2 5 2

8 3

A P

''I

LIBRARY
^INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE'.'CENTRE
FORCOMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY. AND
SANITATION (IRQ

<I

l.

,.a&feftf-q353

c
APPLICATION OF INCLINED TUBE SETTLERS IN URBAN WATER SUPPLY
s

by

AT.

UBRARV

Sow, Kim Leng

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Master of Engineering.

Examination Committee:
Prof. N.C. Thanh

(Chairman)

Dr. B.N. Lohani

Dr. S. Vigneswaran

Sow, Kim Leng

Nationality

Malaysia

Previous Degree

B.Sc. Engineering, University of Aberdeen,

Aberdeen, Scotland.

Scholarship Donor

The King's (Royal Thai Government)

Asian Institute of Technology

'
:_.SRARY. iNi !_r<:V,'-.;.^:v,.'_ ixL_, u-U^.v^

Bangkok, Thailand
, ^_r^
1983

CENTRE FOR CDI.-inUX'iTV WATSR SL;?:'J: .V

AND SAr^lATiOM {KG;

P.O. Enx 93190, 2L.C3 AJ '.v.3 ! >c>~

Va!. (O'/O) 3!43':': sxt /r./.".<J?.

i :t

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Professor N.C.

Thanh for h^.s guidance, invaluable suggestions and friendly discussions
throughout the course of this research.
Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. B.N. Lohani and Dr. S. Vigneswaran
for serving as the committee members. Credits should also go to the Directors and the Deputy Directors of the Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant for
providing such an excellent facility and friendly cooperation. Many thanks
to the staff in the Plant for their understanding and cooperation during
the course of experimentation.
Much appreciation is addressed to the staff of the Environmental Engineering Division for providing all assistance to make the experiment possible. Thanks also to my friends in the Division for their aids.
The author is extremely grateful to AIT and The King's (Royal Thai
Government) Scholarship for providing the financial assistance during his
stay in AIT.
Last but not least, this research is delicated to his parents for
their endless encouragement and patience throughout the study.

(ii)

ABSTRACT
A study of a pilot scale Inclined tube settler was conducted at the
Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant, Bangkok, Thailand, ,in an attempt to verify
the applicability and the role that the tube settler can play in the modern
water treatment plant. The experimental results concluded optimistically
that the tube settler can provide comparable performance as that of the
conventional sedimentation tank. In addition, it possesses the advantages
of short detention time of only 14 minutes and that the construction costs
of the tube settler is 3/4 that of the conventional sedimentation tank. As
for the land requirement, tube settler needs only 1/4 the land necessary
for the construction of sedimentation tank.
The performance of the tube settler was evaluated using natural flocculated water at various turbidity ranges and flow rates. Experimental
results reviewed that addition of polyelectrolytes does not impart significant effect upon the settling efficiency. If 80% of removal efficiency
is acceptable as the design criteria, then the overflow rates of 12.75 m3/m d
and 18.50 m3/m2d can be used for raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 36-45
NTU, respectively. To cater for the stringent effluent quality of 5 NTU,
overflow rate of 8.75 m3/m2d is satisfactory for raw water turbidities of
25-37 NTU if the system is working under optimum alum dose. For 'economic'
alum dose, overflow rate of 8 m3/m2d can be used to satisfy the effluent
requirement.
The present study also confirmed that column settling analysis can be
used to provide the correlation for the scale-up of the pilot plant tube
settler. For natural flocculated water, a safety factor of 2 can be used
for tube settler design.
Plenum forms an important component of the tube settler system. Empirical formulae were developed in this research to take into account of
the sludge scouring and the turbulent effect and at the same time to cater
for the period needed for desludging.

(iii)

LIST OF SYMBOLS
Cross sectional area of entrance
Cross sectional area of distance x
Longitudinal width of plenum
Unit adjustment constant
Adjusted integration constant
Integration constant
Diameter
Floe size at entrance
Floe size at distance x
Efficiency
A frictional factor
Acceleration due to gravity
Settling column depth
Depth of plenum at entrance (hQ = h

=0)

Depth of plenum at entrance

Depth of plenum at entrance x = L
0

Depth of settled sludge at entrance

Depth of settled sludge at distance x = L.

Total plenum depth at entrance
Total plenum depth at distance x = L
A constant with magnitude close to S
Relative length
Total longitudinal length of plenum
A constant
Flow at entrance section
Flow at distance x
Removal efficiency (%)
Reynold'.s Number
Shape factor or critical shape factor
Specific gravity of the floe particle
Time at t
Settling time
(iv)

LIST OF SYMBOLS (CONT'D)

U

Velocity in x direction

V^

Displacement velocity

VQ

Overflow rate

Vs

Settling velocity

Velocity of particle in x direction

Vpy

Velocity of particle in y direction

Vsc

Critical overflow rate

x coordinate

Xs
y

Distance across the plenum length

y coordinate

Greek Symbols
8

Angle of inclination to horizontal

(v)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE
Title Page
Acknowledgements
Abstract
List of Symbols
Table of Contents

II

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1
2
2
3

General
Sedimentation
Objectives of the Research
Scope of Study

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1
2.2
2.3

6
7
9

2.4

IV

i
il
iii
iv
vi

INTRODUCTION

Historical Development of the Tube Settler

Parameters Affecting Tube-Settler Performance
Practical Applications of Tube Settlers
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6

III

PAGE

Primary Treatment of Sewage Effluent

Upgrading Humus Tank
Secondary Treatment of Sewage Effluent
Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Effluent
Raw Water Clarification
Other Applications

Column Settling

9
10
10
11
11
13
13

SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT TUBE SETTLERS,

COLUMN SETTLING AND PLENUM DESIGN

16

3.1
3.2
3.3

16
19
19

High Rate Sedimentation

Column Settling
Plenum Design

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

22

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Background
i
Raw Water Source
Experimental Apparatus and Materials
Clarifier
.
y
Methodology

22
22
22
25
25

4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3

25
25
26

Preliminary Analyses
Pilot Scale Investigation
Column Settling Analysis

(vi)

o
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)

CHAPTER

VI

TITLE

PAGE

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

28

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

28
28
33
33
33
42
46
47

Preliminary Analytical Results

Overflow Rate Versus Efficiency
Effect of Turbidity on Efficiency
Effect of Flow Velocity on Efficiency
Experimental Results of Plenum Design
Column Settling Results
Practical Problem Encountered
Recommended Design Criteria and Numerical Example

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

52

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Introduction
Need of Cost Estimation
Design Assumptions
Design of Sedimentation Tank and Its Cost Estimation
Design of Tube Settler and Its Cost Estimation

52
52
52
53
54
56

6.6

Summary
57

VII

CONCLUSIONS

VIII

RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

59
60
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A

64
JAR TEST EXPERIMENTATION

APPENDIX

68

B
TUBE SETTLER PERFORMANCE

APPENDIX

83

C
COLUMN SETTLING ANALYSIS

APPENDIX
APPENDIX

90

D
E

PLENUM DESIGN
LEAST SQUARE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

(vii)

97

- 1 -

I
1.1

INTRODUCTION

General

The thirst of civilized man is unsatisfiable. The more sophisticated

he becomes the thirstier he seems to be. In the so-called developing countries as little as 12 litres of fresh water sometimes suffices as the daily
supply for each person, while in the developed countries, the daily demand
in urban areas surpasses 150 to 200 litres per head. Yet this it only part
of the story; as for man becomes more advanced he nueds more and more water
for commerce,, industry, public institutions, power stations, and many other
uses. Adding to this unremitting increase in demand, the ceaseless growth
in the world's population and the yearn of achieving higher standard of living enable man to have a glimpse of the extent of the problem it presents,
a problem that today seems to be happening in more and more areas around the
world.
Apart from water supply, the quality of supplied water should be safe
to drink, such demand imposes stress upon the engineers to provide water
which is free from organisms and from chemical substances that may be hazardous to health. In addition, coolness, absence of turbidity, colour and
disagreeable taste or smell are of prime concern.
In 1981, WHO estimated that approximately
in the developing countries do not have access
Table 1.1). For the urban areas, about 75% of
form of water supply through house connections
have equivalent water supply in rural areas.

TABLE

three out of five persons

to safe drinking-water (see
the population having some
or standpipes while only 29%

1.1
Estimated S e r v i c e Coverage for Drinicing-Water
in Developing C o u n t r i e s , 1970-1980*

JYear
I
j
|
|

|
197U
|
1975
|
1980
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|Population|Percentage|Population j Percentage|Population(Percentage|
|Served (in|ol Total
|Served (in|of Total
|Served (in|of Total
\
|aillion)
|Population|iailnon)
|Population!million)
|Population|

|0roan|

Supply

I
316

182

|aurai|
I

|Total|

1
67

1
49b

1
450

313

29

|
-\

1
77

22

1
lu

763

52b

Ub9

1
38

7b

1
995

WH0 (1981) l U n i t e u N a t i o n s Document A / 3 5 / 1 5 0 )

F i g u r e s do n o t i n c l u d e t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u o l i c of

China.

