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    THPCH010

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    Particle Beam Physics Lab
    1) Simulations of electron beam-laser interaction near the photocathode of a high brightness photoinjector were performed using the code HOMDYN. 2) For normal laser incidence, the laser field causes fast oscillations in the slice centroids but negligible emittance growth. 3) For oblique laser incidence, the laser field introduces an asymmetry in electron trajectories and a longitudinal charge modulation on the scale of the laser wavelength due to differing accelerating and decelerating laser field components experienced by slices. 4) This charge modulation is transformed into an energy modulation via space charge forces, which could enhance microbunching effects in later beam compression.

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    THPCH010

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    1) Simulations of electron beam-laser interaction near the photocathode of a high brightness photoinjector were performed using the code HOMDYN. 2) For normal laser incidence, the laser field causes fast oscillations in the slice centroids but negligible emittance growth. 3) For oblique laser incidence, the laser field introduces an asymmetry in electron trajectories and a longitudinal charge modulation on the scale of the laser wavelength due to differing accelerating and decelerating laser field components experienced by slices. 4) This charge modulation is transformed into an energy modulation via space charge forces, which could enhance microbunching effects in later beam compression.

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    1) Simulations of electron beam-laser interaction near the photocathode of a high brightness photoinjector were performed using the code HOMDYN. 2) For normal laser incidence, the laser field causes fast oscillations in the slice centroids but negligible emittance growth. 3) For oblique laser incidence, the laser field introduces an asymmetry in electron trajectories and a longitudinal charge modulation on the scale of the laser wavelength due to differing accelerating and decelerating laser field components experienced by slices. 4) This charge modulation is transformed into an energy modulation via space charge forces, which could enhance microbunching effects in later beam compression.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views3 pages

    THPCH010

    Uploaded by

    Particle Beam Physics Lab
    1) Simulations of electron beam-laser interaction near the photocathode of a high brightness photoinjector were performed using the code HOMDYN. 2) For normal laser incidence, the laser field causes fast oscillations in the slice centroids but negligible emittance growth. 3) For oblique laser incidence, the laser field introduces an asymmetry in electron trajectories and a longitudinal charge modulation on the scale of the laser wavelength due to differing accelerating and decelerating laser field components experienced by slices. 4) This charge modulation is transformed into an energy modulation via space charge forces, which could enhance microbunching effects in later beam compression.

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    of 3

    ELECTRON BEAM-LASER INTERACTION NEAR THE CATHODE IN A

    HIGH BRIGHTNESS PHOTOINJECTOR


    M. Ferrario, G. Gatti, INFN-LNF, Frascati, Italy; L. Serafini, INFN-Mi, Milano, Italy;
    J. B. Rosenzweig, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
    Abstract This effect, while physically interesting, is negligible in
    The production of high charge short bunches in a high this case. A more interesting effect is produced on the
    brightness photoinjector requires laser pulses driving the longitudinal phase space, as will be discussed in the next
    cathode with GW range peak power on a mm spot size. sections.
    The resulting transverse electric field experienced by the
    electron beam near the cathode is of the order of 200-500
    HOMDYN SIMULATIONS
    MV/m, well in excess of a typical RF accelerating field of The fast running code HOMDYN [2] has been
    50-100 MV/m. We present here a preliminary study of the modified in order to include the beam interaction with the
    resultant beam dynamics. Simulations including the laser field, here modelled as a simple truncated plane
    electron beam-laser interaction have been performed with wave, in addition to the RF and space charge fields
    the code HOMDYN taking into account the superposition already implemented in the code, including the important
    of incident and reflected laser pulses as well as space effect of the cathode image charges.
    charge fields. Under this conditions the emittance
    degradation is negligible, as predicted by analytical
    methods, but a longitudinal charge modulation occurs on
    the scale of the laser wavelength, in case of oblique
    incidence, driven by the longitudinal component of the
    laser field. Charge modulation is transformed into energy
    modulation via the space charge field, which may
    produce enhanced microbunching effects when the beam
    is further compressed in a magnetic chicane.

