(s) given above______________in Centipoise or_____________Seconds Saybolt Universal.
Is the material abrasive_____yes ______no. If so, what is the percentage of solid in solution______________and their
size range_________________ Min._________________________ Max.________________________
Capacity required (constant or variable)____________________________U.S. Gallons per minute (gpm)__________,
U.S. Gallon per hour (gph)_______,U.S. Gallons per day (gpd)_________,Cubic Centimeters per day (ccpd)_________.
PUMP SIZING GUIDELINES

(continued)
PUMP DATA
III. Calculating the total pressure requirements.

The Inlet side of the pump
1. What is the material of the inlet piping________________________________________ and size_____________?
(a) What is the total length of the inlet piping, in feet?_____________________
(b) Fittings
Qty.
Equivalent length (See page 58)
______
____ x ______________ = ___________
______
____ x ______________ = ___________
______
____ x ______________ = ___________
2. Total length (a+b above) for calculating friction loss ______________
3. Friction loss per 100 foot of pipe (See pages 50 - 58) ________________
4. Total inlet friction loss (use answer from #2 above multiplied by answer in #3 above, then divide the product
by 100) _______________________________________________________
5. Static suction lift (See important terms under Hydraulic Fundamentals, pages 93-95)_____________
6. Static suction head _____________
7. Total inlet head = ( 4 + 5 - 6 from above)____________
NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head, available) has been calculated to be _____________________.
The Discharge side of the pump
8. What is the material of the discharge piping____________________and the size__________?
(c) What is the total length of the discharge piping, in feet?_______________
(d) Fittings
Qty.
Equivalent length (See page 58)
______
____ x ______________ =
___________
______
____ x ______________ =
___________
______
____ x ______________ =
___________
9. Total length (c+d above) for calculating friction loss
______________
10. Friction loss per 100 foot of pipe (See pages 50 to 58) = ______________
11. Total discharge friction loss (Use answer from #9 above multiplied by answer in #10 above then divide the product
by 100) _______________________________________________________________
12. Static discharge head (See sketch) Total elevation difference between centerline of
the pumps inlet and the point of discharge.____________________________________
13. Add any additional pressure requirements on the system: ie, filters, nozzles or equipment.________PSI
14. Total Discharge Head = (11 + 12 + 13 from above)____________
15. Total System Head = (7 + 12 + 13) _____________ in feet.
16. Total Static Head = (5 - 6 + 12 +13) ____________ in feet.
17. Total Friction Loss = (4 + 11) __________________in feet.
IV. Service Cycle
How many hours per day will this pump operate?____________How many days per week will it be used?___________
V. Construction Features
Is a sanitary pump design required?___________yes ________no.
Will the pump be required to work against a closed discharge?________yes________no.
Is it possible for this pumping system to run dry?__________yes________no.
Is a water-jacketed seal required to prevent crystallization on the seal faces?_______yes _______no.
Can the pump be totally isolated, drained, and flushed?_______yes_______no.
Does this application and environment require a chemically resistant epoxy coating? ____________yes____________no
.
VI. Drive Requirements
AC______ or DC______Motor, Voltage____________________ Cycle (Hz)____________Phase________________
Motor enclosure design________Open, ________Totally Enclosed,_________Explosion Proof,___________Sanitary,
Pneumatic (Air Motor)________ Plant air pressure available__________ psig. Volume of air available__________SCFM.
VII. What accessories will be required? Foot Valve____________________, Suction Strainer_____________________,
Check Valves ________________,Isolation Valves______________, Pressure Relief Valve_____________________,
Pressure Gauges___________, Flow indicators_________________, Filter/Lubricator/Regulator__________________.
GLOSSARY OF PIPING TERMS

