Effect Of Eccentricity On Analysis and Design Of

Isolated Footings
PAPER ON EFFECT OF ECCENTRICITY ON ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTINGS
(A CASE STUDY OF Jammu and Kashmir)
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ABSTRACT
Footings are often subjected to moments from columns in addition to the axial loads. The
presence of certain amount of eccentricity of loading in the footing induces moment on
footing. A careful consideration has to be given to the presence of eccentricity, while
performing the analysis and design of such footings, as an increase in eccentricity beyond
certain limit renders a considerable area of footing ineffective to resist the stresses due to
development of tension. Under these circumstances, the conventional flexural equation
becomes inapplicable, thereby imparting more complexity in the analysis.
In this Thesis an attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of footings subjected
to Uniaxial and biaxial eccentricity.
Two cases of uniaxial eccentricity are considered, Case I with column placed away from
centre of footing, load being concentric with the column and Case II with column at centre
of footing and load placed at certain eccentricity. For each case three conditions of
eccentricity are considered ie e=0, eL/6. Complete analysis has been performed using Limit
State Method for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100 KN/Sq m which are prevalent in the region
under consideration. For biaxial cases two eccentricity conditions with eL/6 and SBC = 100
KN/Sq m have been analyzed. The analysis of footing subjected to biaxial eccentricity was
carried out manually and as per charts and tables prevalent in literature.
A comparative study was conducted for both cases with reference to the design parameters
and permissible values. The effect of eccentricity on quantity, cost and various other
parameters were studied. The analysis was also carried out using SAP 2000 Software for
both Uniaxial and Biaxial Cases. The results obtained manually and by the use of software
have been compared and difference analyzed. A computer program was developed for
Analysis and Design of footing for Uniaxial and Biaxial cases in M.S. Excel to reduce the
iterative work and to save time.

It was observed that there is a remarkable increase in quantity of concrete and steel when
the loads are eccentric, the increasing factor being more in case of column placed away
from the centre of footing as compared to the column placed at centre of footing. The
results also highlight that the foundations become highly uneconomical if the geotechnical
investigation

reveals

incorrect

values

of

safe

bearing

1.0

capacities.
GENERAL

The foundation structure is designated as substructure as it is placed below the ground level
and the superstructure is placed on the top of it. The elements of the superstructure
transfer the loads and moments to its adjacent element below it and finally all loads and
moments come to the foundation structure, which in turn, transfers them to the underlying
soil or rock strata. Thus, the foundation structure effectively supports the superstructure.
However, all types of soil get compressed significantly and cause the structure to settle.
Accordingly, the major requirements of the design of foundation structures are the two as
given below (Clause 34.1 of IS 456 2000):
1. Foundation structures should be able to sustain the applied loads, moments, forces and
induced reactions without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
2. The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as possible and it should be within
the tolerable limits.
It is well known from the structural analysis that differential settlement of supports causes
additional

moments

in

statically

indeterminate

structures.

Therefore,

avoiding

the

differential settlement is considered as more important than maintaining uniform overall

settlement of the structure.
In addition to the two major requirements mentioned above, the foundation structure
should provide adequate safety for maintaining the stability of structure due to either
overturning and/or sliding (Clause 20 of IS 456 2000). It is to be noted that this part of
the structure is constructed at the first stage before other components (columns / beams
etc.) are taken up. So, in a project, foundation design and details are completed before
designs of other components are undertaken. However, it is worth mentioning that the
design of foundation structures is somewhat different from the design of other elements of
superstructure due to the reasons given below. Therefore, foundation structures need
special attention of the designers.

1. Foundation structures undergo soil-structure interaction. Therefore, the behaviour of

foundation structures depends on the properties of structural materials and soil.
2. Accurate estimations of all types of loads, moments and forces are needed for the
present as well as for future expansion, if applicable. It is very important as the foundation
structure, once completed, is difficult to strengthen in future.
3. Foundation structures, though remain underground involving very little architectural
aesthetics, have to be housed within the property line which may cause additional forces
and moments due to the eccentricity of foundation.
4. Foundation structures are in direct contact with the soil and may be affected due to
harmful chemicals and minerals present in the soil and fluctuations of water table when it is
very near to the foundation. Moreover, periodic inspection and maintenance are practically
impossible for the foundation structures.
5. Foundation structures, while constructing, may affect the adjoining structure forming
cracks to total collapse, particularly during the driving of piles etc.
2.0

