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    Unit Ii Economics of Power Generation

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    Lokeshwari Gopinath
    The document discusses key concepts related to the economics of power generation. It defines terms like connected load, maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, plant use factor, and others. It describes load curves and load duration curves which show how load varies over time. The number and size of generator units depends on factors like plant use factor and capacity factor. The total annual cost of power generation has fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and running costs which are influenced by the plant's capacity, hours of operation, and energy generated.

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    Unit Ii Economics of Power Generation

    Uploaded by

    Lokeshwari Gopinath
    53 views20 pages
    The document discusses key concepts related to the economics of power generation. It defines terms like connected load, maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, plant use factor, and others. It describes load curves and load duration curves which show how load varies over time. The number and size of generator units depends on factors like plant use factor and capacity factor. The total annual cost of power generation has fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and running costs which are influenced by the plant's capacity, hours of operation, and energy generated.

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    Economics of generation notes

    Original Title

    2.1ECONOMICS_OF_GENERATION.pdf

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    The document discusses key concepts related to the economics of power generation. It defines terms like connected load, maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, plant use factor, and others. It describes load curves and load duration curves which show how load varies over time. The number and size of generator units depends on factors like plant use factor and capacity factor. The total annual cost of power generation has fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and running costs which are influenced by the plant's capacity, hours of operation, and energy generated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views20 pages

    Unit Ii Economics of Power Generation

    Uploaded by

    Lokeshwari Gopinath
    The document discusses key concepts related to the economics of power generation. It defines terms like connected load, maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, plant use factor, and others. It describes load curves and load duration curves which show how load varies over time. The number and size of generator units depends on factors like plant use factor and capacity factor. The total annual cost of power generation has fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and running costs which are influenced by the plant's capacity, hours of operation, and energy generated.

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    UNIT II

    Economics of Power Generation

    Economics of generation
    The art of determining the per unit
    (i.e. one kWHr) cost of production of
    electrical energy is known as
    economics of power generation

    Definitions
    Connected load
    It is the sum of the continuous rating in kW of all
    electrical devices installed at the consumers
    premises and connected to the supply system.

    Maximum demand
    It is the maximum load in kW which a consumer
    uses at any time.

    Definitions
    Demand Factor:
    Maximum demand
    Demand Factor = --------------------------Connected load
    Average Load:
    kW supplied during the period
    Average Load = -------------------------------------Total hours of the period

    Definitions
    Load Factor:
    Average demand
    Load Factor = --------------------------Maximum demand
    Connected load factor:
    Average Power Input
    Connected load factor = ---------------------------Connected Load

    Definitions
    Diversity factor:
    sum of individual max. demands

    Diversity factor = --------------------------------------Max demand of the Consumers

    Capacity factor or plant factor:


    Actual Energy Generated
    = -----------------------------------Rated capacity of power plant

    Definitions
    Plant Use Factor:
    Actual Energy generated
    Plant Use Factor = ------------------------------------Capacity of Plant x No. of Hours plant is actually in operation during the year

    Load Curves
    Load curve - Showing the load demand of a
    consumer against time in hours.
    Gives the details about how load varies with time.
    Daily load curve plotted for 24 hours of a single
    day.
    Annual load curve plotted for one year.

    Load Curves

    Load Duration curve

    Load Curve

    Load Duration Curve


    Load duration curve arranging load elements in
    the order of ascending magnitudes.
    Obtained data - form load curves.
    Max load represented in left side and decreasing
    loads are represented to right.
    Area under the load duration curve and the area
    above load curve are equal.

    Load Duration Curve


    More presentable form.
    It can be extended to any period of time by
    including number of hours.
    Gives information about peak load time and peak
    power consumed.

    Number and Size of Generator Units


    Plant Use factor
    Plant capacity factor
    Compromise has to be made between a large
    number of units and a single unit
    The criterion should be to have a small
    number of units, such that they fit in the load
    curve as closely as possible.

    COST OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

    Cost of Electrical Energy


    Depends upon
    Investment in the plant.
    Distribution system.
    Cost of operation and maintenance.

    Cost of Electrical Energy


    Total annual operating expenditure can be
    classified into three types
    a. Fixed Charges
    b. Semi fixed charges
    c. Running or operating cost

    Fixed Cost
    Cost which is independent of maximum demand and
    units generated.
    Depends on annual cost of central organization,
    capital cost of land, salaries of high officials.
    annual cost of central organization and salaries of
    high officials are fixed and doesnt depends on
    generation or demand.

    Semi Fixed Cost


    Depends

    Installed capacity of the plant.

    Independent Electrical energy output of the plant.


    Due to Cost of generation, transmission, distribution
    networks, all types of taxes, insurance charges, salaries of
    management staff.
    Greater the maximum demand greater the size and cost of
    installation.

    Running Cost
    Depends - Number of hours the plant is in operation.
    - Number of units of electrical energy generated.
    Due to Annual cost of fuel, lubricating oil, water,
    maintenance and repair cost of equipment.
    Operational cost is proportional to units generated.

    Annual Cost of Power Generation in


    Plant
    Total annual cost factor is expressed as
    E = a + b kW + c kWHr
    Where a, b, c are constants.
    Fixed and semi-fixed cost Both are independent
    of the amount of energy generated.
    Total Annual Cost of Energy
    TACE = Fixed cost + Semi-fixed cost +
    Running cost.

    Useful Life of Equipment

    Motors and Generators 15-20 Years


    Transmission Lines - 20-25 Years
    Steam Turbines 20 Years
    Hydraulic Turbines 30 Years
    Buildings 50 Years

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