VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR-603 203

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

EI6601 Modern Electronic Instrumentation

QUESTION BANK
UNIT I ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
Part A- Two marks Questions and Answers
1. What is an instrument? (BT-6)

An instrument may be defined as a device for determining the value or magnitude of a

quantity or variable.
2. Discuss the primary requirements for any measuring instrument? (BT-2)

Power consumption should be as small as possible.

No alteration in the circuit conditions with the introduction of instrument in the
circuit.
The electronic instruments are based on electrical or electronic principles for their
measurement.
These instruments are either indicating or recording type instruments.

3. Provide the essentials parts of an electronic instrument. (BT-3)

Transducer, Signal modifier and Indicative device

4. List the advantages of electronic instruments. (BT-1)

Less power consumption and less load on the system being measured.
Non contact measurements are possible.
Greater flexibility.
Light, compact and more reliable instrumentation.

5. Describe the electronic voltmeters? (BT-2)

Electronic voltmeters use rectifiers, amplifiers and other circuits to generate a current
proportional to the voltage being measured. The current so produced is measured by a
permanent moving coil instrument (normally abbreviated as PMMC or D Arsonval
movement).
6. Give the advantages of electronic voltmeters over conventional ones? (BT-2)

Low power consumption.

High accuracy.
High frequency range.
Compactness and portability.
Low level signal detection.

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 1

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

7. Discriminate between electronic voltmeters and analog voltmeters.(BT-5)

S.No.

Aspects

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Power consumption
Type of construction
Use of amplifiers
Voltage range
Loading effect
Low level signals
Sensitivity
Frequency range
Input impedance
Instrument range

Electronic
volmeters
Low
Not rugged
Yes
Higher
Not present
Can be detected
High
High
Very high
More

Conventional analog
voltmeters
High
Rugged
No
Limited
Present
Cannot be detected
Low
Limited
Low
Less

8. Write a short note on true RMS meters. (May/June 2013) (BT-1)

RMS means root-mean-square value. It is obtained by squaring the input signal and
calculating the square root of its average value. It is also called as effective value.
9. What is the use of true RMS meter? (BT-6)

It is used for measurement of complex waveform.

10. Enumerate the salient features of true RMS value. (May/June 2014) (BT-1)

A True RMS meter uses a complex RMS converter to read RMS for any type of AC
waveform.
11. Discuss about multimeter? (BT-2)

The ammeter, the voltmeter and the ohmmeter, all use a basic D Arsonval movement.
The difference between these instruments is the circuit in which the basic movement is
used. The instrument which contains a function switch to connect the appropriate circuits
to the D Arsonval movement, is called a multimeter or VOM meter.
12. Explain about automatic ranging in DMM? (Nov/Dec 2012) (BT-4)

The DMM automatically adjusts its range to give a meaningful reading, and the
display includes the unit of measurement (V or mV for voltage measurement)
13. List the practical applications of multimeter (May/June 2012) (BT-1)

Multimeter or DMM is used to measure practical values of Voltage (DC/AC), current,

and resistance.
14. Write the advantages of true RMS meter. (BT-1)

Sensitivities in the mV region is possible.

The non linear behaviour is avoided by using two thermocouples in the same
thermal environment.
The true r.m.s. value measured is independent of the A.C input waveform, if the
peak amplitude of A.C. input is within the dynamic range of the A.C. amplifier.

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 2

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

15. Measure the limitations of true RMS meter. (BT-5)

The overall meter response is sluggish since the response of thermocouples is slow.
In case of highly non-linear waveforms, the crest factor puts the limitation on the
meter reading.
The cost of meter is high as compared to average and peak-responding meters.

16. Provide the elements present in an electronic multimeter? (BT-3)

(i) Balanced bridge D.c amplifier and indicating meter

(ii) Input attenuator or Range switch
(iii)Rectifier section
(iv) Internal battery and additional circuitry
(v) Function switch
17. Write the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic multimeter. (BT-1)

Advantages:
Simple circuit.
Less cost.
High input impedance.
High frequency range.
Less electric noise.
Rugged construction.
Disadvantages:
Poor reliability and repeatability.
Poor resolution.
Size is not compact.
Accuracy not high.
Interfacing of the output with external devices is difficult.
18. Classify electronic voltmeters. (BT-3)

Transistorised voltmeter using cascaded transistors

Transistorised voltmeter using FET as input stage.
Balanced bridge T.V.M
Chopper amplifier type voltmeter.
Differential voltmeter.
Rectifier type voltmeter.
Average responding voltmeter.
Peak reading voltmeter.
True R.M.S. reading voltmeter.
Solid state voltmeter.
Vector voltmeter.