SUMMARY

OF

LITERATURE

REVIEW

1. In case of footings subjected to eccentric loading the design is more cumbersome,

because the procedure of finding the reduced effective width and area of footing subjected
to an eccentric load is time consuming.
2. Initially the eccentricity of the applied load needs to be calculated. It can be determined
from the vertical load and the moment data available, but the basic purpose of design is to
calculate the dimensions of the footing. The reduced effective dimension cannot be found
directly.
3. Effective dimensions of the footing may be calculated by using the equation B = B -2e b
and
Where

L =
B

L-2eL
=

A/L

eb, eL = Eccentricities along width and length respectively

4. Method for calculating effective dimensions of eccentrically loaded footing using various
derived formulae has been devised based on applicability of the combined direct stress and
Flexural Formula that is the entire area must be in full compression for the application of the
formula to be valid.

5. The dimensions of the footing may be calculated as 12 times the eccentricity of the given
moments, Mx and My with the value of load. The maximum and minimum stresses are
developed at the critical corners while the stresses at the other pair of diagonally opposite
corners are equalized. This method can also be named as the 12 times eccentricity method
of solution. This method is applicable when there are no space limitations on the dimensions
a and b.
6. The maximum stresses in a rectangular footing subjected to vertical load eccentric about
both the axis can be determined through a series of approximations based on Newton
Raphson Method. It can be used for conventional calculations and may be programmed for
high speed computing.
7. The standard bending equation q = P/A + P.e x. x /Iy + P.ey. y /Ix stands good for small
eccentricities, when the footing area is in full compression, but it fails for bigger
eccentricities when a part of the footing area does not stand fully on the soil.
8. The pressure settlement and pressure tilt characteristics of eccentrically obliquely loaded
footings can be predicted using hyperbolic stress strain curve for soils.
9. Determination of bearing capacity of eccentrically obliquely loaded footing having rough
base
a)

using
Bearing

concept

of

capacity

one
of

sided
footing

failure

can

subjected

be
to

analyzed
eccentric

in

two
vertical

parts:load

b) Bearing capacity of footing subjected to central oblique load

10. The applicability of the combined direct stress and flexure formula, i.e., the whole
footing area must be in full compression for the application of the formula to be valid. This
condition is made possible by setting one corner of the rectangular footing with zero
pressure and the diagonally opposite corner with the maximum allowable soil bearing
pressure. By algebraic manipulations, the footing dimensions a and b are derived as
functions of the vertical load, P, the maximum allowable bearing pressure f a, and the
moments, Mx and My.
11. Minimum dimensions for the footing of eccentrically loaded foundations with different
shapes in plan, can be determined by graphoanalytic means. It is based on the functional
relationship of static and structural parameters (vertical forces, moments of forces, shape of
the foundations footing, etc.), expressed in relative amounts, and can take into account the
action of several combinations of loads in the calculation.

12. The complication of solving three simultaneous non linear equations for serviceability
limit state analysis of biaxial bending can be avoided in all cases for which the following
conditions

are

satisfied:-

I)

The

cross

II)

The

axial

load

is

concrete

compression

zone

III)

The

active

section

is

not

prestressed.

equal
is

to

triangular

zero.

or

trapezoidal.

IV) Shrinkage is neglected.

13 The coefficient of variability of only the angle of internal friction of soil has a significant
effect on the failure probability of a eccentrically loaded footing.
14. In an eccentrically loaded footing various combinations of breadth and length offer
themselves as solutions to the foundation problems within the ground pressures allowed.
Where possible, an engineer should prefer a square footing to one that is long and narrow.
15. The tilt of footing increases with an increase in the eccentricity and the bearing capacity
reduces considerably. Therefore, footing sizes increase and make the design uneconomical.
Footing

subjected

to

uniaxial eccentric loads can be designed for no or negligible tilt by giving the footing an
angle shape. The depth of footing projection will depend upon the eccentricity width ratio.
2.1

IDENTIFICATION

OF

GAPS

1. The studies carried out do not highlight the cases of Uniaxial Bending for various
locations

of

the

column

with

respect

to

the

centre

of

footing.