    INTRODUCTION
    Electron beam – laser interaction near the cathode
    surface could be important in case of short and strong
    laser pulses, when the involved field becomes high and
    the electrons have a very low momentum (emission is Figure 1: P-polarized plane wave incident on a lossy
    achieved slightly overcoming the cathode work-function medium [3].
    to reduce thermal emittance). We consider in this study
    the case of a metal photocathode. Other kinds of The expression of the electromagnetic field of a plane
    photocathodes, such as high Quantum Efficiency (QE) wave incident on a lossy medium for a p-polarized wave
    Cs2Te have no need to be driven at high power, in is the following, see also Fig. 1:
    addition their response is slower (some ps), and the Bi =  yˆ ( E i / c)cos(k i .r  t +  i )
    considerations that will be made in this framework
    require some slight adjustments to fit the alternative case E i = E i [ xˆ cos + ˆz sin  ] cos(ki .r  t +  i )
    of semiconductor cathodes. A large laser field at the Br =  yˆ R( E i / c)cos(k r .r  t +  R )
    cathode can produce “heating” of the electron beam
    through the induced wiggling motion. The degree to E r = E i R[ xˆ cos  + ˆz sin  ] cos(k r .r  t +  R ) .
    which the laser field causes emittance growth can be
    estimated as [1]: Assuming a cathode reflection coefficient constant
    within the laser wavelenght spectrum. The previous
    l expressions can be easily extended to the general case of
     n = al  x  Z 0 Pl a real laser pulse, without operating integration over the
    2m e c 2
    spectrum. It is sufficient to substitute the incoming
    Here al is the peak normalized vector potential of the laser envelope expression into the amplitude of the incoming
    field, Pl is the peak laser power and l the laser field Ei.
    wavelength (note the independence of the beam size x ). Dealing with lossy media (i.e. radiation must be
    For example a laser pulse 300 fs long with an energy of absorbed to generate photo-electrons) the p-polarization is
    0.2 mJ as required by a blow out experiment [1], able to reflected again as p, but with a phase shift due to the
    extract 0.33 nC charge from a 10-5 quantum efficiency complex index of refraction n. Photoemitted electrons
    cathode, results in a 0.04 μm induced emittance growth. experience a field that is sum of incoming and reflected
    wave. Inside photocathode the field amplitude is the plot, after a time of 1 ps the emittance growth due to
    attenuated exponentially in direction normal to the space charge prevails.
    surface, and propagates at a slightly different angle, this
    effect will be include in a future work.
    Both normal and oblique laser incidence (at 70 degrees)
    have been taken in consideration in HOMDYN simula-
    tions. A laser field amplitude of 190 MV/m is assumed,
    the RF field experienced by the electrons injected in the
    gun with 26 phase degrees is 53 MV/m, (120 MV/m peak
    field). Laser wavelength was fixed at 266 nm, able to
    drive Cu and other metal photo-cathodes.
    The first case considered here is a 10 ps long laser
    pulse at normal incidence and a 1 nC e-bunch charge,
    corresponding to the nominal SPARC parameters [4]. An
    integration time step of 0.1 fs (corresponding approxi-
    mately to 10% of the laser central wavelength period) and
    1000 slices 40 nm long (about /7) were used. As was
    expected, each slice experiences the fast varying field of
    the laser, as a cosequence slice centroids undergoes a fast
    oscillation in space. The amplitude of the oscillations
    grows with the time, and so this effect is enhanced in the Figure 3: Electron trajectories for different injection
    first emitted slices compared to the last ones as shown in phases in a laser field with grazing incidence. (Trans-
    Fig. 2. verse displacement [m] versus time [s]).