ABRASION RESISTANCE:
Ability to withstand the effects of repeated wearing, rubbing, scraping, etc.
ACCEPTANCE TEST:
An investigation performed on an individual lot of a previously qualified product, by, or under the observation of, the purchaser to establish conformity with a purchase agreement.
ACRYLIC RESINS:
A class of thermoplastic resins produced by polymerization of acrylic
acid derivatives.
ACRYLONITRILE - BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS):
Plastics containing polymers and/or blends of polymers, in which the
minimum butadiene content is 6 percent, the minimum styrene and/
or substituted styrene content is 15 percent, and the maximum content of all other monomers is not more than 5 percent, and lubricants,
stabilizers and colorants.
ADHESIVE:
A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
AGING:
The effect of time on materials.
ANNEAL:
To prevent the formation of or remove stresses in plastic parts by
controlled cooling from a suitable elevated temperature.
BELL END:
The enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles the socket portion of
a fitting and that is intended to be used to make a joint by inserting
a piece of pipe into it. Joining may be accomplished by solvent
cements, adhesives, or mechanical techniques.
BEAM LOADING:
The application of a load to a pipe between two points of support,
usually expressed in pounds and the distance between the centers
of the supports.
BLISTER:
Undesirable rounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, whose
boundaries may be either more or less sharply defined, somewhat
resembling in shape a blister on the human skin. A blister may burst
and become flattened.
BOND:
To attach by means of an adhesive.
BURNED:
Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruction of the surface of the plastic.
BURST STRENGTH:
The internal pressure required to break a pipe or fitting. This pressure will vary with the rate of build-up of the pressure and the time
during which the pressure is held.
BUTYLENE PLASTICS:
Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of butane or
copolymerization of butene with one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in greatest amount of weight.
CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE:

A class of resins made from a cellulose base. Either cotton tinters or
purified wood pulp, by the action of acetic anhydride, acetic acid, and
butyric acid.
CEMENT:
A dispersion of solutions of a plastic in a volatile solvent. This meaning is peculiar to the plastics and rubber industries and may or may
not be an adhesive composition.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE:
(1) The effect of specific chemicals on the properties of plastic piping
with respect to concentration, temperature, and time of exposure. (2)
The ability of a specific plastic pipe to render service for a useful period in the transport of a specific chemical at a specified concentration
and temperature.
COALESCENCE:
The union or fusing together of fluid globules or particles to form larger drops or a continuous mass.
COLD FLOW:
Change in dimensions or shape of some materials when subjected
to external weight or pressure at room temperature.
COMPOUND:
A combination of ingredients before being processed or made into a
finished product. Sometimes used as a synonym for material formulation.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
The crushing load at failure applied to a specimen per unit area of
the resistance surface of the specimen.
CONDENSATION:
A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine with
the separation of water. Also, the collection of water droplets from
vapor onto a cold surface.
COPOLYMER:
The product of simultaneous polymerization of two or more polymerizeable chemicals known as monomers.
CRAZING:
Fine cracks at or under the surface of a plastic.
CREEP:
The unit elongation of a particular dimension under load for a specific time following the initial elastic elongation caused by load application. It is expressed usually in inches per inch per unit of time.
CURE:
To change the properties of a polymeric system into a final, more stable, usable condition by the use of heat, radiation or reaction with
chemical additives.
DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE:
The temperature at which a specimen will deflect a given distance at
a given load under prescribed conditions of test. See ASTM D648.
Formerly called heat distortion.
DEGRADATION:
A deleterious change in the physical properties of a plastic evidenced by impairment of these properties.
GLOSSARY OF
PIPING TERMS
ALKYD RESINS:
A class of thermosetting resins produced by condensation of a polybased acid or anhydride and a polyhydric alcohol.
CELLULOSE:
Chemically a carbohydrate, which is the chief component of the solid
structure of plants, wood, cotton, linen, etc. The source of the cellulosic family of plastics.