129
43

|
J-

_i

- 2 -

To combat the above situations, the decade from 1981 to 1990 has been
designated an International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.
It represents a concerted effort by the entire international community to
extend and improve water supply and sanitation worldwide. The decade's
targets were first formulated at the 1976 United Nations Conference on Human
Settlements in Vancouver. There, a resolution was passed urging the adoption of programs for urban and rural areas that would lead "if possible" to
safe water supply and hygienic waste disposal by 1990 for all human settlements.
1.2

Sedimentation

In tropical regions, high turbidity is one of the main characteristics

of the surface water. Pretreatment is therefore often necessary for water
^treatment plants using surface sources taken from the streams. Chemical coagulation followed by flocculation and sedimentation i,s normally the process
used in the conventional filtration plants,.
'^Sedimentation is one of the most widely used unit operation for removal
of turbidity and to concentrate solids in many diversified fields. It is
the most commonly used process in the field of water and sewage treatment.
The investments for settling in this aspect are probably about one third of
the total capital investment for treatment. Despite the importance of the
process, its basic design criteria have remained without significant change
for well over 50 years.y
In late 1960's tube settler was developed and has now been considered
as an accepted process for water treatment in most parts of the world. It
provides a breakthrough in the old practice and a newtool for increasing the
efficiency of sedimentation and reducing the cost of settling. In 1904,
HAZEN undertook the first realistic approach of the tube settling system
which was later explored extensively by CAMP in 1946. These units have small
size tubes of various shapes and operate at detention times of not more than
15 minutes (YAO, 1973). The system accomplishes almost ideal condition of
settling i.e. laminar flow conditions, shallow depth, absence of thermal
currents and elimination of short circuiting.
To-day, two basic shallow depth settling systems are commercially
available, there are the essentially horizontal tube settler (with 5-degree
of inclination to the horizontal) and the steeply inclined tube settler
(with angle of inclination to the horizontal in the range of 45-degree to
60-degree) . The former tube system installed prior to the filter units and
the cleaning is accomplished by backwash water from the filters. For steeply
inclined tube settler, the sludge is removed by mean of gravity.
1.3

Objectives of the Research

Tube-settlers are compact and can provide the benefits of significant

cost savings in construction and land costs. They can also be used for upgrading an existing overloaded conventional sedimentation tank and still
provide comparable or better settling efficiencies normally obtained in
conventional settling tanks. The various other advantages offered by the

- 3 -

tube settler make it essential to develop design criteria for the clarification of tropical turbid waters.
In the developing countries where resources are scarce, therefore seeking toward appropriate technology which could lead to a cost-effective system,
for water treatment is of prime importance. In Asian Institute of Technology, many research studies were conducted in the past ten years to investigate
the effects of various factors and parameters which affect the performance
of the tube settler efficiency. Tube length, tube size, flow rate, overflow
rate, raw water turbidity, angle of inclination and shapes of tubes were
among the factors and parameters considered in the researches (see Table
1.2).
The aims of this study are devoted mainly to the application of tube
settler design based upon the findings from AMIN (1974), BINH (1975),
LIENGCHARERNSIT (1975), VASANADELOKLERT (1978), CHEN (1979) and PANNEERSELVAM (1982). The other principal objectives of the present research are as
follows:
(i) To evaluate the role of the tube settler in the water treatment
systems and to investigate the performance of the tube settler
at various overflow rates, flow velocities and influent raw water
turbidities.
(ii) To conduct an in-depth study of the plenum design and to arrive
at empirical formulae which give the optimum design of the plenum.
i

(iii) To investigate the use of settling column and jar test techniques
to provide a correlation for the scale-up of the plant size tube
settler.
^
(iv) To determine the effect of settling depths upon the correlation
factors obtained from objective (iii).
(v) To look into the effect of residual current upon the performance
of the settling column.
(iv) To evaluate the creditability of the tube settler by estimating
and: comparing the costs of the tube settler with the conventional
sedimentation tank.
1.4

Scope of Study

The research was carried, out on pilot scale tube settler inclined at
60 degrees to the horizontal with relative length L=18. The experiment
was conducted in the Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant and it consisted of
three phases:
Phase 1: The effect of the operational variables upon the efficiency
of turbidity removal was studied. The operational variables
investigated were: overflow rate (2.0 to 30 m 3 /m 2 -d);

/
/

- 4 TABLE 1-2
Past Researches oa Inclined Tube Settler Undertaken
at The Asian institute of Tecnnoiogy, BangKO/c, Tnailand.
r

_. .,

|Author j

Description or Research

- -

- -

| Conclusions of researcn

IAMIN
Aia: To evaluate tne performance | Effective in the turbidity
|
1(197a) |
of horizontal tuDe settler;
removal and continuous
I
Source: A.I.T. jclong's water;
sludge removal is achieved. |
T u m i d i t y : JO - yS wTU.
| Tube settler gave comparaolel
efficiency wnen compared to |
upflow contact basin but it I
has shorter detention time. |
ILIEHG- | Aim: Application of oanouo and
| 80 % efficiency acnieved
|CHAREcorrugated asbestos AS tune
with length of 120 ca and
IHNS1T
settlers;
| Vsc or 8 m3/iB* d. Angle
1(1975)
Source: A.I.T. k l o n u ^ water;
of inclination of 60 deg.
T u m i d i t y : 10u - 140 NTU.
was tae best. Corrugated
asoestos tune settler gave
better performance tnan
baoiboo settler but it cost
more.

I
|
|
|
I
|
|
|
[
i

(VASANA- Aim: Practical application or

baaboo tube settler in
|DILOKL-|
|ERT
water treatment plant;
|(197b) Source: Cnao Enya iiiver;
T u m i d i t y : 60 - 72 WTO.

|CHEN
I (1979)

Aiiu: Developed aesign criteria

for inclined tune settler
and plenua;
Source: Synthetic water;
T u m i d i t y : 20 - 1 O U NTU.

|PANNE|ERSEL|VAtt
I (1962)

Aim: To! study tne performance

of inclined tuoe settler,
relative lenytn of lb ana
b = t>0 degrees;
Source: Syntnetic water;
[Tumidity: 50 - IbU NTU.

1.

i
i

r
Re&ovai
etficiency
of
9
3
.
8
%
I
| was acnieved with tube
|
length 12ocui, d i a . 6.3 cm, |
Vsc of 2.5 a V n i d at
|
j 9=45 deg.. Cost of bamboo
|
settler was 1/2 the cost of |
settling tank and land used |
was 1/J of the sedimentation|
basin.
|
Relative length of 14.9 was
tne economical value tor
square tuDe. ttatheaatical
formulations were developed
tor tne etficiency or the
tune system and tne plenua
design was investigated.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

r
Recounnended
overtlow
and
flow velocity
of rate
4
m-Via* d and 4 n J / u i h
respectively. Column
settling can provide scale[ up for tne p n o t scale tube
settler system. A safety
tactor of 2 was applicable.
| Plenum design was also
investigated.

AJ7

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

- 5 -

influent raw turbidity (25 NTU to 45 NTU); flow velocities

(2 m3/ra2-h to 8 m 3 /m 2 -h).
Experiment was carried out first to determine the desirable
plenum bundle (of depth 0.2 m; 0.3 m; 0.6 m). For the specific plenum bundle, the depths of the accumulated sludge at
the different points across the plenum length (XI =0.0 cm;
X2 = 8.0 cm; X3 *= 16.0 cm; X4 = 24.0 cm and X5 = 32.0 cm)
were measured for different flow velocities.
In the column settling analysis, single level sampling was
used. Percentage of the turbidity removal at different
settling column depths (10 cm; 30 cm; 50 cm; 70 cm and 100 cm)
and at different time intervals were recorded. The effect
of residual current upon the performance was also determined
by using the conventional jar test technique and the revised
jar test technique using square tank.

- 6 -

II
2.1

LITERATURE REVIEW

Historical Development of the Tube Settler

HAZEN (1904) recognised that the proportion of sediment removed in a

settling basin is primary a function of the surface area of the basin and
it is independent of the detention time. He pointed out that doubling the
surface area by inserting one horizontal tray would double the capacity of
the basin.
BRAHAM et al. (1956) reported one of the first attempts on practical
application of tray-settling principle which was patented in 1915. Several
shallow settling compartments were formed by a series of conical, circular
trays placed one above the other. The solids collected on each tray were
scraped to a centrally located sludge collection tube which then transports
the sludge to the bottom of the tank.
FREI (1941) inserted three circular, steel, radial-flow trays to an
existing primary sewage clarifier. He reported the efficiency of the suspended solids removal increased from 41 to 61 per cent even though the
flow through the tank, was tripled following the addition of the trays.
CAMP (1946) assumed a uniform velocity profile of the tank and thus
the particles followed a straight trajectory in passing through the tank.
He then presented a design for a settling basin with horizontal trays spaced
at 12.24 cm (6 in) which he left the minimum distance for mechanical sludge
removal. The basin had a detention time of 10.8 min, a velocity of 168
m /m2-h, and overflow rate of 27 m3/m2-d. Outlet orifices were used to
distribute the flow over the width of the trays.
SCHMITT and VOIGT (1949) mentioned the use of a two-storey settling
basin in a water treatment plant. The trays were arranged in series and
spaced at 4.75 m (15 ft) and were cleaned by draining and hand-hosing.
DRESSER (1951) reported a similar use of series of trays in the Cambridge,
Mass., water treatment plant. The trays were spaced at 1.524 cm (5 ft)
and sludge removed by gravity with nozzles mounted at the end.
All attempts in 1940's and 1950's at the applications of shallow depth
sedimentation met with limited success due to two major problems:
(1)

the difficulties encountered in proper distribution of flow to

a large number of trays,

(2) sludge removed from closely spaced trays.

