Guide To Intensive Aquaculture in Manitoba

GUIDE TO INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE
IN MANITOBA
Manitoba Water Stewardship

Fisheries Branch
Box 20 200 Saulteaux Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3J 3W3
April, 2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
Aquaculture in Manitoba
Aquaculture in Canada
Canadian Aquaculture Update
Technical Aspects of Intensive Aquaculture
11
Economic Aspects of Aquaculture
12
Regulations and Regulatory Aspects of Intensive Aquaculture in Manitoba
14
Intensive Aquaculture is a Business!
23
In Summary
27
References
28
APPENDICES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program

Water Quality Characteristics
Financial Tables
Business Contacts
Ontario Marketing Study
Fish Farming Planning Checklist
GUIDE TO INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE

IN MANITOBA
INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture, or fish farming, has been practised in Manitoba since the late 1960s.
It began with experimental studies on pothole lakes in the Erickson area in southwestern
Manitoba. To date, Manitoba operations have primarily taken the form of hobby farming,
involving the release of fingerlings into farm dugouts or ponds on private lands, or into
small lakes on Crown lands. These fish are then used primarily for recreational purposes.
A good source of information on this type of activity, referred to as extensive fish
farming, is the booklet Trout Farming in Manitoba, available from the Fisheries Branch of
the Manitoba Department of Conservation.
"Intensive" aquaculture, which takes the form of fish rearing in cages, tanks, or
raceways, is relatively new in Manitoba, and there are currently only a few commercial
aquaculture operations of this magnitude in the province. However, increasing interest
has been expressed in developing larger commercial operations, creating a demand for
better advice and guidelines on how to start an intensive aquaculture business.
The purpose of this brochure is to attempt to provide this advice. It is not
intended to provide all the details on commercial aquaculture. Intensive operations are
still very much in the developmental stage in Manitoba, with new techniques being
developed all the time. The brochure will, however, make the prospective fish farmer
aware of the potential legal requirements, environmental concerns, relevant agency
contacts, and general good business practices that will contribute towards increasing the
potential for success of an intensive aquaculture operation.
AQUACULTURE IN MANITOBA
Aquaculture was initiated in Manitoba in the late 1960s, largely through
experimental stocking by the Freshwater Institute and the Manitoba Government of very
productive potholes located in southwestern Manitoba. Rainbow trout quickly became
the species of choice due to their rapid rate of growth and their general hardiness. They
continue to be the primary species raised in Manitoba.
In the early 1990s, there were four private hatcheries that sold fingerlings; three
of these operators also sold eggs. These producers were also "grow-out" operations,
selling "pan-sized" fish (greater than 6 inches long) for eating. Generally, these fish
were in the 2-4 pound range. At this point, prices for rainbow trout were dropping and
Arctic char was rapidly becoming of major interest to Manitoba operators. Some fish
farmers were experimenting with various species of salmon.
AgPro Fish Farms in Winnipeg, established in 1986 under the name of Elders
Aqua Farms, was originally the only intensive grow-out operation in the province for trout
and Arctic char. In the mid-1980s, the Freshwater Institute (Canada Department of
Fisheries and Oceans) in Winnipeg began experimenting with production of Arctic char
at their Rockwood Hatchery located in Manitoba's interlake region.
Subsequently, as part of a technology transfer agreement between Elders and

DFO, the company converted its malting plant into a grow-out facility to initiate intensive
Arctic char and rainbow trout production. The company later began experimenting with
kokanee salmon. Despite AgPro's apparent success, the Head Office in Saskatchewan
decided to close down the Winnipeg operation in 1994 while maintaining a cage culture
facility on Deifenbaker Lake in southern Saskatchewan (now called Cangro). Around
the same time, a long-time fingerling producer located at LaBroquerie, southeast of
Winnipeg, also closed its doors.
Annually in Manitoba, there are between 25 and 30 licensed commercial
operators who raise fish for sale. They primarily farm private waters, although a few are
licensed to use Crown waters. There are also approximately 500-600 unlicensed hobby
fish farmers who buy fingerlings from licensed fish farmers to stock private waters for
their own use.
There are four major operators in Manitoba. One fingerling producer, Arctic
Aquafarms located near Garson, also operates a grow-out facility and a fee-for-fishing
operation. The federal Rockwood Hatchery at Gunton has been sold to private
interests, and has changed hands several times over the past few years; Agassiz Aqua
Tech took over in the summer of 2001 and operates a hatchery and grow-out operation
at this site, producing primarily arctic char. The Manitoba Rainbow Trout Farmers
Association at Erickson and Clear Springs Aqua Farms near Roblin, are primarily
brokers who import fingerlings from the U.S. and distribute them in the spring.
In 1999, Manitoba fish farmers reported selling 196,000 rainbow trout fingerlings.
Grow-out operations sold 4,260 kgs of rainbow trout and 3,962 kgs of arctic char. In
2000, fingerling sales dropped slightly to 172,000 rainbow trout. Grow-out sales
increased slightly to 6,884 kgs of rainbow trout and 7,273 kgs of arctic char. In 2001,
fish farmers reported sales of 190,000 rainbow trout fingerlings, 15,530 kgs of rainbow
trout, and 27,730 kgs of arctic char. Fingerling sales remained stable at 190,000
rainbow trout in 2002, while grow-out sales increased to 16,050 kgs of rainbow trout,
and 47,000 kgs of arctic char.
There are three fee-for-fishing (or U-catch-em) businesses, where customers
pay to fish in privately stocked ponds. Equipment is supplied, if needed. Such ponds are
very popular in the U.S. and offer opportunities for fish farmers near larger urban
centres. These ponds are easily accessible and can be fished from shore; ideal for
small children and individuals who are unable to access sport fishing otherwise.
Commercial fish farming operations and the services they offer are listed in more
detail in the brochure "Manitoba Fish Farming Operations", available from Manitoba
Water Stewardship.
AQUACULTURE IN CANADA
In 1988, the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) commissioned
Price Waterhouse to assess the growth potential of the Canadian aquaculture industry
to the year 2000. The resulting report, "Long Term Production Outlook for the Canadian
Aquaculture Industry", issued in 1989 and updated in 1990, discussed the major species
cultivated, including rainbow trout and Arctic char, the primary species produced in
Manitoba. Highlights of this report follow.
Trout Farming
Commercial aquaculture in Canada began in the 1950s, with production focused on

trout culture in Ontario and British Columbia, and oyster culture in B.C., Prince
Edward Island, and New Brunswick. Trout farming in Canada is carried out primarily
in fresh water. However, with the growth of marine culture, producers have been
rearing marine trout in sea cages, primarily in Nova Scotia.
Rainbow trout is the primary species of fish raised on Canadian freshwater fish
farms. It has been bred and reared for many decades and is now a domesticated
fish with a rapid rate of growth, high resistance to disease, and a good tolerance to
crowding.
The production of trout in Canada serves three major markets:
Pond fishing;
Lake and river stocking; and
Human food consumption.
Freshwater trout production in Canada for 1989 was approximately 2,500 MT, about
80% of which was from Ontario. Approximately 4% came from the Prairie Provinces
and the Territories, collectively. This compared with annual production figures of
32,000 MT in Italy, 30,000 in Denmark, 22,000 in the U.S. and 20,000 MT in France.
At that time, Japan was producing between 15,000 and 20,000 MT per year.
Price Waterhouse projected total Canadian production at between 3,400 MT and

5,200 MT of freshwater trout by 1995, and between 4,100 MT and 7,300 MT by the
year 2000. Trout farming in the prairies and territories was thought to be at the
developmental stage. Under an optimistic scenario, these provinces would produce
about 200 MT by 1995 and about 400 MT by the year 2000. [More recent figures
show total trout production in Canada reached 5,900 MT in 1994, of which 305 MT
was from Saskatchewan and Alberta. No data were available for Manitoba.]
In 1987, Canada imported 1,062 MT of trout including 252 MT of fresh trout, 540 MT
of frozen trout, and another 270 MT of other trout products. Almost 90% of these
imports went to Ontario, Quebec and B.C. Imports have remained at around 1,000
MT since 1981, despite the growth in trout production in Canada of over 1,000 MT
during that same period. This is largely because the Canadian products do not
compete directly with the imported products. Canadian trout are sold fresh with
increasing amounts being sold smoked or as fillets rather than pan-sized. The
majority of imported trout from Idaho are sold frozen, at an average weight of about
250 g and for a lower price than the Canadian product.
Because the Canadian product had the potential to be sold fresh all year round, the
potential to displace imports was not considered indicative of the size of the total
market. Moreover, similar to other fish products, there had been little advertising
and promotion directed at the consumer market.
Opportunities for export were likely to be limited except perhaps to the U.S.
Northeast. However, there was likely to be increasing competition from states like
Montana which were starting to look at trout growing with interest.
A key challenge facing the freshwater and marine trout industries was developing
markets in an environment which had become increasingly competitive. The ability
to remain competitive would be a challenge to industry. The freshwater trout farming
sector yielded only modest returns to owner-operators and investors.
Major constraints facing the Canadian trout industry included:
market competition both domestically and internationally;

relatively high production costs, causing reduced profitability;
financing and cash flow; and
limited access to high quality grow-out sites.
The strengths of the industry were:
proximity to a large domestic and U.S. market;

a well-established infrastructure and network of experts;
ready availability of fingerlings; and
the production of a high-quality product.
The Arctic Char Farming Industry
Research and development into Arctic char farming began in 1978. Commercial
production was only in its early stages at the time the Price Waterhouse report was
written. [Total production of Arctic char in Canada was estimated at approximately 7
MT in 1990. It reached 71 MT in 1994.]
Constraints facing the industry included:
inadequate supplies of broodstock;

insufficient refinement of techniques for rearing char;
size variability of the end product;
lack of research into appropriate feed mixtures;
a relatively long grow-out period; and
lack of market recognition for the fish.
Strengths of the industry included:
Char is a premium food fish;

It is relatively easy to culture;
It is suitable for cold waters; and
It enjoys a strong market demand, with potential for increased demand.
5
In addition to the above information on Arctic char from the Price Waterhouse
report, a comprehensive analysis of existing and potential Arctic char markets was
presented in "Market Interaction of Canadian Farmed and Wild Arctic Char", prepared by
Western Management Consultants (R. Smith) for the federal Department of Fisheries
and Oceans (Economic and Commercial Analysis Report No. 22, November, 1989).
Primary conclusions of the report were as follows:
1.
2.
3.
Wild Arctic Char Production
The production of wild Arctic char had declined particularly from Labrador in
the late 1980s.
At the time of writing, prices for 4-7 pound char were close to farmed Atlantic
salmon prices.
The wild char industry sold about 136 tonnes in Canada and exported 54-57
tonnes to the U.S., the majority of which came from Labrador.
Aquaculture of Arctic Char
Almost all of the 6.8 tonnes of farmed Arctic char sold per year were in the
pan size. It was considered that this did not represent any threat to the
prices or volumes of the wild Arctic char.
It was estimated that there were about 400,000 eggs, fry and adult Arctic
char in the aquaculture system in Canada, with the potential for another
425,000 eggs to be added in 1989. [Note this is a 1989 report.]
It was concluded that farmed Arctic char production would increase on an

annual basis over the next 5-10 years. Western Management Consultants
estimated that by 1994, farmed char sales could be at least 454 tonnes and
by 1999, in the range of 907-1,361 tonnes. [In reality, sales were 71 tonnes
in 1994.]
Markets
Although 60% of the fish distribution industry carried Arctic char, it did not
amount to a large volume. Arctic char was not being promoted in Canada, as
it had always had such a limited volume that it did not justify major
coordinated promotional efforts.
The U.S. offered a major market opportunity if it was developed carefully with
sound marketing strategies and promotional plans. Certain areas of the U.S.
were not favourably inclined towards the consumption of salmon, trout, or
other red-fleshed fish, however the western and northern states did offer an
opportunity in this market. Specifically, Western Management Consultants
had this to say about the U.S. market:
The quantity of Arctic char being sold at that time in the U.S. was so low,
only 2 of the 13 firms interviewed carried or had carried the product.
In 1988, FFMC sold only 2.7% (1.2 tonnes) of its char production into the
U.S. In 1987, FFMC sold 2.7 tonnes or 4.5% of production to the U.S.
Sales varied from 0.1% to 3.7% of production for the three previous
years. Considering the size of the central and western U.S. marketplace,
this was a negligible amount.
Estimates of the quantity of Labrador char sold into the eastern U.S.
market varied between 50 and 68 tonnes a year. Considering the size of
the New York and Boston marketplace (over 20 million people), this was a
very small quantity.
Interviews with U.S. wholesalers, retailers, and food service companies

