CONNECTORS, LINKERS & CONJUNCTIONS

EXERCISES
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
SO THAT, AS LONG AS, WHILE, UNTIL, AS IF
You can come to the meeting as long as you don't say anything.
I'm not leaving until I get an apology from you.
I came here so that you could give me an explanation.
Bob is very tall while Bill is very short.
You look as if you've seen a ghost.
I refuse to pay anything until you do the work properly.
I'm going shopping for food this evening so that I don't have to go at the weekend.
You look as if you haven't eaten for a week.
I came early so that I could talk to you privately.
While I don't think she's perfect for the job, she's certainly better qualified than Steve.
I don't mind if you go out for lunch as long as you're back for the meeting at two.
Are you OK? You look as if you have a problem.
While the job is very interesting, it's also very badly paid.
We'll go to the mountains on Saturday as long as it doesn't rain.
The winters here are very cold while the summers are very hot.
You can write the report when you want as long as it's ready by the end of the month.
It looks as if the government has got a lot of problems.
I want Mary to be in charge until I get back from holiday.
While I don't approve of what you did, I'm not going to punish you for it.
I'm learning English so that I can get a better job.
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
BEFORE, BECAUSE, SINCE, UNTIL, BUT, WHEN, ALTHOUGH
The girls were picking flowers. I saw them this afternoon.
The girls were picking flowers when I saw them this afternoon
I finished my homework. I went out to play.
I finished my homework before I went out to play
He told me that he had got a good mark in his English test. It wasn't true.
He told me that he had got a good mark in his English test but it wasn't true.
It was a long way to drive. It was worth it.
It was a long way to drive but it was worth it.
Jane still eats English sausages. People say German sausages taste better.

Jane still eats English sausages although people say German sausages taste better.
Most English children take a packed lunch to school with them. English school dinners
aren't very good.
Most English children take a packed lunch to school with them because English school
dinners aren't very good.
Denise has been much happier. Her parents got married again last week.
Denise has been much happier since her parents got married again last week.
The room was really dark. They turned the light on.
The room was really dark until they turned the light on.
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
MOREOVER, NEVERTHELESS, THUS
Profits have increased over the past months thus, we start the new year in a strong financial
position.
Profits have increased over the past months, nevertheless we are not in a strong financial
position.
Profits have increased over the past months; moreover, we have increased our share of the
market.
The number of these endangered animals has multiplied over the last ten years thus, there
is no reason for increased protection.
The number of these endangered animals has multiplied over the last ten years, moreover
they are living longer and in better health.
The number of these endangered animals has multiplied over the last ten years,
nevertheless there are good reasons for continuing their protection.
In the developing world salaries are low thus, goods cannot always be produced more
cheaply.
In developing countries salaries are low; moreover, strikes are rare.
In the developing world salaries are low; nevertheless goods can be produced more
cheaply.
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
BECAUSE, BECAUSE OF
We stopped playing tennis because of the rain
It was all because of her that we got into trouble
We had to hurry indoors because it was raining
I am late because of the traffic
We didn't arrive until seven o'clock because the traffic was terrible
She found the exam easy because she had worked hard during the course

He can't drive because of his illness

The restaurant closed down because of the recession
He found working in Japan very difficult because of the language problem
They moved to Liverpool because of her job
There have been a lot of problems in Britain because of mad cow disease
They came to London because he got a job there
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
SO, SO THAT, ALTHOUGH, WHEN, SINCE
I need an office to myself so that I can get some work done.
Write it down so that you don't forget.
I need to get to work early so that I can finish the report before the meeting.
I'll tell her when I see her.
Since you left, the atmosphere in the office has not been as nice.
Although he was the best qualified candidate, he didn't get the job.
He is learning English so that he can get a better and more interesting job.
When you think of all the people who could have got the job, it seems ridiculous that he
was chosen.
I'm going to buy a new Beetle, although I do think they are over-priced.
When you're next in Chicago, give me a call.
Since you already know Mary, you should go to meet her at the airport.
Although we would like to open a branch in Oxford now, we will probably wait for
another year or so.
The job is badly paid so I'm looking for another one.
I hate living in London although I'm moving to the country.
I don't know him very well, although I have met him socially on a couple of occasions.
I don't know when I'll be back.
I haven't seen her since last Summer.
Since we have so much to do, let's delay discussing this until our next meeting.
We're not making much profit so we need to raise our prices.
The exercise was boring so I stopped.
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
SINCE, SO THAT, SO, WHERE, WHEN, ALTHOUGH, AND, OR, BUT
I need to work hard so that I can pass the exam.
Although he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.
When you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
They said that the movie was fantastic so I watched it.