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 3

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

19. Pointout the applications of digital multimeter (DMM)? (BT-4)

It is mostly used in laboratory for the measurement of AC voltage and current

measurement, DC voltage and current measurement, Resistance and Frequency
measurement.
20. Compare the Analog and Digital multimeters. (BT-4)

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5

Analog
Digital
multimeter
multimeter
Power supply
Not required
Required
Visual indication of changes Better
Not that much
in the reading
better
Accuracy
Less
High
Size
Bigger
Smaller
Effect of electric noise
Less
More
Aspects

PART B
1. Describe the construction, working principle and applications of True RMS reading voltmeter
with neat sketch. (BT-1)
2. What is electronic voltmeter? Briefly explain the various types of electronic voltmeter. (BT-6)
3. Discuss in detail the circuit diagram and operation of an source follower voltmeter. (BT-2)
4. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of electronic voltmeters which use
rectifiers. (BT-3)
5. Explain with the help of a block diagram, the various parts of an electronic multimeter. (BT-4)
6. Describe the various methods of measurement of power at audio frequencies. (BT-1)
7. Describe the operation of a microprocessor based digital multimeter with auto ranging and self
diagnostic features, with necessary diagram. (Nov/Dec 2012) (BT-1)
8. With the help of neat diagram explain the working of Ohmmeter. (BT-4)
9. Explain the various components and methods for current measurement. (BT-5)
10. Discuss in detail the circuit diagram and operation of differential amplifier electronic
voltmeter. (BT-2)

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 4

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT II CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL ANALYZERS
Part A- Two marks Questions and Answers
1. Name the different types of sweeps used in CRO. (BT-1)
Sweeps available in CRO are Horizontal sweep and vertical sweep
2. Arrange the different parts of CRT.(Apr/May2015). (BT-4)
CRT consists of following parts, Triode section, Focusing section, Deflection
section, screen
3. Give some applications of sampling oscilloscope. (BT-2)
Sampling oscilloscopes are of great use when analyzing high frequency signals.
That is, signals whose frequencies are higher than the oscilloscope's sampling rate.
4. List the applications of storage oscilloscope? (BT-1)
Signal Integrity, Jitter, and Timing Analysis, Validation, Debug, Characterization,
and Compliance of Next-generation Digital Designs, Computer, Datacom, Storagearea Network Equipment Designs, and High-speed Backplanes, High-energy Physics
Measurements and Data Acquisition.
5. Pointout the function of wave analyzer? (BT-4)
Wave Analyser is an instrument designed to measure the relative amplitude of
single frequency components, in complex waveform. It acts as a frequency selective
voltmeter, which is tuned to the frequency of one signal, while rejecting all other
signal components. The desired frequency is selected by a frequency calibrated dial to
the point of maximum amplitude.
6. What are the types of modes of operation in digital storage oscilloscope? (BT-6)
Roll mode, Store mode, Hold or save mode
7. Examine why storage scopes are necessary in measurements? (Nov/Dec 2012) (BT-1)
Signal Integrity, Jitter, and Timing Analysis, Validation, Debug, Characterization, and
Compliance of Next-generation Digital Designs, Computer, Datacom, Storage-area
Network Equipment Designs, and High-speed Backplanes, High-energy Physics
Measurements and Data Acquisition
8. Explain the purpose of blanking circuit in cathode ray oscilloscope? (BT-4)
During the flyback time, which is usually very short compared to trace time, a high
negative voltage pulse is applied to the control grid of the electron gun to prevent electron
beams reaching the CRO screen. This action is called blanking and prevents any reverse
retrace (or shadow) as the beam is going back to the extreme left-hand position. The time
period including the trace time and the flyback time is called the sweep period.
9. Give the advantages of digital storage oscilloscope. (BT-2)
Infinite storage time and Easy to operate.
Pre triggering feature allows display of waveform, before the trigger pulse.
Signal processing is possible.
Cursor measurement is possible.
It is capable of displaying X-Y plots, p-V diagrams and B-H curve.
A number of traces depending on the memory size can be stored and recalled.
Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 5