revealed there was very little familiarity with Arctic char, even at the
wholesaler level. Fish wholesalers in Minnesota and Illinois claimed they
could not get sufficient Arctic char to make it worthwhile ordering.
Fish wholesalers indicated they would be interested in carrying Arctic char

as it appeared to them to be a unique and unusual fish product, but they
did not anticipate that they could pay more than the going price for
salmon of equal quality and they had to have a steady supply.
Food service operators were very interested in a product that sounded

different and had a high quality "clean" image. However, they were not
familiar with the product and felt that it should be presented to them for
their review. Food service operators did not anticipate paying any more
for comparable quality salmon.
The pan-size (8-12 ounce) salmon market in the U.S. was estimated by
one of the largest brokerages to be no larger than 1,361 tonnes per year.
The price for 10-12 ounce salmon in Seattle was $3/lb (1989 $Cdn.)
compared to Idaho trout at $2.52/lb and the larger (2-4 pounds) redfleshed trout at $3.18/lb. This distributor was not familiar with Arctic char
and did not perceive that there was a significant pan-size market in the
U.S. [Note the average price of char in 1994 was $4 to $5 (Cdn).]
The market was very satisfied with the quality of Arctic char and did not
notice a significant difference in quality between the product from the
Atlantic or Central Canada. The differential in prices between the two
areas was mainly due to the size of the individual fish.
Western Management Consultants concluded that there was a market for

distinct products such as the frozen wild fish, the 8-10 ounce pan-size
fish, and the 4-7 pound char. The least desirable product was the 2-4
pound char. The trade indicated a willingness to pay a small premium for
fresh product, delivered on a regular and consistent basis.
Trout were definitely not a substitute product for Arctic char and were
seen by the trade as being considerably lower on the exotic or quality
scale.
Although wholesalers perceived salmon as a substitute product for Arctic

char, this view was not held by retailers or restaurants.
7
CANADIAN AQUACULTURE UPDATE
Programs/Policy
Following the review of Canadas aquaculture industry in the late 1980s, the
federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) launched the Federal Aquaculture
Development Strategy which was finalized in 1995, after further stakeholder
consultation. The Strategy was intended to be a tool for fostering partnerships and
cooperation between industry and all levels of government towards maximizing
sustainable use of aquatic resources and increasing the industrys productivity.
The federal government saw its primary role being the creation of an
environment supportive to aquaculture development in terms of harmonization of federal
and provincial policies and regulations, recognition of the industry as a legitimate user of
water, and support for R&D and technology transfer. However, it also stated that
aquaculture was a private sector initiative and that the principal responsibility for
commercial development rested with the industry.
In December, 1998, DFO appointed a Commissioner for Aquaculture
Development who would report to the Minister of DFO and who would be responsible for
implementing the 1995 Federal Aquaculture Development Strategy. For general
information, contact the national Office of the Commissioner for Aquaculture
Development (OCAD) at the following address:
OCAD
427 Laurier Avenue West
Suite 1210
Ottawa ON K1A 0E6
Phone: (613) 993-8603
Fax: (613) 993-8607
Website: http://ocad-bcda.gc.ca/
The Freshwater Advisor is:
ric Gilbert
OCAD
3230 rue De Blois
Trois-Rivires, Qubec G8Z 1R5
Phone: (819) 371-5118
Fax: (819) 371-5117
E-mail: [email protected]
In June, 1999, DFO held a roundtable of national stakeholders, including
representatives from industry, aboriginal groups, academia, environmental and
conservation organizations as well as provincial and territorial governments. The
purpose of the roundtable was to review the current state of the aquaculture industry in
Canada and recommend areas for future action. Participants generated a number of
recommendations under six themes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Legitimacy and recognition;

Communication and education;
Research and development;
Markets and marketing;
Sustainability of the industry and the environment; and
Implementation and action.
Key messages were as follows:
1. Legitimacy and Recognition
The industry must be given legitimacy and recognition through a specific regulatory
and policy framework that supports and furthers its competitiveness.
A clear, long-term and equitable approach to tenure and site access.
Aquaculture must be patterned after the agricultural model both in policies and
programs:
Access to agricultural support programs, particularly crop insurance
Access to Canadian Adaptation and Rural Development programs
Tax policies as primary producers of food
Financing
Lead Role Governments
2. Communication and Education
There is a need to communicate in a coherent, structured and consistent manner

with the public to educate about:
The socio-economic benefits of the industry
The environmental benefits of the industry and its approach to sustainable
development
Myths and inaccuracies related to aquaculture
The nutritional benefits, quality and reliability of the products
Lead Role Industry
Support Role Governments
3. Research and Development
Aquaculture research and development needs:

Setting of priorities
Co-ordinating mechanism for federal, provincial industry efforts (but not central
control)
Increased investment (but not financing via levies or association fees)
Closer linkage between fundamental and applied research and marketing
requirements
A biological improvement program, including access to best performing stocks
New species development
Genetics, therapeutants, new technologies and culture techniques
Environmental monitoring and impact assessment.
Partners Governments, Industry, Academe
9
4. Sustainability
The aquaculture industry must be, and be seen as, a model of sustainable
development, both economic and environmental
All stakeholders must be involved in arriving at and operating a sustainable industry
There is need for national codes of practice
Lead Role Industry
5. Markets and Marketing
There is a need for an integrated domestic and export aquaculture marketing

strategy and campaign and this involves, for example:
Increasing market research and intelligence
Developing product quality standards
Developing recognition of industry quality similar to agricultural products
Developing recognition of the industry as environmentally responsible
Ensuring consistency of supply
Effectively communicating product benefits and value to consumers
Ensuring foreign market access including aquaculture in trade negotiations
Developing market alliances
Enhancing export development initiatives by government
Lead Role Industry
6. Implementation and Action
Implement quickly the Federal Aquaculture Development Strategy

In addition, governments must move quickly to:
Clean up the regulations and implement the results
Resolve jurisdictional issues
Provide the resources required to support the industrys development
Stakeholders must be kept informed and involved, including a process for reporting
on the outcome of and follow-up to the Rounds Tables.
Lead Role Governments
Aquaculture Partnership Program

In October, 1999, DFO and the Aquaculture Commissioner announced the
federal Aquaculture Partnership Program (APP). The $600,000 program was directed at
helping the aquaculture industry in various regions of Canada to develop partnerships
and to work together on projects of national or regional significance. While the program
ended in 2002, a report on program activities is available from the Office of the
Commissioner of Aquaculture Development. Contact ric Gilbert (see above) or go to
the OCAD website at: http://www.ocad-bcda.gc.ca/epartnershipprogram.html
10
Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program

In May, 2001, DFO announced the federal Aquaculture Collaborative Research
and Development Program (ACRDP). The $20 million, 5-year program was created to
increase the level of collaborative research between the aquaculture industry and DFO
researchers, resulting in new information and technology that will increase industry
activity in Canada. Aquaculture producers are invited to submit proposals. General
information on the program is attached in Appendix 1, or go to the website:
http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/aquaculture/acrdp_e.htm
Aquaculture Production
Canadas Aquaculture Industry, a discussion document prepared by
G.C. Vernon and Associates (1999) notes that aquaculture production in Canada almost
doubled during the 1990s from 44,600 tons in 1991 to 87,200 tons in 1997. The primary
finfish species produced were salmon and trout. Total finfish production was 63,725
tonnes. The remainder of Canadian production came from shellfish mussels, manila
clams and oysters.
Production in the Prairies and the Territories for 1997 was listed at about 1% of
Canadian aquaculture production, with trout and char being the primary species
produced. In contrast, Ontario produced most of the trout in Canada about 3,725 tons.
Rainbow trout accounted for over 90% of Ontario aquaculture production. About 70% of
Ontario trout is produced in cages, with the balance coming from ponds, raceways, and
circular tanks.
In their annual report "Net Results - Northern Aquaculture Statistics", Price
Waterhouse Coopers reported Canadian production of freshwater rainbow trout in 1998
at 7,600 tonnes, with Ontario producing the majority (4,500 tonnes). Canadian
production of other finfish species, primarily Arctic char, was 300 tonnes. In 1999,
Canadian freshwater rainbow trout production was reported as stable, with Ontario still
the largest producer. Only minor amounts of Arctic char were reported, from Atlantic
Canada. In 2000, freshwater rainbow trout production was still reported as stable, with
Ontario production being up slightly. Arctic char production from the Yukon had
increased. In 2001, once again trout production was stable with a slight increase in
Ontario production. Trout production in both years was down in Saskatchewan. DFO
aquaculture statistics for 2002 show total Canadian trout production at 7,080 tonnes, of
which 4,650 tonnes (66%) came from Ontario, 914 tonnes (13%) from Saskatchewan
and 850 tonnes (12%) from Quebec. (Only 0.2% came from Manitoba.) Total arctic
char production was unknown.
The report "Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Aquaculture Review" (March 2001)
prepared by Brian Rogers (Rogers Consulting Inc.) and Willie Davidson, Ph.D. is
available under the archived reports section on the website for the Office of the
Commissioner of Aquaculture Development:
http://ocad-bcda.gc.ca/enewsarchivesreports.html
11
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE

Intensive aquaculture is differentiated from extensive aquaculture by the degree
of environmental control, stocking densities, feeding, and capital investment. Whereas
extensive aquaculture is carried out in potholes and dugouts, intensive aquaculture in
the prairies involves growing fish inside buildings under controlled conditions using tanks
or raceways (land-based), or in cages moored in deep lakes.
Natural and artificial ponds, while adequate for "U-catch-em" operations,
generally are not suitable for intensive aquaculture for a number of reasons including:
reduced water quality due to low water turnover and the accumulation and degradation
of waste products and unused feed; inadequate flushing of wastes which could
contribute to disease problems; fluctuations in water temperature; harvesting difficulties
because of aquatic vegetation and irregular pond configuration; lack of uniformity in size
of fish produced; and difficulties in overwintering fish because of ice cover and potential
for winterkill (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1986).
In establishing an intensive aquaculture operation, there are many requirements
that have to be considered. These requirements include site selection; area needed;
water supply (source, quantity, quality, temperature); type of operation (egg producer,
fingerling producer, grow-out, or any combination of these); facility design and layout;
water use, reuse, and recirculation; hatchery pollutants (treatment and disposal);
nutrition; proximity to markets; and access to transportation networks.
Intensive aquaculture operations in the Prairie Provinces have typically raised
fish in circular fish tanks and rectangular raceways. The fish tanks resemble large
circular swimming pools. Raceways are large rectangular units where water flows
through quickly, entering at one end and exiting at the other. Through the use of
screens, raceways allow fish to be separated by size.
Raceway and fish tank systems both require substantial amounts of water,
although the water requirement is less for fish tanks than raceways. A good source of
high quality groundwater (well or spring) of sufficient quantity is critical for a commercial
aquaculture operation. Water quality characteristics significant to trout farming are
shown in Appendix 2.
More recently, there has been interest in cage culture, similar to the major
operations along the east and west coasts of Canada. Cage culture involves the rearing
of fish in small enclosures constructed of plastic netting suspended from floating wooden
or metal platforms. The cages can be anchored in deep lakes or protected areas of
rivers. Experiments conducted with cage culture of rainbow trout in Northern Manitoba
in the early 1980s showed some success from a technological point of view, however
costs of transporting supplies into the area and fish out of the area proved prohibitive.
There continues to be interest in cage culture and there may be opportunities further
south or in rivers off the major lakes.
Cangro runs an apparently successful cage culture operation on Diefenbaker Lake
in Saskatchewan. They grow rainbow trout and market them as steelhead. Their
operation consists of about 36 cages attached to either side of one long walkway about
100 yards long, with small walkways in-between the cages. The whole operation is
encircled by an outer walkway. The cage nets are about 45 feet deep.
12
Feed is stored in big bins and a compressed air system automatically fires feed out
over the water. Divers regularly check the cages for rips or holes, and remove dead fish
and debris. Cangro produced about 2 million kgs from their Lake Diefenbaker operation
in 2001. Recent rainbow trout prices are about $2 per pound.
While it is becoming of greater interest, cage culture brings with it other
concerns, including potential impacts on the aquatic environment and potential conflicts
with other users of the aquatic resource.
Intensive aquaculture is still largely at the developmental stage in Manitoba; new
systems and technologies are continually being developed and it is impossible to
describe all the systems or equipment available. The federal Department of Fisheries
and Oceans offers support to the Canadian aquaculture industry through its recently
established Office of the Commissioner for Aquaculture Development. For further
information and technical advice, check their website at:
http://ocad-bcda.gc.ca/
or contact:
ric Gilbert, Freshwater Advisor