Although he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.

I don't know where I can buy a pair of jeans.
She went to the shops but couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
Everybody likes him because he is nice and helpful.
Although he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.
Keep quiet or go out.
In the next sentences, you can only use these connectors:
SO, BECAUSE
It was cold so I shut the window.
The door was open so I closed it.
She doesn't like him because he isn't honest.
It was raining so I took a taxi.
The water wasn't clean so we didn't swim.
We didn't swim because the water wasn't clean.
I'll be home late tonight because I have to work late.
I'm tired today because I couldn't sleep last night.
She quit her job so she is looking for a new one now.
We walked home because there were no more buses.
I closed the window because it was cold.
Choose the correct connector in the following statements
It is snowing today __ there are no buses and I can't come to school
because
but
so
whereas
Andrea watched the football match _______ her country's team was playing.
so
but
because
whereas
The England team won the match ________ the other team had very good players.
so
but
because
although
In classroom G we have a view of the road _______ in classroom E we have a view of
the garden.
so
because
whereas
that's why
Marco wrote his homework very quickly ___ he didn't make any mistakes.
so
but
because
that's why
It is Sunday today. __________ the school is closed.
but
because
whereas
that's why
Maria is only fourteen years old __ she isn't allowed to go into the pub. (The
minimum age is eighteen.)
so
but
because
although
Peter didn't eat anything at the party ________ he was very hungry.
so
whereas
because
although
Bristol has two football stadiums _______ Bath has a rugby stadium.
so
because
whereas
that's why

_______ the Spanish team won the match, all the Spanish students were happy.
so
because
that's why
whereas
It's very sunny today. __________ I'm wearing sunglasses.
because
but
whereas
that's why
________ the test was very difficult, all the students got one hundred percent.
because
but
although
that's why
She doesn't love him. ________________, she still is with him.
as a consequence
although
however
whereas
________________ Jane left school, she went to university.
after
since
whenever
until
It's important to be educated nowadays ________________get a good job.
so
since
in order to
so that
I didn't smoke________________ I went to high school.
when
once
although
until
I like Mike. He's a bit strange________________
though
although
therefore
whereas
________________she realized Tom was cheating on her, she left him.
while
as soon as before
however
He worked very hard. ________________he wins all races now.
though
therefore
however
because
________________you have learned English, it will be easier for you to get a job.
whenever
however
once
while
________________ I was talking to a friend, my dog was chasing a cat.
while
although
before
once
You have to eat your lunch ________________I won't let you play with other kids.
and
so
therefore
or
_______ being very rich, he never shows off.
other than
instead
despite
otherwise
I am not feeling well, _____________I will come to the party.
because
since
however
unless
_____________ I had my lunch, I didnt miss pizza.
although
finally
moreover
already
She never helps anyone _________ having a lot of money.
otherwise
in spite of
however
instead
You shouldnt go out __________ its raining heavily.
for
because
already
but
My mother _______ I went to the market for shopping.
or
neither
either
and
Thomas was not telling the truth. ________ he was shouting at me.
provided
although
moreover
in order to
Please come on time, _________ we may miss the flight.
otherwise
so
therefore
but
We should avoid oily food ____________ be healthy.
finally
consequently
in order to
for
I will give you my car _____________ you come back before 5o clock.
as
although
because
provided

___________my mother was sleeping, I prepared tea on my own.

as
besides
unless
despite
He apologised _______ his bad behavior.
for
since
because
as
He was satisfied ________ not overjoyed.
yet
as
but
still
___________ his sister, he is very naughty.
likely
unlike
similar
differently
After months of studying hard, Maria ____________ passed her CFC exam.
initially
consequently
therefore
finally
____________ it is very cold there, we have postponed our visit.
since
due to
yet
because of
Brigitte knows French; ______________, we have selected her to head our operations
in France.
therefore
moreover
otherwise
provided
Mohan worked very sincerely and was ______________ promoted.
yet
although
besides
consequently
____________ my family, I will also invite my close friends on my anniversary.
aside
besides
despite
provided
___ he worked hard all year long, he wasnt able to buy his father an expensive gift.
even though
since
because
___ he didnt have much money, he wasnt able to buy his father an expensive gift.
because
although
even though
___ he didnt have much money, he was still able to buy an expensive gift for his
father.
although
as long as
unless
____he works hard all year long, he wont be able to buy his father an expensive gift.
unless
once
since
___ he worked hard all year long and was able to earn a lot of money, he bought his
father a very expensive gift.
although
though
since
___ spend a lot of money on a gift, he made a present for his father.
if only
before
rather than
___ he buys his father an expensive gift, he wont buy anything for himself.
until
while
when
___ he was shopping for an expensive gift for his father, he realized he didnt have
any money.
while
unless
even if
___ he bought an expensive gift for his father, he felt tremendous joy.
unless
till
when
___ he buys his father an expensive gift, he needs to make sure he has enough money.
unless
before
after
__________she tried really hard, she lost the race.
although
because
since
____________ my wife loves lilies, my sister prefers roses.
because
whereas
rather than

