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Core Knowledge Language Arts New York Edition Skills Strand
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Kindergarten
Unit 9
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Assessment and Remediation Guide
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Unit 9
Skills Strand
KINDERGARTEN
Core Knowledge Language Arts
New York Edition
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Table of Contents
Unit 9
Instructional Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section I, Phonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
[Read and Spell With Sound/Spellings Taught in Previous Units: All One-to-One Letter-Sound Correspondences, Initial or Final
Clusters, the Tricky Spelling s > /z/, Initial or Final Digraphs (i.e., ch, sh, th, qu, ng), and Double-Letter Spellings (e.g., ck, ff,
ss, ll), as well as the Tricky Words: the, a, of, all, one, from, was, when, word, why, to, where, no, I, what, so, which, once, said,
says, are, were, here, and there]
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dimensions of Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sound/Spellings Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Games. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Section II, Fluency and Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
(Fluency and a Focus on Purpose and Understanding with Decodable Text)
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fluency Focus! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Thinking with Reading Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figuring Out Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Dimensions of Difficulty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

(All letters)
Determining Student Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Lesson Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Sample Remedial Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Methods for Practicing Letter Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Handwriting Warm-Up Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Letter Formation Chants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Skills Cross-Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Games. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fine Motor Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Instructional Planning
Planning instruction with the Assessment and Remediation Guide is guided by
observation of student performance during instruction from the Kindergarten
Teachers Guide lessons;
student scores on performance assessments throughout the Kindergarten units;
and
progress monitoring assessments from the Assessment and Remediation Guide.
Step 1: Use the Cross-Reference charts and Determining Student Need
flowcharts provided for each component (i.e., Phonics, Fluency and
Comprehension, and Writing) within the unit. The Cross-Reference chart
helps you consider student performance across the lessons and with any
Pausing Points utilized. Instructional activities are organized by unit objectives.
Therefore, if students struggled significantly with activities from particular
rows of the chart, the unit objective to target is indicated in the first column.
The Determining Student Need flowchart prompts you to additionally consider
student assessment performance.
Step 2: If a need for remediation is indicated, refer to the Kindergarten
Skills Scope and Sequence (provided in the Kindergarten Assessment and
Remediation Guide Introduction) to consider whether remedial instruction may
need to begin at an earlier unit.
Step 3: Consider students Level of Instructional Need. A description of the
three Levels of Instructional Need is provided in the Kindergarten Assessment
and Remediation Guide Introduction. Establishing a level of instructional need
will direct you to a corresponding lesson structure provided at the beginning of
each unit.
Step 4: Select exercises and assessments and prepare associated materials for
instruction and progress monitoring.
Step 5: Use ongoing evaluation of student instructional performance and
progress monitoring to facilitate decisions about student progress or ongoing
remediation needs.
Thoughtful observation of daily performance, integrating assessment with
instruction, and providing targeted remediation as quickly as possible will
help most struggling Kindergarten students become successful Kindergarten
students!
Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson Structures for Levels of Instructional Need

The Kindergarten Assessment and Remediation Guide will serve students who
may enter Kindergarten with known literacy skill educational needs requiring
instruction beyond the Skills strand Teacher Guide lessons;
may have significant instructional needs identified by the student performance
assessments throughout the Kindergarten units; and/or
may complete some Kindergarten units, yet demonstrate a lack of preparedness
for subsequent units.
Depending on the severity of student instructional need, instructional personnel
available, and student grouping options, materials from the Kindergarten
Assessment and Remediation Guide may be used for
guided reinforcement;
explicit reteaching; and/or
comprehensive reteaching.
The Lesson Templates within each section provide a detailed model of the
sequence of instructional steps to be followed when reteaching the particular
skill(s) targeted in that section. The Lesson Templates are followed by a Sample
Remedial Lesson illustrating how specific skill work, activities, and progress
monitoring can be applied to the template. Among the lesson structures, you
will find that the Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure aligns with the Lesson
Templates and Sample Remedial Lessons from each section. The Guided
Reinforcement Lesson Structure provides guidance for how to make more
abbreviated use of the Lesson ReteachingTemplates and Sample Remedial
Lessons, and the Comprehensive Reteaching Structure illustrates how to make
more complete use of the Lesson Templates and Sample Remedial Lessons
across sections.

Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure

The Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure provides guidance for how to use
only the supported practice elements from the Lesson Templates. This structure
provides an abbreviated lesson geared for reinforcing developing skills not yet
mastered.
Guided
Reinforcement
Exercise
Materials
Minutes
Warm-Up
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for WarmUp activity descriptions for
Phonics: Match Me;
Fluency and Comprehension: Activate Prior
Knowledge; and
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation:
Handwriting Warm-Up.
activity dependent
Guided Practice
(applying skills)
See corresponding sections to choose one or two

activities from Worksheets, Games, or Poems/Songs/
Nursery Rhymes for instruction related to remedial targets
within
Phonics;
Fluency and Comprehension (Rereading text to
apply familiar Thinking with Reading techniques);
and
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation.
activity dependent
12
Note: Progress monitoring related to instruction from Guided Reinforcement lessons may be integrated within
instructional times other than these brief remedial lessons, or remedial instructional time may be devoted to
completed progress monitoring as needed.

Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure

The Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure aligns with the Lesson Templates.
This structure provides a more complete lesson geared for explicit instruction
for selected unit objectives.
Explicit Reteaching Exercise
Warm-Up
Phonics: Match Me;
Knowledge; and
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

About activity descriptions for
Phonics: Review the Sound/Spelling;
Explicit Instruction
Fluency and Comprehension: Set a Purpose and
Model Thinking with Reading; and
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation: Learning
about Uppercase Letter Formation.
Guided Practice
(working with
skills)
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

with activity descriptions for
Phonics: Chaining;
Fluency and Comprehension: Read with
Purpose and Understanding; and
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation: Working
with Uppercase Letter Formation.

within
Guided Practice
Phonics;
(applying skills) OR
Independent
Purpose and Understanding (continued); and
Practice/Progress
Monitoring
Activities with which students have demonstrated
independence may engage students when progress
monitoring with individuals is needed.

Materials
Minutes
activity dependent
activity dependent
activity dependent
10
activity dependent
Progress
Monitoring
resources
Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure

The Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure also aligns with the Lesson
Templates. This structure provides a more instructional time allowing for
integration of activities from multiple sections when multiple unit objectives are
targets for remediation.
Comprehensive
Reteaching
Materials
Minutes
activity dependent
activity dependent
Guided Practice
(working with
skills)
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

with activity descriptions for
For Phonics: Chaining;
For Fluency and Comprehension: Read with
Purpose and Understanding; and
For Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation:
Working with Uppercase Letter Formation.
activity dependent
10
Guided Practice
(applying skills)

within
Phonics;
Purpose and Understanding (continued); and
activity dependent
12
Independent
Practice/Progress
Monitoring
Activities with which students have demonstrated

independence may engage students when progress
monitoring with individuals is needed.
Warm-Up
Exercise
Phonics: Match Me;
Knowledge; and
See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

about activity descriptions for
Phonics: Review the Sound/Spelling;
Fluency and Comprehension: Set a Purpose and
Model Thinking with Reading; and
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation: Learning
about Uppercase Letter Formation.
activity dependent
Progress
Monitoring
resources

10
Note: If a single remedial instruction session does not allow enough time to
complete the Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson, then the instruction can be
divided over two instructional sessions instead. A split lesson structure may
look like this:
Session 1
Session 2
Warm-Up
Guided Practice (working with skills)
Initiate Guided Practice (applying skills)
Warm-Up
Continue Guided Practice (applying
skills)
Independent Practice/Progress
Monitoring
A single objective should be the primary focus of any given remedial instruction
session. If you are using the Comprehensive Reteaching lesson structure and
students are in need of explicit instruction related to multiple components
(i.e., Phonics, Fluency and Comprehension, and Writing), then rotate the focus
selected for Explicit Instruction and the related Guided Practice (working with
skills) throughout a series of sessions. A rotating focus may look like this:
Session 1
Warm-Up: Phonics focus
Explicit Instruction:
Phonics focus
Guided Practice
(working with skills):
Phonics focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas (e.g.,
a Phonics and a Writing
activity)
Independent Practice/
Progress Monitoring:
Writing activity (observing
for success independently)
Session 2
Warm-Up:
Comprehension focus
Comprehension focus
Guided Practice
Comprehension focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas
(e.g., a Phonics and a
Comprehension activity)
Phonics progress
monitoring assessment
Session 3
Warm-Up: Writing focus
Writing focus
Guided Practice
Writing focus
Guided Practice
(applying skills):
Combination from
component areas (e.g.,
a Phonics and a Fluency
activity)
Continue Phonics
progress monitoring
assessment
10

Session 4
Repeat Sequence
(Perhaps sessions
focusing on writing do
not occur as frequently
as sessions focusing
on phonics and
comprehension.)
Guide Organization
Instruction from the Kindergarten Assessment and Remediation Guide will be
most effective when used in either one-on-one or small group settings. Learning
is optimized when instruction is facilitated by a teacher with expertise related
to literacy instruction. Small teacher-to-student ratios maximize individual
learning, particularly through increased opportunity for immediate (reinforcing or
corrective) feedback for each student.
A description of the Basic and Advanced Code taught to students using CKLA
materials starting in Kindergarten is provided in the Kindergarten Assessment
and Remediation Guide Introduction. This description will provide insight
and context for how phonics skills are introduced in Kindergarten and taught
throughout Grade 1 and Grade 2.
The materials throughout the units are organized into sections by component
area (i.e., Phonics, Fluency and Comprehension, and Writing) and aligned with
the objectives from the CKLA Skills strand units. Within the sections you will
find:
Determining Student Need Chart: A chart is supplied for your reference to
determine student need for instruction from any given unit and section of the
Assessment and Remediation Guide.
Lesson Template and Sample: The Lesson Templates within each section
provide a detailed model of the sequence of instructional steps to be followed
when reteaching the particular skill(s) targeted in that section. The Lesson
Templates are followed by a Sample Remedial Lesson illustrating how specific
skill work, activities, and progress monitoring can be applied to the template.
These Lesson Templates and Sample Lessons align with the Explicit Reteaching
Lesson Structure described under Instructional Planning at the beginning
of each unit. Guidance for how to adapt the Lesson Templates and Sample
Lessons from each section for the Guided Reinforcement or Comprehensive
Reteaching Lesson Structure is also found under Instructional Planning at the
beginning of each unit.
Lesson Reference Charts: When applicable, reference charts are provided
to help you adjust the difficulty of your lessons, ensuring students are
appropriately scaffolded or challenged.
Dimensions of Difculty: This chart is provided for your use to accelerate or
reduce the task difficulty for students.
Cross-Reference Charts: The objectives for each section are cross-referenced
to the lessons and Pausing Points from the CKLA Skills strand units. The
alignment of objectives and activities can be seen at a glance, facilitating
coordinated and targeted use of both the Skills strand units and the Assessment
and Remediation Guide.

11
Word Lists: Collections of words, phrases, or sentences needed for activities

are provided. These lists are not intended to be exhaustive or restrictive. This
resource is included to facilitate lesson preparation; however, teachers are
welcome to use the lists as models for adding words, phrases, or sentences of
their own.
Worksheets: Worksheets may be utilized to facilitate modeling during Explicit
Instruction, supervised practice and application of skills during Guided Practice,
or reinforcement during Independent Practice.
Games/Activities: Games and activities are provided inviting students to apply
and strengthen the target skills.
Sentences and Stories for Oral Reading: Decodable Text is provided allowing
students to practice the discrete skills taught and creating a bridge for the
generalization of those skills to other forms of connected text.
Poems/Songs/Nursery Rhymes: Poems, songs, and nursery rhymes foster
students love of language. When applicable, related activities are included to
provide engaging opportunities for students to play with sounds and words.
Progress Monitoring: Resources for progress monitoring are included at the
end of each section. These tools are intended to facilitate data collection in
order to inform instruction, and build a record of students progress.
12

Section I
Phonics

13
14

15
If student meets
expectations,
continue with
Unit 9 Skills
strand lessons
If student
continues to
struggle
Section I, Phonics
THEN USE
If student meets
expectations,
continue with
Unit 9 Skills
strand lessons
If student
continues to
struggle
Review with Pausing Point: Read

Tricky Words, Write Tricky Words and/
or Understand the Usage of
Question Words
Student struggles with Unit 9

Objective: Read high-frequency words
identified as Tricky Words: when, word,
why, to, where, no, I, what, so, which,
once, said, says, are, were, here, there
Student struggles with Unit 9 Objective:

Read and write one-syllable short
vowel words with initial or final clusters,
final s > /s/ or /z/, and initial or final
consonant digraphs, and double-letter
spellings
Review with Pausing Point: Write

Sentences
IF
A
Determining Student Need for Section I, Phonics
Target specific areas of weakness by

following track A or B.
Student scores less than 18 on the

five-sentence reading test or less
than 6 on Worksheet 19.3 of the Unit
9 Student Performance Assessment
and/or performs poorly on other
evaluations of reading decodable and
taught Tricky Words
Lesson Template
Phonics: Target Sound/Spellings (Tricky Words)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
Warm-Up
Explicit
Instruction
16
Teaching
Objective: Prompt student attention to the connection between written
letters and spoken sounds for taught sound/spellings.
Exercise: Play Match Me. Using sets of the Letter Cards and Key Word
Picture Cards, students match you according to the information you
provide for taught sound/spellings.
You may choose to do a select review of specific sound/spellings students
demonstrated difficulty with or a mixed review of all taught sound/spellings
(see Sound/Spellings Chart).
Provide each student with a set of Letter Cards for the sound/
spellings targeted in the Warm-Up.
Tell students you will either say the sound or show the spelling.
If a sound is provided, students should find the corresponding
spelling (Letter Card).
If a spelling (Letter Card) is shown, students prepare to provide
the corresponding sound when prompted.
If anyone provides an incorrect answer, correct the error, and have
students repeat the item.
Keeping notes on a copy of the Sound/Spellings with Key Words Chart
regarding mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar information will help you
formulate future questions targeted to student need.
Objective: State the purpose for using sound/spelling knowledge and model
the desired performance.
Learning about Target Sound/Spellings: Select a Review the Sound/Spelling
page to reteach sound/spellings with which students are demonstrating
difficulty.
Remind students of the articulation needed to make the target
sound(s).
Briefly review the strokes for letter formation.
Point out which Tricky Word sounds are spelled as we would expect
and which are not.
Have students complete the bottom of the page to apply phonics
knowledge.

