Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues
Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues
Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues
DOI 10.1007/s11947-011-0565-z
REVIEW PAPER
Received: 9 March 2010 / Accepted: 16 March 2011 / Published online: 31 March 2011
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
662
Skin
Parchment
Pulp
Bean
Silverskin
663
Arabicaa
Soluble carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
912.5
Insoluble polysaccharides
Hemicelluloses
Cellulose, (14)mannan
Acids and phenols
Volatile acids
Nonvolatile aliphatic acids
Chlorogenic acid
Lignin
Lipids
Wax
Oil
N compounds
Free amino acids
Proteins
Caffeine
Trigonelline
Minerals
From Belitz et al. (2009)
a
Robustaa
Constituents
611.5
0.20.5
69
37
34
4653
510
4143
3444
34
3240
1.32.2
7.112.1
0.1
22.9
6.79.2
13
1518
812
0.20.3
7.717.7
1115
0.20.8
8.512
0.81.4
0.61.2
1.74.0
0.30.9
35.4
664
Countries
Production
2004
Brazil
Vietnam
Colombia
Indonesia
Ethiopia
India
Mexico
Guatemala
Peru
Honduras
Cte dIvoire
Nicaragua
665
El Salvador
Other countries
Total
Countries
2006
2007
2008
2009
39.272
14.370
11.573
7.536
4.568
4.592
3.867
3.703
3.425
2.575
2.301
1.130
32.944
13.842
12.564
9.159
4.003
4.396
4.225
3.676
2.489
3.204
1.962
1.718
42.512
19.340
12.541
7.483
4.636
5.159
4.200
3.950
4.319
3.461
2.847
1.300
36.070
16.467
12.504
7.777
4.906
4.460
4.150
4.100
3.063
3.842
2.598
1.700
45.992
18.500
8.664
9.350
4.350
4.372
4.651
3.785
3.872
3.450
2.353
1.615
39.470
18.000
9.500
9.500
4.850
4.827
4.500
4.100
4.000
3.750
1.850
1.700
1.437
15.713
116.062
1.502
15.779
111.463
1.371
16.019
129.138
1.621
16.138
119.396
1.547
15.680
128.181
1.500
15.455
123.002
around 128 million bags. According to ICO, the consumption of coffee was not affected by the crisis. The
consumers will not stop drinking coffee, but instead of
drinking high quality coffee, people will start to take
coffee of middle quality.
Regarding the exportation, the quantity of coffee
exported has been on average at 90.0 million bags of
60 kg per year, with Brazil leading exportations with a
share of 28% of this market (Table 3).
2005
Exportation
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Brazil
Vietnam
25.670
11.631
26.653
14.859
25.956
13.432
27.642
14.001
28.010
17.936
29.486
18.417
Colombia
Indonesia
Ethiopia
India
Mexico
Guatemala
Peru
Honduras
Cte dIvoire
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Other countries
Total
10.244
4.795
2.229
3.707
2.595
3.821
2.503
2.425
2.647
1.304
1.013
11.398
85.982
10.194
5.460
2.491
3.647
2.361
3.310
3.184
2.779
2.573
1.328
1.311
10.522
90.672
10.871
6.744
2.435
2.823
1.985
3.466
2.369
2.392
1.819
1.280
1.003
10.613
87.188
10.945
5.280
2.935
3.699
2.570
3.312
3.881
2.898
2.402
1.293
1.445
9.806
92.109
11.115
4.149
2.604
3.259
2.912
3.726
2.879
3.312
2.582
1.210
1.259
1.191
96.367
12.300
4.000
2.500
3.300
3.000
3.800
3.730
3.000
2.600
1.200
1.200
1.191
96.622
666
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
667
CS
SCG
Cellulose (glucose)
Hemicellulose
Xylose
Arabinose
Galactose
Mannose
Protein
Fat
Ashes
Extractives
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
18.6
2.2
7.0
nd
17.8
13.1
4.7
2.0
3.8
2.6
16.2
nd
4.7
15.0
8.6
36.7
0.0
1.7
13.8
21.2
13.6
nd
1.6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Total fibers
Soluble
Insoluble
Organic matter
Nitrogen
Carbon/nitrogen (C/N ratio)
62.4
53.7
8.8
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
90.5
2.3
22/1
From Borrelli et al. (2004) (A), Carneiro et al. (2009) (B), Mussatto et
al. (2011) (C), and ABNT (1987) (D)
nd not determined
668
Coffee powder
Beverage
Brewed
Triglycerides
Biodiesel
Glycerin
Solid waste
Ethanol
Fuel pellets
H2
Fig. 3 Schematic presentation of biodiesel and fuel pellets production
process from spent coffee grounds (Kondamudi et al. 2008)
669
Paper
Paperboard
CELLULOSE
PULPING
Cello-oligosaccharides
HYDROLYSIS
Glucose
ACID TREATMENT
Hydroxymethylfurfural
Levulinic acid
Formic acid
NITRATING
BIODEGRADATION
FERMENTATION
HYDROGENATION
Sorbitol
Nitrocellulose
Enzymes
HEMICELLULOSE
Xylo-oligosaccharides
Arabino-oligosaccharides
Mannano-oligosaccharides
Galacto-oligosaccharides
HYDROLYSIS
Sugars
xylose, arabinose,
mannose, galactose
BIODEGRADATION
FERMENTATION
HYDROGENATION
ACID TREATMENT
ESTERIFICATION
Furfural
Formic acid
Emulsificant
Xylitol, Arabitol,
Mannitol, Galactitol
Enzymes
Xylitol, Arabitol,
Mannitol, Galactitol
Ethanol
Yeast cells
Proteins, Enzymes,
Glycerol,
Lactic acid
670
Conclusions
The importance of coffee in the world economy cannot
be overstated. It is one of the most valuable primary
products in world trade. Its cultivation, processing,
trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment
for millions of people worldwide. Coffee is crucial to the
economies and politics of many developing countries; for
many of the worlds least developed countries, exports of
coffee account for a substantial part of their foreign
exchange earnings in some cases over 80%. Coffee is a
traded commodity on major futures and commodity
exchanges, most importantly in London and New York
(ICO 2010).
As a consequence of this big market, the coffee industry
is responsible for the generation of large amounts of wastes,
CS and SCG being the main residues generated. Finding
alternatives for use of these residues is of great importance
due to their toxic character, which can be harmful if
disposed into the environment. Up till now, there are few
reports about the use of CS and SCG as raw material for
other processes. Valorization of them would be interesting
from environmental and economic standpoints, because
would contribute with (1) a reduction of their impact to the
environment by the toxicity decrease, (2) generation of
compounds of added value, and (3) creation of more jobs.
Although some attempts have been made to reuse CS and
SCG, further researches are necessary in order to elucidate
the potential of these coffee residues in bioprocesses,
mainly in the area of the fermentation technology, exploring
all their possible applications. Both residues are rich in
polysaccharides, proteins, and minerals, and thus are
substrates of high biotechnological value. CS and SCG
might represent a great alternative, for example, as
substrates or solid supports in fermentative processes for
the extraction/production of compounds with important
applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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