2. The studies do not show a comparison of maximum soil pressure developed under
eccentrically

loaded

footing

as

calculated

by

various

methods

for

J&K

region.

3. Analysis of eccentrically loaded footings using a software and comparison of results with
the

analytical

solutions

is

missing.

4. No evaluation has been done for the effect of eccentricity on quantities, cost and other
parameters

for

data

pertaining

to

J&K.

5. Finite Element Modeling and analysis of footing with uniaxial and biaxial bending cases
has not been carried out for the study area under consideration.
2.2

IMPORTANCE

OF

STUDY

1. The study will provide a comprehensive comparison of various parameters like area of
footing, upward soil pressure, depth of footing, maximum bending moment etc for different
eccentricity

cases

and

various

safe

bearing

capacities

as

prevalent

in

J&K.

2. It will highlight the effect of eccentricity on quantity and cost of concrete and steel with
respect

to

the

safe

bearing

capacities

of

soil

in

various

regions.

3. Comparative graphs generated from this study can be helpful to the designers for the
region

under

consideration.

4. The study will also provide graphical comparison of safe bearing capacities v/s gross, net
and

utilized

areas

of

footing.

5. For the various safe bearing capacities of the study area, this study shall highlight the
variation in maximum soil pressure developed as calculated by manual methods and using
software.
6. The study will provide conclusions which will be helpful for the designers of the region to
understand the effect of eccentricity on area of footing, net upward pressure, maximum
bending moment, cost of footing etc.
2.3

SCOPE

OF

THE

WORK

1. The thesis shall emphasize on the effect of eccentricity on various parameters related to
Analysis

and

Design

of

Footing

wrt

the

geotechnical

data

for

&

K.

2. It will also deal with the determination and comparison of Maximum Soil Pressure under
eccentrically loaded footing by various methods including analysis using SAP-2000.
3. The thesis shall also contain programs developed on M. S. Excel for analyzing uniaxial
and

biaxial

bending

cases.

4. A comparative study for both the cases shall be provided with reference to the design
parameters

and

permissible

values.

5. The study will also provide graphical comparison of safe bearing capacities v/s gross, net
and

utilized

areas

of

footing.

6. The thesis shall also include a study on the effect of eccentricity on quantities, cost and
other parameters.
2.4

OBJECTIVES

OF

THE

WORK

The main objective of the thesis is to analyze and design the isolated footings for different
cases involving uniaxial and Biaxial Bending. The analysis and design shall be carried out
manually and with software. Comparative study shall be carried out for the generated
results and evaluation of eccentricity on quantities, cost and other parameters worked out.
Detailed objectives of the work are listed below:1. Analysis and Design of Isolated Footing with Uniaxial Bending using M. S. Excel Program:

i.

When

Column

is

placed

at

center

of

Footing

ie

ii. When Column is placed away from the center of Footing with eccentricity e<= L/6 iii.
When Column is placed away from the center of Footing with eccentricity e >L/6 iv. When
Column is placed at center of Footing with eccentricity e <= L/6 v. When Column is placed
at center of Footing with eccentricity e > L/6 2. Analysis and Design of Isolated Footing with

Biaxial Bending using M. S. Excel Program: - i. When Column is placed at center of Footing
with eccentricity e <= L/6 ii. When Column is placed at center of Footing with eccentricity e
> L/6 3. Finite Element Method Modeling and analysis of Footing with uniaxial and biaxial
bending using SAP 2000 4. Determination of maximum soil pressure by manual
calculation, by SAP-2000 and as per tables and charts prevalent in the literature 5.
Comparative Study of generated results 6. Evaluation of effect of eccentricity on quantities,
cost

and

other

parameters.

7.

Conclusions

and

Discussions

8.

Limitations 3.0

METHODOLOGY
Following

Methodology

has

been

adopted

for

the

thesis

work:

1. Study of various conditions which a footing has to satisfy while held in static equilibrium.
2.

Identification

3.

Identification

4.
5.

of

various
of

Use
Use

cases

various
of

of

of

Uniaxial

Load

&

and

Biaxial

Safe

Trial

charts

and

Bearing

and

tables

as

bending

for

analysis.