Materials
Sound/Spelling
Chart
Letter Cards
Review the
Sound/Spelling
worksheet
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
Guided
Practice
Independent
Practice
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/spelling

knowledge with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Sound/Spellings: When Tricky Words are the target
for the lesson, students move straight to choices for Application of Skills.
Students work with your support initially to ensure understanding and are
gradually released to work more independently as they are able.
Application of Skills: Select worksheets and games allowing students to
apply target sound/spelling knowledge.
Progress Monitoring option: Incorporate progress monitoring checks here as
needed.
Objective: Allow students to practice target sound/spelling knowledge near
mastery with high levels of independence.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Sound/Spellings: Revisit
previously taught activities allowing students to practice target sound/
spelling knowledge with classmates.
activity
dependent:
Worksheet
and/or Game
resources
Progress
Monitoring
resources
continued from
Guided Practice

17
Sample Remedial Lesson

Phonics: Target Sound/Spellings (Tricky Words: where, there, and here)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
(Tricky Words:
where, there,
and here)
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Prompt student attention to the connection between written

letters and spoken sounds for taught sound/spellings.
Exercise: Play Match Me. Using sets of the Letter Cards, students match
you according to the information you provide for target sound/spellings.
Address lingering confusions with digraphs: ch > /ch/, sh > /sh/, th > /th/
and /th/.
1. Provide each student with a set of Letter Cards (ch, sh, and th) and
associated Key Word Picture Cards.
2. Tell students you will say the sound or provide the letter. For example:
Warm-Up
Teacher Prompt
Student Response
/ch/
ch
sh
/sh/
th
/th/
/th/
th
Sound/Spelling
Chart and Letter
Cards (ch, sh,
and th)
If anyone provides an incorrect answer, correct the error, and have students
repeat the item.
Reminder: Keep notes on a copy of the Sound/Spellings Chart regarding
mastered, progressing, or unfamiliar information.
Explicit
Instruction
18
Objective: State the purpose for using sound/spelling knowledge and model
the desired performance.
Learning about Target Sound/Spellings: Use the Review the Sound/Spelling
pages 5 (where and there) and 7 (what and here) to reteach Tricky Words
with which students are demonstrating difficulty.
1. Tell students, Some of our words are Tricky Words because the spellings
dont match the sounds we expect. We will talk about where, there, and
here. These are all words to help figure out the spot something is in:
location. One is a question word about location: where. One refers to
things located farther away: there. And one refers to things located close:
here.
2. Briefly review the strokes for required letter formations.
3. Discuss the sound/spellings for each Tricky Word, pointing out when
the sounds are spelled as we would expect and when they are not. Tell
students all three words have h, but it sounds different in each one: /w/,
/th/, or /h/ respectively. Also, all three words have ere, but in two words
it sounds like /ae/ /r/ (where and there) and it sounds like /ee/ /r/ in here.
4. Have students complete the bottom of the page to apply phonics
knowledge.

Review the
Sound/Spelling
worksheets
5 (where and
there) and 7
(what and here)
Focus:
Phonics:
Target Sound/
Spellings
(Tricky Words:
where, there,
and here)
Teaching
Materials
Guided
Practice
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/spelling

knowledge with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Target Sound/Spellings: When Tricky Words are the target
for the lesson, students move straight to choices for Application of Skills.
Students work with your support initially to ensure understanding and are
gradually released to work more independently as they are able.
Application of Skills:
Provide students with a BINGO board and nine pennies.
Call out words from the word cards to play BINGO.
Keep note of how students perform reading the Tricky Words,
particularly the question words to determine the word targets for the
next lesson.
Progress Monitoring option: Students need additional review of other
question words before they will be ready for a comprehensive check of the
Tricky Words from Unit 9.
BINGO game set
Independent
Practice
Objective: Allow students to practice target sound/spelling knowledge near

mastery with high levels of independence.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Target Sound/Spellings: Provide a
double set of the Tricky Word Cards for partners to play Memory.
double set of
the Tricky Word
Cards

19
Dimensions of Difficulty
Lessons can be crafted to be more or less difficult by varying the amount of
sound/spellings within a Tricky Word corresponding to the sounds we expect
and the type of Tricky Word contrasts examined. The chart below illustrates
how lessons can be designed to be more or less challenging across both
dimensions.
Contrasting Similar
Tricky Words
(e.g., wh words, one/once,
here/there, etc.)
Contrasting Distinct
Tricky Words
(e.g., to/were)
Least Difficult
Skill
Read and spell
Tricky Words
with more letters
corresponding
to the sounds we
expect (e.g., from)
Read and spell
Tricky Words
with fewer letters
corresponding
to the sounds we
expect (e.g., once)
Most Difficult
Previously Taught Sound/Spellings Chart

Consonants
m > /m/ (mat)
t > /t/ (tag)
d > /d/ (dad)
c > /k/ (cat)
g > /g/ (dog)
n > /n/ (man)
h > /h/ (hat)
s > /s/ (sit)
f > /f/ (fan)
v > /v/ (van)
20
z > /z/ (zigzag)

p > /p/ (pig)
b > /b/ (bed)
l > /l/ (log)
r > /r/ (rat)
w > /w/ (wig)
j > /j/ ( jam)
y > /y/ (yes)
x > /x/ (box)
k > /k/ (kid)

Short Vowels
a > /a/ (mad)
o > /o/ (mom)
i > /i/ (dig)
e > /e/ (pen)
u > /u/ (mug)
Consonant
Digraphs
ch > /ch/ (chips)
sh > /sh/ (ship)
th > /th/ (moth)
th > /th/ (this)
qu > /qu/ (quilt)
ng > /ng/ (ring)
Double-Letter
Spellings
mm > /m/
(drumming)
nn > /n/ (running)
pp > /p/ (puppets)
bb > /b/ (rabbit)
tt > /t/ (mitt)
dd > /d/ (sledding)
cc > /k/ (hiccup)
ck > /k/ (clock)
gg > /g/ (egg)
ff > /f/ (muffin)
ss > /s/ (dress)
zz > /z/ ( jazz)
ll > /l/ (shell)
rr > /r/ (ferret)
Directions: Copy and cut out these Letter Cards for use with the Unit 9 Section I activity Match Me.
Letter Cards 1 (taught in Unit 3)
m t d
g c a
o i
21
n h f
s z p
v e
22

b l r
j
y
w
x k u
23
ch sh
qu
th
ng
24

mm nn pp bb
tt dd cc gg
ff ss zz ll
rr
25
26
Tricky
Words:
when,
word
Read &
Spell Highfrequency
Words
Identified as
Tricky Words:
the, a, of, all,
one, from,
was, when,
word, why,
to, where, no,
I, what, so,
which, once,
said, says, are,
were, here,
there
Tricky
Words:
why,
to,
Tricky
Word
Practice
Tricky
Word
Review
Tricky
Word
Review
Tricky
Words:
where,
no, I,
Small
Group
Work
Oral
Blending
and
Sound/
Sound/ Sound/ Spelling
Spelling Spelling Review,
Circle
Review Review
and Copy,
Small
Group
Work
Tricky
Words:
what,
so,
Tricky
Word
Review
Complete
the
Sentences
Oral
Blending
Oral
and
Blending Large
Sound/
Card
and
Spelling
Sound/ Chaining
Review,
Spelling (Spelling)
Complete
Review
the
Sentence
Partner
Tricky
Word
Review,
Tricky
Words:
which
Sound/
Spelling
Review
10
Trick
Words:
once
Oral
Blending
and
Sound/
Spelling
Review
11
Tricky
Words:
said,
says,
Tricky
Word
Practice
12
13
Unit 9 Lessons
15
Tricky
Word
Review
Small
Group
Work
Oral
Blending
and
Sound/
Spelling
Sound/
Review,
Spelling
Wiggle
Review
Cards,
Mark the
Sentence,
Small
Group
14
Tricky
Word
Review,
Tricky
Words:
are,
were
16
Complete
the
Sentence
18
Tricky
Tricky
Word
Words:
Review,
here,
there, Dictation
with
Tricky
Phrases,
Word
Practice, Complete
the
Practice
Sentence
Pack
17
19
21
22
23
Completing
Questions
Tricky
Word
Review
Whats My
Word?, Colored
Flashcards, Word
Concentration,
Tricky Word
Beanbag Toss,
Tricky Word
Practice,
Completing
Questions, Whats
the Question?
Oral
Oral
Blending
Blending Sentence Strips,
Oral
Sound/
and Sound/
and Making Questions,
Blending
Spelling
Spelling
Exclamations,
Sound/
and
Review,
Review,
Spelling and Statements,
Sound/
Yes/No
Completing
Review,
Spelling
Dictation with
Questions
Questions,
Mark the
Review
Sentences
Circle and
Sentence
Copy
20
Unit 9
Pausing
Point
*Includes CKLA Goal: Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary or basic code sound for every
consonant b, bb>/b/; d, dd>/d/; f, ff>/f/; g, g>/g/; h>/h/; j>/j/; c,k, ck, cc>/k/; l, ll>/l/; m, mm>/m/; n, nn>/n/; p, pp>/p/; r,
rr>/r/; s, ss>/s/; t, tt>/t/; v>/v/; w>/w/; x>/x/; y>/y/; z, zz, s>/z/; ch>/ch/; sh>/sh/; th>/th/(thin); th> /th/(then); qu>/ qu/; ng, n>/ ng/
All Phonics Goals are restricted to all one-to-one letter-sound correspondences, initial or final clusters, the Tricky Spelling s > /z/, and initial or final
consonant digraphs all taught in previous units, as well as double-letter spellings (i.e., mm, nn, pp, bb, tt, dd, cc, gg, ff, ss, zz, ll, rr)
All activities promote CKLA Goal: Demonstrate understanding that a systematic, predictable relationship exists between written letters and spoken
sounds.
Oral
Blending
and
Sound/
Spelling
Review
Read and
Write OneSyllable Short
Vowel Words
with Initial or
Final Blends/
Clusters, Final
s > /s/ or /z/,
Initial or Final
Consonant
Digraphs, and
Double-Letter
Spellings*
Phonics
Skill/CKLA
Goal
Phonics Skills Cross-Reference Chart
PhonicsWorksheets
Review the Sound/Spelling
Review the Tricky Word sound/spellings from Unit 9 with these worksheets.
Tricky Words: Words are provided in bubble letters, allowing students to color
letters green if the sound is spelled as expected or red if not.
Letter formation arrows are also provided, which can serve as a reference when
writing and/or as tracing practice if used with a clear plastic sleeve and dry
erase marker.
A few items are revisited from the Workbook pages of Unit 9 to provide reading,
spelling, and letter formation practice for the sound/spellings.
Previously Taught Tricky Words
New Tricky Words

Review the Sound/Spelling Pages 19
the
a
of
all
one
from
was
one* and once

when and I
word and were
to and why
where and there
no and says
what and here
said and so
are and which
*The Tricky Word one is reused from the previous unit for comparison with the new
Tricky Word once.

27
Directions: Students color the Tricky Word letters using green for letters matching learned sound-spellings and red for letters pronounced differently
than we would expect. Then use the Tricky Words to fill in the blanks in the sentences below. Remind students to capitalize the first word in a
sentence.
Name:
28
Review the Sound/Spelling 1 (one and once)
one
once
1
1
2
1
2
1
3. Jill
4.

1
2
2. Jen held
1
1. The dog ran in mud
crab.
had
cat as a pet.
Ted got
fish in the pond.

1
2
sentence.
Name:
Review the Sound/Spelling 2 (when and I)
when
I
2
4.
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1.
will get him a gift.
2.
did Dad call the man?
3.
can
get the bag of chips?
will get in bed
Mom fills my glass.
29
sentence.
Name:
30
Review the Sound/Spelling 3 (word and were)
word
were
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1

2
1. Jill can spell the big
2. The eggs
3. If Kit and Pat
4. The kids
.
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
in the nest.
stuck on a
, can the kids skip it?
sad to not get the
sentence.
Name:
Review the Sound/Spelling 4 (to and why)
to
why
1
1
4.
1
1
1
2
3
4
1. The frogs hop

2
the mud.
2.
is Mom in the fish shop?
3.
cant the dog run
Sam?
did Seth run
the van?
31
sentence.
Name:
32
Review the Sound/Spelling 5 (where and there)
where
there
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2

2
1.
3.
4.
.
1
2. Is Moms bag up
on the chest is
Pam can sit.
is the cup? Up
2
1
2
is the big pond?

?
1
2
sentence.
Name:
Review the Sound/Spelling 6 (no and says)
no
says
1
1
3.
4. Ann
2
1. Dad
1
21
2. His black pen has

2
2
Jim can run to the pond.

ink.
cats can bark,
Pat.
he has
bags in the van.
33
sentence.
Name:
34
Review the Sound/Spelling 7 (what and here)
what
here
1
1
1
2
3
4
4.
1
22
2
2
1
2
1
2
is
Chad can pack.

1
1.
is in the big box?
2.
is his red trash can.
3.
is this mess
2
sentence.
Name:
Review the Sound/Spelling 8 (said and so)
said
so
2
1
21
2
3. Kit
1
2
1. Mom and Dad
2. Sams bug is
4. The mop is
1
, yes.
small.
, the plums smell
fresh.
wet,
Seth.
35
sentence.
Name:
36
Review the Sound/Spelling 9 (are and which)
are
which
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1.
3.
4.