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT:
A value that serves as an index of the ability of a substance to resist
the transmission of an electrostatic force from one charged body to
another, as in a condenser. The lower the value, the greater the
resistance. The standard apparatus utilizes a vacuum, whose dielectric constant is 1; in reference to the various materials interposed
between the charged terminals have the following values at 20 C :
air, 1.00058; glass, 3; benzene, 2.3; acetic aced, 6.2; ammonia, 15.5;
ethyl alcohol, 25: glycerol, 56; and counts for its unique behavior as
a solvent and in electrolytic solutions. Most hydrocarbons have high
resistance (low conductivity). Dielectric constant values decrease as
the temperature rises.
DIFFUSION:
The migration or wandering of the particles or molecules of a body
of fluid matter away from the main body through a medium or into
another medium.
GLOSSARY OF
PIPING TERMS
DIMENSION RATIO:
The diameter of a pipe divided by the wall thickness. Each pipe can
have two dimension ratios depending upon whether the outside or
inside diameter is used. In practice, the outside diameter is used if
the standards requirement and manufacturing control are based on
this diameter. The inside diameter is used when this measurement is
the controlling one.
DRY-BLEND:
A free-flowing compound prepared without fluxing or addition of solvent.
DUROMETER:
Trade name of the Shore Instrument Company for an instrument that
measures hardness. The Durometer determines the hardness of
rubber or plastics by measuring the depth of penetration (without
puncturing) of a blunt needle compressed on the surface for a short
period of time.
ELASTICITY:
That property of plastics materials by virtue of which they tend to
recover their original size and like properties.
ELONGATION:
The capacity to take deformation before failure in tension. Expressed
as a percentage of the original length.
EMULSION:
A dispersion of one liquid in another, possible only when they are
mutually insoluble.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKING:
Cracks that develop when the material is subjected to stress in the
presence of specific chemicals.
ESTER:
A compound formed by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid.
Many esters are liquids. They are frequently used as plasticizers in
rubber and plastic compounds.
EXTRUSION:
Method of processing plastic in a continuous or extended form by
forcing heat-softened plastic through an opening shaped like the
cross-section of the finished product. This is the method used to produce thermoplastic (PVC) pipe.
FABRICATE:
Method of forming a plastic into a finished article by machining drawing, cementing, and similar operations.
FIBER STRESS:
The unit stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi) in a piece of
material that is subjected to an external load.
FILLER:
A relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify its strength,
permanence, working properties or other qualities or to lower costs.
FLAMMABILITY:
The time a specimen will support a flame after having been exposed
to a flame for a given period.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH:
The pressure in pounds necessary to break a given sample when
applied to the center of the sample which has been supported at its
end.
FORMULATION:
A combination of ingredients before being processed or made into a
finished product. Sometimes used as a synonym for material or compound.
FORMING:
A process in which the shape of plastic pieces such as sheets, rods,
or tubes is changed to a desired configuration.
FUSE:
To join two plastic parts by softening the material through heat or solvents.
GENERIC:
Common names for types of plastic material. They may be either
chemical terms or coined names. They contrast with trademarks
which are the property of one company.
GRAVES TEAR STRENGTH:
The force required to rupture a specimen by pulling a prepared
notched sample.
HARDNESS:
A comparative gauge of resistance to indentation.
HEAT DISTORTION:
The temperature at which a specimen will deflect a given distance at
a given load.
HEAT JOINING:
Making a piper joint by heating the edges of the parts to be joined so
that they fuse and become essentially one piece with or without the
addition of additional material.
HEAT RESISTANCE:
The ability to withstand the effects of exposure to high temperature.
Care must be exercised in defining precisely what is meant when
this term is used. Descriptions pertaining to heat resistance properties include boilable, washable, cigarette-proof, sterilizable, etc.
HOOP STRESS:
The tensile stress, usually in pounds per square inch (psi) in the circumferential orientation in the wall of the pipe when the pipe contains a gas or liquid under pressure.
HYDROSTATIC DESIGN STRESS:
The estimated maximum tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the
circumferential orientation due to internal hydrostatic pressure that
can be applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