Capacity

Cases.

Error

solutions.

prevalent

in

literature.

6. Development of Flowchart for determining preliminary size of footing subjected to vertical

loads
7.

and
Development

8.

Designing

9.

Generation

10.

of

M.
and
of

Carrying

S.

Excel

moments.
Program

detailing
Finite

for

Design

for
Element

out

of

footing.

each

case.

Method

Model.

F.E.M.

Analysis.

11. Parametric study for different column positions, different Safe Bearing Pressures and
varying

eccentricity.

12. Study of effect of eccentricity on area of footing, concrete quantity, steel quantity, cost
of concrete, cost of steel and percentage increase in overall cost.
3.1 Following Load Cases and Safe Bearing Capacities have been considered for
design

of

isolated

footings:-

Based on the soil exploration report and various possible cases of Uniaxial and biaxial
eccentricity cases as given in 3.1.2, following cases have been listed which shall be studied
in this thesis. These cases include a combination of various values of safe bearing capacities
and eccentricity ranging from 0 to greater than L/6. The cases shall be analyzed for two
column positions ie Column at centre and column away from the centre of footing. For a
comparison between the cases, load magnitude has been kept constant.

TABLE:-3.1

LOAD

CASES

4.0

ABSTRACT

OF

ANALYSIS

AND

DESIGN

4.1

SUMMARY

OF

ANALYSIS

AND

DESIGN

FOR

CASES

TO

XX

The analysis and design of footings for different cases are summarized below:-

The above summary reveals that there is a remarkable increase in the dimensions and area
of tension reinforcement required by the footing as the eccentricity increases from 0 to
>L/6. Further for the same concentrated load and eccentricity condition, the dimensions
required are more for lower safe bearing capacities. A comparative study of all the design
features has been provided in chapter 6.
5.0 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
5.1

Graphical

comparison

of

Manual

and

SAP-2000

Pressures

The variation of pressure as calculated manually and as obtained by SAP-2000is shown in

chart 5.1below. Initially the pressure values are almost matching with each other but with
an increase in length the manual calculations differ from the software calculations. The
manual results are higher as compared to the software results.

Chart

No

5.1

Pressure

Variations

for

Uniaxial

Case,

<

L/6

5.2 Graphical comparison of Manual and SAP-2000 Pressures

The variation of pressure as calculated manually and as obtained by SAP-2000is shown in
chart5.2.. Initially the pressure values calculated manually are lower than that obtained by
SAP 2000.But with an increase in length the manual calculations are higher as compared

to

5.3

the

Graphical

comparison

software

of

SAP-2000

Pressures

results.

at

different

sections.

The variation of pressure calculated at five cross sections from one end to another is shown
in chart 5.3. The pressure values are low at 0 length point and rise almost linearly towards
the other end of footing. Moreover the pressure values also vary along the width of footing.
Pressure

values

are

higher

at

line

and

go

on

reducing

towards

line.

Chart No 5.3 Pressure Variations for Biaxial Case, e < L/6

5.4

Graphical

comparison

of

SAP-2000

Pressures

at

different

sections.

The variation of pressure calculated at five cross sections from one end to another is shown
in chart 5.4. The pressure values are low at 0 length point and rise almost linearly towards
the other end of footing. Moreover the pressure values also vary along the width of footing.

Pressure

values

are

higher

at

line

and

go

on

reducing

towards

6.0

line.

RESULTS

6.1 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF ECCENTRICITY Vs COST WITH COLUMN AT e

FROM CENTRE.
The variation of cost of footing with respect to the increase in eccentricity for different safe
bearing capacity of soil is shown below. The curve shows that there is a slight increase in
the cost of footing from eccentricity zero to less than L/6 beyond which there is a sharp
increase

in

the

footing

cost

when

eccentricity

increases

to

greater

than

L/6.

CHART 6.1 Eccentricity V/s Cost for Column at e from centre, SBC = 40, 50, 65, 100
KN/Sqm
6.2 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF ECCENTRICITY Vs COST WITH COLUMN AT
CENTRE.
The variation of cost of footing with respect to the increase in eccentricity for different safe
bearing capacity of soil is shown in Chart 6.2. The curve shows that there is a slight
increase in the cost of footing from eccentricity zero to less than L/6 beyond which there is a

sharp increase in the footing cost when eccentricity increases to greater than L/6.