Office of the Commission for Aquaculture Development
3230 rue De Blois
Phone: (819) 371-5118
Fax: (819) 371-5117
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE

It is important for prospective fish farmers to realize that intensive aquaculture
operations involve significant levels of capital investment and operating expenses.
Estimates of initial expenditures to set up a major land-based operation have ranged
from $200,000 to $600,000.
Cage culture can involve lower initial expenditures, depending on the number of
cages. One estimate for start-up was as follows:
Two 50 X 50 cages with 12-foot centre walkway (delivered) Anchors/buoys Nets Fish food Total -
Other costs relate to training staff, maintenance (upkeep, diver checks, etc.),
processing, management, day-to-day care and feeding of fish, security, and
marketing.
$45,000.00
$10,000.00
$6,000.00
$60,000.00
$121,000.00
13
Feed, fingerlings, interest, and insurance represent significant cost components
in the commercial production of trout (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1986). The
cost of feed alone is estimated to represent between 40% and 70% of the cost of
producing the fish. Feed costs in Ontario increased almost 10% between 1997 and
1998 (Ontario Aquaculture Research and Services Committee Annual Report 1998).
The brochure, "Trout Farming in Manitoba", available from the Department of Natural
Resources, lists sources of commercial fish feed for Manitoba fish farmers.
The high cost of fingerlings can be partially offset by the purchase of eggs
instead and the rearing of trout from the egg stage to market weight. Further savings
may be realized if producers acquire brood stock to produce their own eggs. Obviously,
the benefits of keeping brood stock will have to be weighed against the cost of their
maintenance (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1986). In recent years, with the
increase in cage culture operations, Ontario fish farmers have tended to segregate
between hatchery and grow-out operations (Stechey, personal communication).
The interest cost on borrowed money represents a significant outlay of funds,
particularly for the investor starting out with limited financial resources. Insurance on
equipment and against possible loss of stock is expensive but essential, particularly if
the operator lacks the financial resources to survive a loss of inventory due to disease or
equipment failure (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1986).
In "Investment Analysis of Commercial Aquaculture in Central Canada", a report
prepared for the Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans by W.C. Pfeiffer and
H. Jorjani (1986), the authors undertook a benefit-cost analysis of the commercial
aquaculture industry in Ontario. They developed schedules for recording aquaculture
enterprise data and a system for financial analysis of this data, including the preparation
of balance sheets, income statements, and indicators of financial performance
(Appendix 3). They concluded:
"The enterprise carries a high degree of risk. Results showed the aquaculturists
to be vulnerable to unforeseen market forces. Aquaculturists were also seen to
be turning profits back into their enterprises at a rapid rate, presumably to
increase their equity to reduce short-run financial vulnerability. All aquaculturists
in the study expressed plans to continue in the business."
Trout farming yields modest returns which are comparable to those earned in
other agricultural ventures. The risks associated with trout farming are somewhat
greater and the modest returns may limit investment and thus industry growth in the
future.
There have been a number of studies in Quebec and in Ontario which have
investigated the viability of growing freshwater trout. In Ontario, a review conducted by
the provincial government suggested that the return to trout farming was modest in view
of the investment costs and risks associated with trout production in Ontario. The
average revenue per kg of fish produced for a 22,700 kg operation (50,000 pounds) was
estimated at $5.13 per kg. This compared with variable and fixed expenses of $4.31 per
kg before considering the salary level of the owner-operator but after interest expenses
assuming 70% debt. This model farm was intended to be of sufficient size to allow the
owner-operator to obtain his livelihood from the farm which was estimated at $18,500 a
year (Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1989).
14
A study of trout farming in Quebec indicated that the industry was less profitable
in Quebec than in Ontario. Trout farmers in Quebec earn, before taxes, an average net
return on equity of 9.8% and a return on assets of 5.8%. The survey also determined
that the most profitable operations were those oriented towards the growth of fingerlings
and hatcheries rather than grow-out farms. These returns were considered to be
minimum values. In any event, the results showed that trout farming seemed less
profitable than other agricultural ventures (Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1989).
Although these studies indicate that trout farming does not yield very attractive
returns, this information is dated and does not deal with the cage culture operations that
are more common in Ontario today. The feasibility of fish farming is very site-specific
and can vary with species of fish being raised and the technology being used.
Moreover, fish farming is often combined with other agricultural ventures which can
make it more attractive.
However, the larger Manitoba operators continue to cite difficulties in obtaining
bank financing, insurance, and business development support, as well as high costs of
feed, as major challenges to aquaculture development in the province. Also, there
currently is no Manitoba aquaculture association and most fish farmers have developed
their operations by doing their own research, and/or hiring consultants to do feasibility
studies on their specific situations.
REGULATIONS AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN
MANITOBA
1. Fish Farming Licence - $15.00 fee

A Fish Farming Licence is required for a commercial operation or for fish farming
in water bodies surrounded by Crown land. The licence is valid from April 1st to the
following March 31st, and is issued by the appropriate Regional Fisheries Manager,
depending on the location of the operation or water body. A Fish Farming Licence
grants the holder rights for any of the following types of operations:
To stock and harvest fish for commercial market sale. The fish may be sold directly
to local consumers, or to wholesalers, retailers, and restaurants, providing the fish
have been processed in a manner approved by a Health Inspector.
To stock fish in a water body for sale to the public by means of angling, commonly
known as a "U-catch-'em" or "fee for fishing" pond. People angling at such an
establishment do not require a provincial angling licence, but must retain a receipt
showing the source of the fish for their own protection.
To act as a broker, importing live fish from suppliers outside the province and
reselling them in smaller lots to private or commercial fish farmers in Manitoba.
Generally, licences are issued only for self-contained water bodies (without inlets
or outlets) surrounded by private lands. However, the use of lakes bordered by Crown
lands will be considered on a case-by-case basis by the Regional Fisheries Manager
responsible for those water bodies. It should be noted that licences will not be issued
for water bodies located within natural brook trout watersheds in the Northeast Region of
Manitoba. Regional fisheries offices are listed at the end of this publication.
15
For convenience, licences may also be issued from Fisheries Branch Head
Office in Winnipeg, which will communicate with the Regional Biologist for the necessary
approval. For further information, contact:
Barbara Scaife
Fisheries Branch
Box 20 - 200 Saulteaux Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3J 3W3
Phone: (204) 945-0559
It should be noted that the Fish Farming Licence is only a small part of the
approval process for a new operation. The onus is on the prospective fish farmer to
meet other regulatory requirements listed below which may apply, depending on specific
situations. Regional fisheries contacts can assist you in ensuring you meet all regional
requirements. General information and contacts are provided below.
2. Manitoba Water Stewardship Water Rights Licence
Intensive fish farming operations require a water source, either from wells or a
surface source, such as a stream or river. Anyone using water for other than domestic
purposes must apply for a water licence to:

Water Branch
Water Licensing Section
200 Saulteaux Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3J 3W3
Phone: (204) 945-6474
The prospective fish farmer must first fill out an application form describing the
proposed operation, and submit it to the Water Branch, who will issue an exploration
permit. Water Resources will require information on how much water is required,
whether the source can sustain such use, how much wastewater will be generated, and
where that wastewater will be expelled. Whether the fish farmer operates a flow-through
system or a recirculating system, wastewater will be generated. Therefore, the fish
farmer will have to contact the municipality to ensure the wastewater will be accepted,
particularly if the farmer intends to discharge it into a municipal drain. Once the above
questions have been answered satisfactorily, and any necessary approvals from the
municipality have been obtained, the Water Licensing Section will issue a water licence
to the fish farmer.
16
3. Environmental Licence
3.a)
Provincial Process
An intensive aquaculture operation must be licensed under the Manitoba Environment

Act. To apply for an Environmental Licence, prospective fish farmers should contact:
Environmental Approvals
Manitoba Conservation
Union Station Building
123 Main Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 1A5
Phone: (204) 945-7071
Manitoba Conservation will require information on the proposed water source, what
impact the use of that source will have on surrounding users, where the water will be
discharged and potential environmental impact of that discharge, where the water will be
discharged in winter, and any other considerations of an environmental nature.
A proposed intensive aquaculture operation is considered to be a Class 1 development
under Manitobas Environment Act, and must be announced under a Public Notice of Intent. If
serious objections to the operation arise, public hearings will be scheduled.
3.b)
Federal Process
The federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) screens aquaculture

applications under the mandate of the federal Fisheries Act, the Navigable Waters Protection
Act (NWPA), and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA). A cage culture
operation on a provincial Crown water will require submission of an application for approval to
the Navigable Waters Protection Program (NWPP) under the Canadian Coast Guard of DFO.
For more information, contact:
Central and Arctic Region
Regional Superintendent
Navigable Waters Protection
Canadian Coast Guard
Suite 703, 201 North Front Street
Sarnia ON N7T 8B1
Phone: (519) 383-1862
Fax: (519) 383-1989
In most cases, an application to the NWPP will trigger the federal environmental review
process under the CEAA. DFO is in the process of developing a consistent and coordinated
approach to aquaculture site approvals. The NWPP contact listed above should be able to
assist with current requirements.
17
4. Rural Municipality Approval/Planning District Approval
The prospective fish farmer must apply to the relevant Rural Municipality office for a
development permit which will ensure any planned development meets with approval under
municipal zoning by-laws. In addition, many Rural Municipalities fall within a larger Planning
District, which also has its own zoning by-laws and development guidelines. In this case,
operators require a resolution approving the proposed development from both the RM and the
Planning District. It should be noted that there is no general uniformity among municipalities
as to what permits or licences are required. Processing fees may be involved.
5. Manitoba Conservation Crown Land Permit
Occasionally, prospective fish farmers may wish to construct facilities on Crown land.
To legally occupy the land, one option is to apply for a lease, but leasing is expensive and the
operator would also have to pay for a legal survey of the land. The cost may discourage
some prospective fish farmers from choosing this option when start-up costs are already high.
Other operators may still prefer to lease as a more secure option in view of their capital
investment in structures on the land. A second option is to apply for a Crown Land Permit. If
there are no objections to the proposed development and the permit is issued, the operator
would pay a rental fee. The permit must be renewed annually, however renting instead of
leasing the land gives the operator some time to determine the viability of the operation before
making a substantial investment in leasing of the land.
To inquire about leasing provincial Crown land or to apply for a Crown Land Permit,
contact the Regional Office of Manitoba Conservation in your area, or contact:
Lands Branch
123 Main Street
Neepawa, Manitoba
R0J 1H0
Phone: (204) 476-3441
6. Manitoba Conservation Work Permit
While the Crown Land Permit basically allows the prospective fish farmer to occupy a
parcel of Crown land, a Work Permit is necessary to undertake any sort of activity on that
land. Work permits typically outline conditions specific to the proposed development. They
can be obtained from any Manitoba Conservation District Office.
7. Federal Food and Drug Act and Regulations
The mandate of the Bureau of Veterinary Drugs (BVD) under the authority of the Food
and Drugs Act and Regulations is to ensure that drugs used in animals are safe and effective,
and do not leave harmful residues in animal products for human consumption. Once a drug
has been approved by the BVD, a Notice of Compliance (NOC) is issued to the manufacturer
as well as a Drug Identification Number (DIN) which must appear on all drug labels.
18
The Food and Drugs Regulations do allow a manufacturer to sell an unapproved new
drug which does not have a DIN to a practitioner for treatment of an emergency in a patient
under his direct care. Authorization for sale of unapproved drugs for use in veterinary
medicine is given by the BVD.
The following drugs and chemicals have been approved in Canada for use in treating
fish. They can be obtained by aquaculturists and used according to label directions:
Chemical
Brand Name
Romet 30
sulfadimethoxine and
ormetoprim
oxytetracycline
sulfadiazine/
trimethoprim
florfenicol
tricaine methanesulphonate
metomidate
Aqua Life TMS Powder