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

10. List the applications of digital storage oscilloscope. (BT-1)
It can be used to measure A.C. as well as D.C. voltages and currents, frequency,
time period, time interval between two signals, inductance and capacitance.
It is used to give the visual representation for atarget of radar such as aeroplane,
ship.
In medical fields, it is used to display cardiograms that are useful for diagnosis of
heart of the patient.
It is used to observe the radiation pattern generated by the transmitting antenna.
11. What is meant by the deflection factor of a CRO? (BT-6)
The deflection factor of a CRO is the reciprocal of the deflection sensitivity.
12. Explain about Cathode ray oscilloscope? (BT-5)
CRO is a device that allows the amplitude of electrical signals, whether they be
voltage, current, poweretc. To be displayed primarily as a function of time. It is basically
an electron beam voltmeter.
It is very useful and versatile laboratory instrument used for display, measurement and
analysis of waveforms, and other phenomena in electrical and electronic circuits.
13. Why is a triggering circuit provided in a CRO? (BT-3)
In a CRO, a triggering circuit is provided for synchronizing two types of deflections so
that horizontal deflection starts at the same point of input vertical signal each time it
sweeps.
14. Explain about a spectrum analyser? (BT-5)
Spectrum analyser is an instrument which graphically presents an energy distribution
of the signal as a function of frequency on its CRT.
15. What information is provided by the spectrum analysis of a signal? (BT-3)
The spectrum analysis of a signal provides the information about the following
parameters.
Bandwidth
Effect of different types of modulation and spurious signal generation
Frequency stability
Components level
Spectral purity
Attenuation
16. List the various applications of a wave analyser. (BT-1)
To carry out complete harmonic analysis
To measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex
waveform
To measure the signal energy with well defined bandwidth
To be used to separate and display a large number of harmonics.
The wave analysers are applied industrially in the field of reduction of sound and
vibrations generated by rotating electrical machines and apparatus.
17. How are spectrum analyzers classified? (BT-3)
Scanning type and Non scanning type
Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 6

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

18. How does a wave analyser functionally differ from a spectrum analyser? (BT-2)
A wave analyser is used to measure relative amplitude of signal frequency components
in acomplex waveform while a spectrum analyser is used to study energy distribution
across the frequency spectrum of a given electrical signal.
19. Collect the applications of spectrum analyzer. (BT-1)
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Pulse modulation
Measurement of harmonic distortion
Noise measurement
Determination of the frequency drift of a signal.
Analysis of air and water pollution.
Measurement of antenna pattern
Tuning a parametric amplifier
In the field of electronic testing related to troubleshooting and quality control.
In the fields of biomedical, radars and oceanography.
20. Discuss the characteristics of spectrum analyzer? (BT-2)
(i) Frequency resolution
(ii) Dynamic range
(iii) Sensitivity
(v) Sweep desensitization
PART-B
1. With schematic block diagram explain the working of CRO and also mention the
advantages of storage oscilloscope. (Apr/May2015) (BT-4)
2. Sketch the basic block diagram for a DSO. Sketch the system wave forms and explain its
operation. (BT-3)
3. With schematic block diagram explain the working of a heterodyne wave analyzer. (BT-5)
4. Describe the principle of General purpose oscilloscope with neat block diagram. (BT-2)
5. Discuss in detail about the function of Delay time base Oscilloscope with neat diagram.
(May/June2013) (BT-2)
6. Draw and explain the Sampling oscilloscope in detail. (May/June 2014) (BT-3)
7. Develop an expression for deflection D in CRO, which is the deflection of the electron
beam. (May/June 2014) (BT-6)
8. Write a short note on the following: (BT-1)
a) Vertical Deflection system
b) Horizontal deflection system.
9. Examine how Oscilloscopes can be used to measure a) Frequency b) Phase angle and
Time delay c) Signal origins. (BT-1)
10. Define waveform analyzer and explain its types. ( Apr/May2015) (BT-1)