2
3
2. The stamps
pants
Moms?
4
1
1
1
2
1
kids
on the bed?
c
2
dog will run fast?
on the desk.
PhonicsGames
Tricky Word Sorts
To reinforce knowledge of the tricky spellings in Tricky Words, use the word
cards provided to sort for Tricky Word Features.
Tricky Word Features
(Unit 8 and 9 Words)
Words with
Consonant
Digraphs
the
there
which
Words with
Vowels
Pronounced as
Letter Names
the (if /th//ee/)
a
why
I
where*
there*
no
so
here
Words with the

Tricky Spelling
s > /z/
was
says
*ere > /ae/ /r/

37
38
Directions: Copy and cut out (card stock is recommended for reuse) the word cards for use with Tricky Word Sorts, Race to the Top, and Memory.
For Memory the word cards need to be copied onto darker colored paper to prevent seeing through the paper when cards are turned over.
Tricky Word Cards 1 (taught in Unit 8)
the
a
of
all
from
one
was
Directions: Copy and cut out (card stock is recommended for reuse) the word cards for use with Tricky Word Sorts, Race to the Top, and Memory.
For Memory the word cards need to be copied onto darker colored paper to prevent seeing through the paper when cards are turned over.
Tricky Word Cards 2 (taught in Unit 9)
when
word
why
to
where
no
I
what
so
which
once
said
says
are
were
here
there
39
BINGO
Students apply learned sound/spelling knowledge from Unit 9 to read words as
they play the traditional game BINGO. Here the game is tailored appropriately
for students developmental level with only three spaces across, down, or
diagonal.
The word cards are provided following the game boards. We recommend
copying and cutting the boards and word cards from card stock to allow for
reuse.
Any collection of tokens can be used for students to cover spaces on their
game boards (e.g., cubes, pennies, beans, tiles, etc.).
Note: Although small objects do not tend to be a choking hazard at this
age, if you have any students for which this is a concern, please use larger
manipulatives as warranted.
As word cards are selected and read, students search for the word on their
game board.
Ask students to put their finger on the word if they find it and read it aloud to
confirm they are correct before covering the space.
When students are incorrect, use the opportunity to address the confusion.
When students are correct, ask, How did you know that was
(This verbalization of knowledge or strategies used is powerful for
reinforcing learning.)
The game may be played until one or all students get three spaces covered in a
row, or until one or all students get black-out (covering the entire board).
40

Directions: Copy and cut out the game boards. Students apply phonics knowledge by reading words to play the traditional game BINGO.
BINGO Boards 1
word
says
all
was
the
here
no
so
when
were
said
of
why
once
where
are
from

41
BINGO Boards 2
42
why
which
from
to
where
said
all
there
what
when
one
so
says
were
the

BINGO Boards 3
of
no
there
word
to
was
here
all
are
no
where
word
from
of
which
said
why
one

43
BINGO Boards 4
44
which
what
here
once
when
was
there
so
the
what
says
are
one
were
to
once

Directions: Copy and cut out the words cards for use with BINGO Boards.
BINGO Cards
the
of
all
from
one
was
once
when
word were
to
why where there
no
says
what
here
said
so
are
which

45
Race to the Top

Each student gets their own ladder, game board, and game piece and shares a
set of game cards. (We recommend copying and cutting the game cards from
card stock to allow for reuse.)
Students perform according to the cards used and game variation chosen. For
correct answers students move up a rung; for incorrect answers students fall
down a rung. First one who gets to the top wins.
Tricky Word Cards may be drawn from a container or placed face-down in a
pile.
Read It: As cards are drawn, the Tricky Word is shown to the opposing
player to be read.
Spell It: As cards are drawn, the Tricky Word is read to the opposing player
to be spelled.
Memory
Provide students with a double set of Tricky Word Cards. We recommend
copying and cutting the images from card stock to allow for reuse. For Memory
the word cards will need to be copied onto darker colored paper, otherwise
students can see the words through the paper when they are turned over.
Model how to mix up the cards, lay them out, and take turns turning pairs over
to look for matches.
As students become comfortable with the game it may be played
independently.
46

Name:
Directions: Copy this page for the game Race to the Top.
Race to the Top

47
PhonicsProgress Monitoring
As in previous units of the Assessment and Remediation Guide, progress
monitoring continues to be a form of assessment integrated into instruction.
The resources create a systematic record of student mastery of skills,
facilitating documentation and evaluation of student Response to Intervention
(RtI). To make effective use of the Progress Monitoring resources provided, we
recommend the following:
Incorporate progress monitoring within the Guided Practice section
of the lesson plans. The resources are designed to parallel instructional
tasks, allowing for brief, seamless integration. The intention is not to burden
instructional time with additional assessments.
Assess only when students appear to be ready for a comprehensive check
of the target skills. Set schedules for Progress Monitoring assessments tend
to result in their overuse. The resources are intended to serve as a confirmation
and meaningful record of student progress, as opposed to a collection of
numbers.
Utilize results to inform instruction. If student mastery of the target skills
is confirmed by a Progress Monitoring assessment, then teachers can be
confident in the decision to move students forward. If students do not achieve
the goal scores for a Progress Monitoring assessment, analysis of errors will
indicate areas of continued instructional need.
Directions
Preparation: This assessment involves asking individual students to read a
set of words. Copy the page of words with the corresponding record sheet
and cut out the words. Only one Progress Monitoring Assessment is provided
since the goal is automatic recognition of a particular set of Tricky Words. If the
assessment is used more than once, simply shuffle the order the word cards are
presented.
Model with the sample item.
Show the cards to the student one at a time.
Use the record sheet to record each word as the student reads.
Place a check next to each word read correctly.
For misread words, write exactly what students say as the word is sounded out.
If students misread a word, prompt them to try to read the word again, letting
them know their first attempt was incorrect.
Scoring: Scoring is based on one point assigned for every word read correctly.
Interpret scores as follows:
16 or 17 pointsexcellent
1315 pointsgood
1012 pointsfair
Less than 10 pointspoor
48

Examine whether the student succeeded in reading words correctly on the

second attempt. If so, the student may be rushing and may benefit from explicit
instruction to slow down and look at each letter in a word sequentially, left to
right.
Goal: Achieve scores of Good or Excellent (13 points or higher).
Scores of 12 or less indicate additional reteaching and reinforcement is required
from the Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide Section I, Phonics.

49
Name:
Tricky Word Reading Progress Monitoring
from
why
no
so
said
were
50
when
to
I
which
says
here

word
where
what
once
are
there
Name:
Record Sheet for Tricky Word Reading Progress Monitoring

Word
Student Pronunciation
Sample: from
1. when
/w/
/e/
/n/
(1)
2. word
/w/
/er/
/d/
(1)
3. why
/w/
/ie/
(1)
4. to
/t/
/oo/
(1)
5. where
/w/
/ae/
/r/
(1)
6. no
/n/
/oe/
(1)
7. I
/ie/
(1)
8. what
/w/
/u/
/t/
(1)
9. so
/s/
/oe/
(1)
10. which
/w/
/i/
/ch/
(1)
11. once
/w/
/u/
/n/
/s/
(1)
12. said
/s/
/e/
/d/
(1)
13. says
/s/
/e/
/z/
(1)
14. are
/o/
/r/
(1)
15. were
/w/
/er/
(1)
16. here
/h/
/ee/
/r/
(1)
17. there
/th/
/ae/
/r/
(1)
Total Correct
/17

51
52

Section II
Fluency and Comprehension

53
54

55
*Select CKLA goals function here as an umbrella for other CKLA goals. (See Cross-Reference Chart for details.)
Section II, Fluency and Comprehension
If student
continues to
struggle
Fluency Focus!
from Section II, Fluency and Comprehension
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 9 Skills
strand lessons
THEN USE
If student
continues to
struggle
Target specific areas of

weakness by following track A
or B.
Student scores less than 18 on

the five-sentence reading test or
less than 4 on Worksheet 19.5 of
the Unit 9 Student Performance
Assessment and/or performs
poorly on other evaluations of
comprehension with decodable
text
THEN USE
If student meets
expectations,
then continue
with Unit 9 Skills
strand lessons
Review with Pausing Point:

Read Decodable Stories
and Answer Written Story
Questions

Objective: Read decodable text
that incorporates the lettersound correspondences that
have been taught with purpose
and understanding*
Student struggles with Unit

9 Objective: Read aloud in a
group, with a partner, or alone
at least 15 minutes each day
(Fluency)
Review with Pausing Point:

Practice Reading and/or TakeHome Stories
IF
Determining Student Need for Section II, Fluency and Comprehension
56

Fluency Focus!
Rereading familiar text is a powerful way to develop fluency. At this stage,
attention to fluency is not on reading rate, rather it is on building a bank
of words recognized automatically and developing the ability to read with
expression. Word-by-word reading is expected from emerging readers.
The repetition of rereading helps students develop automatic recognition of
spelling patterns and build their bank of sight words (entire words recognized
automatically). Automatic recognition of words frees up cognitive resources for
comprehension, resulting in fluid and expressive oral reading.
Two engaging opportunities for rereading stories from the Zack and Ann Reader
and Unit 9 Pausing Point are provided here. These activities may be done in
isolation with students who need additional practice or may be incorporated
into the Lesson Template for this section. A fluency activity may be used in
addition to the activating prior knowledge tasks for the Warm-Up or during the
Independent Practice section of the lesson.
Dan the Cab Man, Help from Pals, and Anns Cut are the stories from the
Unit 9 Pausing Point. These stories along with a new story, The Bad Smell, are
part of the progress monitoring assessments for this section. You may prefer to
not use Dan the Cab Man, Help from Pals, or Anns Cut for Fluency Focus!
activities until after they are used for progress monitoring. This allows you to
measure student performance with instructional level text before it is made
familiar (more independent) through instruction.

57
Silly Voices
Students reread stories from the Zack and Ann Reader or Unit 9 Pausing Point
independently, with a partner, or to the teacher using silly voices.
Note: The task of applying a silly voice requires notable cognitive effort. Silly
Voices should be used to motivate students to revisit text that is already
very familiar from prior instruction and rereading. If students are not already
reading the text with high accuracy, then rereading without silly voices to first
establish ease with word recognition is appropriate.
Print and cut out the picture cards provided on the Silly Voices worksheet and
drop them in a brown lunch bag (or something similar). Students reach inside
the bag to pull out a picture card and reread the story using the voice matching
the character on the card. Demonstrate for students how to use the following
voices and gestures to read like the characters on the cards:
Cowboy: Straddle your chair like you are riding a horse and use a country
accent.
Scuba Diver: Vibrate your pointer finger on your lips as you read.
Sick Person: Hold your nose to sound all stuffed up.
Opera Singer: Use big arm motions and a grand singing voice.
Rock Star: Play your guitar while you read.
Robot: Move your arms like a robot and use a monotone voice.
Ghost: Use a spooky voice.
Teacher: Point to the words and use a teacher voice.
Feel free to add others you or your students think of!
Partner reading options may be to

take turns reading the entire story;
have one student be the leader, reading a line at a time for the partner to echo;
or
read chorally, keeping voices together to read the story.
58

Directions: Print and cut out the character cards to pull out of a bag when rereading stories with silly voices.
Silly Voices
59
Two Voices
The stories from the Zack and Ann Reader and Unit 9 Pausing Point have
been recreated here to be read for two voices. One student reads down
column1 while the other student reads down column 2, together completing
the story. The lines read chorally (voices together) are in bold. Students may
be encouraged to practice rereading for Two Voices to prepare to perform the
story! Story copies for Two Voices may also be sent home to be read with family
and friends.
60

Directions: One student reads down column 1 while the other student reads down column 2, together completing the story. The lines read chorally
(voices together) are in bold.
Two Voices
The Bad Crab

1
This is Zack Chang.

Zack is six.
This is Ann Chang.
Ann is ten.
Zack and Ann sit in the sun.
Mom and Dad sit with them.

Zack spots a crab on the sand.
The crab runs up.
The crab runs up.
Then it snaps at Zacks leg.

Zack jumps up on the bench.
The bad crab snaps at Dad.
Dad lifts up his legs.

The bad crab snaps at Mom.

Mom kicks sand at the crab.
The bad crab runs off.

61
Two Voices (continued)
The Bad Crab

1
Ann jumps up and yells

Bad crab on the sand!
Pass the word!
The kids on the next bench
at the kids on the next bench,

Pass the word!
spot the crab and jump up.
The bad crab snaps at them.
Then it runs past them.

Pass the word!
62
When it is past them, the kids yell,

Pass the word!

Two Voices
Anns Dress
1
Ann went to Gwens Dress

Shop.
The shop had a red dress.
Ann got the dress.
Ann got the dress.
Ann got in a cab

with the dress.
The cab man sped off.
His cab went fast.
Then the cab
hit a big bump.
Thump!
Thump!
Anns dress fell from the cab.

Ann had the cab man stop the
cab.
Then Ann ran back
to get the dress.
63
Anns Dress
1
Ann had to run ten blocks.
2
Anns dress
was in a trash can.
A bus had hit it.
A dog bit it.
The dress had mud on it.
Anns dress was a mess!
64
The dress had rips and missing

bits.

Two Voices
Zack Gets a Pet

1
Can I get a cat? Zack asks. Can I get a cat? Zack asks.
Dad tells Zack, No cats!
Cats run up trees and cant get
back.
Can I get a rat? Zack asks. Can I get a rat? Zack asks.
Mom adds, No, no! No rats!
Rats smell bad.
Can I get a bug? Zack asks. Can I get a bug? Zack asks.
Ann tells Zack, No, no!
A bug is not a pet!
Can I get a fish? Zack asks. Can I get a fish? Zack asks.
A fish? his mom asks.
A fish is not so bad.
Can a fish be a fun pet?

65
Two Voices, continued
Zack Gets a Pet

1
Dad nods
Can I get one, then? Zack
asks.
Mom nods.
Yes! yells Zack.
Can I get that fish? Zack
asks.
This one? the pet shop man
asks.
and Ann shrugs.

Can I get one, then? Zack
asks.
Yes! yells Zack.
Zack runs to the pet shop.
Can I get that fish? Zack
asks.
Zack nods.
A fish is a fun pet.
Zack hands the man the cash.
Then Zack runs to Mom and
Dad
with his pet fish.
66
with his pet fish.

Two Voices
On the Mat
1
Zack and Ann had fun on a

mat.
Zack got on the mat.
Zack and Ann had fun on a

mat.
Then Ann got on next to Zack.

Then Quinn got on next to
Ann.
Nell got up on top of Zack
and Ann.
Rod got up on top of Ann and
Quinn.
Then Ed got up on the tip top.
It was so much fun!
It was so much fun!
Then,
buzz, buzz!
What was that?
What was that?

67
On the Mat
1
It was a bug.
The bug was on Zacks chin.
Zack went to smack the bug.
Flop!
Flop!
Zack fell flat on the mat.
Nell fell on top of Zack.

Then all the rest of the kids fell.
It was a big mess.
68

It was a big mess.
Two Voices
Fix that Ship

1
Zacks dad,
Dan,
has a ship.
Zacks dad,
Dan must fix up his ship.

The ship has a big crack in its
mast.
has a ship.
But Dan cant fish on the ship
yet.
It has dents which Dan must fix.