Marinil
Anti-Fungal (used
on incubating eggs)/
Parasitic
formalin
Parasite-S
Sea Lice
Treatments
formalin
Purpose
Antimicrobials
Anesthetics
Terramycin-AQUA
Tribrissen 40
Aquaflor
The following are also used to treat fish but have not been approved. As they do not have a
DIN, they can only be sold to a veterinary practitioner following authorization from the BVD:
Purpose
Chemical
Brand Name
Hormones
GnRH
pituitary extract
estradiol
OVAPRIM
Disinfectants
(when used on
fish eggs)
iodophors
(generally
povidone)
WESCODYNE
BETADINE
BIODINE
OVADINE
BRIDINE
ACTOMAR K30
ARGENTYNE
Antibacterials
(treatment of
bacterial gill
disease)
chloramine T
19
The use of unapproved drugs and chemicals in fish which are destined for human
consumption must be under the supervision of a veterinary practitioner. For a veterinary
practitioner to purchase and use a drug in fish which has no DIN, authorization or further
information may be obtained by contacting:
Bureau of Veterinary Drugs
Health Protection Branch
Health Canada
Room 290, Sir Frederick G. Banting Building
Tunney's Pasture
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2
Phone: (613) 957-3824
Fax: (613) 957-3861
It is not necessary for a fish farmer to wait for a disease outbreak to contact a
veterinarian to obtain these drugs. Some disease problems can be anticipated, and
operators should contact their local veterinarian at the beginning of the season to initiate
purchase of these drugs and thus ensure they are in stock in the event of an outbreak.
8. Fish Health Certification
Manitoba fish farmers intending to export their fish interprovincially must apply for a
Fish Health Certificate from the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Fish health is
determined by a Fish Health Official, a qualified fish pathologist, through a schedule of
inspections and diagnostic procedures. Further information is available from:
Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Freshwater Institute
501 University Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2N6
Phone: (204) 983-5125
9. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Quality Management Program (QMP)
Federal regulations require stringent controls for the export and processing for export of
aquacultured fish. Live aquacultured fish can be exported out of province by a holder of a
fish export licence issued by CFIA but, any processing of fish, for export, raised in an
aquaculture operation must be carried out in an establishment registered pursuant to the
Federal Fish Inspection Regulations.
The registration of an establishment requires the development and implementation of a
Quality Management Program. The Quality Management Program (QMP) is a regulatorybased system that requires all federally registered fish processing plants in Canada to
develop and implement an in-plant quality control program. As set out in the Fish Inspection
Regulations, all establishments in Canada that process fish and seafood for export or interprovincial trade must be registered with the Government of Canada. To become federally
registered, a fish processor is legally required to develop a QMP plan of their own, following
the "QMP Reference Standard"; submit it to the CFIA for review and acceptance; and apply it
to their processing operations.
20
The QMP uses the principles of "HACCP" (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), an
internationally recognized system for ensuring safe production, to provide a high level of
assurance that fish and seafood products produced in Canada are safe and wholesome to
eat. However, the QMP also deals with non-safety issues, including fish quality and federal
regulatory requirements such as labelling.
CFIA charges fees for inspection services including ones associated with establishment
registration. The fees for registration are dependent on the size of the facility and the type of
processing carried out in the facility.
For more information on the Quality Management Program, the Fish Inspection
Regulations and the QMP Reference Standard, please refer to the CFIA, Quality
Management Program website at:
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/fispoi/qmp/qmppgqe.shtml
Or contact:
Dr. Peter Arntfield
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
Fish Inspection, Winnipeg Office
613 - 269 Main Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 1B2
Phone: (204) 983-1741
Fax:
(204) 984-6008
10. Public Health Inspection
Fish farmers wishing to sell their fish directly to the consumer, to restaurants, or to
retail stores within the province should have their operation inspected by a Provincial
Health Inspector. For further information, contact:
Health Inspections
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3J 3W3
Phone: (204) 945-3311
In addition, fish farmers wishing to sell their fish in Winnipeg may require a vendor's
licence. For further information, contact:
City of Winnipeg Licence Branch
18 - 30 Fort Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 4X3
Phone: (204) 986-6420
21
The Licence Branch will refer the application to the City Health Department which
will require a City of Winnipeg Public Health Inspector to check the vehicle used for
distribution to ensure it has adequate refrigeration, etc. The Public Health Inspector will
also contact the Provincial Health Inspector to ensure the fish farming facility meets
provincial health standards.
11. Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation (FFMC) Regulations
As stated above, a Fish Farming Licence allows the operator to sell directly to local
consumers, retailers, restaurants, etc. However, under the Freshwater Fish Marketing Act,
the Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation (FFMC) has the exclusive right to market fish
for interprovincial and export trade for most species of fish caught or raised in Manitoba,
including the commonly farmed species, rainbow trout and Arctic char.
Due to the small quantities of rainbow trout and other species raised, for cultured
fish, FFMC decided to defer the requirement that operators sell to markets outside the
province through the Corporation, and in fact, now state that their mandate does not cover
cultured fish. However, some fish farmers have approached the FFMC to contract the
Corporation to process their farmed fish. For further information, contact:
Stephen Kendall
Freshwater Fish Marketing Coporation
1199 Plessis Road
Winnipeg MB R2C 3L4
Phone: (204) 983-6600
12. Resource Regulations
Under the Manitoba Fisheries Regulations, no person may bring into Manitoba,
possess, or release into any waters of Manitoba fish eggs or live fish of the following
species:
Bowfin
Gizzard shad
Herrings
Pallid sturgeon
Shovelnose sturgeon
Utah chub
Gars
Grass carp
Paddlefish
Shortnose sturgeon
Smelts
Walking catfish
No person may transport salmonid fish species into Manitoba without an Importation
Permit. Importers of other fish species will require a Live Fish Handling Permit to transport
live fish, once in the province. Hobby fish farmers transporting fish within Manitoba require
a Live Fish Handling Permit, unless they have purchased these fish from a Manitoba
hatchery for the purpose of stocking their operations, in which case a receipt from the
hatchery is sufficient.
22
Imported fish or fish eggs must come from a disease-free source. Requests for
Importation Permits or Live Fish Handling Permits are reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Private stocking of public waters has been allowed, including cage culture
operations. However, problems occasionally arise because the public is still permitted to
fish these waters although the stocked fish belong to the private operator. Thus, anyone
other than the owner of the fish, who is caught with a stocked fish could technically be
charged with theft. This is less of a problem where a community interest group has stocked
public waters for the area residents to enjoy.
To obtain an Importation Permit or a Live Fish Handling Permit, or for further
information on sources of brood stock or fingerlings, contact:
Ms. Laureen Janusz

Fisheries Branch
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3W3
Phone: (204) 945-7797
23
INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IS A BUSINESS!
If the number of inquiries is any indication, there is a definite "romance" to fish

farming, which sometimes tends to overshadow the casual inquirer's perception of the
economic feasibility of intensive aquaculture operations. It is important to remember that
aquaculture at this level IS A BUSINESS, and as with any business, prospective operators
must research their subject carefully to increase the odds of success.
The Business Plan
Developing a business plan should be an essential step in establishing an intensive
aquaculture operation. The business plan is a document that you prepare to explain why
you want to start a business, what your business is all about, and how it will operate.
Creating a business plan involves everything from assessing your personal skills and
finances, determining your product and markets, and estimating your financial requirements
for start-up and operation, to determining potential alternate sources of funding, and
deciding on the legal structure your company will take. The success of any business
depends on good planning and careful research.
Sources of Information
There are numerous provincial and federal government programs and services
available related to business development. These include assistance in developing
business plans and other start-up information.
The Small Business Branch (Manitoba Industry, Economic Development & Mines),
which is also the general office for the Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre, has
information on programs and services, the Business Start Program, starting specific
businesses, start-up information, publications and fact sheets. The Centre also has
information on legal requirements, including licences and permits that may be required
within Winnipeg and outside the city, the form of business organization most appropriate to
your operation, as well as taxes and duties. They may be contacted at:
Small Business Branch
Manitoba Industry, Economic Development & Mines
c/o Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre (Head Office)
P.O. Box 2609, 250-240 Graham Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 4B3
Phone: (204) 984-2272 or toll free 1-800-665-2019
Fax: (204) 983-3852
Website: http://www.cbsc.org/manitoba/index.html
The Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre also has regional offices throughout
the province, listed in Appendix 5 and on the following website:
http://www.cbsc.org/manitoba/index.cfm?name=satellit
24
The Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) also offers support and resource
materials on how to start a business, including developing that essential business plan!
More information should be available through the Canada/Manitoba Business Service
Centre, or go to the BDC website at:
http://www.bdc.ca/flash.asp
or contact BDC directly at:

Winnipeg
Suite 1100 - 155 Carlton Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 3H8
Phone: (204) 983-7900
Fax: (204) 983-0870
Brandon
940 Princess Street
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 0P6
Phone: (204) 726-7570
Fax: (204) 726-7555
Industry Canada (IC) is also a source of information of all aspects of business, with
program areas on developing industry and technology capability, fostering research, and
promoting small business development. For further information on IC's services, contact:
Industry Canada
4th Floor 400 St. Mary Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 4K5
Phone: (204) 983-5851
Fax: (204) 983-3182
Website: http://www.ic.gc.ca/cmb/welcomeic.nsf
One of Industry Canadas programs is Aboriginal Business Canada, which provides

business services to Canadian status and non-status Indians, Inuit, and Metis individuals,
associations, partnerships or other legal entities which are wholly or partly owned or
controlled by Aboriginal people, on or off reserve. For further information on their programs
and services, contact:
Aboriginal Business Canada
Industry Canada
4th Floor 400 St. Mary Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 4K5
Phone: (204) 983-7316
Fax: (204) 983-4107
Website: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inabc-eac.nsf/en/home
25
Manitoba Agriculture, Food &Rural Initiatives (MAFRI) provides farm management

specialists who are available to advise prospective fish farmers as to general farm
management practices. For more information on the Department's programs and services,
go to the following website:
http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/programs/index.html
For a list of farm management specialists throughout the province, see Appendix 4
or go to the following website:
http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/contact/farmmgmt.html
MAFRI also provides assistance through its Agri-Ventures Support Program,
including advice and technical information on business development, marketing, financing,
production technology and economics of value-added agricultural products. For more
information, contact your local agricultural office or go to the following website:
http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/programs/aaa22s02.html
Marketing
Marketing information for Manitoba aquaculture products is limited; studies on trout
and Arctic char have been referred to earlier in this brochure, but they are somewhat dated.
A recent study of the market outlook for the Ontario aquaculture industry is attached in
Appendix 5. The study found that the greatest market demand existed for salmonid species
of fish. Rainbow trout and arctic char rated highly when technological and economic
feasibility was taken into account. Economic projections suggested that raising Chinook
and Atlantic salmon in conventional raceways and tanks would be financially unrewarding.
As for non-salmonid species, while walleye and yellow perch displayed good market
potential, from a technological perspective they were poor candidates for commercial
aquaculture in Ontario.
The seafood industry is very competitive and, as stated above, the Freshwater Fish
Marketing Corporation does not deal with cultured fish. Potential fish farmers will have to
rely primarily on their own research to initially assess their market.
The business development sources listed above can assist with assessing the
market, determining your marketing strategy, implementing the strategy, and evaluating the
effectiveness of your marketing plan. They may refer you to the following contact:
Mr. Gordon Kramer

Executive Director
Manitoba Marketing Network Inc.
Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre
250-240 Graham Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 4B3
Phone: (204) 945-1230; toll free: 1-866-219-7932
Fax: (204) 983-3852
26
The Manitoba Department of Agriculture is active in market development for