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 7

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT III WAVEFORM GENERATORS
Part A- Two marks Questions and Answers
1. Differentiate an oscillator and an amplifier? (BT-2)
Amplifier
S.No
Oscillator
1.
An amplifier is a circuit used to An Oscillator is a circuit used to
magnify the given input signal. generate the signals. It has no input.
2.
Amplifiers have finite gain.
The gain of the oscillator is infinity.
3.
In an amplifier circuit, the In an oscillator, the frequency
frequency,
waveform
and waveform and magnitude of ac
magnitude of ac power output power generated are controlled by
are controlled by as signal the circuit itself.
voltage applied at the input.
2.

Distinguish damped oscillation and sustained oscillation? (BT-2)

The electrical oscillation in which the amplitude decreases with time are called as
damped oscillations. The electrical oscillations in which amplitude does not change with
time are called as sustained oscillations. It is also called as undamped oscillation.

3. Name the essential parts of an oscillator? (BT-1)

Tank circuit or oscillatory circuit.
Amplifier (Transistor amplifier)
Feedback circuit
4. Classify the different sinusoidal oscillators. (BT-3)
A number of circuits have been used as sine wave oscillator like
Hartley oscillator

Colpitts oscillator
RC phase shift oscillator

Wien bridge oscillator

Clapp oscillator

Crystal oscillator.
5. List the factors needed to choose type of oscillators? (BT-1)
The factors needed to choose type of oscillators are
(i) The nature of generated wave form
(ii) The frequency of generated signals
(iii) The type of associated circuit of components.
(iv) The fundamental mechanism involved.
6. Give the condition of oscillation for Hartley oscillator. (BT-2)
The condition of oscillation for Hartley oscillator is
X
L M
h fe 1 1
X 2 L2 M
7. What is a resonant circuit oscillator ? (BT-6)
The Oscillators using resonant LC tank circuits are most often used for sources of
radio frequency(RF) energy are called as resonant circuit oscillator.
Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 8

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

8. In a feedback amplifier explain how oscillation takes place by deriving Af (Gain with
feedback). (BT-4)
The function of the feedback circuit is to transfer a part of the output energy to the
input in proper phase. When the feedback is positive, the overall gain f the amplifier is
written as
A
Af
(1 A )
Where A is feedback factor or loop gain.
If A = 1, Af = . Thus the gain becomes infinity i.e., there is output without any
input. Thus the amplifier works as an oscillator and the oscillation will take place.
9. Which oscillator uses both positive and negative feedback? justify? (BT-5)
Wien bridge oscillator uses both positive and negative feedback. The positive feedback
ensures sustained oscillation, the negative feedback ensures constant output i.e. any
increase or decrease in the oscillator output is taken care of by this negative feedback.
10. Name two low frequency oscillators and High frequency oscillators. (BT-1)
Low frequency oscillators.
High frequency oscillators.
(i) RC phase shift oscillator.
(i) Hartley oscillator
(ii) Wein bridge oscillator.
(ii) Colpitts oscillator
11. Crystal oscillators are superior than other oscillators. Justify? (BT-5)
Crystal oscillators are superior than other oscillators because of their great mechanical
strength, simplicity of manufacture and it obeys the piezoelectric effect accurately.
12. Examine how oscillations occur in a crystal oscillator? (BT-3)
When an alternating voltage is applied, the crystal starts vibrating with a frequency of
applied voltage. If the frequency of applied voltage is made equal to the natural frequency
of crystal, resonance takes place and crystal vibrates and the oscillations occur with
maximum amplitude.
13. List the advantages of crystal oscillator?(Nov 2012) (BT-1)
Simple circuit since no tuned circuit is needed other than the crystal it self.
Different frequencies of oscillations can be obtained by simply replacing one
crystal by another.
Hence it makes it easy for a radio transistor to work at different frequencies. Since the
frequency of oscillation is set by the crystal, changes in the supply and transistor
parameters does not affect the frequency of oscillation.
14. Why L-C oscillators are not preferred to generate low frequency signals even though
they have higher frequency stability compared to R-C phase shift oscillator? (BT-4)
For the generation of low frequency signals, the LC circuits become impracticable and
the RC phase shift oscillators are more suitable. With the advantage IC technology RC
network is the only feasible solution. It is very difficult to make an inductance that too of
very high value in IC. Therefore RC oscillators are increasingly popular.
15. Define signal generator. (BT-1)
Signal generator is to supply signals of known frequencies & to supply known signals
levels at very low levels for testing and evaluating receivers.
Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 9