    Figure 4: Normalized emittance vs. time for the 1 ps laser,


    1 pC case. Blue line: space charge induced emittance Red
    line: total emittance including laser induced emittance.
    Figure 2: Slice centroids evolution during the interaction
    On the other hand since laser contribution is now
    with the laser beam. Each dot represents a slice centroid
    mainly longitudinal, we expect a some effect on the
    located at a distance dz from the bunch central slice.
    longitudinal motion. Preliminary simulations show that
    This effect occurs on a negligible scale , so that, even if the induced energy spread is negligible, a charge
    looking at the macroscopic consequences on the beam, modulation on a scale of the laser wavelength occurs.
    neither envelope, nor emittance or energy spread are Different groups of slices emitted within different half
    affected in such a way to show a noticeable degradation periods of the laser field will experience in fact
    of the beam quality. Emittance on a time scale of 10 ps accelerating or decelerating laser fields components,
    reaches a value of 0.05 μm. while the electron velocity changes from a non-relativistic
    The case of grazing incidence is more interesting. First to a relativistic regime, due to the superimposed RF
    of all, the angle introduces an asymmetry on electron accelerating field. The initial extraction velocity
    trajectories, depending on different field phase which =v/c=0.002 in this case is enough to prevent backward
    particles experience at different emission times, Fig. 3. acceleration. This periodic shrinking and broadening of
    Once again, the transverse dynamics is affected by an the slices, that last until the end of the electron-laser
    even weaker effect, than in normal incidence interaction, results in a slice current modulation, as
    The computed emittance behaviour for a 1 ps laser shown if Figures 5 and 6. Notice that the current
    pulse, 1 pC charge is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen in modulation can reach a 40% depth. Downstream the
    cathode the beam evolution is dominated by space charge because it could produce an enhanced micro-bunching on
    effects and will transform this current modulation in the scale of the photo-injector laser wavelength [5].
    energy modulation [5].
    CONCLUSIONS
    Though laser field doesn't affect in a relevant way the
    electron beam emittance and energy spread, in the case of
    grazing incidence it generates a current modulation inside
    the bunch. Current modulation is trasformed into energy
    modulation via the space charge field, which may
    produce enhanced micro-bunching when the beam is
    further compressed in a magnetic chicane. On the other
    hand, as a concluding and wishful remark, one can take
    profit of such an energy modulation as a possible
    alternative to laser heating [6]. By means of a high power
    longer wavelength (I.R.) laser conditioned photo-
    emission (i.e. illuminating the cathode with an IR laser
    Figure 5: Normalised beam current modulation at the end light in addition to the required UV light), one may think
    of the photo-emission process. to pre-heating the electron beam by enhancing the current
    modulation at the cathode. The space charge induced
    energy spread is then tranformed in an uncorrelated
    energy spread in a downstream chicane with negative R56
    [5]. A more detailed study on this subject is under way to
    asses the amplitude of the achievable energy spread.

    REFERENCES
    [1] J.B. Rosenzweig et al., “Experimental testing of
    dynamically optimized photoelectron beams”, Proc.
    of the ICFA workshop “The Physics and applications
    of high brightness electron beams”, Erice, 2005.
    [2] M. Ferrario et al., “HOMDYN study for the LCLS
    photoinjector”, SLAC-PUB-8400 (2000).
    Figure 6: Normalised beam current modulation at the end [3] T. Plettner, SLAC-PUB-11800 (2006).
    of the photo-emission process, blow up of Fig. 5. Notice [4] D. Alesini et al., “Status of the SPARC project”,
    the deep current modulation (40%) on the laser these proceedings.
    wavelength scale. [5] M. Boscolo et al., “Laser comb: simulations of pre-
    modulated e- beams at the photocathode of a high
    This effect could be important when a magnetic brightness rf photoinjector”, these proceedings.
    compressor is installed in the downstream beam line [6] Z. Huang et al., Phys. Rev. STAB 7, 074401 (2004).

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