Manitoba's agricultural products. However, the Department to date has not been involved
in marketing aquaculture products, due to lack of volume of aquaculture production. The
Department does not have support services for individuals, but would be amenable to
assisting fish farming cooperatives to participate in organized marketing activities such as
mall displays or international food product conventions. For further information, contact:
Bob Ward
Manager, Market Development & Promotion Section
Manitoba Agriculture, Food & Rural Initiatives
Room 903 Norquay Building
401 York Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 0P8
Phone: (204) 945-4491
Fax: (204) 945-6134
Financing
Again, the business development contacts listed above can help familiarize potential
entrepreneurs with the essentials of planning their financial requirements, including
developing a business finance plan, and identifying external and internal sources of
funding.
Prospective fish farmers must be prepared to rely on their own resources to finance
their operations as financial institutions have been reluctant to finance fish farming
operations because of the risks involved. However, the Canada/Manitoba Business
Service Centres can help fish farmers identify potential funding sources.
Producers interested in investigating new methods or technology may also be able
to obtain assistance from the Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development
Program. (See Appendix 1.) For more information on aquaculture support programs,
contact:
ric Gilbert, Freshwater Advisor

Office of the Commissioner for Aquaculture Development (OCAD)
3230 rue De Blois
Phone: (819) 371-5118
Fax: (819) 371-5117
Website: http://ocad-bcda.gc.ca/
The Municipal Assessment Act defines fish farming as a farming activity and gives
fish farmers the same tax advantages as other farmers.
27
The provincial Retail Sales Tax Act includes fish farming in the same class as
livestock production. Fish farmers should be able to receive a sales tax exemption at time
of purchase of major supplies and equipment. For further information on specific
exemptions, contact:
Retail Sales Tax Branch

101 Norquay Building
401 York Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 0P8
Phone:(204) 945-6444 (general office)
(204) 945-5603 (Tax Inquiries & Interpretations)
1-800-782-0318 (toll free)
Fax: (204) 945-0896
Commercial fish farmers are treated as commercial fishermen under the GST. Fish
farmers registered under the GST are able to purchase tax-free certain major equipment or
supplies necessary for their business (e.g. boats, nets, cages, fish feed). Also, fish sold for
food are not taxed under the GST. (However, bait fish are taxable.) For further information
on how the GST would affect your operation or for general business information, contact:
Canada Revenue Agency
Winnipeg Tax Services Office
325 Broadway Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3C 4T4
Phone: (204) 983-3918 or 1-800-959-5525 (in Winnipeg) or
1-800-959-5525 (outside Winnipeg)
Fax: (204) 983-2066
or visit the Canada Revenue Agency website at: www.ccra-adrc.gc.ca
IN SUMMARY ...
As you can see, intensive fish farming is a major commitment, requiring

considerable financial and physical resources, as well as a keen business sense. To help
you get started in your planning, a fish farming planning checklist has been included in
Appendix 6.
28
REFERENCES
Deloitte Haskins & Sells Associates. 1986. A Marketing and Production Profile and
Recommended Strategy for Development of the Saskatchewan Aquaculture
Industry. Saskatoon. 163 p. Executive Summary 41 p.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 1989. Long Term Production Outlook for the
Canadian Aquaculture Industry. Economic and Commercial Analysis Report No. 13.
104 p.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 1990. Long Term Production Outlook for the
Canadian Aquaculture Industry - An Overview. Prepared by Price Waterhouse.
Ottawa, Ontario. 12 p.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1986. Aquaculture in Ontario. 80 p.
Pfeiffer, W.C. and H. Jorjani. 1986. Investment Analysis of Commercial Aquaculture in
Central Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Canadian Industry Report
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 160. 70 p.
Pricewaterhouse Coopers. 1999. Northern aquaculture Statistics 1998 The Year in
Review.
Net Results.
Prepared in cooperation with Northern Aquaculture
magazine.
Saskatchewan Parks, Recreation and Culture. Fisheries Branch. 1988. Aquaculture
in Saskatchewan - Dugouts and Ponds. 4th Revision. 20 p.
Smith, R. 1989. Market Interaction of Canadian Farmed and Wild Arctic Char.
Prepared by Western Management Consultants for the Department of Fisheries and
Oceans, Economic and Commercial Analysis Directorate Report No. 22.
Vernon, G.C. and Associates. 1999. Canadas Aquaculture Industry. Discussion
Document. Prepared for Fisheries and Oceans Canada. June 1999. Ottawa. 56 p.
APPENDIX 1
Aquaculture Collaborative Research and
Development Program
Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP)

PROGRAM INFORMATION
1. OBJECTIVE
The Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP) is a
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) initiative to increase the level of collaborative
research and development activity between the aquaculture industry and the department,
and in some instances with other funding partners. ACRDP is an industry-driven program
that teams industry with DFO researchers. Projects will be conducted at DFO Research
facilities or possibly industry partner facilities. The program will allocate ACRDP funds to
collaborative research projects that are proposed and jointly funded by aquaculture
producer partners. ACRDP funding is approximately $4.5 million per year and will be
subdivided regionally.
The key goals of the program are to:
Improve the competitiveness of the Canadian aquaculture industry;

Increase collaboration between the department and industry on scientific research
and development that will enhance aquaculture in Canada;
Facilitate and accelerate the process of technology transfer and research
commercialization through closer collaboration with the Canadian aquaculture
industry; and
Increase scientific capacity for essential aquaculture research and development in
the aquaculture sector.
The broad research and development objectives are threefold, as outlined below, with the
priorities provided under each objective.
Best performance in fish production
Improved diets for fish

Access to broodstock and superior strain development
Husbandry methods to ensure the production of high quality products
Avoidance strategies and husbandry methods to control fouling and predators
Improved grow out systems (offshore, land-based, recirculation)
New species development
Optimal fish health
Disease resistance
Disease surveillance and detection
Life cycle studies on causative agents (pests, pathogens and parasites)
Health management
Industry environmental performance
Influence of environment on aquaculture

Treatment of land-based fish farm discharge
Interaction of aquaculture and the environment (e.g., refugia, escapees)
Carrying capacity and coastal zone modeling
Real time biological and environmental monitoring
National and regional priorities have been established under these broad objectives.
2. ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS
Eligible industry applicants are aquaculture producers operating within Canada who are
directly involved in producing an aquatic species for pre-commercial or commercial
purposes. Aquaculture production is defined as growing an aquatic species and further, that
the aquaculture producer has ownership of the product or has an aquaculture license or
lease to culture the product. Producers undertaking commercial or developmental
production activities on existing or new aquaculture species or aquaculture companies or
associations involved with sea ranching mariculture operations are eligible to apply. Industry
producer associations or consortia of producers are also eligible to apply. Other aquaculture
sector stakeholders are eligible to participate as a partner with an industry producer.
3. REVIEW PROCESS
Proposals will be made by applicants based on a standard Application Form and Proposal
Format. The Application Form and Proposal will contain information used to evaluate project
eligibility and merit. Proposals will be reviewed by DFO officials to ensure completeness,
accuracy and eligibility under ACRDP criteria. All eligible projects will then undergo a two
part peer-review: first, a technical review by internal DFO and (or) when appropriate,
external scientists, followed by a comprehensive review by a Regional ACRDP Committee,
comprised of representatives from DFO, provinces, industry and others. The Committee will
make recommendations to the Regional Director of Science, who has the authority for
project approvals.
Proposals will be evaluated against the following criteria:
Technical Review
The project has scientific merit.

The project is original.
The problem and objectives are well defined.
There is a clear and sufficient description of the experimental methodology.
The scientific approach is valid.
The project team is qualified to conduct the work in a thorough and professional
manner.
Comprehensive Review
The project is consistent with the program objectives and regional industry R&D
priorities.
The project addresses a significant constraint to the Canadian aquaculture sector.
The project contributes significantly to the advancement or competitiveness of the
industry partner or sector.
The project contributes to the skills and knowledge required to advance the industry
partner.
The project has sufficient industry input to generate potential practical benefits. This
can include input from other funding partners, which is desirable and encouraged.
The project facilitates technology transfer and (or) research commercialization
through closer collaboration with the Canadian aquaculture industry.
The project is cost effective.
The overall project objective and methodology is described in a clear manner.
4. COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENT
The collaborative arrangement will consist of a formal agreement between the Department
of Fisheries and Oceans and the industry partner, and in some instances other funding
partners. A schedule to the agreement will contain a detailed description of the Project
(activities, deliverables, timeframes to be carried out by DFO and the industry partner under
the agreement or by a third party under contract agreement to DFO and the industry
partner), with estimated amounts to be expended on each activity. The agreement will set
out the method and schedule of payment to DFO and reporting requirements. DFO will be
authorized to transfer funding between budget items in consultation with the partner. A
schedule listing categories of eligible expense including sources of funding from other than
the program, will also be included as part of the agreement. If appropriate an Intellectual
Property agreement will be negotiated.
5. CONTRIBUTIONS
A formula will be negotiated for each project, taking into account in-cash and in-kind
contributions of both parties to the agreement. Industry cash contributions to a project will
be managed through a DFO Specified Purpose Account (SPA). The minimum industry
contribution will target 25% in 2003/04 and 30% in 2004/05, of which no more than half can
be an in-kind contribution. The industry contribution is based on the ACRDP contribution.
6. ELIGIBLE PROJECT EXPENSES
Expenses covered by ACRDP include:
Wages and salaries plus associated required payroll benefits of project personnel
(scientific and technical) or post-doctoral or graduate student support;
Equipment directly related to the work;
Laboratory and field supplies;
Travel costs directly related to the goals of the project;
Other expenses agreed to be necessary to the success of the project.
7. REPORTING
Industry and DFO partners will be required to provide progress reports at 6 months,
annually, and a final report.
8. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
All applications must conform to the application form and proposal guideline format.
Budgets should be broken down into fiscal year increments. Details of budget line
items need to be explained on a separate sheet.
Applicants must declare other direct sources of funding for the project, whether in
place, requested or anticipated to be requested, including sources from other
government programs.
The ACRDP will only be used to fund research and development projects.
The ACRDP will not support projects on transgenic aquatic organisms.
Although the validity and merit of an application will be the primary consideration in
its review, the Regional ACRDP Committee may also consider amounts requested
and the anticipated schedule of money flowing to the project in order to ensure that
accepted projects do not exceed available funds.
The Regional ACRDP Committees will rank all applications according to regional
industry research and development priorities and national program objectives.
The Regional ACRDP Committees will categorize applications as fully
recommended, recommended with changes or conditions, or not recommended.
9. DEADLINES TO SUBMIT YOUR APPLICATION ARE:

There will be three deadline dates for project proposal submission throughout the year:
January 15, April 15, and September 15. Regional ACRDP Committees will review and
evaluate proposals in a timely manner and final notification of the project assessment will be
provided no later than 60 days after the deadline dates.
10. PLEASE SEND THE APPLICATION TO:
Applicants wanting information or assistance on the ACRDP, or to submit an application and
proposal, should contact the DFO Regional ACRDP advisor listed below:
Central and Arctic Region

Tom Johnston
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
867 Lakeshore Road
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6
Phone: (905) 336-6231
Fax: (905) 336-6437
Email: [email protected]
Fisheries and Oceans

Canada
Pches et Ocans
Canada

APPLICATION FORM
1. INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION INFORMATION
INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION FULL LEGAL NAME
IN OPERATION SINCE
INCORPORATED
(YEAR)
ADDRESS
CITY
TELEPHONE #
FAX #
1-4 _______
PROVINCE
CITY
Commercial
Shellfish
Freshwater Finfish
5-19 _______
20-49 _______
50-100 _______
2.
POSTAL CODE
100+ _______
FOR THE PROJECT, INDICATE

Seaweed
Association
Other (please specify)
Developmental
Species involved:________________
Commercial
PROJECT MANAGER CONTACT (NAME)
N/A
POSTAL CODE
PROVINCE
PLEASE INDICATE TYPE OF OPERATION

Marine Finfish
PROV
E -MAIL ADDRESS
HEAD OFFICE ADDRESS (IF NOT SAME)
Number of employees:
FED
TELEPHONE #
FAX #
Developmental
E-MAIL
PROJECT INFORMATION
Project Title:
A. The following should be submitted with this application form:
A proposal giving the details of the project as outlined on the Proposal Guideline sheet.
Budget details (provide details of each line item)
Project budget summary and summary by fiscal year (see budget form).
B. This project addresses what: national priority _____________________________________

regional priority _____________________________________
C. Other sources of funds related to this project (if applicable, provide details in the proposal)
1.
2.
3.
I hereby declare that all of the above information contained within this application and proposal is correct and that if found to be otherwise, I agree
to withdraw my organisations participation from the Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program.
____________________________
Authorised Signature
_____________________________
Please Print Name CLEARLY
DFO-ACRDP Use only Date submitted ______________________