To maintain proper hydraulic conditions for efficient sediments,
FISCHERSTROM (1955) felt that a Reynolds number of 500 (limit of laminar
flow at 32F) in the settling would be most beneficial to the settling
process. He pointed out that the Reynolds number could be lower to the
laminar flow range by increasing the wetted perimeter, or inserting longitudinal, horizontal or vertical baffles in the basin.

- 7 -

HAZEN and CULP (1967) reported that longitudinal flow through the tubes
with diameter of few inches offered theoretically optimum hydraulic conditions for sedimentation. Such tubes often provide very low Reynolds number.
This show that even with largest tube and highest flow rate the Reynolds
number was only 96 which is far below the upper limit of laminar flow of
500.

w
CULP et al. (1968) described the two basic tube settler systems, namely
the essentially horizontal tube settler and the steeply inclined tube settler,
where both of them are now commercially available. He concluded that for
tube inclined at an angle of 60 degrees to the horizontal, continuous sludge
removal is possible.
HANSEN et al. (1969) observed that if the tube is inclined at an angle
of greater than 45 degrees, then the sediments accumulated on the surface of
the tube begins to move down after reaching a certain depth. This countercurrent flow of the solids aids in the agglomeration of particles into larger,
heaver floes which are able to settle against the upwardly flowing liquid.
v

YAO (1970) developed a mathematical model for the tube settlers with
the assumptions that the flow is laminar and one-dimensional and that the
suspended particles are discrete. He formulated a formula describing the
relationships between the shape of the tube, relative length and the angle
of inclination upon the settling efficiency.
YAO (1973), based on his previous model and coordinates system, arrived
at an important equation of overflow rate against the shape factor, relative
length and the angle of inclination. He also pointed out that the higher
the raw water turbidity, the higher the removal efficiency for all overflow
rates.
AMIN (1974) investigated the performance of the essentially horizontal
tube settler and the steeply inclined tube settler. He found that the steeply
inclined tube settler performs beter than the essentially horizontal tube
settler in terms of higher flow rate (10 m3/m2-h compared with 2.45 m 3 /m 2 -h).
shorter detention time (5.5 min compared with 20 min), and higher efficiency
(80% compared with 60-70%).
CHEN (1979) developed a model based upon the hydraulic conditions in
the tube and eventually arrived at a formular which is similar to the equation for overflow rate developed by YAO in 1973. From CHEN model, he recommended that the relative length of 14.9 and the flow rate should keep below
10.7 m3/m2-h.
\ .2.2 Parameters Affecting Tube-Settler Performance
YAO (1970) based on his model derived an expression for the critical
particle fall velocity for a given high rate settling system:
V SC /V Q = Sc/(Sin6 + LCosO)

(2.1)

- 8 -

where

L is the relative length,

V s c is the overflow rate,((^A

' '

V 0 is the average flow velocity,

S c is the shape factor,
6 is the angle of inclination
From this expression, he concluded that tube shape has an effect upon
the value of S c which in turn affects the efficiency of the tube settler.
For the circular tube, parallel plates, square conduits and shallow open
trays, he calculated the value of S c for each case to be 4/3, 1, 11/8, and
1, respectively. Therefore, in chosing the tube shape, the following criteria should satisfy:
(1)

the tube height should be as short as possible to minimize the

settling distance,

(2) uniform settling distance is desirable so that most particles

have the same settling time,
(3)

tube shape should permit nesting so that there is no wasted

space between tubes in the unit,

(4)

as far as possible, the shape should promote sludge compaction

and flow.

BEACH (1972) concluded that chevron shape is tfaj best design fulfilling all the!above conditions and for 1 in chevron configuration, it has the
higher perimeter of any common shape of the same area.
CULP et al. (1968) investigated the influence of tube inclination on
the settler:performance. They concluded that the efficiency increases as
the angle of inclination increases to 35-45 degrees and then begins to
decrease as;the angle of inclination increases further. But as the angle
of inclination increases beyond 45 degrees, promotion of self desludging
by gravity becomes significant. 1973, YAO stated that it is necessary to
sacrify the1 system efficiency so as to achieve self cleaning action at an
angle of inclination of 60 degrees.
In 1975, a different situation was encountered by BINH. For velocities of 12.5 cm/min and 16.7 cm/min, the tube settler inclined at 40 degrees
gave slightly better performance than the one inclined at 60 degrees while
the third inclined at 50 degrees gave the lowest efficiency. In addition,
at higher flow velocity (20.8 cm/min), the removal efficiency was not
affected significantly by the variation of angle of inclination, which agree
well with the remark made by YAO in 1973.
Raw water turbidity imparts a significant effect upon the settling
performance of the tube settler. YAO (1973) and PANNEERSELVAM (1982), both
claimed that the higher the raw water turbidity, the better the removal
efficiency for all flow rates. The reasons for such improvement could be
due to better flocculation before settling at higher turbidity.

- -

A,T

LmnARV

Tube diameter can also plays an important role in the tube settler
system. As the tube diameter increases, the turbidity removal efficiency
decreases and the effect is much more significant at higher flow rate than
that at lower flow rate. Small diameter offer lower Reynolds number thus
promote laminar flow which facilitates better settling performance.
Polyelectrolyte addition has positive and negative effect on the settling performance and its consequence depends very much upon the characteristics of raw water. HAZEN et al. (1967) concluded that addition of 0.2 mg/A
to 0.5 mg/it of polyelectrolyte could achieve better settling performance
while AMIN (1974) reported that addition of polyelectrolyte does not enhance
settling.
HANSEN (1967) and others reported that the turbidity removal efficiency
decreases as the overflow rate increases. In 1973, YAO concluded that if
the overflow rate criteria for the conventional sedimentation tank design
is used for designing high rate settlers, the later should provide better
performance within the practical range of overflow rate. He also stated
that if 80% removal efficiency is acceptable, then overflow rate of 61 m3/m2-d
can be used. WILLIS (1978) specified the maximum overflow rate value has
varied from 3.6 m3/m2-d to 16 m3/m2-d based upon the tube end area. AMIN
(1974) recommended that the overflow rate should not exceed 13 ra3/m2-d while
PANNEERSELVAM (1982) concluded that the overflow rate of 4 m3/m2-d is the
best. The above variation of overflow rate could be due to the difference
in tube settler design, size, different raw water used, and different experimental conditions.
2.3

Practical Applications of Tube Settlers

2.3.1

Primary Treatment of Sewage Effluent

SLECHTA and CONLEY conducted a plant scale installation of

settling tubes in a primary clarifier at Philomath, Ore. In 1968
and concluded that settling tubes can be used to improve the quality
and possible increase the capacities of those installations where
a serious carry-over of solids exists. In those installations where
a good primary effluent is being obtained, an increased in the capacity is possible provided the hydraulic limitations of the basin are
not exceeded. They found that for the same solid removal efficiency,
a three-fold increase in the flow-rate is possible for tubes loaded
at 6-10 m3/m -h based on the end area of the cubes. They also noted
that no improvement in the primary effluent quality can be achieved
through the use of settling tubes alone in a basin already providing
essentially complete settleable solids removal and 40-60 per cent
suspended solids removal. During the first few months of operation,
no maintenance problems have developed but after 6 months of operation,
a mat of 0.1 m thick had formed on the top of the tube and floating
septic sludge was observed. The problem was overcome by installing
a submerged water jet and agitating the module on weekly basis.

- 10 -

2.3.2 I Upgrading Humus Tank

In 1975, Water Research Centre carried out a full-scale module
of slopping tubes installed in one of two humus tanks in a small works
serving a village in the United Kingdom. Results indicated that the
solid removal efficiency depends upon the nature of the influent solids
and the upward-flow velocity calculated from the total plan area of the
inclined plates. For influent suspended solids concentration of 100
mg/i (in Winter), the rate of flow can be increased to three times in
the modified tank for the same effluent quality. For influent suspended
solids concentration of 150 mgjI (late Spring), the flow-rate could be
increased to only 60 percent, while for 50 mg/I (Summer) of influent
suspended solids, no appearent benifit was gained from installing the
module. In the course of the experimentation, no denitrification occured
and the module was cleaned every two weeks to prevent the growth of
slimes.
2.3.3

Secondary Treatment of Sewage Effluent

Inclined tubes had been Installed in the final settling tanks

at a number of full-scale activated sludge plants in U.S.A. The first
field installation was made at the Wickam Sewage Treatment Plant, Pennyslvania (Fig. 2.1). Initial results were promising but experience
over a long period showed that there was periodic discharged of solids
and fouling of module. Fouling can be prevented by provision of submerged water jets, module agitation or air scrubber. It was recommended
that the loading should not exceed 3 m /m2-h based on the tube end area
and provision for removal of floating sludge must be ensured.
DICK (1970) pointed out that the final tank in the activated
sludge process has a thickening role as well as a clarification role,
and there is little advantage in upgrading such a tank if increase in
the clarification capacity of a settling tank accomplished at the expense
of thickening. This implies added cost of handling larger volumes of
more dilute sludge or provision of separate sludge thickeners.
In Sweden, "three major works were installed with self-contained
modules of sloping plates designed to achieve a rapid return of sludge
to the aeration tanks. Many problems were encountered such as bad distribution of suspension under the tube and rapid growth of algae during
Summer time.
, Tubes have also been used for secondary clarification in trickling filter plant, for example in the Philomath, Oregon Sewage Treatment Plant. Prior to the tube installation, the secondary clarifier
effluent contained 60 mg/i to 80 mg/Jl of suspended solids but after the
installation, the effluent quality has been excellent with suspended
solids routinely less than 20 mg/i at an average daily flow of 0.7 mgd.
Another advantage as in the case of activated s'4udge plant, the capacity
of an existing trickling filter plant secondary clarifier can be readily
increased by installing tube modules over all or only a portion of the
basin.; No operational or maintenance problems have developed in the
several months of operation.

