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    PH Calculations

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    EnriqueFariaz
    The document discusses pH calculations and equilibrium principles related to acidity and alkalinity. It explains that: 1) The pH scale measures the acidity of solutions, with acids having a pH below 7, bases above 7, and neutrals at 7. 2) Water has a pH of 7, with [H3O+] and [OH-] both equal to 10-7 mol/L due to self-ionization. 3) The pH is calculated from [H3O+] or [H+] using the logarithmic relationship pH = -log10[H+].

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    PH Calculations

    Uploaded by

    EnriqueFariaz
    164 views2 pages
    The document discusses pH calculations and equilibrium principles related to acidity and alkalinity. It explains that: 1) The pH scale measures the acidity of solutions, with acids having a pH below 7, bases above 7, and neutrals at 7. 2) Water has a pH of 7, with [H3O+] and [OH-] both equal to 10-7 mol/L due to self-ionization. 3) The pH is calculated from [H3O+] or [H+] using the logarithmic relationship pH = -log10[H+].

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    The document discusses pH calculations and equilibrium principles related to acidity and alkalinity. It explains that: 1) The pH scale measures the acidity of solutions, with acids having a pH below 7, bases above 7, and neutrals at 7. 2) Water has a pH of 7, with [H3O+] and [OH-] both equal to 10-7 mol/L due to self-ionization. 3) The pH is calculated from [H3O+] or [H+] using the logarithmic relationship pH = -log10[H+].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    164 views2 pages

    PH Calculations

    Uploaded by

    EnriqueFariaz
    The document discusses pH calculations and equilibrium principles related to acidity and alkalinity. It explains that: 1) The pH scale measures the acidity of solutions, with acids having a pH below 7, bases above 7, and neutrals at 7. 2) Water has a pH of 7, with [H3O+] and [OH-] both equal to 10-7 mol/L due to self-ionization. 3) The pH is calculated from [H3O+] or [H+] using the logarithmic relationship pH = -log10[H+].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    AS90310 Describe thermochemical and equilibrium principles

    pH Calculations
    pH

    KW

    The degree of acidity of a solution is measured using the pH scale.


    The pH of acids is below 7, neutral substances have a pH of 7, and
    alkalis have a pH greater than 7.

    Water has a pH of 7 which means [H3O+] = antilog (- 7) = 10 -7 mol L-1.


    Since water is neutral, [H3O+] = [OH - ], so [OH - ] = 10 -7 mol L-1.

    pH = - log10 [H3O+] or pH = - log10 [H+]

    Water ionises only to a very small degree (equilibrium position lies


    very much to the left).
    H3O+ + OH - or more simply H2O

    2H2O

    H+ + OH -

    [ ] = concentration in mol L-1


    KW = [H3O+] [OH - ]or KW = [H+] [OH - ]
    Example: Calculate the pH of a solution whose hydrogen ion
    concentration is 3.65 x 10-5 mol L-1

    KW = [1.00 x 10-7] [1.00 x 10-7] = 10 -14

    -5

    pH = - log10 3.65 x 10
    pH = 4.44 (3 sf)

    This rearranges to [H3O+] = KW / [OH - ] & to [OH - ] = KW / [H3O+]

    To calculate log10 on your calculator use the log key.


    [H3O+] = antilog ( - pH) or [H+] = antilog ( - pH)
    x

    To find the antilog use the 10 key (usually the inverse of the log key).
    Example: Calculate the [H3O+] of a solution whose pH is 8.45
    +

    [H3O ] = antilog ( - 8.45)


    +

    -9

    [H3O ] = 3.55 x 10 mol L

    -1

    We can use KW to find the pH of bases if their [OH-] is known

    Use 10 -14 = [H3O+] [OH - ] to calculate [H3O+]

    Use pH = - log10 [H3O+] to calculate the pH

    To find [OH -] when pH is known

    Use [H3O+] = antilog ( - pH) to calculate [H3O+]

    Use 10 -14 = [H3O+] [OH - ] to calculate [OH - ]

    WANGANUI HIGH SCHOOL

    The pH scale
    [H+]

    10-1

    10-2

    10-3

    10-4

    10-5

    10-6

    10-7

    10-8

    10-9

    10-10

    10-11

    10-12

    10-13

    10-14

    [OH-]

    10-14

    10-13

    10-12

    10-11

    10-10

    10-9

    10-8

    10-7

    10-6

    10-5

    10-4

    10-3

    10-2

    10-1

    pH

    10

    11

    12

    13

    14

    STRONG ACID

    WEAK ACID

    *N

    WEAK ALKALI

    There is more than one way to do pH


    calculations
    You must learn
    pH = - log10 [H+] and [H+] = antilog ( - pH)

    STRONG ALKALI

    You will be given KW = 10 -14

    *N Neutral

    Calculators
    Calculators are different. To obtain antilog you might use shift + log or 2nd function +
    log. Make sure you know how to do log and antilog on your particular calculator.
    Also make sure you know how to enter numbers in standard form and if the answer is
    given in standard form in your calculator display how to write it correctly.

    There is another way to do these calculations which


    you may prefer.
    There is another scale, the pOH scale, which is not
    very much used.
    pOH = - log10 [OH - ] and [OH - ] = antilog ( - pOH)
    This isnt really 2 more equations to be
    memorized.

    Significant figures
    Rule 1: All non-zero digits are significant.
    Rule 2: Zeros in front of a number are not significant.

    You also need to know that pH + pOH = 14

    Rule 3: Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.

    Thats not really too difficult to remember either.

    Rule 4: Zeros at the end of a number are significant if there is a decimal point in the
    number.
    Example:
    Calculate the [OH - ] of a solution of pH 10.4

    Examples:
    0.0203 has 3 significant figures

    Answer:

    2.50 has 3 significant figures

    pH + pOH = 14 so pOH = 14 10.4 = 3.60

    3.7 x 109 has 2 significant figures

    [OH ] = antilog ( - pOH) so [OH - ] = antilog ( - 3.60)

    5.05 x 104 has 3 significant figures


    6 has 1 significant figures but 6.00 has 3 significant figures

    WANGANUI HIGH SCHOOL

    [OH - ] = 2.51 x 10-4 mol L-1 (3 sf)

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