Project ID# _________________________
DFO - ACRDP 05/2001
_______________________
Title
_________________________
Date
Region _____________________________
DFO Science Contact _________________________

Canada
Pches et Ocans
Canada

PROPOSAL GUIDELINES
Please submit a proposal giving the following details:
1. Project title
2. Name, address and position of project manager
3. Description of project work team and required qualifications for key positions (with names,
addresses, titles, and CV's where available; maximum length 4 pages per team member)
4. Project problem / rationale (maximum length page)
5. Project objectives (maximum length page)
6. Description of work and experimental protocol (maximum length 2 pages)
7. Description of how this project meets the goals, objectives and priorities of the program (maximum
length 1 page)
8. Detailed deliverables of project (must include final project report)
9. Milestones and timelines
10. Organisation profile (maximum length page)
11. Partner(s) profile, including contact name and information (if applicable) (maximum length page)
12. Estimated budget provide details of each budget item, a budget summary for each fiscal year, if
applicable, and a total project budget summary.
DFO - ACRDP 05/2001

Canada
Pches et Ocans
Canada

Budget Summary by Fiscal Year___________ (1 April 31 March)
Please provide a budget for the total project with each fiscal year detailed on separate attached
sheets. Details for each of the line items should also be documented on separate sheets.
Description
Industry Cash
Contribution
Industry In-kind
Contribution
ACRDP
Contribution
DFO In-kind
Contribution
Salary
Scientist
Biologist
Technicians
Post-Doc / Students
Sub-total
Equipment
Computer Equipment
Lab Equipment
Field Equipment
Other
Sub-Total
Material and
Supplies
Lab
Field
Publication costs
Other
Sub-Total
Travel
Field
Meetings
Conferences
Other
Sub-Total
Other
Administrative
Facilities
Other expenses
Sub-Total
Grand Total
% OF
CONTRIBUTIONS
1. If more than one partner, please provide details of contribution from each one.
DFO - ACRDP 05/2001
Partner
Contribution1
Total
APPENDIX 2
Water Quality Characteristics
APPENDIX 2
Water Quality Characteristics of Significance in Trout Farming
Parameter
Range or Level
15oC
5-20oC
-1oC
25oC
Comment
Temperature
Optimum
For growth
Lower lethal
Upper lethal
Dissolved Oxygen
(D.O.)
Greater than 5.0 mg/L

(ppm)
At no location in the fish-rearing facility

and at no time, should the D.O. fall
below 5 mg/L. Water entering the
facility should be as close to saturation
as possible. Increasing altitude and
temperatures reduce the oxygen
carrying capacity of water.
Dissolved Nitrogen
Less than 102% of

saturation
Groundwater (water taken from the

head of springs, artesian wells or
pumped from underground) is often
deficient in oxygen and
supersaturated with nitrogen. Fish
held in water supersaturated with
nitrogen may develop gas-bubble
disease as nitrogen gas is released
from the blood. Young fish are
particularly susceptible to the effects
of dissolved nitrogen.
pH (acidity)
Recommended 7.5 - 8.0

Suitable
6.7 - 8.6
Low pH increases susceptibility to

disease - probably by decreasing the
ability of mucous to protect the fish.
pH affects the balance between
harmful and harmless forms of
ammonia. (See information on
ammonia which follows.)
The most significant factor in

controlling fish growth. For rainbow
trout, growth is slower or less efficient
at temperatures above and below
15oC*. At 8oC, growth is half that at
15oC. Dissolved oxygen levels are
affected by temperature. As
temperature increases, oxygen
concentration decreases.
*Similarly, other fish species will grow
over a range of temperatures but will
also have an optimum.
Water Quality Characteristics of Significance in Trout Farming (cont'd)
Parameter
Range or Level
Comment
Ammonia
Less than 0.012 mg/L

(ppm) NH3
Some natural water sources may

have unacceptably high levels of
ammonia. Ammonia is also a major
by-product of metabolism in fish.
Ammonia exists in two forms, NH3
and NH3+, dependent on pH. The
un-ionized form, NH3, which is toxic,
becomes more prevalent at higher
pH. Ammonia levels in facilities are
dependent on fish density and rate of
metabolism (affected by D.O., feeding
rate, temperature, etc.).
Alkalinity
(hardness
generally
associated with
levels of dissolved
calcium
carbonate)
20 - 200 mg/L (ppm)
Soft and hard water refer to

alkalinities of less and more than
100 mg/L, respectively. Low alkalinity
results in "failure to thrive" - slow
growth and poor condition.
Suspended Solids
Less than 80 mg/L (ppm)
Sufficient suspended solids to make

water slightly cloudy may clog gill
tissues decreasing growth rates and
increasing susceptibility to bacterial
gill disease.
Hydrogen Sulfide
Less than 0.002 mg/L

(ppm)
This gas is often present in artesian

waters and is detrimental to fish
production.
Iron
Less than 1.0 mg/L (ppm)

(0.3 ppm for hatching eggs
or small fish)
Various dissolved minerals including

iron may be present at levels which
would make the water unsuitable for
fish farming.
Source:
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1986.

Aquaculture in Ontario.
APPENDIX 3
Financial Tables
TABLE 1. Schedule for Aquaculture Enterprise Budget
INCOME DATA:
CURRENT $
CASH INCOME:
Eggs
Fry (0-5cm)
Fingerlings (5-20cm)
Table size fish
Operation of a Fishing Preserve
Export Sales
Specialty items
Miscellaneous farm income
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
INCOME FROM SALE CAPITAL ITEMS:

Brood stock
Machinery and equipment
Consulting services
Real estate
Miscellaneous
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
EXPENSE DATA:
CASH EXPENSES:
Hired labour (full time)
Hired labour (part time)
Purchased feeds
Purchased seed stock
(eggs, fry, fingerlings)
Other expenses
Veterinary
Drugs and chemicals
Water quality expenses
Other
Custom machinery hire
Automobile (farm share)
Truck
Freight and hauling
Fuel oil (heating, gasoline, lube)
Machinery and equipment repairs
Building and structures - maintenance
Administrative costs (secy., phone, etc.)
Taxes (real estate)
Taxes (income tax)
Insurance
Rents and leases
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
TABLE 2. Schedule for Aquaculture Enterprise Financial Records

ASSETS:
CURRENT:
Cash on hand
Bank deposits
Other
INTERMEDIATE:
Brood stock
Other
FIXED:
Land and improvements
Buildings and support facilities
Water system
CURRENT $
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
LIABILITIES:
OPERATING LOANS:
Total annual interest payments
Total annual principal payments
INTERMEDIATE-TERM LOANS:
Total principal outstanding
LONG-TERM LOANS:
MORTGAGES:
Buildings:
Land:
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
RECEIVABLES AND PAYABLES:

Accounts receivable (end-beginning)
Accounts payable (current)
____________
____________
INVENTORIES (value):
Fry (0-5cm) (beginning)
Fry (0-5cm) (ending)
Fingerlings (beginning)
Fingerlings (ending)
Table size fish (beginning)
Table size fish (ending)
Farm supplies (beginning)
Farm supplies (ending)
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
TABLE 3. Schedule for Managerial Goal Setting
BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS:
SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL: (cash requirement)
Owner-family labour (opportunity cost)
LONG-TERM SURVIVAL: (asset replacement)
Investment:
Machinery and equipment (mkt. value $)
Buildings and structures (mkt. value $)
Maintenance Rates (%):
Machinery and equipment (%)
Buildings and structures (%)
Depreciation rates (%):
Machinery and equipment (%)
Buildings and structures (%)
LIVING: (Opportunity cost)
Expected rate of return to management (%)
GROWTH: (Opportunity cost)
Expected rate of return to equity (%)
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
TABLE 4. Format for Income Statement - Aquaculture Enterprise

CURRENT $
CASH INCOME:
Eggs
Fry (0-5cm)
Fingerlings (5-20cm)
Table size fish
Operation of a fishing preserve
Export sales
Specialty items
Miscellaneous farm income
INCOME FROM SALE CAPITAL ITEMS:
Brood stock
Consulting services
Real estate
Miscellaneous
TOTAL FARM CASH SALES:
Plus: Accounts Receivable, closing
TOTAL FARM SALES:
Plus: Inventory change (end-begin.)
Fry (0-5cm) (end-begin.)
Fingerlings (end-begin.)
Table size fish (end-begin.)
Farm supplies (end-begin.)
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
GROSS FARM INCOME:
____________
CASH EXPENSES:
Hired labour (full time)
Hired labour (part time)
Purchased feeds
Purchased seed stock
Other expenses
Veterinary
Drugs and chemicals
Water quality expenses
Other
Custom machinery hire
Automobile (farm share)
Truck
Freight and hauling
Fuel oil (heating, gasoline, lube)
Machinery and equipment repairs
Building and structures - maintenance
Administrative costs (secy., phone, etc.)
Taxes (real estate)
Taxes (income tax)
Insurance
Rents and leases
Interest
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
TABLE 4. Income Statement (cont'd)

DEPRECIATION:
Buildings and structures
____________
____________
NON-CASH ADJUSTMENTS:
Value of owner-family labour
Accounts payable
____________
____________
TOTAL CASH EXPENSES
____________
NET FARM INCOME
____________
TABLE 5. Format for a Balance Sheet - Aquaculture Enterprise

CURRENT $
ASSETS:
CURRENT:
Cash on hand
Bank deposits
Accounts receivable
Ending inventories:
Fry (0-5cm)
Fingerlings
Table size fish
Farm supplies
Other current assets
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS:
INTERMEDIATE:
Brood stock
Other intermediate assets
TOTAL INTERMEDIATE ASSETS:
FIXED:
Buildings and facilities
Land and improvements
Water system
TOTAL FIXED ASSETS:
TOTAL FARM ASSETS
LIABILITIES:
CURRENT: (1 YR)
Operating loans payable
Accounts payable
Rent payable
Taxes payable
Interest payable
Plus: Principal payments due
within 1 year on
a) Intermediate term loans (1-10 yrs)
b) Long term loans (>10 yrs)
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES:
INTERMEDIATE: (1-10 YRS)
Intermediate term loans payable (balance)
Less: Principal payments due
within 1 year on IT loans
TOTAL INTERMEDIATE LIABILITIES:
LONG TERM: (>10 YRS)
Building mortgages (balance)
Land mortgages (balance)
Other LT loans (balance)
Less: Principal payments due within
1 year on LT loans and mortgages
TOTAL LONG TERM LIABILITIES:
TOTAL FARM LIABILITIES
TOTAL OWNER'S EQUITY
TOTAL LIABILITY AND EQUITY
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
TABLE 6. Financial Ratios

PROFITABILITY:
1. Percent return to assets (%) -
2. Percent return to equity -
(Net farm income + interest)

------------------------------------(Total farm assets)
(Net farm income)
------------------------------------(Equity)
EFFICIENCY:
3. Capital turnover (years) -
(Total farm assets)

-------------------------------------(Gross farm income)
4. Operational efficiencies (%)

a. (Total purchases - interest)
-----------------------------------(Gross farm income)
b.
(Interest)
--------------------------(Gross farm income)
c.
(Depreciation)
---------------------------(Gross farm income)
d. Cost Control (%) -
(Net farm income)

--------------------------------(Gross farm income)
LIQUIDITY:
5. Current ratio -
(Current assets)
--------------------------------(Current liabilities)
6. Debt structure ratio (%) -
(Current liabilities)
---------------------------------(Total liabilities)
SOLVENCY:
7. Debt:Asset ratio -
(Total farm liabilities)

---------------------------------(Total farm assets)
8. Debt:Equity (leverage) ratio -
(Total farm liabilities)

---------------------------------(Owner's equity)
Source of Figures: Pfeiffer, W.C. and H. Jorjani. 1986. Investment Analysis of