- 11 -

2.3.A

Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Effluent

CULP et al. (1969) showed that the general system as shown in

Figure 2.2 can be employed for the phosphate removal from the secondary
effluent by chemical coagulation. A report issued by FWPCA on Shagawa
Lake Project indicated that the secondary effluent phosphorus concentration can be reduced from 5-6 mg/. to 0.3-0.7 mg/. In another instance,
MERCER reported the tube clarifier mixed media filter package plant
could reduced the secondary effluent turbidity from 10-12 to 0.3-0.7
(turbidity unit) and the phosphates from 26-28.5 mg/H to less than 0.5
mg/X.. Alum addition is 240 mg/.
From SWEDEN successful used of inclined plates modules for the
separation of aluminium floe formed in the treatment of the secondary
effluent, has been achieved. Loadings as high as 30 m3/m2-h were reported.
Another tertiary system designed for BOD and suspended solids
removal utilizing the tube clarifier is illustrated in Fig. 2.3. This
system is designed to polish the occasional discharge of high suspended
solids .concentration from the secondary plant. Direct application of
these secondary effluent to the filter would result in expensive short
filter run, thus the purpose of the tube clarifier is to provide supplement solids separation so that the filter may continue to operate efficiently even during severe upset of secondary plant. Data published
show that such system continuous to operate efficiently even with secondary effluent suspended solids concentration as high as 2000 mg/ii..
BINH (1975) reported that the inclined tube settler and the
anthracite sand filter system can generally removed all aluminium
resulted from the utilization of alum during the flocculation process.
VAN VLIET (1977) described the series of full scale experiments
in which both inclined plate and tube module were used to uprate the
conventional circular raked primary clarifiers of high lime clarification process. It was reported that the removal efficiency of both
modules were comparable and a 60 percent turbidity removal was general
attained within the modules.
2.3.5

Raw Water Clarification

The conventional plant at Buffalo Pond Plant, Saskatchewan was

faced with the requirement of additional treatment capacity, thus the
existing rapid sand filters were converted to mixed media beds and
operate at higher filtration rates while steeply inclined tube settlers
were used to cater for the increase in settling capacity. For 6 months
of operation, the tube installation has operated at over 2.5 times designed rate of the parallel conventional units, while producing an
average effluent of 0.5 unit. The installation of tubes in the conventional units permits a more than doubling of the clarifier capacity.

- 12 -

ftssayt*.

Fig. 2.1 - Installation of Steeplyo Inclined Tubes at the

W.ickam, Pennsylvania Sewage Treatment .Plant.

Fig. 2.2 - Flow Schematic, Basic System Employing Essentially

Horizontal Tubes.

- 13 -

Another example of increasing the capacity of water treatment

plant by utilizing tube clarifier and mixed media is the GeorgiaPacific's Pulp and Paper Mill at Crosselt, Arkansas U.S.A. It was
reported that by installing angle tube modules over only a portion of
the clarifier surface, the capacity was increased from 56,775 m3/d to
170,325 m3/d. From the test conducted, it reviews that for overflow
rate of 4 m /m -h effective clarification observed even under cold
water conditions.
The flow diagram as shown in Figure 2.3 has also been applied
in many water treatment plants in U.S.A. with capacity varies from
0.0757 m3/min to 7.57 m3/min. For example at Emporia, Virginia, for
raw water turbidity of 20 standard units, a effluent quality of 3 units
can be achieved using alum concentration of 35 mg/ and operate at
overflow rate of 193 m /m2-d with corresponding detention time of 10
minutes. Another plant located at Louisville, Mississippi with plant
capacity of 7.57 m /min can provide an effluent quality of approximately
2 units using the same system as described above.
2.3.6

Other Applications

One of the most interesting applications now being evaluated

is the,use of steeply inclined tube directly injthe aeration basins
of an activated sludge plant. With proper baffling, it appears possible to achieve activated sludge solids separation and return without
a secondary clarifier structure, therefore the economic implications
in secondary plant construction are indeed significant.
2.4

Column Settling
i

In the;world of limited resources, seeking toward economical techniques

to predict plant scale performance or to derive design criteria for plant
scale processes is of utmost importance.
i

YAO (1979), using column settling to predict the design overflow rate
of the tube settler system. He reported that a safety factor of 2 was needed
for uncoagulated synthetic water and natural unflocculated raw water. Table
2.1 shows the turbidity range involved and the experimental conditions.
PANNEERSELVAM (1982) concluded that for coagulated synthetic water of
turbidity greater than 180 NTU, then the results obtained from the column
settling tests can be used directly for designing the tube settler. For
turbidity of 120 NTU and 80 NTU or less, a safety factor of 1.4 and 2 were
respectively observed.
HUDSON (1981) claimed that the revised standard procedure of using
square jar test (see Fig. 2.6) can be used to established the design overflow rate for tube settler system of plant size.

- 14 -

****** M ^ W M w

Fig. 2.3 - Schematic of Effluent Polishing System

for BOD and Suspended Solids Removal.

.>**<

Fig. 2.4 - Revised Standard Jar Test (Hudson, 1981)

- 15 -

TABLE 2-1
Design Safety Factor for Overflow Rate Provided
by Colutan Settling to tne Tuoe settler System
,

p-

-,

I Author
I
I

| N a t u r e of Water | haw Viater T u r o i d i t y

1
(NTU)

| Depth
| (cm)

| Safety
|

| YAO
|(197y)

| N a t u r a l Baw
| Hater

|
|

100 - 280
(May-Sept)

| 7b
|

|
|

2.0

|
I

|
1

I
1

14 - 70
(Sept-Nov)

| 78
I

|
|

2.0

|
|
|

| Uncoagulated
| Synthetxc
| Haw M a t e r

|
|
|

100 - 280

I
| 78
|

|
|
|

2.0

| 106
| 106
| 106

|
|
|

1.0
1.4
2.0

IPANNEEH-j S y n t n e t x c
ISELVAM | F l o c c u l a t e d
1(1982)
| Kater

|
|
|

IbO
120
80

Facte

- 16 -

III
,

SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ALOUT TUBE SETTLERS,

COLUMN SETTLING AND PLENUM DESIGN

!
i

3.1

High Rate Sedimentation

High irate sedimentation is the use of shallow gravitational settlers

with detention period of not more than 15 minutes to achieve comparable or
even better settling efficiencies normally attained in the conventional
sedimentation tanks having detention time of usually more than 2 hours.
The above idea was originally suggested by HAZEN (1904) who claimed
that the removal is a function of the overflow rate and for a given discharge, it is independent of the detention time. CAMP explored the above
concept extensively in 1946.
YAO (1970) conducted a theoretical research on high rate tube settlers
of various shapes and arrived at a design equation based on the parameter
"overflow rate", which is widely used in water and wastewater treatment
process design.
He assumed that the flow is laminar and one dimensional and the suspended particles are discrete which do not aggregate. Ignoring the initial
effect, the velocity components of the particles on the x and y directions
based on the coordinates system as shown in Fig. 3.1 are:
^

= Vpx = U - Vs x Sin 6

(3.1)

jl. = vPy = -Vs x Cos 6

(3.2)

Combining equations (3.1), and (3.2)

dy_ =
Vs x Cos 9
dx = ~ U - Vs x Sin 8

(3.3)

Integrating equation (3.3),

JV-dy - Vs-ySin 8 + Vs x Cos 8 = C

(3.4)

where
<-'' C' is the integral constant
Dividing equation (3.4) with Vo, the average flow velocity, and d, the
depth of the flow measured normal to the direction of flow.

'vb ' dy If ' Y * sia8+ H ' x ' Cos 9=cl

(3 5)

'

- 17 -

Where CI is the adjusted integration constant, Y = y/d and X = x/d and

equation (3.5) is the general equation of a particle trajectory in the given
high rate settling system.
Each particle follows its own trajectory inside the tube settler (Fig.
3.2). Fl, F2, F3, indicate the trajectories of particles removed by the
settler because all three trajectories end at the invert of the settler.
The trajectory, Fl, represents a limiting case. All particles with the same
Vs of the! particle following this trajectory would be completely removed by
the tube settler. This particular Vs is defined as the critical settling
velocity, Vsc.
For the limiting trajectory with Vs = Vsc, there are two boundary conditions,
X - L;

Y = 0

(3.6)

X = p; Y - L
(3.7)
i
in which L = 1/d, the relative length; and 1 = the length of the settler.
Therefore'by substituting equations (3.6), (3.7) into (3.5),
Vsc
CI = ^~ L Cos 8
Vo
Since the flow velocity vanishes at the settler wall (Y = 0 ) , there
results:
(/ ~~ ' dy)
= 0
Vo
y=o

(3.8)

Substituting Cl and the second boundary condition, equation (3.7), into

equation (3.5), the following general equation is obtained:
Vsc
(Sin 6 + L Cos 8) = Sc

(3.9)

Sc ( / d y ) y = 1

(3.10)

in which Sc is a factor with its magnitude depending on the shape of the

tube. The values of Sc for circular, parallel plate, square, and shallow
open tray stellers are respectively 4/3, 1, 11/8, 1. For overflow rate, it
can easily be seen that is exactly the same as the critical settling velocity, then,
4:.C Overflow rate = C S c

Vo

S i n fl + L . C o 8 9

where C is a unit adjustment constant.