_______________ sending everyone the same email, John composed a separate email
for each of his friends.
if only
unless
rather than
_______ she comes, I will not talk to her.
even if
although
because
________________ you come with me, I will not go.
although
whereas
unless
________________ you have told me your name, I will tell you mine.
although
since
even if
______________ he didn't know what to say, he said nothing.
because
unless
though
______________ he came into the room, everyone looked at him.
although
when
whereas
________________ the guard was sleeping, the prisoners escaped.
although
while
unless
________________ she watches that movie, she cries.
whatever
because
whenever
________________ he claims that he is innocent, everyone knows he is guilty.
while
now that
in order that
________________ you're here, I'm going to tell you a secret.
whereas
now that
in order
________________ you like him personally, you have to agree that he's done a lot for
the company.
if only
rather than
whether or not
________________ I prefer to live in an apartment, my wife wants to buy a house.
until
whereas
because
________________ I had seen that movie three times, I watched it again.
although
whereas
unless
________________ you already know the answer, why are you asking me?
although
since
whereas
________________ you go to the beach, call your brother.
because
although
before
________________ giving the money to my sister, I gave it to my cousins.
though
rather than
whereas
______________ she calls me, I feel happy.
whenever
although
while
________________ the test starts, you will not be able to talk.
whatever
once
because
I will go to the concert, but ________ you go as well.
only if
unless
only but
I brought along a sandwich, ________ I get hungry.
therefore
in case
only if
Take this photo, ________ you can remember me.
while
so that
although
I will not talk to him ________ he apologizes for what he did.
until
while
because

I'll find you, ________ you are.

where
wherever
therefore
She spoke ________ she knew what she was talking about, but she didn't.
until
although
as if
________ the police arrived, we had to end the party.
until
once
although
I couldn't figure out ________ he said what he said.
why
once
because
I bought you a birthday card ________ I like you.
while
because
why
I don't know _________you want to meet that lady. She's such a snob.
that
why
when
He looks _________ he were sick
even if
even though
as if / as though
He asked _________ he could smoke a cigarette.
whether/if
what
that
He insists _________ I be there.
if
that
as if
He punished the little boy _________ had put salt in his coffee.
who
which
whenever
It was raining hard _________ we left the office.
where
when
although
He'll have the work done _________ you arrive.
when
after
by the time
_________ I was saying, how many of you want to attend the conference?
as
so
for
He must be rich, _________ he spends a lot of money on gifts for his girlfriend.
but
for
in order to
We have been having problems with the heater _________ we bought it.
when
while
since / ever since
_________ he said did not please us.
that
which
what
I like the car, _________ I bought it.
so
for
even so
The picture, _________ is hanging over my bed, was painted by an art student.
which
that
it
Her parents will be very happy _________ she passes with flying colours.
so that
if
though
Karen is rich; _________, her cousin Kate is poor.
therefore
however
otherwise
You'd better take a taxi. _________, you'll arrive late.
consequently
furthermore
otherwise
I enjoy reading this new magazine, _________, it has good articles.
nevertheless
moreover
however
Jack wasn't tired. _________, he took a nap.
otherwise
hence
nevertheless

Phil was not thirsty; _________, he drank five glasses of water.