It has rust which Dan must sand.
Dan gets the ship up on the land. Dan gets the ship up on the land.
Then Dan gets a mask.
The mask will help block the
dust.
Dan sands the deck.
Dan rubs and scrubs.
Dan drills and bangs.
At last, Dans ship is all set.
69
70

Two Voices
The Tent
1
Once Zacks dad got the kids a

tent.
Zack and Ann set up the tent.
Then the kids sang a song:
This big tent, it is the best,
is the best, is the best!
This big tent, it is the best.
Yes, its the best!

Yes, its the best!
The kids had fun in the tent.
But then a big wind hit the tent.

Flop!
Flop!
The tent fell on Zack and Ann.
Then Zack felt a drip.

71
The Tent
1
Drip, drop, drip, drop.
Splish, splash, splish, splash.
Zack and Ann got wet.
2
The kids set the tent back up. The kids set the tent back up.
Red ants got in and bit Zack.
A slug got on Ann.
that was it.
Zack
tent. and Ann ran from the
72
Once the ants and slug got in,

that was it.
Zack
tent. and Ann ran from the

Two Voices
A Gift from Mom

1
Once Mom got the kids a gift.

The gift was in a big black box.
Mom set the box on the rug.
Is it a truck? Zack said.

No, Mom said. Its not a truck.
I bet its a hat, Ann said.
No, Mom said. Its not a hat.
Then the box said,
Ruff, ruff!
Ruff, ruff!
Zack slid the lid off the box.
A dog sat up.

Its a dog! said Ann.
Yes! said Zack.
Moms the best!
Moms the best!

73
74

Two Voices
Bug and Frog

1
Zack
pond.and Ann sit next to the
Zack says,
The pond is a lot of fun!
I wish I were a bug.
Zack
pond.and Ann sit next to the
Zack says,
Why?
says Ann.
says Ann.
Bugs are no fun.
Bugs zip and hum,

says Zack.
says Zack.
Frogs hop and splash and
munch on bugs,
says Ann.
says Ann.
I will not wish I was a bug,

75
Bug and Frog

1
Zack quips.
2
Zack quips.
Zack and Ann had fun at the

pond.
They will tell Mom and Dad.
76

Two Voices
Swing that Net

1
Zack is at the pond.

There are lots of frogs in the
pond.
Zack runs in to get one.

But the frogs are so quick!
The frogs are so slick!

When Zack runs in,
the frogs hop off.
Zack gets a net and runs in.
The frogs all jump.
Zack swings his net and yells,
Get in here, frogs!
Get in here, frogs!

77
Swing that Net

1
2
Swish!
Zack gets a frog in his net!
Zack yells and swings the net.

Swish, swish, swish!
There are six big ones in his

net!
78

Zack gets lots of frogs.

There are six big ones in his
net!
Two Voices
Spots Bath
1
Spot is in his bath tub.
Spot and his dog pals

went in a mud pit.
The kids must get the mud off.
Spot is one sad dog.

His dog pals
are still in the mud pit.

But Spot is stuck in the tub.

Zack grips Spot with his hands.
Then his hands slip.

Spot runs off.
Spot runs off.

The kids run to the mud pit.
Theres Spot,

79
Spots Bath
1
back in the mud
back in the mud

with the rest of his dog pals.
Spot! Zack yells.

Bad dog!
Bad dog!
Spot! Ann yells.
Get back in that tub!
80

Two Voices
The Pots and Pans Band

1
Zack and Ann are in a band.

Its a pots and pans band.

Zack and Quinn bang on pots.
Ann and Nell bang on pans.

Bang, bang! Ding, ding!

Mom wants to sing songs.
Stop,
Stop,
Mom says.
Mom asks the band to sing not
bang.
Mom sets up snacks and says,
Snacks!
The kids drop the pots and
pans
Snacks!

81

1
2
and run to get the snacks.
Mom grabs the pots and pans

and sets them on a shelf.
And that is the end of the
pots and pans band!
82

pots and pans band!

Two Voices
When its Hot

1
When its hot, its fun to golf.
Zacks dad swings his golf club.

Thwack!
Thwack!
Zack runs up the hill.
Where did it land? his dad

asks.
Its up here! Zack yells back.
When its hot, its fun to fish.
Zack sits on a rock and casts.

His dad sits next to him.
Where are all the fish? Zack
asks.
I cant tell, says his dad,
but its fun just to sit in the sun.
83
When its Hot

1
When its hot, its fun to grill.
2
Zacks dad gets the hot dogs.

Zack gets the buns.
Zacks dad flips the hot dogs.
Zack sets a hot dog on a bun.
Yum, yum!
84
Yum, yum!

Two Voices
Anns Hat Box

1
Ann sets a box of hats on the Ann sets a box of hats on the
bed.
bed.
Which hat is the best?
Ann asks.
Ann asks.
Is this black top hat the best?
No!
Zack says.
Zack says.
That one has a big dent!
Is this one the best?
asks Ann.
asks Ann.
No,
says Zack.
says Zack.
Thats a nap cap!
asks Ann.
asks Ann.

85
Anns Hat Box

1
says Zack.
This one?
Ann asks.
No,
says Zack.
says Zack.
Ann picks lots of hats.
Ann asks.
Yuck!
says Zack.
Zack says no to all of them.
Then Ann picks a red hat.

Ann asks.
Zack says.
86

Ann asks.
Yes!
Zack says.
That red hat is the best!
Two Voices
Dan the Cab Man

1
Zacks dad, Dan, has a cab.

A man jumps in the cab.

Where to? Dan asks.
Tenth and Hill, says the man.

And step on it! the man
adds.
Im in a big rush!
Dan nods and steps on the
gas.
Dan zips past a van.
In a flash, the cab is there.
Dan zips past a bus.

This is the spot! says Dan.
The man grabs a bunch of

cash
and hands it to Dan.
87
88

Two Voices
Help from Pals

1
Ann has a lot of tasks.

Help cut the grass! says Dad.
Next can Ann scrub the
pots? asks Mom.
Then Ann can trim the
shrubs? asks Dad.
Last can Ann brush the dog?
asks Mom.
Ug! says Ann.
Ug! says Ann.
What a lot of tasks!
Ann asks Zack to help with the
tasks.
Zack runs and gets Rod and
Ed.
Ann cuts the grass.
Zack and Ed scrub the pots.
Ann trims the shrubs.
Rod scrubs the dog.
Then there are no tasks left!

89
90

Two Voices
Anns Cut
1
Ann has a cut on one leg.

Its not just a cut.
Its a red gash.
Its a red gash.
Mom! Ann yells. Dad!

Mom and Dad run up.
Mom gets a pad
to scrub the cut.
No! yells Ann. That will sting!
It will sting, says Dad, but it will
help.
Mom rubs the cut
with the pad.
It stings! It stings! yells Ann.
There! Mom says. All set!
Ann gets a kiss from Dad and Ann gets a kiss from Dad and
a big hug from Mom.
a big hug from Mom.
91
Lesson Template
Focus:
Comprehension Teaching
Warm-Up
Objective: Prepare students to read text using prereading activities

addressing prior knowledge needed for understanding the text.
Exercise: Activate prior knowledge related to the text.
1. Narrative genre text structure: Tell students the story for todays lesson
fits a narrative/story structure. Core elements are the characters, setting,
and events/action. Preview the text to prompt discussion and thinking
about each element.
2. Content: Tell students there are words and ideas important to the
story. Prompt discussion and thinking regarding key vocabulary and/or
concepts.
Explicit
Instruction
Objective: Set a purpose and model using a Thinking with Reading

technique to accomplish the purpose.
Learning about Reading with Purpose and Understanding:
1. Tell students the purpose for rereading the text.
2. Explain the Thinking with Reading technique they will use to help them
read for the stated purpose. Identify the technique and provide the
description (refer to the Thinking with Reading chart).
3. Model using the technique with an initial portion of the text.
4. Read aloud, pointing to track the text and thinking aloud to demonstrate
use of the technique for the established purpose.
5. Include modeling an error while thinking aloud. If students do not notice
the error, point it out. Correct the error to model fixing-up Thinking with
Reading. For mistakes with word reading, refer to the Figuring Out Words
chart for ideas to help correct errors.
92

Materials
book or text
copy for each
student
book or text
copy for each
student
Figuring Out
Words chart
Focus:
Comprehension Teaching
Materials
Objective: Continue working with the text at an appropriate level of support

for reading (see Dimensions of Difficulty chart) by using a Thinking with
Reading technique to accomplish the purpose. Support should decrease as
students skills strengthen.
Applying Knowledge to Read with Purpose and Understanding: Continue
rereading text sections with a Shared, Interactive, or Monitored level of
support. Prompt students to express themselves out loud about what
Guided Practice
they are thinking and how it connects to the purpose (similar to the thinkaloud modeled during Explicit Instruction). Oral expression keeps each
student accountable for thinking with reading and fosters their ability to be
purposeful with thinking. Thinking should be discussed during and after
reading.
Progress Monitoring option: Incorporate progress monitoring checks here
as needed.
Independent
Practice
Objective: Allow students to practice a Thinking with Reading technique for

a designated purpose with high levels of independence.
Reading with Purpose and Understanding Independently: Allow students
to reread the text with a partner, practicing tracking (fun pointer wands
promote engagement), decoding, and the taught Thinking with Reading
technique used to accomplish the purpose. Student performance should
mimic what was completed throughout the lesson and provide students
with an opportunity to reinforce their ability to use oral language to show
their thinking.
book or text
copy for each
student
Progress
Monitoring
resources
book or text
copy for each
student
pointers for
tracking text
(optional)

93

(Use monitored reading with a text-only copy and target Evaluating.)
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use monitored
reading with a
text-only copy
and target
Evaluating.)
Teaching
Warm-Up
Objective: Prepare students to read text using prereading activities

addressing prior knowledge needed for understanding the text.
Exercise: Activate prior knowledge related to the text.
Narrative genre text structure: Tell students the story for todays
lesson fits a narrative/story structure. Core elements are the
characters, setting, and events/action. Preview the text to prompt
discussion and thinking about each element.
Content: Tell students there are words and ideas important to the
story. Prompt discussion and thinking regarding:
VocabularyReview shrug, cant stand, buck, and cash.
ConceptsName some other animals people keep as pets.
Explicit
Instruction
Objective: Set a purpose and model using a Thinking with Reading

technique to accomplish the purpose.
Learning about Reading with Purpose and Understanding:
Tell students the purpose for rereading Zack Gets a Pet is to
think about how Zack gets a pet. (Students are applying phonics
knowledge for decoding well, making a monitored level of support
appropriate. A text-only copy is used to challenge students to read
and think without picture support.)
Tell students they will use Evaluating to help them think about how
Zack gets a pet. To evaluate we reflect on previous observations
(the focus for Thinking with Reading in Unit 7) and inferences
(the focus for Thinking with Reading in Unit 8) to generate logical
judgments about the text.
Read the first section, tracking the text. Stop and think aloud to
model evaluating saying, Zack asked for a cat. One observation I
can make is I know lots of people have cats as pets. I can draw a
conclusion about Dad: he doesnt want a cat, because he says, No,
cats! Cats run up trees and cant get back. The author didnt say
Dad doesnt like cats, but I can make that inference based on what
he said. My evaluation is, since cats are common pets, but Dad
doesnt like them, I dont think Dad wants Zack to get a pet.
Revisit the purpose, thinking aloud and saying, Im reading to find
out how Zack gets a pet. He doesnt have one yet, so lets keep
reading.
94

Materials
book copy of
Zack Gets a
Pet for each
student
text-only copy
of Zack Gets
a Pet for each
student
Thinking with
Reading chart
Figuring Out
Words chart
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use monitored
reading with a
text-only copy
and target
Evaluating.)
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Continue working with the text at an appropriate level of support

for reading (see Dimensions of Difficulty chart) by using a Thinking with
Reading technique to accomplish the purpose. Support should decrease as
students skills strengthen.
Applying Knowledge to Read with Purpose and Understanding: Continue
rereading the next four text sections with monitored reading support.
After students read each section of the story, prompt thinking with:
Evaluating: 1) Make an observation about what you learned
from the author. 2) Draw a conclusion: share something the
author didnt tell you, but you can figure out because of
your observation (what you already know). 3) Make a logical
judgment relying on your observations and/or inferences. (Help
students defend their evaluations.)
Revisit the Purpose: We want to know how Zack gets a pet.
Does he have a pet yet?
After reading:
Guided Practice 1. Tell students when they use evaluating to help understand and remember
what the author wrote, they will be able to think about interesting
questions about the story.
2. Tell students, We now know Zack got a fish for a pet, by going to the
pet store to buy it after his parents said yes. Have students make
observations by responding to the question: What do you need to take
care of a fish?
3. Present the inferential question: Does Zack have what he needs for his
fish?
4. Present the evaluative question: Do you think Zack will do a good job
taking care of his pet fish?
5. Discuss student responses and help them defend their answers.
Progress Monitoring option: Students have demonstrated readiness for a
running record and comprehension check of reading decodable text for Unit
9, therefore the Running Record and Understanding Progress Monitoring
assessment 2 will be used during the independent practice activities for the
lesson.
text-only copy
of Zack Gets
a Pet for each
student
Figuring Out
Words chart
copies of
Running
Record and
Understanding
Progress
Monitoring 2

95
Focus:
Comprehension
(Use monitored
reading with a
text-only copy
and target
Evaluating.)
Teaching
Independent
Practice
96
Objective: Allow students to practice a Thinking with Reading technique for

a designated purpose with high levels of independence.
Reading with Purpose and Understanding Independently: Students have
demonstrated a need for fluency work, particularly to promote automatic
recognition of the Tricky Words. Therefore, instead of practicing Thinking
with Reading techniques, students will work with The Bad Crab again to
develop fluency. Provide partners with a copy of The Bad Crab for Two
Voices. While they practice you can pull students for progress monitoring.

Materials
copy of The
Bad Crab for
Two Voices for
each student
unsharpened
pencils with fun
eraser tops for
pointers
Thinking with Reading Chart

Revisit Text to Focus on Content
Using a book copy or text copy* of stories from the Zack and Ann Reader, focus
on Thinking with Reading techniques to accomplish purpose and understanding
with the decodable text. It can be helpful to mark the text at natural stopping
points before the lesson. Sticky notes can be put on pages in the book copy
and the text copy is provided with the text arranged in sections.
*Students should always be exposed to the illustrations for picture books for
initial readings, because the illustrations are there for the purpose of enhancing
the text. Once the book is familiar, using a text-only copy can help focus
students on decoding and understanding the text by removing picture support.
In early readers that offer high text-to-picture matching, students can learn to
avoid reading the text by reading the pictures instead!