(m3/m2-d), then C - 14.4.

(3.11)
For Vo(cm/min) and overflow rate

- 18 -

e . ANGLE OF INCLINATION
OF HIGH-RATE SETTLER

,,i

Fig. 3.1- Coordinate System for Theoretical Study

*\i'

Fig. 3.2 - Sketch of Particle Trajectories in High-Rate

Settler.

- 19 -

3.2

Column Settling

The clarification of dilute suspensions of flocculating particles is

not only a function of settling properties of the particles but also of the
flocculating characteristics of the suspension. During sedimentation, coalescence or flocculatin occurs, thus the mass of the particle increases and
it settles faster. The extent to which flocculation occurs is dependent on
the opportunity for contact, which varies with the overflow rate, the depth
of the basin, the velocity gradients in the system, the concentration of
the particles and the range of the particle sizes (RICH 1973; BARNES 1978;
and TCHOBANOGLOUS 1979).
Since 1940's, overflow rate has been extensively used as a parameter
for the design of the conventional settling tank. Besides, overflow rate
can easily be.obtained from the batch process of column settling tests and
could be used to predict the performance of the conventional settling tank
operated on a continuous basis. For these reasons, this study proposed to
adopt overflow rate as the key design parameter to predict the performance
of the tube settling system. For column settling, the overflow rate can
easily be calculated as follows:
If he(cm) is the distance between the water level and the sampling
port and ts is the settling time (h) , then the overflow rate,
Vs = hc/ts (cm/h)
Vs - 0.24 x hc/ts (m/d)

'

(3.12)

TCHOBANOGLOUS (1979) and RICH (1973) stressed upon the influence of

depth on the clarification process, the higher the settling depth (i.e.
larger the detention time), the better the efficiency of removal for certain
overflow rates. HUDSON (1981) pointed out the important of controlling the
depth of sampling such that the settled water quality data have much relation
to reality.. Therefore, it is the aim of this study also to verify the applicability of column settling and jar test to provide a scale-up correlation
with the plant scale tube settler for natural flocculated water and at the
same time to investigate the effect of depth upon the design safety factor.
3.3

Plenum Design

Plenum forms one of the important components of the tube settler system
and its design is of considerable importance. In proper design of the plenum
will severely affect the removal efficiency of the tube settler. If the
plenum depth is too shallow, and if the horizontal velocity is high, then
scouring of the settled sludge and turbulent condition will occur.
In 1968, FAIR et al. arrived at the following equation for scouring
velocity:
Vd - {(8K/f).g-(Sg - I)}*4 d*5

(3.13)

- 20 -

where

Vd = displacement velocity
f

= a frictional factor

= a constant with a magnitude close to S

= the gravitational constant

Sg = the specific gravity of the floe particle

d

= the diameter of the floe

CHEN (1979) assumed that K, f, g, Sc are approximately constant and

Qx = (Lp - x)Qo/Lp.
Ax
Ao
where

(Lp - x)
,do.^
Lp
' {dx}

(3.14)

Qo = the treated water flowing through entrance section

Qx = the treated water flowing through a section at a distance x
Lp = the total longitudinal length of plenum
v

Ao = cross sectional area at entrance

\ Ax = cross sectional area at a distance x

do = average floe size at entrance
dx * average floe size at a distance x
Fig. 3.3 shows the graphical representation of the plenum. CHEN also
pointed out that the floe particle size varies in each section such that

dx = do

-1?>"

(3.15)

Substituting equation (3.15) into (3.14), thus

l-n/2

] v(1 _ JL)
ho

(3.16)

Lp'

If the plenum is rectangular, then the width of the plenum at entrance

is equal to the width of plenum at any distance x from the entrance, i.e.
Bo = Bx, :
^
hx
ho

l-n/2
i

Lp

where
Bo = jwidth of plenum at entrance
i

Bx = width of plenum at a distance x from the entrance

i
hx depth of plenum at a distance x from the entrance

(3.17)

o
- 21 -

ho = depth of plenum at entrance

n

MT

- UB*.ARY

= a constant

For practical operation, CHEN recommended that ho should be maintained

equal to CoQo in which Co = 3.1 s/m2 and Q is in terms of m 3 and thus the
unit of hx will be in meter.
Let hs, x = 0 be the sludge depth at the entrance and hs, x = Lp, the
sludge depth at a distance: x Lp from the entrance, then
Hx = 0 (cm)
HX = Lp (cm)

=
=

hx = 0 + hs, x = 0

(3.18)

hx = Lp + hs, x = Lp

(3.19)

where
Ho = total minimum depth at entrance
Hx = total minimum depth at a distance x from the entrance
hx = o = ho

hx L

Plenum
hx * o

SBSJJSJ^S*!?
Sludge Profile
hs, x = L

hs, x - 0

Settled Sludge at Time t (h)

_i

Fig. 3.3 - Sectional View of Plenum

- 22 -

IV

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1

Background
;
O
In 1970, a master plan was prepared by the Metropolitan Water Works
Authority (MWWA) of Thailand in response to the increase in water requirements of expanding communities, commercial development and industrial water
demands. For these reasons Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant was constructed
to serve as the center of,water production. In Stage I of Phase I, the
plant is designed to provide a capacity of 800,000 m3/d and by the year of
2000, the production will escalate to 4,800,000 m3/d.
In this study, all the experiments were conducted in the Bang Khen
Water Treatment Plant for the following reasons:
(i)

To observe the applicability of the tube-settler in the modern

water treatment plant.

(ii) To compare the efficiency of the tube settler system with the
s,olid contact, slurry return type of clarifier at Bang Khen
Water Treatment Plant and also to compare the cost-effectiveness of both the systems.
4.2

Raw Water Source

Raw water for the treatment plant is obtained from the Chao Phraya
River at Sam Lae Pump Station which is located at tambol Sam Lae, Muang
District of Changwat Prathum Thani, about 18 km North of Bang Khen Water
Treatment Plant. The raw water is then conveyed by Klong Prapa before
the influent conduit to the clarifiers. For this experiment, natural raw
water was tapped from the conduit at Clarifier No. 6 and the turbidity of
the raw water during the experiment was observed to vary from 25 NTU to
45 NTU. Table 4.1 indicates the raw water characteristics for the month
of December and January when the experiment was in progress.
4.3

Experimental Apparatus and Materials

Fig. 4.1 presents a schematic sketch of the experimental set up of

the tube settler system. The raw water is obtained from the raw water
conduit of the treatment plant. It is then flow by gravity to the constant
head tank via a rotameter. The rotameter is employed to ensure a constant
flow rate while the constant head tank which has a detention period of 3
minutes provides the necessary hydraulic mixing of the raw water with the
alum. This chemically mixed .water in then admitted into the flocculator
which is equiped with a motor of 1/20 Hp and a speed of 12 rpm.
^ The steeply inclined tube settler used in this experiment was designed
by PANNEERSELVAM (1982). It has a relative length of 18 and an angle of
inclination of 60 degrees to the horizontal. The settling unit is made of
steel and the tube has dimensions of 5 cm x 5 cm x 90 cm and is made of
marine plywood. The total end area of the tubes is 1,500 cm2. Figure .-42 l/i
gives the detailed dimensions of the unit.

: l

"

- 23 -

TABLE 4 . 1

,,_
|

... _.

Haw w a t e r Q u a l i t y of Bang Khen Water T r e a t s e n t

( L/ecemoer 1982 t o J a n u a r y 1983 )
.__
. Parameter

ITurbidity

. .,
,

Range of value

(ppnt)

...,
I
i

17-60

IpH

7-0-7.5

ITotal AlKalinity

ITotal Solid

170 - 185

(Dissolved Solid

100 - 120

ISuspenaed, Solid

b - 69

ITotal Hardness as CaCo3

84-90

|Chloride las Chlorine

12-14

|Free Ain&onia - N

0.074 - 0.207

|Nitrate

- N

- N

0.000b - 0.0043

|Iron

0.29 - 0.3b

(Manganese

0.01 - G.26J

Irtagnesiua

5.7b - 7.2

2.J - 5.5

|B0D5

1.4

(Standard P l a t e Count./100 m .

790 - 1590

laitrite

IDissolved

(NTD)

Plant

oxygen

<J4

- 90

tfIL

- 2.0

|
|

- 24 -

E E
o> tf> u>

w\

c
-J

> j> UJ

" F

h-

UJ
WO

_>
<
I-

z.

lli

2
cc
UJ
Q.

UJ

a.
I

u.