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

16. Classify signal generator. (BT-3)
Function generator, pulse and sweep generator.
17. Express the range of RF, VHF and UHF? (BT-2)
RF- Above 30MHz
VHF-30-300MHz
UHF-300-300MHz
18. List the applications of function generator. (BT-1)
The function generators are used in laboratory and work field for producing various
waveforms such as sine, Triangular, square wave etc
19. Compare period and pulse width measurement. (BT-4)
PERIOD MEASUREMENT
Period measurement determines the time required for a signal to complete one full
cycle of oscillation.
PULSE WIDTH MEASUREMENT
Pulse width measurement is to measure the leading edge is selected as the start & the
trailing edge as the stop signal.
20. What is frequency counter? (BT-6)
A frequency counter is a device that counts selected input signal transition for a fixed
period of time & Displays the resultant frequency
PART B
1. With a neat diagram describe the Hartley oscillator & derive the expression for frequency
of oscillation and condition of oscillation. (Nov 2013,2014) (BT-1)
2. Describe the operation of crystal oscillator with neat diagram and write the expression for
its frequency of oscillation. (May 2012) (BT-1)
3. With a neat circuit diagram, describe the working of a Wien bridge oscillator. Derive an
expression for the resonant frequency. Give its advantages and disadvantages. (BT-2)
4. With neat circuit diagram explain the operation of an RC phase shift oscillator and
develop the condition for oscillation and resonant frequency with BJT.(BT-6)
5. What is Q meter? Explain about its applications and discuss in detail about any one
method of measurement using a Q meter. (BT-4)
6. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Function generator. How can you vary the
Amplitude and Frequency of the output wave form. (BT-4)
7. Explain in detail about Pulse and Square wave generators. (BT-5)
8. A circuit having an effective capacitance of 160pF is tuned to a frequency of 1.2MHz. In
this the current falls to 70.7% of its resonant value when the frequency of an emf of
constant magnitude injected in series with the circuit deviates from the resonant frequency
by 6KHz. Calculate the Q factor and effective resistance by 6KHz. (BT-3)
9. Write shorts notes on (i) Triangular wave generator (ii) The operation of a square wave
generator. (BT-1)
10. Describe with circuit diagram the various electronic counters.(BT-2)

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 10

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT IV VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
Part A- Two marks Questions and Answers
1. Describe virtual instrumentation? (Nov/Dec 2012) (Apr/May 2015) (BT-1)
A virtual instrument consists of a computer equipped with powerful application
software, cost-effective hardware such as PC plug-in boards, and driver software, which
together outperform the functions of traditional instruments for test and automation.
2. Describe flexibility? (BT-1)
Flexibility is to create their own solutions. They can adapt a virtual instrument to their
particular needs without having to replace the entire device because of the application
software installed on the PC and the wide range of available plug-in hardware.
3. Why is virtual instrumentation necessary? (BT-5)
Virtual instrumentation is necessary because it delivers instrumentation with the rapid
adaptability required for todays concept, product, and process design, development, and
delivery. Only with virtual instrumentation can engineers and scientists create the userdefined instruments required to keep up with the worlds demands.
4. Compare virtual instruments and traditional instruments. (May/Jun 2014) (BT-4)
TRADITIONAL
VIRTUAL
Tasks defined by vendor
Tasks defined by user
Range
extension
and Range
extension
and
customization not possible
customization possible by user
Special technology cost high
PC based-cost less
lack portability
Portable
5. Name the types of loops available for VI? (BT-1)
FOR loop, WHILE loop, CASE structure
6. Distinguish Chart and graph. (BT-2)
Graph plot the current value, Chart plots values for entire period of execution
7. Define clusters. What is the use of clusters? (BT-1)
Cluster is group of dissimilar data types. Wiring can be minimized and clarity in
wiring can be improved.
8. What is sub VI? (BT-6)
VI created can be used as a part in another VI. The VI used inside another VI is known
as sub-VI
9. What is the use of formula node? (BT-6)
Equations and expression can be entered in formula node for evaluation.
10. Give the basic operations on a file? (BT-2)
Open, create, replace, read, and write
11. What does replace operation do to a file? (BT-3)
File that exits is replaced with a new content, old contents are overwritten.
Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 11