97
98
Before Reading
Activating Prior
Knowledge of Related
Content
Activating Prior
Knowledge of Text
Structure
Thinking with
Reading
Before reading, activate knowledge of

vocabulary and concepts related to the
information in the text to support students
ability to make meaning during reading.
Before reading, activate knowledge of basic

print structures (e.g., text directionality),
general genre structures (e.g., list format
within a non-fiction text), or features specific
to a text (e.g., table of contents) to establish
a foundation that helps students predict and
acquire information during reading.
Description
Anns Hat Box: Can different people have different favorites of something?
When its Hot: What are other fun things to do when its hot?
The Pots and Pans Band: What are different types of instruments?
Spots Bath: How does a mud pit form?
Swing that Net: Name some tools you know and what each helps you do.
Bug and Frog: What does it mean to change your mind?
A Gift from Mom: How can you surprise someone?
The Tent: Which one protects you more: a tent or a house? Why?
Fix that Ship: Name the parts of a ship.
On the Mat: What are other ways to play on a mat?
Zack Gets a Pet: Name some other animals people keep as pets.
Anns Dress: What is a busy city street like?
The Bad Crab: What other animals might you see living by the sea?
Also address concepts with prompts such as:
Anns Hat Box: Review top hat.
When its Hot: Review golf and cast.
The Pots and Pans Band: What is an instrument?
Spots Bath: Review grip.
Swing that Net: Review slick.
Bug and Frog: Review munch.
A Gift from Mom: Discuss the contractions its and Moms.
The Tent: Discuss what an onomatopoeia is (drip, drop, splish, splash).
Fix that Ship: Review mast, dent, rust, sand, deck, and drill.
On the Mat: Discuss the multiple meanings of tip.
Zack Gets a Pet: Review shrug, cant stand, buck, and cash.
Anns Dress: Review block and rips.
The Bad Crab: Review spot, snap, and pass the word.
Preassess and support knowledge of key vocabulary:
Using a book copy, examine knowledge of narrative genre. Prompt student thinking about
narrative features encountered in the Zack and Ann Reader: characters, setting (often
requires inference and relies on illustrations), and events/actions.
Specific Application to Stories

from the Zack and Ann Reader
99
Before Reading
Setting Purpose for

Reading
Thinking with
Reading
Before reading, use previewed information

about the structure and content to inform
setting an appropriate purpose for reading
the text. The purpose should spark student
interest and attention to the reading. The
purpose is established in the Explicit
Instruction section of the lesson and
revisited throughout.
Description
Anns Hat Box: Which hat does Zack like best?
When its Hot: What do Zack and his Dad do together?
The Pots and Pans Band: How does Mom get the band to be quiet?
Spots Bath: Does Spot get clean?
Swing that Net: What does Zack catch in his net?
Bug and Frog: What do Zack and Ann do at the pond?
A Gift from Mom: How did Zack and Ann find out what was in the box?
The Tent: What made the kids leave the tent?
Fix that Ship: Why cant Zack and his dad go fishing?
On the Mat: Why do the friends all fall?
Zack Gets a Pet: How does Zack get his pet?
Anns Dress: What did Ann do to get her dress back?
The Bad Crab: Why is the crab bad?
Students may read to find out:

100
During Reading
Visualizing
Using a text copy, read selections and visualize related images. Describe or draw
visualizations challenging students to add details.
During reading, stop and develop images

in your mind relating to the text provided
by the author. Developing rich imagery
helps readers remember and think deeper
about the text. Prompt students to close
their eyes when visualizing. Provide time
for thinking before having students share
their visualizations. Encourage students to
begin with, In my head I saw Challenge
students to add details to their visualizations,
without deviating from the text. For example,
if a student says she sees three cats, ask:
Where are the cats? Do the cats all have
collars on? What color are the cats? If
deviations from the text do occur, prompt
self-reflection by asking, Does your picture
match what the author told us?

Monitoring
Description
During reading, stop and think after
sections of text to evaluate whether you are
understanding the text or not. Students often
do not put effort into making meaning while
reading without being explicitly taught and
reminded to do so. This is especially true
of readers who have to devote a great deal
of cognitive energy to decoding, and who
may be less intrinsically motivated to read.
Encourage students to begin sharing their
thinking with, That makes sense because
The stories are divided into sections. After each section, stop and see if students can
Presenting a related scenario that does not
recall the information from the section just read.
make sense may help students engage in this
reflection. For example: If the dog went to the
vet, first ask, Does it make sense for a dog
to go to the vet? Then ask, Would it make
sense if the author told us the dog called the
vet? Monitoring helps student self-correct
decoding errors. Consider if a student reads
bit ox ran on instead of but ox ran on.
If the student is monitoring, he/she may
think, bit ox ran on doesnt make sense,
prompting review of the text for correction.
Thinking with
Reading
101
During Reading
Drawing Inferences
Observing
Thinking with
Reading
Note: Drawing Inferences takes Observing

a step further. Instead of simply relating
information from the text to prior knowledge,
observations are used to draw logical
conclusions related to the text. Conclusions
may not always be clearly right or wrong but
should be defensible. In this way, the thinking
required for Drawing Inferences is a bridge to
the thinking required for Evaluative questions.
During and after reading, use prior

knowledge and information from the text to
draw conclusions.
During and after reading, relate information

from the text to information you already
know. Encourage students to begin with,
Something I already know about this is...
Stopping to reflect on reading and connect
ideas and information to prior knowledge
helps readers remember and learn from the
text.
Description
Anns Hat Box: Does Zack have a hard time deciding if he likes each hat?
When its Hot: Who is cooking on the grill?
The Pots and Pans Band: Why did Mom want the band to sing instead?
Spots Bath: Does Spot want to get a bath?
Swing that Net: Which was better for catching frogs: Zacks hands or the net?
Bug and Frog: Did Ann think frogs were better than bugs?
A Gift from Mom: What else could the kids have guessed was in the box?
The Tent: Were Zack and Ann happy to get the tent?
Fix that Ship: Did Dan need to fix the mast?
On the Mat: Did the kids get hurt?
Zack Gets a Pet: Does Zack have what he needs to take care of his fish?
Anns Dress: Was it hard for Ann to get her dress back?
The Bad Crab: Did Zack and Ann disturb the crab?
Anns Hat Box: What does it mean?

Notice how the prompts below extend from the corresponding Observing prompts above:
(Always help students use information from the text to support their answers.)
When its Hot: How does a grill work?
The Pots and Pans Band: What does it sound like to bang on pots and pans?
Spots Bath: What makes giving a dog a bath hard?
Swing that Net: Can you think of another character in a story who had trouble
catching an animal?
Bug and Frog: Tell about a time you changed your mind.
A Gift from Mom: How big might a toy truck or a hat be?
The Tent: How do you show youre happy when you get something you like?
Fix that Ship: What does a mast do on a ship?
On the Mat: How does a mat help if you fall?
Zack Gets a Pet: What do you need to take care of a fish?
Anns Dress: How far is ten blocks?
The Bad Crab: Why would a crab snap at people?
Prompt observations by starting discussions with questions such as:

102
During Reading
Evaluating
Thinking with
Reading
Another type of evaluative thinking is to

assess the quality of the text and your own
enjoyment reading it. Promoting qualitative
judgment about text fosters an important
life-long learning skill. Prompt qualitative
judgment of the text with questions such as:
Did you like the story? If so, what did you
like about it? Was the story funny? Did it feel
good to read the words? Would you like to
read another story like it? If not, what didnt
you like about it? Was the story boring? Was
it hard to read the words? What other kind of
story would you like more?
4. Make a logical judgment relying on your

observations and/or inferences. (Evaluative
level)
3. Draw a conclusion: share something the

author didnt tell you, but you can figure
out because of your observation (prior
knowledge). (Inferential level)
2. Make an observation about the

information: connect to prior knowledge.
1. What did you learn from the author?

(Literal level)
During and after reading reflect on previous

observations and inferences to generate
logical judgments about the text. Answers are
typically not clearly right or wrong but should
be defensible. Scaffolding evaluative thinking
may take an idea from the text and follow this
progression:
Description
When its Hot: Will Zacks Dad teach him how to use a grill?
The Pots and Pans Band: What could the kids do so they could be a pots and pans
band without bothering Mom?
Spots Bath: What would help Zack give Spot his bath?
Swing that Net: Which would be better for catching fish: hands or a net?
Bug and Frog: Were Zack and Ann mad at each other?
A Gift from Mom: What kind of a dog could it be?
The Tent: How did Zack and Ann feel when they left the tent?
Fix that Ship: What could happen if Dan went fishing without fixing the mast?
On the Mat: What might happen if they did the same thing without a mat?
Zack Gets a Pet: Do you think Zack will do a good job taking care of his pet fish?
Anns Dress: Was the dress important to Ann?
The Bad Crab: Should Zack and Ann play somewhere else?
Notice how the prompts below extend from the previous corresponding Observing and
Drawing Inferences prompts: (Always help students explain/defend their answers.)

After Reading
Thinking
with
Reading
Summarizing
Description

After reading, reconstruct an

abbreviated version of the
text highlighting the big ideas.
Students tend to offer specific
recall of ideas, often in random
order. Prompting students to
think about the beginning, middle,
and end of early narrative texts
can help them structure ideas
Ask students to tell you about and/or draw a picture representing the big
sequentially. Through discussion,
ideas from the beginning, middle, and end.
encourage students to connect
the details they remember to a
big idea for each section, which
promotes summarization skills and
higher level thinking. For example:
In the beginning, there was a cat
and a dog and a pig and a hog:
We met the four animals in the
story.

103
Thinking
with
Reading

Description
Sample Questions
Literal:
The Bad Crab: Who is older, Zack or Ann?

Anns Dress: Where was Anns dress when she found it?
Zack Gets a Pet: What is the problem with having a rat for a pet?
On the Mat: Who had a bug on their chin?
Fix that Ship: Where does Dan do sanding?
The Tent: What color were the ants?
A Gift from Mom: What sound does the box make?
Bug and Frog: What do frogs eat?
Swing that Net: What does Zack yell when he swings his net?
After Reading
Spots Bath: Where does Spot go when he runs off?
Questioning
During and after reading, answer

and ask questions related to
the text. Questions promoting
meaningful comprehension
include literal (remembering
information as stated in the
text), inferential (providing
accurate responses based on
connecting prior knowledge and
information from the text), and
evaluative (making appropriate
determinations supported by
the text). For literal questions,
encourage students to go back
to the text to show you where the
author provides the information to
answer the question: you may ask,
Please find and read the line in
the story showing the answer. For
inferential questions, encourage
students to defend their response
using combinations of information
from the text and prior knowledge.
For evaluative questions,
encourage students to explain
their logic. Often answers are not
right or wrong, but explanations
should stem from the text and be
plausible.
The Pots and Pans Band: What did the kids do when Mom yelled,
Snacks!
When its Hot: Who swung the golf club?
Anns Hat Box: What color is Anns top hat?
Inferential: (Accept reasonable answers.)
The Bad Crab: Was Mom scared of the crab?
Anns Dress: Why did someone put the dress in a trash can?
Zack Gets a Pet: Is Zack excited?
On the Mat: Do the friends know how to use teamwork?
Fix that Ship: Did it take a long time to fix the ship?
The Tent: What was a clue a storm was coming?
A Gift from Mom: What kinds of things does Zack like? What kinds of
things does Ann like?
Bug and Frog: Why does Zack decide not to wish to be a bug?
Swing that Net: Does Zack like catching frogs?
Spots Bath: Why does Spot run back to the mud pit?
The Pots and Pans Band: Why did Mom lock up the pots and pans?
When its Hot: Did Zack and his dad catch any fish?
Anns Hat Box: Does Ann like hats?
Evaluative:
The Bad Crab: Do you think the crab is bad?
Anns Dress: How do you think Ann felt when she found the dress?
Zack Gets a Pet: Do Mom and Dad want Zack to get a pet?
On the Mat: Will the friends try again?
Fix that Ship: Will Dan need to fix the ship again tomorrow?
The Tent: Did Zack and Ann pick a good time to set up the tent?
A Gift from Mom: Why did Mom get a dog for the kids?
Bug and Frog: Would you rather be a bug or a frog?
Swing that Net: Might Zack have fun catching other animals at the
pond?
Spots Bath: Is Spot a good dog?
The Pots and Pans Band: What will the kids do when they are done
with their snack?
When its Hot: Do Zack and his dad make a good team?
Anns Hat Box: Should Ann keep the hat with the dent?
104

Figuring Out Words

Sound out the letters.
Look at ALL the letters.
hats
Read the words again.
Dad has his cat
Use words you know.
If I know man,
then I know tan
105
Dimensions of Difficulty
Lessons can be crafted to be more or less difficult by varying the level of
instructional support for reading and the format of the text. The chart below
illustrates how lessons can be designed to be more or less challenging across
both dimensions.
Note: Keep in mind students should be engaged in actually reading with eyes
on print as much as possible. For the Modeled level of support, the teacher
is responsible for reading and students should be encouraged to follow along
tracking text. For the Independent level of support, individual engagement
is required as students read independently. For the Shared, Interactive, and
Scaffolded levels of support, round robin reading, wherein students can
tune out until its their turn, is not recommended. Instead, small groups of
students may:
read aloud with the teacher chorally (all voices together) or echo (all voices
repeat).
read aloud with a partner chorally (voices together) or take equal turns
(e.g., page by page).
read aloud as a group chorally (all voices together) or individually (voices
jumbled as students read at different paces).
Least Difficult
Level of Support
for Reading
Modeled
Shared
Interactive
Scaffolded
Independent
106
Read from a
Text Copy
(Excludes
Illustrations)
Description
Teacher reads aloud with fluency

and uses thinking aloud to
demonstrate application of skills or
strategies.
Teacher and students read together.
Students follow along with text
and choral (voices together) or echo
(voices repeat) read familiar refrains.
Teacher and students read together,
taking turns. Students read sections
with the direct, immediate support
of teacher feedback and modeling.
Teacher plans and delivers lessons
related to text. The instruction
supports student reading of
instructional level text.
Students read easy text that is
either at their independent level or
is a familiar reread, requiring little to
no support from the teacher.