- 25 -

The tank has an inlet chamber at one end and outlet chamber at other
end. Both chambers are of 55 cm wide and coupled with triangular weir at
the effluent end to facilitate good hydraulic condition at the outlet zone.
The bottom of the tube settler is designed with flange joint to facilitate ease of replacing the plenum bundle of different settling depths.
The plenum bundle is provided with a clear PVC window to facilitate measurement of the accumulated sludge depths. A drain pipe was also included for
sludge draining.
For column settling' analysis, a single sampling level settling column
was designed with an internal diameter of 15 cm so as to minimise the wall
effect. The column is made of opaque PVC column with a strip of transparent
perspex window running from the top of the column to the bottom. A sampling
port is located at 5.5 cm from the bottom of the column which is arranged
in such a way that samples can be withdrawn from the center of the column.
4.4

Clarifier

In the Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant, the clarifiers are of solidcontact with slurry-recirculation type. Each clarifier has an internal
diameter of 58 m and with side water depth just under 5 m . A total detention time is about 100 minutes with approximately 13 minutes detention time
provided under the recirculation cone. The loading rate is about 95 m /m2-d.
Because of the size of the tanks a center-drive mechanical sludge-scraping
equipment is specified. Collected sludge is discharged periodically through
alternate sludge blow off lines.
4.5

Methodology

Turbidity was used as the main indicator of the settling performance.

HACH Laboratory Turbidity meter of Model 2100A was used for turbidity measurements and the results were then expressed in Nephelometric Turbidity
Units (NTUs) which is equivalent of the Formazin Turbidity Units (FTUs) or
the Jackson Turbidity Units (JTUs).
j

4.5.1: Preliminary Analyses

; In the preliminary analyses, the optlm&it alum concentration for
each turbidity range was determined using conventional jar test apparatus:. The optimum concentrations of alum will be later used in the
evaluation of the tube settler performance. Also, the effect of polyelectrolyte addition upon the settling performance was being tested.
Several different types of polyelectrolytes such as CAT-FLOC T (cationic),
SUPERFLOC (anionic), and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) were used.
4.5.2: Pilot Scale Investigation
i

! In the tube settling experiment, the tube settling tank was

first: filled to the overflow level with tap water. Raw water was then
admitted into the constant head tank, simultaneously desirable alum
concentration was injected. Rapid mixing due to flow agitation was

- 26 -

accomplished after the point of chemical injection. The coagulated

raw water was then admitted to the flocculator where further coagulation and flocculation take place. The flocculated water was then introduced to the tube settler for sedimentation.
Raw water, flocculated water and clarified water were then
sampled in hourly intervals. For each run, the experiment was terminated once the effluent turbidity reached an approximate constant
value.
During the experiment, the following flows were used: 2 &/min,
5 Jl/min, 10 /min, 15 /min, 20 l/min..
In the case of the plenum design,
the settled sludge depths across the plenum length (i.e. XI = 0 cm,
X2 = 8 cm, X3 = 16 cm, X4 = 24 cm, X5 a 32 cm) were measured for each
flow velocity. Also, the efficiency of the tube settler for each flow
rate was recorded.
4.5.3

Column Settling Analysis

The experimental study was conducted in a form of quiescent

settling on a batch basis. Natural flocculated water was used for the experiment and the raw water turbidity ranges from 25 NTU to 45 NTU during
the period of experiment. The experiment was carried out with the following
assumption:
(a) Temperature variation was between a small range of 27 C to 33 C,
thus the effect of thermal current upon the percent of removal
was considered to be negligible.
(b) The distribution of the flocculated particles is homogeneous
within the settling column at the start of the experiment.
(c) All particles begin to settle as soon as the process start.
For each experimental run, the settling column was first filled
with raw water to the marked desired level from the sampling port. The
sample in the column was then thoroughly mixed to obtain a uniform suspension. For such size of column, an air diffuser located at the bottom of
the column is necessary to provide effective mixing. Optimum alum dose was
then added before flocculation took place and allowed to settle in quiescent
condition. Zero time was set as soon as flocculation was completed. Sample
were then withdrawn through the sampling port at time intervals of: 15 min,
30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h. The turbidity of each
sample was measured and the p.ercent turbidity removal was then computed.

27 -

ft*

-46

32

[15f-15

Inlet

Outlet
2oie

2c

32a
inlet Pipe

55

Outlet
Pipe

Sludge Oroin
Pipe

PLAN

ITO

|-.5-|-.5-j
ELEVATION < SECTION A-A J

NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS
ARE IN cm

I S J5

T
1

33

55

<

TUBE MOOULE (SECTION C - C )

Net Tube End Arco 1500 c m 2

55
EFTLUENT LAUNDER
(SECTION B - B )

F I G . 4 . 2 - DETAILS OF INCLINED TUBE SETTLER.

Al

-T.

LlBRARY

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The data obtained from all experiments are presented In Appendices A,

B, C, and D. This section will devote mostly to the presentation and discussion of the analysed results.
5.1

Preliminary Analytical Results

To determine the optimum alum concentration and to find out the effect
of polyelectrolytes upon the flocculation process, jar test technique which
was proposed by AMIN (1976) was used. The modified procedure consists of
fast mixing at 100 rpm for 1 minute followed by slowQnixing at 12 rpm for
30 minutes and 10 minutes for flocculation and sedimentation. This procedure
was devlced to match the pilot scale flocculator used In the experiment.
For all experiments, no pH adjustment was necessary since the pH of the
raw water was within the neutrality range (i.e. 7-8). Table Al-1, Al-2, Al-3,
(see Appendix A) show the optimum alum concentration of 28 mg/., 28 mg/Jl,
and 34 mg/i, for raw water turbidities of 25 NTU, 40 NTU and 56 NTU, respectively. Table Al-1 also illustrates that if the flocculation and sedimentation time of the pilot scale flocculator could be increased from 10 minutes
to 30 minutes, then better percent turbidity removal could be accomplished.
Figure 5.1 shows the typical plot of residual turbidity against the alum concentration for raw water turbidity of 25 NTU.
Currently, many authors claim that addition of polyelectrolyte could
enhance settling performance. On the other hand many researches concluded
that addition of polyelectrolyte does not improve the process. From this
study, the results show that polyelectrolytes either of cationic or annionic
in nature do not significantly improve the settling performance. Table A2-1
(Appendix A) indicates that addition of CAT-FLOC T at optimum alum dose could
only bring the residual turbidity down from 3.0 NTU to 2.6 NTU. Table A2-2
(Appendix A) also confirms that anionic polyelectrolyte such as SUPERFLOC
has no significant effect upon the residual turbidity.
Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), was also used in the experiment and
although PAC could achieve the same residual turbidity at lower dosage than
the alum, but due to the high cost of PAC which is four times that of alum,
make it unattractive to most treatment plants.
5.2

Overflow Rate Versus Efficiency

It is universally accepted that the design of a conventional settling

tank for water and wastewater treatment is based on the overflow rate, which
is expressed as the rate of flow per unit surface area. The same concept is
being adopted in high rate sedimentation.
Figure 5.2 presents the results of all experimental runs, showing the
turbidity removal efficiency at various computed overflow rates. As expected,
the removal efficiency decreases with the increase of overflow rate. It
appears that higher raw water turbidity tends to provide better removal efficiency than those of lower turbidity.

- 29 CM

to

0>

lO

urbi ity

CM

Tl

o>
c

ttl

3
1<.

O
to

E
F

c/>

03
CM

c:

o
to
CO
CM

CM

E
CM
CM

O
CM

CO

CD

-T

CM

to
^r
( O I N ) Aijpsqjnilonpisay

CM

<n

co

<u
o>
o

<

- 30 -

100

"

90-

^**^o

>v
-

^ 8 0 ->
u
c

.2?
*o

70
o
60-

50

^O5551^^^^;^^^

25 - 37 NTU

UJ

25-37

NTU

A 36-45

NTU

10

15

20

..

25

30

35

Overflow Rate , (m 3 /m 2 - d)

Fig; 5 . 2 - Effect of Overflow Rate on Efficiency

Table 5.1 gives the comparison of results obtained by several other
researchers and the present study. Although in each individual case,
different experimental conditions exist, yet the results of the present
study are in close agreement with the findings of previous works.
Fig. i5.3 indicates the effluent quality of the calrified water versus
the overflow rates. Three curves having alum concentrations of 22 mg/,
28 mg/S, and 32 mg/ were observed. In the Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant,
the Authority insists upon the clarified water that should be equal to or
less than;5 NTU before it is allowed to enter the filter system. This criteria is to safeguard the filter system from overloading. From the graph,
at optimum alum dose of 28 mg/Jl, overflow rate of 8.75 m3/m2-d will provide
water effiuent of 5 NTU. In Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant, "economic"
alum dose of 22 mg/& is used (during the course of study) to provide effluent
quality of 5 NTU. Therefore to cater for such situation, alum concentration
of 22 mg/I was also used to perform tube settler experimental runs. Fig.
5.3 shows that at 22 mg/Ji, of alum dose, overflow rate of 8.0 m3/m2-d will
provide effluent quality of 5 NTU. The above experimental comparison is
essential in the later section where comparison of costs between the conveiytional sedimentation tank and the tube settler system needs to be analysed.

- 31 TAbLE 5.1
CoQpanson of Percent Turoidity Removal for Various
Overflow Hates Investiyatea by Soae Autnors

--I

(Overflow
;|Kaw w a t e r
|
fiate
(Turomxty
| ( a J / m ^ a) i
(tj'rii")

|
KAO
|
|(ly7j)

| Vk^kUAD| lLGKLr.T
| (lyVb)

| CHhN
|
|(iy/y)

>

| M a t u r e of
1
1
I
h
|
1
1
I
I
1

13

20

rtater

la.K.rt.

i
(
I
|
|
|

^0
30
HO
50
bo

1
1
|b5.0u*> |
|
|
|
|
|y0.00* (
|
|

1
|
|
|

20
30
40
50

|
|
|d2.50ri |
|
|
Jbb.00/. |

|S.R.W.

oy.OO'A
-

| Present
(Study
| (1ya3)

|S.a.n.