however
moreover
furthermore
The kids didn't study. _________, they failed the course.
therefore
nonetheless
otherwise
The weather was terrible. _________, we decided to delay our trip.
furthermore
besides
therefore
You must buy the tickets; _________, we won't be able to see the play.
otherwise
besides
although
The neighborhood isn't very interesting. I like the house _________.
moreover
thus
though
We live in the same building; _________, we hardly see each other.
however
therefore
furthermore
He didn't earn enough money. _________, his wife decided to get a job.
moreover
therefore
although
That house isn't big enough for us, and _________, it's too expensive
furthermore
hence
although
We have plenty of money and workers; _________, we hope to finish the house
remodeling soon
nevertheless
unless
thus
She's extremely rich; _________the expensive car she drives.
hence
however
though
It was a windy and rainy night. _________, I decided to go out.
nevertheless
otherwise
besides
The match was cancelled _________ bad weather.
on behalf of
due to
by reason of
due for
_________ the position you applied for has now been filled, we shall keep your details
for future reference.
however
despite
although
nevertheless
Not only does working from home increase productivity, but it _________ cuts the
costs of overheads.
equally
also
too
likewise
I shall be in the office _________ 5 o'clock, but after that I'll be at home.
by
for
around
until
The prosecution tried to prove their case _________ the defendant was acquitted
through lack of evidence.
but
and
yet
however
Despite numerous reminders from our department, the bill outstanding hasn't
_________ been paid.
yet
even
still
it
_________ of fire, break the glass to sound the alarm.
in case
in the event of
on the occasion of
in the eventuality of
_________ his latest novel not only published but also a success, Mathew was feeling
pretty pleased with himself.
for
with
as
because
_________ you submit your dissertation before the deadline, it will be accepted.
as soon as
as long as
as well as
as far as

It may seem as if Sean is telling the truth, but _________ he is only bluffing.
in fact
in effect
indeed
in essence
It is probably true to say that, _________ mankind had progressed gradually over
thousands of years, the 20th century was a time of momentous and unprecedented
technological change.
as
where
whilst
when
The bus had already left, _________ Pamela had to walk to work.
so
therefore
true
as
There's no business _________ showbusiness.
as
such
same
like
It was only _________ he had signed the contract that he changed his mind.
after
before
then
since
Nobody has seen Deborah _________ last night.
for
since
by
from
Please write an appropriate connector in the blank spaces
They stayed at home because it was raining heavily.
People cause accidents when they drink and drive.
Tommy went to his friends ____________ he had had lunch.
I wanted to help him, nevertheless he said he could do it himself.
You should know that smoking is bad for your health.
Linda's father always watches TV after he comes home from work.
Tommy decided to leave as soon as it was dark outside.
We were playing tennis when it started to rain.
Do you know when he started playing chess?
Tim knew that he will work in his holidays. (he would work?)
I can't understand why she hasn't phoned yet.
They were very proud when they won.
He didn't know what time they left the party.
He broke his arm because he fell down the tree.
She wanted to open the door, nevertheless she couldn't find the key.
Tell me what you want to know.
Is that the story which was written by him?
That's the boy whose mother is in hospital.
I don't know where he lives.
First it was sunny but it started to rain.
Do you know if they will drive to Spain next summer holidays?
As soon as the squirrel saw me it ran away.
I thought that he was ill.
We were having dinner when he arrived.
He asked me if he could come to the party.
She learned a lot from her stay in England.
Is there anything that we can do for you?
That's my English friend who helped me with my homework.
That's not what I asked for.
She had breakfast and then she left.

I like Sally but I don't like Bob.

She likes her because she is always friendly.
That's the painting that my father bought last year.
This is the house where I've lived for 9 years.
In the morning I always have coffee and toast.
She is happy because her test is good.
In our house lives a man who is a detective.
Tell me when you can come.
He always thinks that he is so clever.
We had dinner, watched TV and then we went to bed.
When we arrived he had already gone.
That's the longest test that we have ever written.
Did you understand why he told you that story?
I was not really interested in what he was talking about.
Is it the hotel where we stayed last year?

ADVANCED LEVEL EXERCISE

Use one of the following connectors to patch up the text and obtain a coherent text.
meanwhile | also | therefore | however | not only | so far | but also | before |
as a result | also
Brussels PART I
Not only in Europe but also in other parts of the world, livestock trade and transportation
are paralysed by foot-and-mouth disease. ____________the European Veterinary
Committee has banned the export of all livestock from France and fresh meat and dairy
products from France's Mayenne department to other member states of the
Union____________.
____________, the Belgian expert of the European Veterinary Committee pleaded on VRT
television for the destruction of all sheep imported into Belgium from France during the
past few weeks. The Ministry for Agriculture____________ said this action would be
premature. The expert ____________criticised French authorities for waiting too
long____________ they intervened.
____________, strict border checks have been established at French borders. Police
are____________ patrolling secondary roads.