Read from the

Book Copy
(Includes
Illustrations)
Most
Difficult
107
The Bad
Crab; Story
Questions
Worksheet
Small Group
(Group 1);
Story
Questions
Worksheet
Small Small Group

Small
(Option
Group
Group
(Option Group 2);
(Option
Group Take-Home
Group 2)
Story
2)
Anns
Dress
Zack Gets a
Pet; Story
Questions
Worksheet
Story
Questions
Worksheet
Fix
that
Ship
10
TakeTakeHome Small Group Home

Story
Story
On
the
Mat
Small
Group
Story
Questions
Worksheet
11
13
14
Take-Home
Story
Small
Group;
Take-Home
Story
The Tent;
A Gift
Story
Story
from Questions
Questions
Mom Worksheet
Worksheet
12
Unit 9 Lessons
15
TakeHome
Story
Bug and
Frog; Story
Questions
Worksheet
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
TakeHome
Story
Small
Group;
TakeHome
Story
Small
Group; Take-Home Take-Home
Take-Home
Story
Story
Story
Take-Home
Stories
The
When Its Anns Hat
Swing that
Practice Reading;
Story
Pots
Story
Hot; Story Box; Story
Net; Story Spots
Story Questions
Questions and Questions
Questions Questions
Questions Bath
Worksheets
Worksheet Pans Worksheet
Worksheet Worksheet
Worksheet
Band
17
Unit 9
Pausing
Point
Point to each word in a line of print while reading aloud
Demonstrate correct book orientation by holding books correctly and turning pages
Identify the parts of books and function of each part (front cover, back cover, title page, table of contents)
Recognize and name the 26 letters of the alphabet in their upper- and lowercase forms
The following CKLA Goals are reinforced within activities aligned to the goal noted above:
With prompting and support, use narrative language to describe characters, setting, things, events, actions, a scene, or facts from a fiction text
that has been read independently
Ask and answer questions to clarify information in a fiction text read independently
With prompting and support, ask and answer questions (e.g., who, what, where, when) requiring literal recall and understanding of the details and/
or facts of a fiction text
*CKLA Goal: Read decodable text that incorporates the letter-sound correspondences that have been taught with purpose and understanding is
supported by the following CKLA Goals:
All activities promote CKLA Goal: Demonstrate understanding that a systematic, predictable relationship exists between written letters and spoken sounds.
Read aloud in
a group, with
a partner, or
alone at least 15
minutes each day
(Fluency)
Read decodable
text that
incorporates
the letter-sound
correspondences
that have been
taught with
purpose and
understanding*
Fluency and
Comprehension
Skill/CKLA Goal
Fluency and Comprehension Skills Cross-Reference Chart
108

ComprehensionStories

109
110

Name:
Text Copy
The Bad Crab
Directions: Print and copy this page to provide students with text-only copies of the story.
This is Zack Chang.

Zack is six.
This is Ann Chang.
Ann is ten.
Mom and Dad sit with them.
Zack spots a crab on the sand.
The crab runs up.
Then it snaps at Zacks leg.
Zack jumps up on the bench.
Dad lifts up his legs.
Mom kicks sand at the crab.
Ann jumps up and yells
111
Name:
Text Copy (The Bad Crab continued)
at the kids on the next bench,

Pass the word!
The kids on the next bench
spot the crab and jump up.
Then it runs past them.
When it is past them, the kids yell,
Pass the word!
112

Name:
Text Copy
Anns Dress
Ann went to Gwens Dress Shop.

The shop had a red dress.
Ann got the dress.
Ann got in a cab with the dress.
The cab man sped off.
His cab went fast.
Then the cab hit a big bump.
Thump!
Anns dress fell from the cab.
Ann had the cab man stop the cab.
Then Ann ran back to get the dress.

113
Name:
Text Copy (Anns Dress continued)
Anns dress was in a trash can.

A bus had hit it.
A dog bit it.
The dress had mud on it.
The dress had rips and missing bits.
114

Name:
Text Copy
Zack Gets a Pet
Can I get a cat? Zack asks.

Dad tells Zack, No cats!
Cats run up trees and cant get back.
Can I get a rat? Zack asks.
Mom adds, No, no! No rats!
Rats smell bad.
Can I get a bug? Zack asks.
Ann tells Zack, No, no!
A bug is not a pet!

115
Name:
Text Copy (Zack Gets a Pet continued)
116
Can I get a fish? Zack asks.

A fish? his mom asks.
A fish is not so bad.
Can a fish be a fun pet?
Dad nods and Ann shrugs.
Can I get one, then? Zack asks.
Mom nods.
Yes! yells Zack.
Zack runs to the pet shop.
Can I get that fish? Zack asks.
This one? the pet shop man asks.
Zack nods.
A fish is a fun pet.
Zack hands the man the cash.
Then Zack runs to Mom and Dad
with his pet fish.

Name:
Text Copy
On the Mat
Zack and Ann had fun on a mat.

Zack got on the mat.
Then Ann got on next to Zack.
Then Quinn got on next to Ann.
Nell got up on top of Zack and Ann.
Rod got up on top of Ann and
Quinn.
Then Ed got up on the tip top.
It was so much fun!
Then, buzz, buzz!
What was that?
It was a bug.
The bug was on Zacks chin.
Zack went to smack the bug.

117
Name:
Text Copy (On the Mat continued)
Flop!
Zack fell flat on the mat.
Nell fell on top of Zack.
Then all the rest of the kids fell.
It was a big mess.
118

Name:
Text Copy
Fix that Ship
Zacks dad, Dan, has a ship.

Its fun to fish on the ship.
But Dan cant fish on the ship yet.
The ship has a big crack in its mast.
It has dents which Dan must fix.
It has rust which Dan must sand.
Dan gets the ship up on the land.
Then Dan gets a mask.
The mask will help block the dust.
Dan sands the deck.
Dan rubs and scrubs.
Dan drills and bangs.

119
120

Name:
Text Copy
The Tent
Once Zacks dad got the kids a tent.
Zack and Ann set up the tent.
Then the kids sang a song:
Yes, its the best!
The kids had fun in the tent.
But then a big wind hit the tent.
Flop!
The tent fell on Zack and Ann.

121
Name:
Text Copy (The Tent continued)
Then Zack felt a drip.

Zack and Ann got wet.
The kids set the tent back up.
Red ants got in and bit Zack.
A slug got on Ann.
Once the ants and slug got in,
that was it.
Zack and Ann ran from the tent.
122

Name:
Text Copy
A Gift from Mom
Once Mom got the kids a gift.

The gift was in a big black box.
Is it a truck? Zack said.
No, Mom said. Its not a truck.
I bet its a hat, Ann said.
No, Mom said. Its not a hat.
Then the box said, Ruff, ruff!
Zack slid the lid off the box.
A dog sat up.
Its a dog! said Ann.
Yes! said Zack.
Moms the best!

123
124

Name:
Text Copy
Bug and Frog
Zack and Ann sit next to the pond.

Zack says, The pond is a lot of fun!
I wish I were a bug.
Why? says Ann. Bugs are no fun.
Bugs zip and hum, says Zack.
Frogs hop and splash and munch on
bugs, says Ann.
I will not wish I was a bug, Zack
quips.
Zack and Ann had fun at the pond.
They will tell Mom and Dad.

125
126

Name:
Text Copy
Swing that Net

Zack is at the pond.
There are lots of frogs in the pond.
But the frogs are so quick!
The frogs are so slick!
When Zack runs in,
the frogs hop off.
Zack gets a net and runs in.
The frogs all jump.
Zack swings his net and yells,
Get in here, frogs!
Swish!

127
Name:
Text Copy (Swing that Net continued)
Zack yells and swings the net.

Zack gets lots of frogs.
There are six big ones in his net!
128

Name:
Text Copy
Spots Bath
Spot and his dog pals went
in a mud pit.
The kids must get the mud off.
His dog pals are still in the mud pit.
Zack grips Spot with his hands.
Then his hands slip.
Spot runs off.
The kids run to the mud pit.
Theres Spot, back in the mud
with the rest of his dog pals.
Spot! Zack yells. Bad dog!
Spot! Ann yells.
129
130

Name:
Text Copy

Zack and Ann are in a band.
Zack and Quinn bang on pots.
Ann and Nell bang on pans.
Mom wants to sing songs.
Stop, Mom says.
Mom asks the band to sing not bang.
Mom sets up snacks and says,
Snacks!
The kids drop the pots and pans
and run to get the snacks.
Mom grabs the pots and pans
and sets them on a shelf.
pots and pans band!
131
132

Name:
Text Copy
When its Hot

Zacks dad swings his golf club.
Thwack!
Zack runs up the hill.
Where did it land? his dad asks.
Its up here! Zack yells back.
Zack sits on a rock and casts.
His dad sits next to him.
Where are all the fish? Zack asks.
I cant tell, says his dad,
but its fun just to sit in the sun.

133
Name:
Text Copy (When its Hot continued)

Zacks dad gets the hot dogs.
Zack gets the buns.
Zacks dad flips the hot dogs.
Zack sets a hot dog on a bun.
Yum, yum!
134

Name:
Text Copy
Anns Hat Box
Ann sets a box of hats on the bed.

Which hat is the best? Ann asks.
Is this black top hat the best?
No! Zack says.
That one has a big dent!
Is this one the best? asks Ann.
No, says Zack.
Thats a nap cap!
Is this one the best? asks Ann.
No, says Zack.
This one? Ann asks.
Yuck! says Zack.

135
Name:
Text Copy (Anns Hat Box continued)

Is this one the best? Ann asks.
Yes! Zack says.
That red hat is the best!
136

ComprehensionProgress Monitoring
(RtI). To make effective use of the progress monitoring resources provided, we
numbers.
Running Record and Understanding

Directions
Preparation: Print and copy the Student Copy and Record Sheets for the
selected progress monitoring assessment for each student being assessed.
This assessment should be administered individually. If students are unfamiliar
with searching for text support for answers (see the following steps for earning
a second point), modeling should be provided prior to administering the
assessment.
After taking a running record of student oral reading, ask students the five
questions for the selected Progress Monitoring assessment.
Note: Initially, DO NOT allow students to look back in the story to find
answers if they dont know or are unsure. Students should provide their best
answer from memory of the story first. Avoid frustration by assuring students
they will have the chance to look back at the story after answering the
questions the best they can.
First, record one point for each question if it is answered correctly.
A second point for questions 13 is earned by finding text support for the
provided answers. Put the copy of the story back in front of the student and
explain you want him/her to show you where the answers for questions 13 are
in the story.

137
Restate the first question and the answer provided.

Say, Please find and read the line in the story showing the answer.
Record one additional point for questions 13 if the correct text support is
found and read.
Note: If incorrect answers are corrected at this point, students get the point
for finding the text support and still keep no point for providing an initial
incorrect answer. Therefore, a question with an initial incorrect answer that
is corrected when searching for text support receives a total score of one
point. A pattern of initial incorrect answers that are corrected when students
look back at the text, may indicate a challenge with organizing and storing
information from reading into memory.
Repeat steps for earning the second point for questions 2 and 3.
Scoring: Student performance should be recorded as either accurate or not,
using any form of symbols (e.g., checks and Xs or 1s and 0s), then record the
total score out of 8 at the bottom. A pattern of errors in the following categories
may indicate a need for particular types of instruction for thinking with reading:
Questions 13: Literal thinking (honoring the direct information stated by
the author and providing answers with direct text support)
Question 4: Inferential thinking (connecting information from the text to
information you already know and explaining answers)
Question 5: Evaluative thinking (extending beyond the text and defending
answers)
Goal: 68 points.
Scores of 5 or less indicate additional reteaching and reinforcement may be
required from the Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide Section II, Fluency
and Comprehension.
The Running Record and Understanding assessments follow the format of
an informal reading inventory, which provides a comprehensive evaluation
of reading skills. Student performance with word recognition is also scored.
The goal is scores within 89100%. Scores of 88% or less indicate additional
reteaching and reinforcement may be required from the Unit 9 Assessment and
Remediation Guide Section I, Phonics.
138

Name:
Student Copy Progress Monitoring 1
Dan the Cab Man

Where to? Dan asks.
And step on it! the man adds.
Directions: Provide students with this page to read for Progress Monitoring 1.
Im in a big rush!
Dan nods and steps on the gas.
The man grabs a bunch of cash

139
Name:
Help from Pals

Next can Ann scrub the pots? asks Mom.
Then can Ann trim the shrubs? asks Dad.
Last can Ann brush the dog? asks Mom.
Ug! says Ann.
140

Ann asks Zack to help with the tasks.
Zack runs and gets Rod and Ed.
Ann cuts the grass.
Rod scrubs the dog.
Name:
Anns Cut
Its not just a cut.
Its a red gash.
Mom and Dad run up.

Mom gets a pad to scrub the cut.
It will sting, says Dad,
but it will help.
Mom rubs the cut with the pad.
Ann gets a kiss from Dad
and a big hug from Mom.
141
Name:
The Bad Smell

Once there was a bad smell.
Yuck! I said, Whats that smell?
And where is it? said Mom.
Mom and I set off on a big hunt.
Its not in here, I said.
Its not in there, Mom said.

At last Mom said, Here it is!
Dad had left his socks in the bath tub.
142
Lets pick them up, Mom said.

No! I said.
Why not? said Mom.
The smell is so bad, I said. I cant stand it!
Well, then, said Mom. Run and get a trash bag.
I went to get a bag.
Mom went to get a stick.
Mom stuck the socks with the stick and slid them in the bag.
Running Record and Understanding: Progress Monitoring 1
Record Sheet for Unit 9 Section II, Comprehension

Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Dan the Cab Man for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student they will read a story called Dan the Cab Man. Tell the student the story is about a man who takes a
person somewhere in his cab. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Dan the Cab Man

Where to? Dan asks.
And step on it! the man adds.
The man grabs a bunch of cash
Im in a big rush!