Itl.R-W.

1
- {- . . . .
|d3.50* |
( |
|yl.00;o |
|
| b4.40%
|
|
-

j
i
|a2.2S*.
|
|ba.50LA
|
-

|7y.00;
|
(db.OO*
( 6 0 . bO*

|
| 74.25*
|
I7y.00*

|
|
|
|

S.H.W. = Synthetic aaw Water

M.B.W. = Naturalftdwrfater
10

li.tt.w.

|PANtlr.iiE|SLVatt
| (lyd^j

r
*28mg/l

* Alum Dosage
8
3

f 6
3

c
0)
3

UJ

0
0

10

15

n^)

25 NTU - 37 NTU

AA

36 NTU - 45 NTU
'

20

25

30

3 2
Overflow Rate, (m /m d

Figi 5.3 - Effluent Turbidity vs Overflow Rate

35

- 32 U
If 80% removal efficiency is acceptable, then a design overflow rate
of 12.75 m3/m2-d for raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 18.5 m3/m2-d for
raw water turbidity of 36-47 NTU can be used within the limits of experimental conditions.
If effluent quality of 5 NTU is insisted, then the overflow rate of
8.75 m3/m2i-d and 8.5 m3/m2-d for raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 36-45
NTU, respectively under the optimum alum dosage. For "economical" alum
dose, overflow rate of 8.0 m /m2-d is recommended for raw water turbidity
range of 25-37 NTU.
Table; 5.2 shows the practical operational overflow rates for most experimental conditions.
TABLE 5.2
The Perrormance of the Inclined Tube b'ettier at
Various overflow Kates, Alua Dose, ana Raw Water
Turbidity
T

|Haw Water
ITumidity
| (NTO)
|25-37

J.UIU

(31U/1)

Dose

uverilow

fiate

(la^/m* a)

Efficiency
A

Effluent
yuaiity
(MTU)

2^

b .00

ti3 . 0 0

5.0

2b

d .OU

b.75

b4 . 3 0
bJ . b 0

4.8
5.0

a .i>0

bb . 5 0

5.0

no

12 . 7 5

oO . 0 0

7.9

32

la . 5 0

dO . 0 u

d.d

|3b-45
I
125-37
I
J36-45

Since the removal efficiency i s a function of overflow r a t e (for a l l

other parameters are f i x e d ) , a r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s was used to produce f o r mulations which f i t best for the experimental data obtained for removal
efficiency and overflow r a t e .
For raw water t u r b i d i t y of 25-37 NTU,
In E - 4.52993 - 0.0114(1 x Vsc

(5.1)

Correlation factor for this relationship was found to be 97.65%.

For raw water turbidity of 36-45 NTU,
In E - 4.55008 - 0.00873 x Vsc

|
J
J

(5.2)

- 33 -

Correlation factor for this relationship was found to be 98.30%.

Fig. 5.4 shows the regressed values for both the turbidity range and
Table B5-1 and B5-2 (Appendix B) show the mathematical calculations using
the Least Squares Method to arrive at the formulations.
i

5.3

Effect of Turbidity on Efficiency

Fig. 5.2 shows the removal efficiency curves fon raw water turbidity
of 25-37 NTU and 36-45 NTU. The figure demonstrates that the removal efficiency increases with the increase of raw water turbidity for all overflow
rates. The reasons for this improvement in efficiency could be due to
better flocculation before sedimentation, or better aggregation during settling. Both of these result in the formation of heavier or larger floe
particles. However, it is important to note that higher removal efficiency
at higher influent turbidity does not automatically mean a lower effluent
turbidity as provided in the case of lower influent turbidity. Fig. 5.2
confirms such important observation.
i

5.4

Effect iof Flow Velocity on Efficiency

In this research, flow velocity of 0.8 m 3 /m 2 -h, 2 m 3 /m 2 -h, 4 m 3 /m 2 -h,

6 m /m2-h, and 8 m3/m2-h were used as shown in Table B6-1 (Appendix B).
Fig. 5.5 shows that as the flow velocity increases, the percent turbidity
removal decreases, this high flow velocity causes resuspension of settled
particles and also scouring of the settled sludge surface.
3

Table 5.3 shows the comparison of present study with the works done
by PANNEERSELVAM (1982), the results of both the studies concluded that
synthetic raw water does provided better settling performance than the
natural raw water. This could be due to natural raw water contains more
colloidal particles than that of synthetic raw water. The table also reviews that for the same flow velocity, high efficiency could be achieved
for higher raw water turbidity.
As mentioned in section 5.2, if 80% turbidity removal is acceptable,
then the flow velocity of 3.87 m /m2-h and 5.43 m3/m2-h are recommended for
raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 36-45 NTU, respectively under the optimum alum dose. If to comply with the effluent requirement of 5 NTU, the
flow velocity of 2.67 m3/m2-h and 2.55 m3/m2-h should be resorted to for
raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 36-45 NTU, respectively.
5.5

Experimental Results of Plenum Design

Preliminary experiment confirmed that plenum bundle of 20 cm depth

could be used to provide data which is necessary for the derivation of empirical formulae for the plenum design.
Appendix D includes Table Dl-1 to Table Dl-3. Each table contains
the data of the operation of tube settler at certain flow velocity and the
percent turbidity removal and the sludge depth across the plenum length
at XI = 0.0 cm, X2 = 8 cm, X3 = 16 cm, X4 => 24 cm, and X5 = 32 cm were

100

i
-

34

90^^"^^0

80

^^''^'fc*.
A

o
UJ

7 0 -o

60-

o^"*****1
2 5 - 3 7 NTU

A 3 6 - 4 5 NTU
1

50
0

Row Velocity,(m/h)

._

Fig. 5.4 " Effect of Flow Velocity on Efficiency

4.6

-I

4.5

o)

Regressed Value

2 5 - 3 7 NTU

36-45

NTU

44

|4.3
"3
it
4.2
o In E = 4.55008 - 0.00873 V,
sc
4.1-

0,

A In E = 4.52993-0.01140 V,
sc

10

15

20

Flow Velocity,(m/h)

Fig. 5.5 In ( Efficiency) vs Overflow Rote

25

30

10

35

- 35 -

TAESLE

5-J
iJr<ri"<=iit.

| V e l o c i t y I3ij/

i*

r<)

U . fi

| z .Li

; t u u y rtj.tii t-iiji.i,2.i<JciL7.'ii.J

1-

d.

1
| 4.L>

._ i,..*^

. 6

i r

I fa.O

d.U

|P<itfNLSii L L '/ /i

(1^^^)

;l

I liiriueii t
ITurDiditj

| cw

1
1

1 ^u

1
1

| rsrc-nt'
| :,tJiO'di

1
1

1
i

7z

| bo

b b

~1

bJ

|b5

7y

| I.ltXlK-at

1
zb

| SO J *
1 (iyb3)

| t'fctCiillt
| ..ciO'Jdl

1
O 3 . 0

| b t . 7

alU

to

~1

itl U

1
1

1 /'j.<. I

1
1 7o.d

l
| ob . J

| letlueiit

I Turoiai.tj'
|

Jt>

t^nceiir.

| .-vtaOVal

I
-

| bb.o

rtTi) t o
1
1

4 b ;<!' u

1
I

I
1

1
-

| bO. 4

I
|74

ojnt.attic Ca Wfitct was used

*0W
recorded. The hourly samplings proceeded until the efficiency of turbidity
removal deviates drastically from the approximate constant value.
Figure 5.6 summarises all informations regarding the percent turbidity
removal and the operation time. From the curves, it is obvious that at 21
hours, 11 hours, and 8 hours of operation at flow velocity of 3.2 m3/m2-h,
6 m3/m2-h and 8 m3/m2-h, respectively, the effluent turbidity begins to
deteriorate, hence the efficiency of the tube settler starts to decrease.
These phenomenon could be due to the occurrence of turbulent flow in the
tube settler plenum or could be the consequence of sludge scouring at the
plenum.
Table :5.4 indicates the sludge depths at various distance Xs across
the plenum width after 8 hours of operation. The settled sludge profile
for each flow velocity is as shown in Figure 5.7. Higher the flow velocity,
faster the settled sludge depth reaches it critical plenum depth. This
implies that if operated at higher flow velocity, deeper plenum blundle
should be provided for the same number of operation hours as for those with
low flow velocity.
Figure 5.8 reviews the relationships between flow velocity against the
depth of settled sludge at the entrance and at the exit of the plenum bundle,
Due to the I importance of predicting the sludge depth, regression analysis
'Least Squares Method', was used to derive empirical formulae for sludge

* '

100
-

36 -

Scouring

V = 3.2m/h

V = 8 m/h
V=6m/h
50.

12
16
20
Operation Time,(hour)

28

24

Fig. 5.6 - Efficiency vs Operation Time for Plenum Design

12
A

Velocity 8.0 m/h

D Velocity 6.0 m/h

o

Velocity 3.2 m/h

2-

8
12
16
20
24
Distance across the Plenum Length (cm)

Fig. 5.7 T Sludge Profile after 8 Hours of Operation

28

32

o
- 37 -

TABLE

5.4.