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

12. Do string operations require special operators? (BT-3)
NO, operators used for numeric can be used, but all the operands must be String.
13. Explain sequence structure. (BT-5)
Sequence structure is used to execute a series of operations one after the other. Output
of one frame structure is input to other frame structure.
14. Name any two applications of virtual instrumentation. (Nov/Dec 2012, 2013) (BT-1)
Take measurements in minutes, Analyse signals with advanced built-in math and
signal processing functions, visualize and interact with live data while the application is
running, Access hundreds on free Lab VIEW houseware downloads, Prepare students with
Industry- Standard tools and skills.
15. Point out the key elements of virtual instrument? (May/June 2013) (BT-4)
Sensor module, sensor interface, Information system interface, Processing module,
Database interface, User interface
16. Classify the tools available in control palette? (May/June 2013) (BT-3)
The tools available in control palette are numeric controls such as slides and knobs,
numeric indicators such as meters and gauges, graphs, charts, Boolean controls and
indicators such as buttons and switches, strings, paths, arrays, clusters, list boxes, tree
controls, tables, ring controls, enumerated type controls, containers, and so on. The
controls and indicators are located on sub palettes.

17. Give the types of signals that can be acquired by DAQ. (BT-2)
Analog & Digital Signals
Voltage
Current
Temperature
pressure, or sound.
18. Describe about DAQ?(Apr/May 2015) (BT-1)
Data acquisition is the process of measuring an electrical or physical phenomenon
such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound.
19. Pointout the components of DAQ Cards? (BT-4)
Data acquisition systems incorporate signals
Sensors
Actuators
Signal conditioning
Data acquisition devices
Application software.
20. Discuss a plug in DAQ device? (Nov/Dec 2013) (BT-2)
DAQ device needs to be connected with processor of PC. If the device is made
connected via USB it is Plug-in device, else it is connected to mother board via special
slots which requires more hardware

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 12

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PART B
1. With a neat block diagram describe the architecture of a Virtual instrumentation system.
Also state its advantages and disadvantages over conventional instruments. (BT-2)
2. Write short notes on: (Nov/Dec 2012) (BT-1)
(i) Virtual instrumentation programming techniques
(ii) Performance comparison of virtual instruments and traditional instruments
3. (a) Describe how lab VIEW can be used to acquire, analyze and present a
measurement and automatic application. (May/June 2013) (BT-2)
(b) What is modular programming? Consider an example to explain how to create a
sub VI(BT-5)
4. (a) Illustrate the operation of shift register showing the front panel and block diagram
to find the current count, previous count, count two iterations ago and count three
iterations ago and explain. (May/June 2013) (BT-3)
(b) Develop a VI to check if a number is positive or negative. If yes, then the VI
should calculate and display the square root. Otherwise it should display a message
and give a value of -9999.00 as output. Solve using (1) case structure (2) select
function and (3) formula node. (May/June 2013) (BT-6)
5. Compare scope, sweep and chart used in virtual instrumentation. (Nov/Dec 2013) (BT-4)
6.

(i) Explain arrays and clusters operations in detail. (Nov/Dec 2013) (BT-5)
(ii)Write a VI programme to read the data from a file and to write data in another file
using I/O operations. (BT-1)

7. Using VI evaluate the given function using case statements. Use appropriate techniques to
obtain the display in forms. (May/June 2014) (BT-5)
(i)

f ( x) 1 x x x

d 2x
dx

D
kx
(ii) f ( x ) M
dt
dt 2

8. Explain with a neat VI diagram how temperature is controlled? Use appropriate DAQ
cards for obtaining real time data. . (May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2015) (BT-4)
9.Create a VI to realise digital voltmeter by acquiring the data using DAQ. (Nov/Dec
2013,2015) (BT-6)
10.List the various DAQ cards used for virtual instrumentation applications and explain any
one of DAQ module with serial communication in detail.(Apr/May 2015) (BT-1)