Quite obviously | also / Likewise | On top of this | consequently / following | In turn |

Simultaneously | it might be sensible to | also
Brussels PART II
The European Union has________________ banned meat imports from
Argentina________________ reports of foot-and-mouth disease in that country.
________________, the United States has banned all imports of meat and derived products
from Europe. Livestock and meat products imported since February 21 have
________________been put under quarantine for analysis. ________________, stringent
measures have been taken at US airports.________________ , EU representation in
Washington claims to be surprised at the far-reaching measures. ________________,
Canada has________________ banned the import of meat and other farming produce from
Europe.
________________, foot-and-mouth panic is spreading though Europe and may trigger off
huge economic disaster and________________ start questioning the very agricultural
methods that are being used.
of course | although | according to | that is | still | however | at the beginning of 1996 |
neither | indeed |nor
Turkish Activist
The public prosecutor's office in Brussels wants Turkish activist Fehriye Erdal to be tried
in Belgium for the presumed involvement in an attack in Istanbul, according to one of
Erdal's lawyers.
At the beginning of 1996 , an influential Turkish industrialist was murdered by an
extreme left-wing terrorist organisation. Erdal was soon suspected of being an accomplice
in the attack. Family members of the murdered businessman have recently filed a
complaint against her.
The public prosecutor's office is reportedly now in favour of starting another investigation.
___________, they believe that the case should be moved to Bruges, where there is an
ongoing investigation against Erdal for illegal weapons possession.
___________ she was formerly acquitted in a Belgian court, the Belgian Minister of
Internal Affairs had decided to keep her behind bars for national security reasons. Besides,
the Belgian State Council of Justice had ruled earlier on she should not be extradited,
___________ to Turkey, ___________ to a third country, and should___________ be
acquitted. ___________, the Minister of Internal Affairs would have insisted on extraditing
her to a third country, ___________, not to Turkey, ___________ , and to keep her in
prison until then.

worse still | if | above all | accordingly | but | when | if we take a closer look | there is |
while | quite unfortunately
Asian Women PART I
____________much work to be done to give Asian women the equality they deserve. We
need social acceptance. We need equal chances to be recognized. ____________ , we need
laws to enforce fairness.____________, in poor families, daughters have few opportunities
to study. Only sons are allowed this privilege. In Thailand, divorced women have custody
of the children, ____________ are not financially compensated by their fathers as women
in Europe and the United States. ____________ , charge of female infidelity brings
disastrous social condemnation and legal consequences, ____________ any such action
perpetrated by a man is accepted as common practice. ____________, these unchecked
disadvantages to women have an adverse impact on the fundamental social fabric of any
nation where they occur. ____________the chain of traditional practices needs to be
broken. How can children - both boys and girls - grow up to be contributing resources for
their country, ___________they are not given equal chances? How can an underdeveloped
country advance in the world economy ____________more than half its population is
excluded from the opportunity to create economic value?
only | this is | or | and | by no means | as | the first step to | of course | or | while
Asian Women PART II
____________, I do not advocate that women take over the world. I ____________ want
to emphasize that men and women can and must co-exist in harmony and equality
everywhere in the world, complementing each other for the collective wellbeing of all.
____________making this happen is to be aware and acknowledge that many cultures of
the world are still far behind the developed nations of the West.
Please do not jump to the conclusion that I am suggesting women should take up men's
behaviours ____________act like men, ____________ look like men. Far from it.
Women bring their own special style to any situation, ____________
should
____________give up their status and role as women. But,
____________we are
excellent in supportive and nurturing roles to men's pursuits, ____________ has been
demonstrated throughout history, we also have strengths that allow us to stand alone, and
contribute on our own merits, possibly for any real progress in our society.
____________ the condition that is still so far out of reach for most Asian women.
eventually | hence | by all means | and most of all | I would conclude that | to put it in
a nutshell | either | as | or
Asian Women PART III
____________, conditions today do not allow many women in important roles,
____________only a few are in the government, and very few are in high management
positions in ____________the public ____________or private sectors. ____________,
equal opportunities in that 'man's world' must be worked out, ____________.
To accomplish this ultimate aim around the world, all of us need to stand up and work for
change. In Asia, women need to set an example. We need to pursue more education to

improve women's competitive edge. We definitely need to actively seek out opportunities.
We need to be persistent-run for political seats and reach higher ranks in the business and
educational world. ____________ , we need courage to stand up for our own rights. Many
of us already know that our effort to carry out a dramatic change has begun,
____________our achievement is still far away.
____________it is time for all of us to join hands in all possible ways to release the power
of women worldwide, and ____________attain the goal of fair and equal treatment for
women in all cultures. The world has much to gain indeed from such an accomplishment.