Commercial Aquaculture in Central Canada. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
Canadian Industry Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 160. 70 p.
APPENDIX 4
Business Contacts
The Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre's Regional Offices
The Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre has established a network of

satellite offices to act as intermediaries for the main centre. Each regional office has access
to the same program information available in the Winnipeg location as well as a small
collection of magazines, books, and audio-visuals materials.
Ashern
Super Six Community Futures Development Corporation/Fieldstone Education and Training
Centre
Mail: Box 68
Delivery: Main Street, TBJ Mall
Ashern, MB R0C 0E0
Contact: Debbie Falk
Ph: 204-768-3351
Fax: 204-768-3489
Home Page: http://www.supersix.mb.ca
Brandon
Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines
Mail: P.O. Box 23
Delivery: 107-340 9th Street
Brandon, MB R7A 6C2
Contact: Charlotte Kalmakoff
Ph: 204-726-6257
Fax: 204-726-6403
Home Page: http://www.wheatbelt.mb.ca
Wheat Belt Community Futures Development Corporation
141 Rosser Avenue
Brandon, MB R7A 0J6
Contact: Russ Danielson
Ph: 204-726-1513
Fax: 204-727-5832
Home Page: http://www.wheatbelt.mb.ca
Churchill
Churchill Community Development Corporation
Mail: Box 399
Churchill, MB R0B 0E0
Contact: Steacy Courtney
Ph: 204-675-8871
Fax: 204-675-2934
Home Page: http://www.townofchurchill.ca
Dauphin
Dauphin Community Economic Development Centre
Mail/Delivery: 100 Main Street
Dauphin, MB R7N 1K3
Contact: Jana Watt
Ph: 204-622-3229
Toll free: 1-877-566-5669
Fax: 204-622-3290
Home Page: http://www.city.dauphin.mb.ca
Flin Flon
Flin Flon Public Library
Mail/Delivery: 58 Main Street
Flin Flon, MB R8A 1J8
Contact: Phyllis Stadnick
Ph: 204-687-3397
Fax: 204-687-4233
E-Mail:[email protected]
Greenstone Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail/Delivery: 228-35 Main Street
Flin Flon, MB R8A 1J7
Contact: Lois (Bunny) Burke
Ph: 204-687-6967
Fax: 204-687-4456
Home page: http://www.greenstone.mb.ca/
Gimli
Evergreen Technological Entrepreneurship Centre
Mail: P.O. Box 190
Delivery: 234 Tudor Lane, Gimli Industrial Park
Gimli, MB R0C 1B0
Contact: Gail Emms
Ph: 204-642-5496
Fax: 204-642-4189
Home page: http://www.esd.mb.ca/
Grandview
Parkland CFDC
Mail: Box 516
Delivery: 421 Main Street
Grandview, MB R0L 0Y0
Contact: Carissa Caruk
Ph: 204-546-5100
Fax: 204-546-5107
Home page: http://www.pcfdc.mb.ca/
Headingly
Dakota Ojibway Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail/Delivery: c/o 4820 Portage Avenue
Headingly, MB R4H 1C8
Contact: Olga Starr
Ph: 204-988-5373
Fax: 204-988-5365
Home page: http://www.docfdc.mb.ca/
Lac du Bonnet
Winnipeg River/Brokenhead Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: P.O. Box 505
Delivery: 4 Park Avenue
Lac du Bonnet, MB R0E 1A0
Contact: Janice Walker
Ph: 204-345-8691
Toll free: 1-888-298-9023
Fax: 204-345-6334
Lynn Lake
North West Manitoba Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: Box 188
Delivery: 499 Sherrit Ave
Lynn Lake, MB R0B 0W0
Contact: Alyssa George
Ph: 204-356-2489
Fax: 204-356-2785
E-Mail: [email protected]
Morden
Morden & District Chamber of Commerce
Mail/Delivery: 102 - 195 Stephen Street
Morden, MB R6M 1V3
Contact: Cheryl Link
Ph: 204-822-5630
Fax: 204-822-2041
Home Page: http://www.mordenmb.com
Morris
Triple R Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: Box 190
Delivery: 220 Main Street N.
Morris, MB R0G 1K0
Contact: Allysse Champagne-Parent
Ph: 204-746-6180
Toll free: 1-800-275-6611
Fax: 204-746-2035
Neepawa
Neepawa Area Development Corporation (NADCO)
Mail: Box 598
Delivery: 290 Davidson Street
Neepawa, MB R0J 1H0
Contact: Amanda Naughton
Ph: 204-476-2055
Fax: 204-476-5456
Home Page: http://www.town.neepawa.mb.ca
Norway House
Kinosao Sipi Business Development Corporation
Mail: Box 760
Norway House, MB R0B 1B0
Contact: Tony Scribe
Ph: 204-359-6967
Fax: 204-359-6053
Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes
CDC Lourdon
Mail: C.P. 336
Delivery: 51 rue Rodgers
Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, MB R0G 1M0
Contact: Monique Adams
Ph: 204-248-7273
Fax: 204-248-2049
Peguis
Peguis Development Corporation
Mail: Box 159
Peguis First Nation, MB R0C 3J0
Contact: Cheryl Bear
Ph: 204-645-3405
Fax: 204-645-2198
Home Page: http://www.peguis.ca
Portage la Prairie
Heartland Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail/Delivery: 11 - 2nd Street NE
Portage la Prairie, MB R1N 1R8
Contact: Barb Kitching
Ph: 204-239-0135
Toll free: 1-877-472-7122
Fax: 204-239-0176
Home Page: http://www.heartlandcfdc.com
Riverton
NEICOM Development
Mail: Box 10
Delivery: 12 Main Street North
Riverton, MB R0C 2R0
Contact: Claudia Krawchuk
Ph: 204-378-5106
Fax: 204-378-5192
Home Page: http://www.neicom.mb.ca
St. Laurent
Rural Municipality of St. Laurent
Mail: P.O. Box 220
Delivery: 436 Veterans Memorial Road
St. Laurent, MB R0C 2S0
Contact: Diane Friesen
Ph: 204-646-2259
Fax: 204-646-2705
St-Pierre-Jolys
Bilingual Service Centre
Mail: Box 28
Delivery: 427 rue Sabourin
St-Pierre-Jolys, MB R0A 1V0
Contact: Murielle Bugera
Ph: 204-433-2580
Fax: 204-433-3842
Selkirk
North Red Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail/Delivery: 355 Main St.
Selkirk, MB R1A 1T5
Contact: Peter Mandryk
Ph: 204-482-2020
Fax: 204-482-2033
Home Page: http://www.northredcfdc.mb.ca
Southport
White Horse Plains Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: P.O. Box 66
Delivery: Room 109, 36 Centennaire Dr.
Southport, MB R0H 1N0
Contact: Ken Arundell
Ph: 204-428-6000
Fax: 204-428-6006
Home Page: http://www.whpcfdc.ca
Swan River
Swan Valley Enterprise Centre
Mail: P.O. Box 370
Delivery: 120 - 6th Avenue N.
Swan River, MB R0L 1Z0
Contact: Darlis Collinge
Ph: 204-734-3417
Fax: 204-734-5271
Home Page: http://www.svec.mb.ca
The Pas
Cedar Lake Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: P.O. Box 569
Delivery: #1 St-Godard
The Pas, MB R9A 1K6
Contact: Martin Klatt
Ph: 204-627-5450
Fax: 204-627-5460
Home page: http://www.cedarlake-cfdc.com
Thompson
North Central Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail: P.O. Box 1208
Delivery: #2 - 3 Station Road
Thompson, MB R8N 1P1
Contact: Jacqueline Meneer
Ph: 204-677-1498
Toll free: 1-888-847-7878
Fax: 204-778-5672
Winnipeg
Canada/Manitoba Business Service Centre (head office)
Mail: P.O. Box 2609
Delivery: 250 - 240 Graham Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3C 4B3
Ph: 984-2272 or 1-800-665-2019
Fax: 983-3852
Home Page: http://www.cbsc.org/manitoba
Asper Centre for Entrepreneurship
Mail/Delivery: Room 526, 5th Floor Drake Centre
University of Manitoba
181 Freedman Crescent
Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V4
Contact: Brenda Bailey
Ph: 204-474-8443
Fax: 204-474-7698
Home Page: http://www.umanitoba.ca/management/acdep_navset.htm
Indian & Mtis Friendship Centre of Winnipeg, Inc.

Mail/Delivery: 45 Robinson Street
Winnipeg, MB R2W 5H5
Contact: Violet Raven
Ph: 204-586-8441
Fax: 204-582-8261
Home Page: http://www.mac.mb.ca/wfc/index.htm
Kitayan CFDC
Mail/Delivery: 345-260 St. Mary Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3C 0M6
Contact: Darlene Landon
Ph: 204-982-2170
Fax: 204-943-3412
Home Page: http://www.kitayan.ca
Louis Riel Capital Corporation
Mail/Delivery: 340 - 150 Henry Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3B 0J7
Contact: Rose Beaulieu
Ph: 204-589-0772
Toll free: 1-800-387-6004
Fax: 204-589-0791
St. Boniface Bilingual Service Centre
Mail/Delivery: 100-614 DesMeurons Street
Winnipeg, MB R2H 2P9
Contact: Jason Lacasse
Ph: 204-945-4025
Toll free: 1-866-267-6114
Fax: 204-948-3020
Home Page: http://www.csbsc.mb.ca and
http://www.cbsc.org/manitoba
Southeast Community Futures Development Corporation
Mail/Delivery: 200-208 Edmonton Street
Winnipeg, MB R3C 1R7
Contact: Kathy Bushie
Ph: 204-943-1656
Fax: 204-943-1735
Home Page: http://www.seed.mb.ca
MANITOBA AGRICULTURE
FARM MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS
NORTHWEST REGION
SOUTHWEST REGION
Brian Anderson
Manitoba Agriculture and Food
27 - Second Avenue SW
Dauphin MB R7N 3E5
Phone: 622-2011/Fax: 638-2854
Keith Kyle
1129 Queens Avenue
Brandon MB R7A 1L9
Phone: 726-6411/Fax: 726-6260
Dennis Hodgson
201-4th Avenue South
Box 370
Swan River MB R0L 1Z0
Phone: 734-3417/Fax: 734-5271
John Corbey
Box 850
Virden MB R0M 2C0
Phone: 748-4770/Fax: 748-1512
CENTRAL REGION
Ian McCartney
25 Tupper Street N.
Portage la Prairie MB R1N 3K1
Phone: 239-3365/Fax: 239-3403
Normand Mabon
Box 189
Somerset MB R0G 2L0
Phone: 744-4050/Fax: 744-4060
Vacant
536 Stephen Street
Morden MB R6M 1T7
Phone: 822-5461/Fax: 822-4793
EASTERN/INTERLAKE REGION
Fred Hardy
Box 760
Room 242-323 Main Street
Steinbach MB R0A 2A0
Phone: 346-6085/Fax: 326-4309
Terry King
Box 2000
Arborg MB R0C 0A0
Phone: 376-3303/Fax: 376-3311
Grant Palmer
201 - 446 Main Street
Selkirk MB R1A 1V7
Phone: 785-5013/Fax: 482-4383
Bob Gwyer
36 Centre Avenue West
Minnedosa MB R0J 1E0
Phone: 867-6572/Fax: 867-6578
WINNIPEG OFFICE
903 - 401 York Avenue
Winnipeg MB R3C OP8
Phone: (204) 945-4937
Fax: (204) 945-6134
Scott Struthers, Manager
Phone: 945-3860/Fax: 945-6134
Peter Blawat
Phone: 945-3502/Fax: 945-6134
Bob McKenzie
Phone: 945-3495/Fax: 945-6134
Gary Zilkey
Phone: 945-0076/Fax: 945-6134
APPENDIX 5
Ontario Marketing Study
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH FUND