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 13

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT V TELEMETRY
Part A- Two marks Questions and Answers

1. Define telemetry? (BT-1)

Telemetry is an automated communications process by which measurements are made
and other data collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving
equipment for monitoring.
2. List the applications of telemetry? (BT-1)
Typical applications are:
Radio-frequency transmissions for monitoring astronauts in space.
Patient monitoring in an ambulance or in locations away from the hospital and
where freedom of movement is desired.
Research on unstrained, unanesthetized animals in their natural habitat.
Use of telephone links for transmission of EEGs, ECGs etc.
Special internal techniques such as tracing acidity or pressure of gastrointestinal
tract.

3. Give the types of telemetry system? (BT-2)

There are two types of telemetry systems are used
(i)
Landline Line telemetering system
(ii)
R.F. (Radio Frequency) telemetering system
4. Discuss about land line telemetering system? (BT-2)
A land line telemetering system requires a telemeter channel which is a physical link
between the telemeter transmitter and receiver. This physical link may be a cable, a
specially land out wire, existing telephone and telegraph cables or a power line carrier.
5. Name the components of telemetry system? (BT-1)
There are three system elements such as
i. Telemeter transmitter ii Telemeter channel iii Telemeter receiver
6. Name the different types of land line telemetering system. (BT-1)
The different types of land line telemetering system are
(i)
voltage telemetering system
(ii)
current telemetering system
(iii)
position telemetering system
7. State the disadvantages of land line telemetering system? (BT-1)
All the transmission link distortions are directly introduced into the system .this is
particularly true of induction effects of mains frequency from nearby cables.
The effects of thermo-electric emfs may be substantial in case D.C. telemetry are
used.
The frequency reponse is limited
Signal multiplexing tends to be impracticable.

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 14

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

8. Discuss the advantages of radio telemetry system? (BT-2)
Cost-Effective: There is no cost for time, no roaming and no long distance charges i.e. no direct monthly communication fees. A licensing fee is paid to the regulator
authority responsible for controlling the frequency bands.
Reliable, Error-Free Transmission : The data packets sent are error-checked and
corrected. If the transmission was incorrect, the same packet is sent again, until
confirmation of successful communication.
Secure: Encryption provides privacy of data, it can be installed on the receiver or at
both ends.
Time-Sensitive: You can be constantly connected and receive the messages right after
they are sent or receive them later if you chose to.
Fast: there is no time spent waiting for a network connection . The network is always
on.
Communication range: Compared to spread spectrum radios, the allowed output
power of the VHF or UHF transmitter is higher, resulting in a a longer transmission range.
Mobility: Allows users to get the advantages of these products from anywhere.
9. Mention the disadvantages of radio telemetry system? (BT-4)
Set-up considerations: Deploying radio communications requires a certain amount of
study and planning of your needs and limitations. This typically requires an
engineering firm to do a propagation study to determine the configuration for the
system and if additional repeater sites are required.
Testing: The system has to be installed and tested to ensure its efficiency.
Employee training: Employees must be trained in order for the company to
effectively benefit from wireless communications.
Cost of licensing : There are additional costs for licensing in the VHF and UHF bands
when used for environmental monitoring.
Capital expenditures : Antenna towers and repeater sites (if required) could
significantly increase the overall cost of a radio telemetry system.
10. List the merits and demerits of voltage telemetry system? (BT-1)
MERITS:
Simplicity of the system and its components
Low cost of the system as there are no specialized components
DEMERITS:
It can be used only for short distances as both the error and the cost of line
increase with the length of the wire line.
As the line current is small ,the leakage currents could become comparable and
thereby cause a large error in the meter reading.
11. Pointout the merits and demerits of current telemetry system? (BT-4)
MERITS:
Simplicity and low cost
The line current is much more than the leakage current and therefore the latter
has in significant effect on the accuracy of measurement.
DEMERITS:
It can be used only for distances because the error due to leakage can become
substantial if the length of the wire line is large