6.3 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF ECCENTRICITY Vs AREA WITH COLUMN AT e

FROM

CENTRE.

The variation of area of footing with respect to the increase in eccentricity for different safe
bearing capacity of soil is given in Chart 6.3. The curve shows that there is a slight increase
in the area of footing from eccentricity zero to less than L/6 beyond which there is a sharp

increase

in

the

footing

area

when

eccentricity

increases

to

greater

than

L/6.

6.4 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF ECCENTRICITY Vs AREA WITH COLUMN AT e

FROM

CENTRE.

A graphical comparison of Gross, Net and unutilized area of footing for different safe bearing
capacities of soil is shown in Chart. It can be seen that the unutilized area is more for higher
safe

bearing

capacities

than

lower

ones.

CHART 6.4 Gross / Net / Unutilized Area V/s Cost SBC = 40, 50, 65, 100 KN/Sq m
7.0

CONCLUSIONS

Following conclusions are drawn based on the cases considered in previous chapters:7.1 Uniaxial Eccentricity:7.1.1

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

Area

of

Footing

1. With e = 227 mm (eL/6), the % increase in the area of footing over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 104.14%, 95.77%, 114.6% and 132.5% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100
KN/Sq m respectively.
7.1.2

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

Net

Upward

Pressure

1. With e = 227 mm (eL/6), the % increase in net upward pressure over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 4.43%, 8.9%, 4.86% and 4.45% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100 KN/Sq
m respectively.
7.1.3

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

Maximum

Bending

Moment

7.1.3.1 Column placed at e away from centre of footing

1. With e = 227 mm (eL/6), the % increase in maximum bending moment over and above
the case with e = 0 is around 355.56%, 498.5%, 562.04% and 747.04% for SBC = 40, 50,
65 and 100 KN/Sq m respectively ie bending moment is increasing by 5.03 to 8.47 times.

7.1.3.2

Column

placed

at

centre

of

footing

1. With e = 230 mm (eL/6), the % increase in maximum bending moment over and above
the case with e = 0 is around 128%, 168.14%, 177.5% 219.82% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and
100 KN/Sq m respectively ie bending moment is increasing by 2.7 to 3.2 times.
Thus by placing the column at centre of footing, the bending moment is reduced by 0.4 to
0.67 times for e=230 mm and by 2.75 to 5.27 times for e= 910 mm.
7.1.4

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

Quantity

of

Concrete

7.1.4.1 Column placed at e away from centre of footing

1. With e = 227 mm (eL/6), the % increase in quantity of concrete over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 244.69%, 291.2%, 324.55% and 418.7% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and
100 KN/Sq m respectively ie quantity of concrete is increasing by 3.45 to 5.18 times.
7.1.4.2

Column

placed

at

centre

of

footing

1. With e = 230 mm (eL/6), the % increase in quantity of concrete over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 144.24%, 179.4%, 189.25% and 234.55% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and
100 KN/Sq m respectively ie quantity of concrete is increasing by 2.44 to 3.34 times.
Thus by placing the column at centre of footing, the quantity of concrete is reduced by 15%
for e=230 mm and by 100.45% to 184.15 % for e=910 mm.
7.1.5

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

Quantity

of

Steel

7.1.5.1 Column placed at e away from centre of footing

1. With e = 250 mm (eL/6), the % increase in quantity of steel over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 132.8%, 234.72%, 256.21% and 342.31% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and
100 KN/Sq m respectively ie quantity of steel is increasing by 2.33 to 4.42 times.
7.1.5.2

Column

placed

at

centre

of

footing

1. With e = 250 mm (eL/6), the % increase in quantity of steel over and above the case
with e = 0 is around 37%, 143.1%, 144.65% and 172.03 % for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100
KN/Sq m respectively ie quantity of steel is increasing by 1.84 to 2.72 times.
Thus by placing the column at centre of footing, the quantity of steel is reduced by 0% to
17 % for e=230 mm and by 57% to 95.8 % for e=910 mm.
7.1.6