[76 (total words)
Dan nods and steps on the gas.
(# errors)]/76 (total words)
% accuracy
Ask the student the questions below. The record sheet provides a space for recording scores for
performance on individual questions as well as the overall total. The second point for questions 13 is
earned by finding text support for the provided answers.
1. Who gets in the cab? (a man)
2. Where does the man want to go? (Tenth and Hill)
3. How does the man pay? (with a bunch of cash)
4. Might the man be running late for something? (Yes, because he says,
Step on it! and Im in a big rush!)
5. Is Dan a good cab driver? (Students may say yes because he got the
man where he wanted to go fast or no because he should drive more
carefully. Accept any plausible answer.)
1.
and
/2
2.
and
/2
3.
and
/2
4.
/1
5.
/1
Total:
/8

143
Analysis for Unit 9 Section II, Comprehension

Uncorrected Errors
Notes
Are there errors with contractions (Zacks, Im)?
Are there errors with Tricky Words (the, a, of, to, where, I, says, there)?
Are there errors related to consonant clusters (including double-letter

spellings) at the beginning or end of words?
Are errors consistently in the initial, medial, or final position of the word?
Are specific letter-sound correspondences consistently missed and if so,

which ones?
Does the student need to sound out words, or are the words said in a
blended fashion?
Does the student lose his/her place?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
03
96100
Very good. Okay to move on.
48
8995
Instructional Reading Level. Teacher judgment is required to

determine if additional instruction from the Unit 9 Assessment and
Remediation Guide is needed, or if the student is ready to move on.
9+
088
Weak. Discontinue test. Additional instruction from the Unit 9

Assessment and Remediation Guide is recommended
Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
144
Notes
Good. Okay to move on.
Fair. Consider discontinuing test and providing additional instruction from

the Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide, especially if accuracy
numbers are also lagging. If student is not overly frustrated, you may wish
to move on.
04
Weak. Discontinue test. Additional instruction from the Unit 9 Assessment

and Remediation Guide is recommended.

Record Sheet for Unit 9 Section III, Comprehension

Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Help from Pals for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student they will read a story called Help from Pals. Tell the student the story is about a girl who has a lot of
tasks to do. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Help from Pals

Ann asks Zack to help with the tasks.
Zack runs and gets Rod and Ed.
Next can Ann scrub the pots? asks Mom.
Ann cuts the grass.
Then can Ann trim the shrubs? asks Dad.
Last can Ann brush the dog? asks Mom.
Ug! says Ann.
Rod scrubs the dog.

[83 (total words)
=
% accuracy
Ask the student the questions below. The record sheet provides a space for recording scores for performance
on individual questions as well as the overall total. The second point for questions 13 is earned by finding
text support for the provided answers.
1. What does Dad ask Ann to do? (cut the grass or trim the shrubs)
1.
and
/2
2. What does Mom ask Ann to do? (Scrub the pots or brush the dog)
2.
and
/2
3. Who does Ann ask for help? (Zack)
3.
and
/2
4. Does Ann like to do tasks inside or outside of the house? (Outside,

because she cuts the grass and trims the shrubs.)
4.
/1
5. Why were Zack, Rod, and Ed willing to help Ann? (They are friends and
like helping each other, they were bored, they wanted Ann to come
play; accept any plausible answer.)
5.
/1
Total:
/8

145

Uncorrected Errors
Notes
Are there errors with Tricky Words (the, a, of, from, to, no, what, says, are,
there)?


which ones?
blended fashion?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
03
96100
49
8995
Teacher judgment is required to determine if additional instruction

from the Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide is needed, or if
the student is ready to move on.
10+
088

Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
146
Notes

the Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide. If student is not overly
frustrated, you may wish to move on.
04



Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of Anns Cut for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student they
will read a story called Anns Cut. Tell the student the story is about a girl who gets a cut. Keep a running
record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
Anns Cut
It will sting, says Dad,
Its not just a cut.
but it will help.
Its a red gash.
Mom rubs the cut with the pad.
Mom and Dad run up.
Mom gets a pad to scrub the cut.
Ann gets a kiss from Dad
and a big hug from Mom.

[78 (total words)
=
% accuracy
1. Where did Ann get a cut? (her leg)
1.
and
/2
2. What did Mom use to clean the cut? (a pad)
2.
and
/2
3. What did Dad and Mom do when the cut was clean? (gave Ann a kiss
and a big hug)
3.
and
/2
4. Did Ann want her Mom to clean the cut? (No, because she yelled,
No! That will sting!)
4.
/1
5. Should Ann be more careful when shes playing? (Students may say
yes, because she got hurt, or may say no, because the cut may have
just been an accident; accept any plausible answer.)
5.
/1
Total:
/8

147

Uncorrected Errors
Notes
Are there errors with contractions (its)?
Are there errors with Tricky Words (the, a, all, one, from, to, no, says, there)?


which ones?
blended fashion?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
03
96100
48
8995

9+
088

Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
148
Notes

04



Student:
Date:
Place the Student Copy of The Bad Smell for progress monitoring in front of the student. Tell the student
they will read a story called The Bad Smell. Tell the student the story is about a girl, her mom, and their
hunt for something making a bad smell. Keep a running record on this sheet as the student reads the story.
The Bad Smell

Once there was a bad smell.
No! I said.
Yuck! I said, Whats that smell?
Why not? said Mom.
And where is it? said Mom.
The smell is so bad, I said. I cant stand it!
Mom and I set off on a big hunt.
Well, then, said Mom. Run and get a trash

bag.
Its not in here, I said.

I went to get a bag.
Its not in there, Mom said.
Mom went to get a stick.
At last Mom said, Here it is!
Dad had left his socks in the bath tub.
Lets pick them up, Mom said.
Mom stuck the socks with the stick and slid them
in the bag.
[114 (total words)
=
% accuracy
1. What was making the smell? (Dads socks)
1.
and
/2
2. Why didnt the girl want to pick up the socks? (Because the smell is so bad.)
2.
and
/2
3. What did Mom do when she found the socks? (stuck them with a stick and/or
slid them in a trash bag)
3.
and
/2
4. What does Mom plan to do with the socks? (Throw them away, because she put
them in a trash bag.)
4.
/1
5. Is Dad a messy guy? (Students may say yes, because he left his stinky socks in
the tub, or may say no, because maybe Dad was going to rinse them off and just
forgot; accept any plausible answer.)
5.
/1
Total:
/8

149

Uncorrected Errors
Notes
Are there errors with contractions (whats, its, lets, cant)?
Are there errors with Tricky Words (once, there, a, I, said, what, where, here,
the, no, why so, to, was)?


which ones?
blended fashion?
Accuracy
Errors
Notes
05
96100
613
8995

14+
088

Comprehension
Questions
7 or 8
150
Notes

04


Section III
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation

151
152

153
If student
continues to
struggle
Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation
THEN USE
If student meets
expectations,
continue with
Unit 9 Skills
strand lessons
B
Student scores less than 18
on Worksheet 19.4 of the
Unit 9 Student Performance
Assessment and/or performs
poorly on other evaluations of
uppercase letter formation
Review with Pausing

Point: Recognize and Write
Uppercase Letters and/or Write
Tricky Words

Objective: Trace, copy, and
write all uppercase letters
IF
Determining Student Need for Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation
Lesson Template
Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation
Focus:
Uppercase
Letter
Formation
Teaching
Warm-Up
Objective: Literally warm up the large and small muscles of the arms and
hands used for writing.
Exercise: Choose two or three handwriting warm-up exercises. (See
Handwriting Warm-Up Exercises for suggestions.)
Explicit
Instruction
Objective: Model the target letter formation.

Learning about Uppercase Letter Formation: Tell students which letters you
will practice writing for todays lesson.
Demonstrate writing the target letters for the lesson on chart paper
or the board and saying the letter formation chant while doing so.
(See Letter Formation Chants.) If possible, seat students so they are
looking up for the letter formation modeling and writing in the air (see
next step), because looking up (chin down, eyes up) helps students
access visual memory.
Repeat (tracing the first letter), inviting students to write in the air and
say the chant with you. (Fun pointers often help engage students!)
Students should move their whole arm from the shoulder when
drawing in the air.
Repeat drawing in the air and saying the chant, this time with
eyesclosed. Prompt students to pay attention to how their arm and
hand move and feel while their eyes are closed.
Write a new target letter asking students:
Where do I start my line?
Which direction does the line go to write a (an) _?
What line do I write next?
Write additional samples forming most letters correctly, but also form
a couple incorrectly to provide a non-example and address common
mistakes.
154

Materials
activity
dependent
writing surface
and implement
(e.g., chalkboard
and chalk)
pointers for each
student
Focus:
Uppercase
Letter
Formation
Guided
Practice
Independent
Practice
Teaching
Materials
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop letter formation with

decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Uppercase Letter Formation: Using individual writing supplies
ask students to:
Write one large target uppercase letter on the board.
Next erase and write four target uppercase letters and show the best
one.
Then erase and fill the board with the target uppercase letter in
differing sizes.
Application of Skills: Select worksheets or games allowing students to
practice the letter formation(s) focused on in the lesson.
Progress Monitoring option: Incorporate progress monitoring checks here as
needed.
Objective: Allow students to practice letter formations near mastery with high
levels of independence. In addition, bolster writing readiness with fine motor
activities if needed.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Uppercase Letter Formation:
Practicing Uppercase Letter Formation: Revisit previously taught
activities allowing students to practice the letter formation(s) focused
on in the lesson.
Refining Fine Motor Skills: Engage in an activity that promotes fine
motor strength and skill. (See Fine Motor Activities for suggestions.
These activities should be previously taught and practiced before
students are expected to engage with them independently.)
writing surface
and implement
(e.g., chalkboard
and chalk) per
student
activity
dependent:
worksheet and/
or other drawing
resources per
student
Progress
Monitoring
resources
continued from
Guided Practice
Fine Motor
Activity
resources

155

Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation (E and F)
Focus:
Uppercase
Letter
Formation (E
and F)
Teaching
Warm-Up
Objective: Literally warm up the large and small muscles of the arms and
hands used for writing.
Exercise:
Clap hands in a rhythm and have the students imitate.
Explicit
Instruction
Objective: Model the target uppercase letter formation.

Learning about Uppercase Letter Formation: Tell students that today they will
practice writing the uppercase letters E and F, because getting the lines
across correct is important to telling the difference between them.
Demonstrate writing E on the dry erase board and saying the letter
formation chant while doing so. (E: Long line down, add three
lines across to me (1, 2, 3); then a big E is what you will see.) Seat
students on the floor in front of the board so they are looking up (chin
down, eyes up) to help access their visual memory.
Repeat (tracing the first letter), inviting students to write in the air
using their pointers and saying the chant with you. Students should
move their whole arm from the shoulder when writing in the air.
Repeat, writing in the air and saying the chant, this time with
eyesclosed. Prompt students to pay attention to how their arm and
hand move and feel while their eyes are closed.
Write a new large E asking students:
Where do I start my line?
Which direction does the line go to write an E?
What line do I write next?
Write additional samples, saying the chant, and make the mistake of
leaving off the bottom horizontal line. If students do not catch your
error, point out without the bottom horizontal line the E looks like an
F. Redo the E correctly.
Repeat steps 15 for F. (F: Long line down, add two lines across to
me (1, 2); then a big F is what you will see.)
156

Materials
None
dry erase board,

dry erase
marker, tissue
pointers for each
student
Focus:
Uppercase
Letter
Formation (E
and F)
Teaching
Materials
Guided
Practice
Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop uppercase letter

formation with decreasing support as students skills strengthen.
Working with Uppercase Letter Formation: Using individual writing supplies
ask students to:
dry erase
Write one big uppercase letter E* on the board to show you.
board, dry
Next erase and write four uppercase letter Es* and show the best
erase marker,
one.
and tissue per
student
Then erase and fill the board with uppercase letter Es* of differing
sizes.
in a plastic
Repeat steps 24 for F*.
sleeve for each
*Students should repeat the chant every time they draw a sound.
student:
Application of Skills: Provide students with a copy of the Tic-Tac-Toe page in
Tic-Tac-Toe page
a plastic sleeve. Have students play Tic-Tac-Toe with a partner using E and
F instead of the traditional X and O. Remind them to say the chant each time
copies of
they trace a picture of a sound.
Uppercase Letter
Progress Monitoring option: Students are performing well with the uppercase
Formation 3
letter formations matching lowercase letters and are ready for a check of the
similar but not matching upper- and lowercase letters. Once students have
played several rounds of Tic-Tac-Toe, have them complete Progress Monitoring
3.
Independent
Practice
Objective: Allow students to practice letter formations near mastery with high
levels of independence. In addition, bolster writing readiness with fine motor
activities if needed.
Practicing and Extending Skills with Uppercase Letter Formation:
Practicing Uppercase Letter Formation: Provide students with a copy
of Matching Letter Practice 10 (AL) in a plastic sleeve for additional
practice.
Refining Fine Motor Skills: Once students complete the Matching
Letter Practice page, then move to the bead stringing station. (This
station is set up to reinforce fine motor development and patterning
skills, because students choose patterns to repeat by stringing the
same color and order of beads on their string.)
in a plastic
sleeve for each
student:
Matching Letter
Practice 10 (AL)
bead stringing
station with
patterns

157
Methods for Practicing Letter Formation

Gross motor abilities tend to develop before fine motor abilities. Therefore,
the following chart provides options that allow you to meet students at their
motor ability level and steps to encourage their fine motor development. If
students struggle to improve their fine motor skills, consult with support staff
(e.g., occupational therapist, school nurse, etc.) to evaluate for other potential
physical obstacles.
Refining
Steps
(Gross to Fine
Motor)
Step 1
Step 2
Surfaces
Methods
Large vertical
surfaces
Classroom dry erase board or chalkboard

Easel
Chart paper taped to the wall
Implements such as a paintbrush with water on the
chalkboard supports large strokes. Implements
such as crayons on easel paper encourage more
refined strokes.
Large horizontal
surfaces
Table or desk covered with paper

Cookie sheet with rice or shaving cream
Sand table/box
Poster board
Full newspaper sheet
Using the pointer finger in rice, shaving cream,
or sand supports large strokes. Refined strokes
are encouraged by using the tripod grip with
implements: drawing with the point of a paintbrush
in rice, shaving cream, or sand and using crayons
and markers on paper.
Medium horizontal surfaces
Step 4
Small horizontal
surfaces (large
strokes)
8.5" x 11" paper plain or in a plastic sheet

protector sleeve*
Individual dry erase boards or chalkboards
Small construction paper
Notepads
Paper plates
Step 5
Small horizontal
surfaces (small
strokes)
Step 3
Large construction paper

Legal size paper
Brown grocery bag
Folded/cut newspaper sheet
Same as Step 4. Instead of using the full surface

for large strokes, students draw small strokes:
tracing or free form, filling in shapes, on lines, etc.
*Dry erase markers and an eraser (tissue, sock, other cloth) can be used to write and
erase on plastic sleeves, allowing students to reuse worksheets or other practice pages.
158

Handwriting Warm-Up Exercises:

Chair sit-ups: while seated, have students place their hands on either side of
their hips and raise their bottoms up off of their chairs.
Press down hard on desktop with both hands.
Briskly rub hands together.
Place the fingertips together and do finger push-ups.
Pass around a weighted ball.
Wall push-ups: Place both hands on the wall with both feet about a foot from
the wall and lean into the wall bending both elbows and then push back out.
Stretch thick rubber bands between fingers and thumb.
Push the palms together, then fold fingers around each other and try to pull
them apart.
Clap hands in a rhythm and have the students imitate.
SOURCE: http://drzachryspedsottips.blogspot.com/search/label/Handwriting
Letter Formation Chants

Remind students that all uppercase letters start on the top line, except for C,
G, O, Q, and S. The chant will remind them of the different starting point
for those uppercase letters.
A: Diagonal left, diagonal right, add a line across to me; then a big A is what
you will see.
B: Long line down, add two half circles to the right to me; then a big B is
what you will see.
C: Start just below the top line, make most of a circle to the left for me; then a
big C is what you will see.
D: Long line down, add a big half circle to the right to me; then a big D is
what you will see.
E: Long line down, add three lines across to me (1, 2, 3); then a big E is what
you will see.
F: Long line down, add two lines across to me (1, 2); then a big F is what you
will see.
G: Start just below the top line, make most of a circle and add a line to me;
then a big G is what you will see.
H: Long line down, again, and add a line across to me; then a big H is what
you will see.
I: Long line down, add a line across at top and bottom to me; then a big I is
what you will see.
J: Line down and add a fish hook to me; then a big J is what you will see.