HYDROSTATIC STRENGTH (quick):
The hoop stress calculated by means of the ISO equation at which
the pipe breaks due to an internal pressure build-up, usually within
60 to 90 seconds.
IMPACT STRENGTH:
Resistance or mechanical energy absorbed by a plastic part to such
shocks as dropping and hard blows.
INJECTION MOLDING:
Method of forming a plastic to the desired shape by forcing heat-softened plastic into a relatively cool cavity where it rapidly solidifies
(freezes).
ISO EQUATION:
An equation showing the interrelations between stress, pressure,
and dimensions in pipe, namely
S P(lD + t) or P(OD)-t)
2t
2t
where
S = stress
P = pressure
ID = average inside diameter
OD = average outside diameter
t = minimum wall thickness
MONOMER:
The simplest repeating structural unit of a polymer. For additional
polymers this presents the original unpolymerized compound.
OLEFIN PLASTICS:
Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of olefins or
copolymerization of olefins with other unsaturated compounds, the
olefins being in greatest amount by weight. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene are the most common olefin plastics encountered in pipe.
ORANGE PEEL:
Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel.
ORGANIC CHEMICAL:
Originally applied to chemicals derived from living organisms, as distinguished from inorganic chemicals found in minerals and inanimate substances; modern chemists define organic chemicals more
exactly as those which contain the element carbon.
PHENOL RESINS:
Resins made by reaction of a phenolic compound or tar acid with an
aldehyde; more commonly applied to thermosetting resins made
from pure phenol and formaldehyde.
PLASTIC:
A material that contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of large molecular weight is solid in its finished state, and at
some state in its manufacture or in its processing into finished articles, can be shaped by flow.
KETONES:
Compounds containing the carbonyl group (CO) to which is attached
two alkyl groups. Ketones, such as methyl ethyl ketone, are commonly used as solvents for resins and plastics.
PLASTICITY:
A property of plastics and resins which allows the material to be
deformed continuously and permanently without rupture upon the
application of a force that exceeds the yield value of the material.
LIGHT STABILITY:
Ability of a plastic to retain its original color and physical properties
upon exposure to sun or artificial light.
PLASTIC CONDUIT:
Plastic pipe or tubing used as an enclosure for electrical wiring.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:
The stress imposed on the long axis of any shape. It can be either a
compressive or tensile stress.
LONG-TERM HYDROSTATIC STRENGTH:
The estimated tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation (hoop stress) that when applied continuously will
cause failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours (11.43 years). These
strengths are usually obtained by extrapolation of log-log regression
equations or plots.
PLASTIC PIPE:
A hollow cylinder of a plastic material in which the wall thickness is
usually small when compared to the diameter and in which the inside
and outside walls are essentially concentric.
PLASTIC TUBING:
A particular size of plastics pipe in which the outside diameter is
essentially the same as that of copper tubing.
POLYBUTYLENE:
A polymer prepared by the polymerization of butene - 1 as the sole
monomer.
LUBRICANTS:
A substance used to decrease the friction between solid faces sometimes used to improve processing characteristics of plastic compositions.
POLYETHYLENE:
A polymer prepared by the polymerization of ethylene as the sole
monomer.
MODULUS:
The load in pounds per square inch (or kilos per square centimeter)
of initial cross-sectional area necessary to produce a stated percentage elongation which is used in the physical description of plastics (stiffness).
POLYMER:
A product resulting from a chemical change involving the successive
addition of a large number of relatively small molecules (monomer)
to form the polymer and whose molecular weight is usually a multiple of that of the original substance.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:
The ratio of the stress per square inch to the elongation per inch due
to this stress.
POLYMERIZATION:
Chemical change resulting in the formation of a new compound
whose molecular weight is usually a large multiple of that of the original substance.
MOLDING, COMPRESSION:
A method of forming objects from plastics by placing the material in
a confining mold cavity and applying pressure and usually heat.
GLOSSARY OF
PIPING TERMS
JOINT:
The location at which two pieces of pipe or a pipe and a fitting are
connected together. The joint may be made by an adhesive, a solvent cement, or a mechanical device such as threads or a ring seal.