Effect

of

Eccentricity

on

7.1.6.1 Column placed at e away from centre of footing

Cost

of

Footing

1. With e = 227 mm (eL/6), the % increase in cost of footing over and above the case with
e = 0 is around 205.3%, 275%, 304.58% and 395.2% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100 KN/Sq
m respectively.
7.1.6.2

Column

placed

at

centre

of

footing

1. With e = 230 mm (eL/6), the % increase in cost of footing over and above the case with
e = 0 is around 122.92%, 169.3%, 176.22% and 215.32% for SBC = 40, 50, 65 and 100
KN/Sq m respectively.
Thus by placing the column at centre of footing is more economical as the increase in cost is
around 13.78 to 15.31 % in case of e = 230 mm and around 82.38 to 180 % in case of e =
910 mm over and above when column is placed at e away from the centre of footing.
7.2

Biaxial

Eccentricity:-

1. It is observed that a small amount of biaxial eccentricity (0.73 m) which falls in the
category of e > L/6 results in huge soil pressure 192.64 KN/Sq m which is approximately 2
times the safe bearing capacity of soil.
2. The manual procedure is quite rigorous and iterative in nature and takes a lot of time to
arrive at the maximum soil pressure under the footing. The procedure can be simplified by
using the standard charts and graphs prevalent in literature.
7.3 Comparison of Maximum Soil Pressure calculated by various methods
7.3.1

Uniaxial

Case

The results obtained by hand calculations, as per chart given by Teng and as per table
given by Fintel are in close confirmity. The variation is around 10 %. But the SAP-2000
results show a variation of 18 % which are lower than hand calculations.
7.3.2

Biaxial

Case

The results obtained by hand calculations, as per chart given by Teng and as per table
given by Fintel are in close vicinity. The variation is less than 6 %. But the SAP-2000
results show a variation of 26 % which are lower than other methods.
7.4

DISCUSSION

Thus the presence of eccentricity needs a careful consideration while designing the
foundation of any structure. The presence of small eccentricity not only results in
development of enormous compressive stress at one end which are much more than the
safe bearing capacity of soil, but it also develops tensile stresses in the footing which
ultimately renders a part of the footing area ineffective due to reduction in effective length
and width of footing, thereby further aggravating the maximum soil pressure. This results in

failure of the soil under the footing, tilting and failure of footings and ultimately failure of
structure. Also the placement of column plays an important role in economy. Placing the
column at centre of footing is more economical as the increase in cost is around 13.78% to
15.31 % in case of e L/6 over and above when column is placed at e away from the centre
of footing.
7.5

LIMITATIONS

1.

Analysis

2.

Effect

3.

Differences

&

FUTURE

with/without

of

depth

between

tension/uplift

and

footings

for

SCOPE
at

over-burden
braced

and

base.

weight

of

un-braced

soil.

frames/columns.

4. Effects of ground-beams to assist in resisting moments due to eccentricity.

REFERENCES
1 Brendum T and Nielsen Concrete Sections under Biaxial Bending- Journal of Structural
Engineering,

No

10,

October

1987.

2 Davies G and Mayfield B Choosing Plan Dimension for an Eccentrically Loaded Footing
Slab-

American

Concrete

Institute

Journal,

Vol

69,

No

1972.

3 Gurfinkel G, Analysis of Footing subjected to Biaxial Bending- Journal of Structural

Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol 96, No ST6, June 1970.
4 Higleter W. H and Anders J. C, Dimensioning of Footings subjected to Eccentric LoadsJournal

of

Geotechnical

Engineering,

Vol

III,

No

5,

May

1985

5 Holmberg A, Discussion on Dimensioning Footings subjected to Eccentric Loads- Journal

of

Geotechnical

Engineering,

Vol

14,

June

1987

6 Irles R and Irles F, Explicit stresses under Rectangular Footings- Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering,

Vol

120,

No

2,

February

1994.

7 Jarquio R and Jarquio V, Design of Footing Area with Biaxial Bending- Journal of
Geotechnical

Engineering,

Vol

109,

No

10,

October

1983.

8 Mahiyar H and Patel A. N Analysis of Angle shaped footing under eccentric loading,
Journal of Geotech and Geoenvironment Engg. Volume 126, Issue 12, pp. 1151-1156
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