159
K: Long line down, add a diagonal left and right to me; then a big K is what
you will see.
L: Long line down, add a line across down low to me; then a big L is what you
will see.
M: Long line down, add diagonal right, back up, and back down to me, then a
big M is what you will see
N: Long line down, add diagonal right and back up to me; then a big N is
what you will see.
O: Start just below the top line, circle leftthats all for me; then a big O is
what you will see.
P: Long line down, add a half circle to the right to me; then a big P is what
you will see.
Q: Start just below the top line, circle left and little diagonal right for me; then a
big Q is what you will see.
R: Long line down, add a half circle and diagonal to the right to me; then a big
R is what you will see.
S: Start just below the top line, make a half circle left and back right for me;
then a big S is what you will see.
T: Long line down, add a line across up top to me; then a big T is what you
will see.
U: Line down and cup back up, thats all for me; then a big U is what you will
see.
V: Diagonal right, add a diagonal back up for me; then a big V is what you will
see.
W: Diagonal right and up, add another one for me; then a big W is what you
will see.
X: Diagonal right, add a diagonal left to cross for me; then a big X is what you
will see.
Y: Little diagonal right and left, add a short line down to me; then a big Y is
what you will see.
Z: Top line across, diagonal left and bottom line across for me; then a big Z is
what you will see.
160

161
Introduction
to Uppercase
Letters;
Todays
Letters: A,
B, C, and D;
Handwriting
Uppercase
Letters;
Writing
Practice
Uppercase
Letter
Review;
Todays
Uppercase
Letters: E,
Letter
F, G, and H;
Sprints
Handwriting
Worksheet;
Writing;
Tricky Words
Who Can
Todays
Show Me?;
Letters: I,
Todays
J, K, and L;
Letters: N, O, Letter
Handwriting
P, Q, and R; Dictation
Worksheet;
Handwriting
Handwriting
Worksheet;
Practice
Tricky Words
Lesson 19: Punctuation Marks and Punctuation Practice
Trace,
copy, and
write all
uppercase
letters
Writing
Skill/CKLA
Goal
Writing Skills Cross-Reference Chart
Flashcard
Review;
Todays
Letters: S, T,
U, V, and W;
Handwriting
Worksheet
10
Tricky
Words
11
Unit 9 Lessons
Todays
Letters: X,
Y, and Z;
Handwriting
Worksheet
12
13
Caps
Worksheet
14
15 16 17 18 19 20
Uppercase
Letters
Worksheet
21
22 23
Sound Dictation with

Uppercase Letters;
Rough around the Edges;
Tray Tracing; Erase the
Letter; Name Game;
Letter Concentration;
Word Scramble; Finding
Letters; Rainbow
Letters; Worksheet
with Missing Uppercase
Letters; Worksheet
with Uppercase Letters;
Alphabet Classbook;
Handwriting Worksheets
with Tricky Words,
Unit 9
Pausing
Point
Letter FormationWorksheets
Letter Formation Practice
Familiar practice formats used in the Unit 9 Workbook are available here to
provide medium (15) and small (16) letter formation practice for each of
the uppercase letters as well as matching (111) lower- and uppercase letter
practice.
Note: To promote the meaning link between letter formations as a
representation of speech sounds, encourage students to say the uppercase
letter formation chant or the letter sound each time they write an uppercase
letter while completing the worksheets for practice.
162

Directions: Have students trace each uppercase letter several times inside of the outline, using a different color crayon each time. Make sure students
start to trace the letters at the starting dots.
Name:
Medium Letter Practice 1 (AM)
163
start to trace the letters at the starting dot.
Name:
164
Medium Letter Practice 2 (NZ)
Name:
Medium Letter Practice 3 (Matching Upper/Lowercase)
165
Name:
166
Medium Letter Practice 4 (Similar Upper/Lowercase)
Name:
Medium Letter Practice 5 (Dissimilar Upper/Lowercase)
167
Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (AD)
Directions: Have students print the capital letters and words on the handwriting lines.
168

Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (EH)
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
3

169
Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (IM)
2
1
170

Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (NR)
1
2

171
Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (SW)
172
1
3

Name:
Small Letter Practice 1 (XZ)
1
2

173
Name:
Directions: Have students draw lines connecting the uppercase letters to the matching lowercase letters.
Matching Letter Practice 1 (AD)
174

Name:
Matching Letter Practice 2 (AH
f
175
Name:
Matching Letter Practice 3 (AL)
Directions: Have students copy the uppercase letters next to the matching lowercase letters.
A
E
I
176
B
F
J
k

M
G
K
D
H
L
h
Name:
Matching Letter Practice 4 (IT)
I
J
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
T
q
t
r
n
j
i
m
p
k
l
177
Name:
A
E
I
178
B
F
J
k

C
G
K
D
H
L
h
Name:
Matching Letter Practice 6 (LZ)
L M N O P
Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
o
r
w
v

179
Name:
Directions: Have students draw lines connecting the lowercase letters to the matching uppercase letters.
Matching Letter Practice 7 (AM)
180
b
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
H
K
E
J
M
B
F
L
D
G
I
Name:
Matching Letter Practice 8 (OZ)
O
S
W
o
P
T
X
s
Q
U
Y
R
V
Z

181
Name:
Matching Letter Practice 9 (AZ)
Fill in the gaps.
182

Name:
A
E
I
B
F
J
C
G
K
D
H
L

183
Name:
Directions: Have students draw lines connecting the lowercase letters to the matching uppercase letters.
Matching Letter Practice 11 (MZ)
184
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
M
Q
U
Y
V
X
N
P
R
O
Z
T
W
S
Uppercase Letter FormationGames

Tic-Tac-Toe
Use the template provided, or draw your own, for students to play Tic-Tac-Toe
using target uppercase letters instead of the traditional X and O. Students may
both use the same target uppercase letter and write it in different colors, or
students may use two different target uppercase letters.
Note: To promote the meaning link between letter formations as a
representation of speech sounds, encourage students to say the uppercase
letter formation chant or the letter sound each time they write or find an
uppercase letter formation while playing Tic-Tac-Toe.

185
Directions: Students play Tic-Tac-Toe using target uppercase letter formations instead of the traditional X and O.
Name:
Tic-Tac-Toe Board
186
Letter Hunt
Finding familiar pictures of target letter sounds reinforces letter formation
knowledge. Use the following activities to have students hunt for taught letter
formations.
Alphabet Mural 13. There are two of each letter to find.
Mural 1 targets the letters wherein the upper- and lowercase formations
only differ in size.
Mural 2 increases the difficulty targeting the letters wherein the upper- and
lowercase formations have similarities but are not an exact match.
Mural 3 is the most challenging providing the letters where in the upper
and lowercase formations are dissimilar.
Read Around the Room: Invite students to find target letter formations in text
around the room. Wearing funny glasses and/or using a fun pointer makes this
activity even more engaging!

187
Name:
Alphabet Mural 1
Directions: Have students find and circle the uppercase letters corresponding to the lowercase letters provided at the top.
c o p s u vw x z
188
K
Q
V
F
Y
J
S
E
P
T
B
C
I
X
G
L
O
W

R
M
A
Z
N
S
C
W
H
X
V
U
U
O
Z
P
D
Name:
Alphabet Mural 2
b f h j k l t y
E
R
H
J
V
W
N
C
B
F
M
P
G
S
X
T
J
K
F
T
O
L
A
Y
B
L
K
I
Y
H
U
Z
D
Q

189
Name:
Alphabet Mural 3
a d e g i mn q r
190
J
C
T
M
G
Q
F
R
E
X
V
D
N
H
Y
A
P
I

D
U
O
S
L
N
Q
M
G
Z
R
B
I
A
W
K
E
Uppercase Letter FormationFine Motor Activities

Variations for Practicing Letter Formations
Draw in trays of sand, rice, or shaving cream
Draw shapes on vertical surfaces: paper taped to the wall or easel, dry erase
board, or chalkboard (A damp sponge can be used for cleaner drawing practice
on a chalkboard.)
Put hair gel with food coloring or glitter in a sandwich bag. Force all the air out
and seal tightly. Place the bag on a flat surface and practice letters. Squish the
gel flat again to use repeatedly.
Draw with doodle programs on touch screen technologies
Other Fine Motor Activity Suggestions

Building with blocks
Pouring water from a pitcher to a cup
Cutting and pasting
Hole punching
Stringing beads
Lacing hole-punched cards
Making shapes with playdough
Playing with squirt bottles
Screwing and unscrewing lids
Popping bubble wrap using the thumb and pointer finger
Using a turkey baster or nasal aspirator to blow ping pong balls back and forth
Using tongs or tweezers to pick up small objects (e.g., place colored buttons
or stones on matching colored papers or in matching colored containers, count
marshmallows or pom-poms into ice cube trays)
Adding and removing clothespins to fill the edge of paper, a box, a ruler, etc. or
hanging items on a line
Putting beans in a container with an appropriately sized slot
Threading pipe cleaners through the holes of a colander
Turning over buttons spread on the floor or table
Using eye droppers with water and food coloring to decorate coffee filters

191
Uppercase Letter FormationProgress Monitoring

(RtI). To make effective use of the progress monitoring resources provided, we
numbers.
Directions
Preparation: Copy the uppercase letter formation assessment page
corresponding to the Progress Monitoring Assessment (Uppercase Letter
Formation 14) you selected. Four unique versions are provided. Assessment 1
is a complete alphabet assessment. If the complete alphabet is overwhelming
and/or a more targeted assessment is desired, use Uppercase Letter Formation
24:
#2 provides the letters wherein the upper- and lowercase formations only
differ in size.
#3 increases the difficulty providing the letters wherein the upper- and
lowercase formations have similarities but are not an exact match.
#4 is the most challenging providing the letters wherein the upper- and
lowercase formations are dissimilar.
Distribute Uppercase Letter Formation Progress Monitoring Worksheet (14).
Model with the sample item (o = O).
Tell students to write the corresponding uppercase letter next to each lowercase
letter.
192

Scoring: Designate how well matched student attempts are to a target letter
formation using Not Yet Progressing (NYP), Progressing (P), and Ready (R).
NYP: The letter formation has some directionality and appropriate shape;
however, the student attempt would not be recognizable without the
reference letter.
P: The letter formation is recognizable and contains all essential features
(e.g., number of lines, curves, points, intersections); however, some lines
may not touch or close, extra strokes may be used in the attempt, and it
may lack symmetry.
R: The letter formation reflects appropriate proportions, symmetry,
closures, etc.; however, lines may still be shaky.
Goal: Achieve Ready (R) on all uppercase letter formations.
Scores of Not Yet Progressing (NYP) or Progressing (P) indicate that additional
reteaching and reinforcement is required from Assessment and Remediation
Guide Unit 9 Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation.

193
Record Sheet for Unit 9 Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation
A page for noting uppercase letter formation performance as it develops for up
to six students is provided. This page may be used when scoring Uppercase
Letter Formation Progress Monitoring Assessments or when making informal
observations of student writing.
Key
Not Yet Progressing letter formations have no markings (e.g., W).
Progressing letter formations are circled (e.g., N ).
Ready letter formations are circled and crossed out (e.g., A ).
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
Student:
Uppercase Letters:
194

Name:
Directions: Have students write the corresponding uppercase letter next to each lowercase letter.
Uppercase Letter Formation Progress Monitoring 1
o
a
u
c
m
p
r
d
n
h
q
e
l
y
t
v
g
k
w
x
i
s
f
j
z
b
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Unit 9

Skills Strand
Kindergarten
The Core Knowledge Foundation

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Copyright 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation

Section III, Writing: Uppercase Letter Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Lesson Structures for Levels of Instructional Need

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Guided Reinforcement Lesson Structure

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Explicit Reteaching Lesson Structure

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Comprehensive Reteaching Lesson Structure

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Working

See corresponding sections to choose one or two

Activities with which students have demonstrated

See corresponding section Lesson Templates for Learning

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Word Lists: Collections of words, phrases, or sentences needed for activities

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

2013 Core Knowledge Foundation

Review with Pausing Point: Read

Student struggles with Unit 9

Student struggles with Unit 9 Objective:

Review with Pausing Point: Write

Determining Student Need for Section I, Phonics

Target specific areas of weakness by

Student scores less than 18 on the

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/spelling

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Sample Remedial Lesson

Objective: Prompt student attention to the connection between written

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Objective: Provide an engaging opportunity to develop target sound/spelling

BINGO game set

Objective: Allow students to practice target sound/spelling knowledge near

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Previously Taught Sound/Spellings Chart

z > /z/ (zigzag)

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Letter Cards 1 (taught in Unit 3)

Letter Cards 2 (taught in Unit 4)

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Letter Cards 3 (taught in Unit 5)

Letter Cards 4 (taught in Unit 7)

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide

Letter Cards 5 (taught in Unit 8)

Kindergarten | Unit 9 Assessment and Remediation Guide