Research Projects Summary
AG2073 - Opportunities for Enhanced Development of Commerial Aquaculture in
Ontario: A Technological and Economic Analysis of Alternative Species
RESEARCHER: Daniel Stacey, Canadian Aquaculture Systems
FUNDING: $11,050
OBJECTIVES:
1. To evaluate the market outlook for each species on the Ontario "list of culture species" as
an initial step toward focusing industry expansion.
2. To assess the technological feasibility of those species demonstrating good market
potential and opportunity.
3. To assess the commercial feasibility of those species which are technologically feasible
for culture in Ontario's temperate climate.
4. To conduct in-depth market research to determine consumer usage and attitudes toward
these species.
5. To recommend an action plan for the development of an expanded aquaculture industry
in Ontario.
EXPECTED BENEFITS:
1. Enhanced viability of the Ontario aquaculture industry through improved profit potential,
reduced competition, broadening of the supplier and service sectors, and increased visibility
and public awareness.
2. Enhancement of the general economy of the province due to increased construction,
creation of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour, provision of an
alternate source of resources and technological development, and increased revenue from
the domestic and export sale of an expanded variety of premium quality seafood products.
3. Broadened opportunities for specific target groups (i.e. tobacco farmers, northern Indians
etc.) who may be located in areas of limited or declining resource opportunities.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RESULTS:
In the initial phase of this study, seafood managers at grocery stores and fishmarkets
throughout southwestern Ontario were poled to assess the marketability and marketing
aspects of 21 potential cultured species. Based upon mean species marketability scores in
relation to the primary business classification of respondents, and the type and form of fish
predominantly sold by respondents, the list of 21 species for commercial aquaculture
development was reduced to 14. In southwestern Ontario, it appears that the greatest
market demand exists for salmonid species of fish. Of 11 species of salmonids on the list,
10 display good market potential; only the Brown Trout has limited marketability. Rainbow
Trout and Atlantic Salmon display excellent market potential in southwestern Ontario, while
Lake Charr, Whitefish, and Coho Salmon display very good potential. Moderately good
potential is offered by Chinook Salmon, Pink Salmon, Arctic Charr, Splake and Brook Charr.
The same cannot be said for non-salmonid species, however. Only 4 out of 10 species
demonstrate good market potential in southwestern Ontario. Walleye and Yellow Perch
display the best potential, having mean likelihood to sell scores comparable to Chinook
Salmon. Not surprisingly, these two species have high end-consumer awareness, being two
of the top three species commercially harvested from the Great Lakes fishery. In spite of
having low overallpotential, Sturgeon and Hybrid Bass appear to have excellent marketing
opportunities in specialized market segments.
In contrast to a behavioural basis for market segmentation, it may appear that the market for
fish and seafood products is already segmented into two clearly defined groups fishmarkets and retail grocery stores. Survey data indicate that significant differences do
exist between these groups and thus, tailored marketing campaigns can be directed toward
each group. Most notably, the two groups place difference emphasis on the relative
importance of purchase decision-making factors. As well, differences in the likelihood to sell
various species of fish were also identified.
In the second phase of the study, only those species which displayed good market potential
were further scrutinized. From a technological perspective, as anticipated, Rainbow Trout
and Brook Charr display the largest overall rating among the candidate species. Moreover,
at the preset time, the salmonid species, except for Coho Salmon and Whitefish, have a
greater potential for commercial scale culture in Ontario than do the coolwater species. It
appears that Arctic Charr and Chinook Salmon have the most potential for development of
commercial culture enterprises. Atlantic Salmon (Sebago Lake strain), and Splake also
demonstrate moderately good culture potential from a technological perspective, however,
attention must be focused upon the early fry rearing and grow-out phases Atlantic Salmon
culture and the slower growth rate of Splake. Coho Salmon, Whitefish, Sturgeon, Walleye,
Yellow Perch and Hybrid Bass were found to be poor candidates for commercial
aquaculture in Ontario, based upon technological factors.
Having narrowed the list of candidate species based upon marketability and technological
feasibility, the economics of each species was considered. It appears as though Chinook
Salmon, Atlantic Salmon and Splake are not presently economically feasible for
commercial-scale culture in Ontario using conventional fish production techniques. All three
species display a negative financial return. Splake are unsuccessful largely due to the low
market value for the species, its reduced production capacity and inflated mortality and
egg/fingerling expenses.
Economics projections also suggest that production of 0.5-1.0 kg (1-2 lb) Chinook Salmon
and Atlantic Salmon in conventional raceway/tank culture facilities will be financially
unrewarding. As in Splake production, poor financial performance appears to be due largely
to the low market value of the products and to increased egg and mortality costs. Due to
enhanced capacity, feed expense is also proportionately higher for Atlantic Salmon culture,
however, this enhanced production capacity, and the species good rate of survival, are
insufficient to offset additional costs.
Arctic Charr presents the best opportunity for a financial return from a conventional Ontario
fish culture operation, in spite of a high egg/fingerling cost, and only a moderate survival
rate. The enhanced production capacity and high market value for the species appear to be
sufficient to offset these additional production expenses. It should be cautioned, however,
that certain technological constraints must be resolved if Arctic Charr production is to
become economically viable on a large scale.
Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Agriculture and Food
Research Fund. January 1999.
Website:
http:/www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/research/researchfund/agfooddocs/ag2073.htm
APPENDIX 6
Fish Farming Planning Checklist
FISH FARMING PLANNING CHECKLIST

(Source: Aquaculture in Ontario, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1986)
LEGAL ASPECTS:
1.
Do your provincial laws and regulations permit introduction, commercial rearing and/or
sale of the species of fish you are interested in?
2.
What permits or licences are required?
3.
Are there other federal and provincial regulations which will affect your operations:
a)
international and interprovincial regulations governing movement of fish and eggs;
b)
control of predators;
c)
use of algicides;
d)
water rights, water access and drainage;
e)
processing; and
f)
retailing.
ECONOMICS:
1.
Develop a business prospectus detailing land or space costs, capital expenditure for
fish stock, equipment, buildings, water impoundment construction, operating capital
needed, labour requirements, costs of financing, production, harvesting and
marketing, depreciation schedules, and a profit and loss estimate. Such a prospectus
is often necessary to obtain financing but, more important, it forces the prospective
investor to take a hard look at the economic factors involved.
2.
Do you have, or can you obtain, adequate financing for capital outlays and operating
expenses through marketing the first harvest -- perhaps for a period of a year or
more?
3.
Are you psychologically and financially prepared to only break even or perhaps to take
a loss for the first year or two of operation?
4.
Are you aware of all your production and/or processing costs in order to evaluate your
ability to meet competition and make a profit?
a)
Overhead as well as operating costs?
b)
Percent of shrinkage or processing losses to expect from a live harvest weight to

processing plant or consumer product weight?
c)
Have you figured your fringe benefit costs in your labour expenses?
MANAGEMENT:
1.
Personnel
a)
Are you or your production manager technically trained or have the experience to
manage your operation at optimum efficiency? If not, have you arranged for
management counselling and periodic checks on you operation by expert consultants?
b)
Are you, or do you have available, a biologist or pathologist competent to make

immediate diagnosis and proceed with proper chemical treatment of diseases,
parasites, etc. for fish stocks and to deal with biological problems of hatching and
rearing?
c)
Do you have adequate skilled help to efficiently carry out all phases of your operation
to maintain schedules and to meet emergencies?
2.
Production Plant Facilities and Layout
a)
Are your ponds, tanks, hatcheries, processing and shipping areas, etc. laid out for
optimum efficiency of labour and time?
b)
Are your facilities accessible during prolonged adverse weather conditions?
c)
Have you accounted for expansion in your production plant layout?
d)
Are adequate utilities -- three phase electrical power, potable water, sewage disposal - available?
e)
What alternate production facilities should be considered -static ponds, earthen or

concrete raceways?
3.
Equipment
a)
What apparatus and laboratory equipment will you require for testing of oxygen levels,
disease and other diagnostic evaluation of your operation?
b)
What emergency power unit is available in the event of failure?
4.
Biological and Chemical Controls
a)
What is a safe margin of oxygen level that must be maintained?

provisions for emergency oxygenation of water?
b)
Do you have special permits and the cooperation of provincial and federal wildlife
agencies for control of predators?
Do you have
MARKETING
1.
Have you studied your market outlets?
a)
Do you have reasonably firm market commitments as to quantity, price, product form?
b)
Do you have alternate market outlets?
c)
Can you adjust your harvest time to take advantage of high points in seasonal
demand and price fluctuations, if they exist?
d)
Can you provide maximum product quality, type, form, and weight of products and
other services your market outlet requires?
e)
Do you have or can you arrange for adequate distribution facilities and dependable
supply sources to meet the time, quality and quantity demands of your market?
2.
Have you planned for market promotion and education activities?
a)
Scheduled an advertising budget to stimulate sales?
b)
Cooperated with news media staffs to develop stories and programs to increase public
awareness of the industry?
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PRODUCTION SITE:

1.
Site Location
a)
Does your site possess natural elevations so that proper engineering will allow each
pond to be drained independently and completely?
b)
Does the land elevation permit biological supervision and general physical
maintenance without excessive travel?
c)
Has analysis of the soils been made to determine physical qualities for water
retainment and fish culture?
d)
Have core drillings been made to determine impervious qualities of subterranean

soils?
e)
Are your production facilities protected from crop spraying on adjacent lands?
f)
Are adjacent lands subject to spraying for insects and weeds?
g)
Is the site free of all possible overflow by flooding?
h)
Is drainage available to natural waterways without crossing other private lands?
i)
Can you economically secure your production facilities from poaching?
2.
Water Supply
a)
What is the source of your water supply -- reservoir, well (ground) water or running
stream? Is it adequate for present and future needs? Is there an alternate source
available in case of emergency?
b)
Is it possible to secure the necessary water permits for the needed volume of water for
your present and future needs?
c)
What are the temperature variations of your water supply?
d)
Has the water been tested for chemical adaptability to fish production? Have
provisions been made for aerating well water? Are surface waters free from harmful
chemicals?
e)
Can you control predators and unwanted fish species if surface water is used?
FEEDING:
1.
Feed Source
a)
Is feed readily available in quantities needed and constant supply?
2.
Feeding Procedure
a)
What special equipment will be needed for an efficient feeding system?
b)
How will you determine daily feeding rates? What factors will determine the rate of
increasing feed to maintain maximum consumption and growth?
c)
What feeding schedule will you follow?
d)
What physical apparatus or observation procedure will you use to check feed
consumption?
e)
If feed consumption stops, what biological analysis must be made immediately?
f)
How many areas in a given pond and over how large an area will you feed for the best
results?
g)
When pelleted feeds are used:
What percentage of fines in your pelleted feed is permissible without creating

water contamination?
What size feed pellets are best suited for fry, fingerlings and feeder fish?
Should you use a floating or sinking feed?
HARVESTING:
1.
What is the most economical type of harvesting method for your present and future
facilities?
2.
How will you construct your ponds or other production facilities for the most efficient
harvesting techniques?
3.
Will you need special holding tanks or ponds to keep quantities of fish ready for
immediate delivery?
4.
Do you have sufficient and reliable manpower available for harvest period?
PROCESSING/TRANSPORT:
1.
If you plan to dress and/or package fish for resale, will your facilities conform with
provincial food processing and sanitation codes? Do you need processing and retail
sales licences?
2.
How quickly can you take your harvest to processing area?
3.
Do you have adequate chilling and/or freezing facilities to maintain high flesh quality?
4.
Is it to your advantage to contract with a processor for your annual production?
5.
Good service and good quality are major keys to sales expansion. Are you equipped
to give both?
6.
What will you use for water cooling purposes in transporting live fish -- ice, refrigerated
vans, refrigerated water tank?
7.
What will you use for oxygenation purposes in transporting live fish?
FISHERIES CONTACTS
Northwestern Region
Northeastern Region
Ron Campbell
Provincial Building
Box 2550
The Pas, Manitoba
R9A 1M4
Phone: (204) 627-8411
Don Macdonald
Provincial Building
Box 28 - 59 Elizabeth Drive
Thompson, Manitoba
R8N 1X4
Phone: (204) 677-6650
Western Region
Eastern Region
Ian Hagenson
Provincial Building
Box 10, 27 - 2nd Avenue
Dauphin, Manitoba
R7N 3E5
Phone: (204) 622-2205
or
Ken Kansas (937-2510 in Roblin);
Brian Yake (734-3429 in Swan River);
Southwestern Region
Bruno Bruederlin
1129 Queen's Avenue
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 1L9
Phone: (204) 726-6452
Head Office
Barb Scaife
Fisheries Branch
Box 20 - 200 Saulteaux Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3J 3W3
Phone: (204) 945-0559
Doug Leroux
Box 4000
Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba
R0E 1A0
Phone: (204) 345-1450
Interlake Region
Pearl Gill
Box 6000
Gimli, Manitoba
R0C 1B0
Phone: (204) 642-6097

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