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 15

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

12. Explain about the radio frequency telemetry? (BT-5)
The transmission signal for AC telemetry system is a modulated AC (sinusoidal)
signal. The type of modulation is either amplitude modulation(AM) or frequency
modulation (FM).The signal transmission medium is either a pair of copper wires, which
would use an audio frequency(AF) carrier or a radio link ,which would need a radio
frequency (RF) carrier.
13. Give the principle of FM Telemetry System? (BT-2)
The transmission signal for this telemetry system is an amplitude modulated AC
signal. Generally an RF sinusoidal signal is used as the carrier and a radio link as the
transmission medium.
14. Identify the advantages of FM over AM? (BT-1)
The amplitude of FM is constant. Hence transmitter power remains constant in FM
where as it varies in AM.
Since amplitude of FM is constant, the noise interference is minimum in FM. Any
noise superimposing on modulated carrier can be removed with the help of
amplitude limiter.
The depth of modulation has limitation in AM. But in FM, the depth of modulation
can be increased to any value.
Since guard bands are provided in FM, there is less possibility of adjacent channel
interference.
Since space waves are used for FM, the radius of propagation is limited to line of
sight (LOS). Hence it is possible to operate several independent transmitters on
same frequency with minimum interference.
Since FM uses UHF and VHF ranges, the noise interference is minimum compared
to AM which uses MF and HF ranges.
15. Pointout the need for modulation? (BT-4)
It is extremely difficult to radiate low frequency signals through earths
atmosphere in the form of electromagnetic energy.
At low frequency, the antenna size required becomes impractical.
Information signals often occupy the same frequency band. Signals from two or
more sources would interfere if they are not modulated and translated to a different
frequency band.
16. Explain the Define time division multiplexing. (BT-5)
In time division multiplexing common cable/medium is shared by different channels
on time basis each channel is assigned a fixed time slot .Every Channel transmits in its
own time slot.
17. What is PWM? (BT-6)
It is the process in which the samples of message signal are used to vary the duration
of individual pulses in the carrier.

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 16

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

18. What is PAM? List the applications of PAM? (BT-3)
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is the transmission of data by varying the
amplitude s ( voltage or power levels) of the individual pulses in a regularly timed
sequence of electrical or electromagnetic pulses.
It is mainly used in Ethernet which is type of computer network communication
It is also used as electronic driver for led lighting
Used in micro controllers for generating the control signals
19. What is PCM? (BT-6)
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog
signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, Compact Discs, digital
telephony and other digital audio applications.
20. List the advantages and Disadvantages of pulse amplitude modulation(PAM)? (BT-1)
Advantages:
It is the base for all digital modulation techniques and it is simple process for both
modulation and demodulation
No complex circuitry is required for both transmission and reception.
Transmission and receiver circuitry is simple and easy to construct .
PAM Can generate other pulse modulation signals and can carry the message or
information at same time.
Disadvantages:
The bandwidth for transmission of PAM signal is very large compared to its
maximum frequency content.
The Amplitude of PAM Pulses varies accordingly to modulated signal. Therefore
interference of noise is maximum for the PAM signal and this noise cannot be
removed very easily.
Since amplitude of PAM signal varies, this also varies the peak power required by
the transmitter with modulating signal.
PART B
1. Describe the different methods of data transmission. Explain the block diagram of general
telemetry system. (BT-2)
2. Classify the different types of telemetering systems? Explain the landline telemetering system
and describe its advantages and disadvantages. (BT-3)
3. Describe the torque balance telemetering system. (BT-2)
4. Expain about the voltage and current telemetering system. (BT-4)
5. Explain about the position telemetering system. (BT-5)
6. What is radio frequency telemetry? Explain in detail about the various types of modulation
methods. (BT-6)
7. Describe in detail about the frequency modulation telemetry system. (BT-1)
8. Comparison between frequency modulation and amplitude modulation. (BT-5)
9. Describe in detail about pulse amplitude modulation telemetry (PAM) and pulse code
modulation telemetry(PCM). (BT-1)
10. Describe in detail about frequency multiplexing and time multiplexing. (BT-1)

Prepared by : Dr.K.Ayyar, Asst.Prof. (Sl.G) & Ms.V.MANGAIYARKARASI, Asst.Prof. (S.G)

Page 17