POLYPROPYLENE:
A polymer prepared by the polymerization of propylene as the sole monomer.
THERMOFORMING:
Forming with the aid of heat.
POLYSTYRENE:
A plastic based on a resin made by polymerization of styrene as the
sole monomer.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Capacity of a plastic material to conduct heat.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE:
Polymerized vinyl chloride, a synthetic resin which, when plasticized
or softened with other chemicals, has some rubber like properties. It
is derived from acetylene and hydrochloric acid.
PRESSURE:
When expressed with reference to pipe the force per unit area exerted by the medium in the pipe.
STABILIZER:
A chemical substance which is frequently added to plastic compounds to inhibit undesirable changes in the material, such as discoloration due to heat or light.
GLOSSARY OF
PIPING TERMS
STIFFNESS FACTOR:
A physical property of plastic pipe that indicates the degree of flexibility of the pipe when subjected to external loads.
STRAIN:
The ratio of the amount of deformation to the length being deformed
caused by the application of a load on a piece of material.
THERMAL EXPANSION:
The increase in length of a dimension under the influence of an
increase in temperature.
THERMOPLASTIC:
In a plastic which is thermoplastic in behavior, adj. capable of being
repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by
decrease of temperature.
THERMOSETTING:
Plastic materials which undergo a chemical change and harden permanently when heated in processing. Further heating will not soften
these materials.
TRANSLUCENT:
Permitting the passage of light, but diffusing it so that objects beyond
cannot be clearly distinguished.
TURBULENCE:
Any deviation from parallel flow in a pipe due to rough inner walls,
obstructions, or direction changes.
STRENGTH:
The mechanical properties of a plastic such as a load or weight carrying ability, and ability to withstand sharp blows. Strength properties
include tensile, flexural, and tear strength, toughness, flexibility, etc.
VINYL PLASTICS:
Plastics based on resins made from vinyl monomers, except those
specifically covered by other classification, such as acrylic and
styrene plastics. Typical vinyl plastics are polyvinyl chloride, or
polyvinyl monomers with unsaturated compounds.
STRESS:
When expressed with reference to pipe, the force per unit area in the
wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
hydrostatic pressure.
VIRGIN MATERIAL:
A plastic material in the form of pellets, granules, powder, floc or liquid that has not been subjected to use or processing other than that
required for its original manufacture.
STRESS CRACK:
External or internal cracks in a plastic caused by tensile stresses less
than that of its short-time mechanical strength.
VISCOSITY:
Internal friction of a liquid because of its resistance to shear, agitation or flow.
STRESS RELAXATION:
The decrease of stress with respect to time in a piece of plastic that
is subject to an external load.
VOLATILE:
Property of liquids to pass away by evaporation.
STYRENE PLASTICS:
Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of styrene or
copolymerization of styrene with other unsaturated compounds, the
styrene being in greatest amount by weight.
STYRENE-RUBBER-PLASTICS:
Compositions based on rubbers and styrene plastics, the styrene
plastics being in greatest amount by weight.
SUSTAINED PRESSURE TEST:
A constant internal pressure test for 1000 hours.
TEAR STRENGTH:
Resistance of a material to tearing.
TENSILE STRENGTH:
The capacity of a material to resist a force tending to stretch it.
Ordinarily the term is used to denote the force required to stretch a
material to rupture, and is known variously as "breaking point,
breaking stress, ultimate tensile strength, and sometimes erroneously as breaking strain. In plastics testing, it is the load in
pounds per square inch or kilos per square centimeter of original
cross-sectional area, supported at the moment of rupture by a piece
of test sample on being elongated.
WATER ABSORPTION:
The percentages by weight or water absorbed by a sample immersed
in water. Dependent upon area exposed and time of exposure.
WELDING:
The joining of two or more pieces of plastic by fusion of the material
in the pieces at adjoining or nearby areas either with or without the
addition of plastic from another source.
YIELD STRENGTH:
The stress at which a plastic material exhibits a specified limiting
permanent set.
YIELD POINT:
The point at which a plastic material will continue to elongate at no
substantial increase in load during a short test period.
YIELD STRESS:
The stress at which a plastic material elongates without further
increase of stress. Up to this point, the stress/strain relationship is
linear (Youngs Modules).

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Relative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-23

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bromine, and other halogens, it also withstands most acids,

Caution: While the Teflon resin family has great

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VINYLESTER resin systems are recommended for most

Caution: Acids will cause softening, loss of strength,

Caution: Polyester based polyurethanes may be

fuels, oils, and some solvents. Its excellent tensile strength

1972. It has excellent melt-processability and properties rivaling

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Silicone is broad family of polymers that have extreme water

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PVC sewer pipe and fittings

Plastic Pipe Fittings Specifications:

Threaded PVC plastic pipe fittings,

Plastic Pipe Solvent Cement Specifications

The following ASTM standards have been accepted by

Solvent cements for PVC plastic pipe and

Plastic Lined Steel Piping Specifications:

Standard specification for electric-welded

Standard specification for pipe, steel, black

Standard specification for forgings, carbon

Standard specification for steel springs,

American Society of Testing and Materials

Standard specification for ferritic ductile

Plastic Pipe Specifications:

Standard specification for carbon steel

Standard specification for piping fittings of

Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings

ANSI PRESSURE CLASSES

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Test for bursting strength of round, rigid

Test for time to failure of plastic pipe

Test for short-time rupture strength of

Standard specification for pipe, steel black

Determining dimensions of thermoplastic

Standard specification for forgings, car-

Test for quality of extruded PVC pipe by

Test for external loading properties of

Test for impact resistance of thermoplastic

Obtaining hydrostatic design basis

Test for external pressure resistance of

Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings

Standard specification for electric-welded

steel, for piping components

Standard specification for steel springs,

Standard specification for ferritic ductile

Standard specification for carbon steel

Methods of Test Specifications:

Calculating stress in plastic pipe under

Test for impact resistance of plastics and

Underground installation of flexible

Test for resistance of plastics to chemical

Heat joining of thermoplastic pipe and

Test for water absorption of plastics

Standard definitions of terms relating to