S e t t l e d S i m i l e Deptn A t t t r o r i o u r s of
u p e r a t i o n at Various V e l o c i t i e s

Cotttinuous

|Plow
I (1/mia)
I

| Flow V e l o c i t y
|
(%J/ia^ a)

Siuuge Deptn Alter b Hours of Operation

(est)
XI

X2

X3

X4

X5

3.2

2.b5

2.bU

3.0U

3.55

5.65

|15.0

6.U

4.30

a.65

7.90

9.20

|20.0

8.0

4.o5

5.10

8.90

10.45

|8.00

5.yo

depth a s a f u n c t i o n of time and t h e flow v e l o c i t y . F i g . 5.9 i l l u s t r a t e s

the r e g r e s s e d v a l u e s of In (Sludge Depth) v e r s u s In ( V e l o c i t y ) .
For 8 hours of o p e r a t i o n and f o r t u r b i d i t y range of 36-40 NTU,
h s , x = 0 (cm)

= 1.28499 x

0i58917

h s , x = 32 (cm) = 2.57147 x V
where

(5.3)

0.68808

(5.4)

h s , x = 0 i s the s e t t l e d s l u d g e depth a t x = 0 cm,

h s , x = 32 i s the s e t t l e d s l u d g e depth a t x = 32 cm.
For t hour of o p e r a t i o n , Table E l - 2 (Appendix E) confirms
0.63917 , ,.
h s , x = 0 (cm) = 1.28499 x V
(t/8)
0.68808 , , x
h s , x = 32 (cm) = 2.57147 x V
(t/8)

that
(5.5)
(5.6)

In order to have general formulations, it is necessary to take into

account of the length of the plenum and the vertical thickness of the tube
blundle. According to Figure D2 (Appendix D ) , equations (5.5) and (5.6)
can be replaced by
hs, x = 0

(cm) = 1.28499 x V '

(t/8)(32/Lp)(a/33)

(5.7)

hs, x - Lp

(cm) - 2.57147 x V

(t/8)(32/Lp)(a/33)

(5.8)

where

Lp = length of the plenum

a = vertical distance of the tube bundle.-

In this study, the formula derived by CHEN (1979) can not be verified
due to the fact that for X = 1 which is the critical condition, the formula
(equation 3.17) derived by him cannot take this into consideration. Table
O

3
4
5
Flow Velocity , (m/h)

Fig. 5.8 - Sludge Depth vs Flow Velocity

- 39 -

5.5 shows the critical plenum depth at various flow velocities that were
obtained from the experiment. Figure 5.10 illustrates the plot of flow
velocity versus the critical plenum depth for X *= 0 cm and X = 32 cm.
Least Squares Method was used to fix the curves, which give:
hx = 0

(cm) = 14.92354 x V

hx = 32 (cm) =

4.29316 x V

0.1357i

(5.9)

0.57992

(5.10)

Correlation factor of 99.08% for both cases and V is in terms of m/h.

Therefore, for time t, flow velocity V, the total minimum depth at entrance
and at plenum exit (i.e. X = 1 cm),
^j
Hx = 0

.0.63917

(cm) = 1.28499 x V

+ 14.9235 x V

(5.11)

(t/8)(32/Lp)(a/33)

0.13574

Hx = 32 (cm) = 2.57147 x V * 6 8 8 0 8
+ 4.29316 x V

(5.11)

(t/8)(32/Lp)(a/33)

0-57992

(5.12)

Appendix E shows the details calculations of all functions involving

Least Squares Method of analysis in this section.

TASLE 5 . 5

C r i t i c a l Plenum Deptn A c r o s s t n e Pieuuiu Widtn

t o r V a r i o u s Flow V e l o c i t y
Raw Water ' 1 ' y r o i a i t y
t l t u u i u b u n a i e llu
Aiuai Dost;

rf lOJ Velcci t-Y

IFiOV
1
/**
u)
j (i/min) 1
i
1
1

1
i

|8.00

3.2

...

3t>-45 rtTCJ
20 cai
28 iftg/i
...

Critical Plenum Depttt

1

1
X2
1 xi
I 1 7 . J 5 I 17.10

XJ

XM

X5

15.bu

11 .55

8.350

i
i

l
1

|15.0
i

I
J20.0
i.

i1

1
!

--L.

0 -U

I lb.yS I 17.*5

lo.b5

13.15

12.SO
i

6 .U

I ly.us

18.o0
i

15.60 1 1U.05
L.

Table 5.6 shows the comparison of the total plenum depths obtained by
PANNEERSELVAM (1982) and the present study by assuming appropriate values
for all necessary parameters. The frequency of desludging is assumed to be
2 days. The results from the table review that the values obtained in accordance to PANNEERSELVAM findings yield lower magnitude than the results of
the present study for the total plenum depths. There are several reasons

r
i
i

- 40 -

20-

Q)

Regressed Value

E 16

h = 14.92354 V

,3574

"5.

<u
Q

12--

3
C

.2?

^ ^ ^ \ , < A .

Q.

S 8

293.6 V

0 5 7

"

^^*^

o
4i

X( = 0 cm

X 5 = 32 cm

i
i

Flow Velocity , (m/h)

Fig. 5; 10 - Critical Plenum Depth vs Flow Velocity

- 41 -

AJ-T. LIBRARY

TABLE 5 . 6
C o m p a r i s o n or trie T o t a i t i e n u m Deptn u o u i n e a
PArJ;jKc;iii;iiLVii*. ana t n e t - L e s e n t S t u a y
~t

Parameter

oy

| ^t-AKNESftSLLVaa

CPrfeseat

Study

1000

1000

a ( Wititn i n ca )

320

320

Lp ( plenum l e n c t i i i u CM )

loo

100

2 days

2 days

T o t a l plenum d e p t n a t e n t r a n c e (cm) |

37.o

76.043

Total plenum deutn at x = l (ci)

7 a. 0 2 ^

133.d7*

Capacity

(:nVa)

Flow V e l o c i t y

( frequency

(u-V^

a)

or aesiua<jfc )
H

Hx=0 (ca)
= 0-b77 x v 0 - 0 7 ^
2Hx=Lp (cm) = 0 . 9 7 9 x V * . o j r *
0i=O(1 -

(t:/10) (32/Lp) ( a / 3 3 )
( t / 1 0 ) (3^/Lp) ( a / 3 3

+ ho

X/Lp)'J

= 1.26499 x V - 6 i 4 1 ? ( t / o j (32/Lp) ( a / J j )
+ 1 4 . 9 2 . I S x V-;iS,/*
tfx=Lp {coil - 2 . 5 7 1 4 7 x v o . o a a o a ( t / t i ) (32/Lp) ( a / j 3 )
+ 4.2931o x l f - s ^ ^
5
S y n t n t i c aw w a t e r # a s Useu
"Natural ndv w a t e r 4as Usea
*Hx=0 (cm)

which contributed to the above differences. F i r s t l y , PANNEERSELVAM conducted the experiment based on 10 hours of operation, and during that 10
hours period, three different flow v e l o c i t i e s were used and toward the
t r a n s i t i o n a l point for each v e l o c i t y , the s e t t l e d sludge depths at entrance
and at x = 3/4 I along the plenum length were measured. But the f i n a l
equations arrived at by him for the s e t t l e d sludge deaths, i . e .
hx = 0 : (cm) - 0.8770 x V '&?2

(t/10)(32/Lp)(a/33)

(5.13)

hx - Lp1 (cm) - 0.9792 x y 1 * 0 7 2

(t/10)(32/Lp)(a/33)

(5.14)

These equations are based on only single flow velocity for the 10 hours of
operation period, thus contradict the experimental conditions. Other subsidary reasons which contribute to the differences are:
I
(1) the value of hx = 0 = CoQo postulated by CHEN (1979) is low as
compared to the findings of the present study.
(2) in the derivation of the critical plenum depth equations, i.e.
hx = 0 = ho(l - x/Lp)

0.1

= ho

(5.15)
(PANNEERSELVAM, 1982)

h* = 1 = ho(l - x/Lp) 0 ' 1

(5.16)

- 42 -

the value of n was chosen based on only one flow velocity (optimum velocity),
thus the value of 0.1 for the equations above does not represent the actual
situation.
5.6

Column Settling Results

Appendix C presents the results obtained in batch column settling of

the natural raw water. Each table in the Appendix C contains informations
regarding the column height, sampling time, the effective height of the
flocculated water and the effluent turbidity. These data were then processed and transformed into the respective overflow rate and percent of
turbidity removal. For all the experimental runs, optimum alum concentration of 28 mg/I was used.
Fig. 5.11 shows the plot of percent turbidity removal versus the overflow rate for the settling column of depths 10 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, 70 cm,
and 100 cm. The graph also includes the curve of percent turbidity removal
against the overflow rate for the tube settler system which can be used as
the basis of comparison.
From Fig. 5.11, it is obvious that the general trend of the column
settling results obtained from shallow settling column of depths 10 cm to
50 cm follow very closely to that of the tube settler system. This indicates that the parameter overflow rate computed by YA0 (1973) for tube
settler has similar characteristic to that of the column settling. But as
the depth of the settling column increases, the deviation of results from
the tube settler performance seems to be significant. This graph also
reviews that flocculation and sedimentation of the flocculation natural
water does depend upon the settling depth and selection of appropriate
settling depth for column analysis to provide the required correlation
factor is of great importance.
Correlation factor is the safety factor (S.F.) obtained from the comparison of the results obtained from the column settling and the tube settler. This factor can be used directly for tube settler design. For example
if a S.F. of 2 is accepted for practical design, this implies for the same
efficiency to be achieved by the tube settler, the overflow rate obtained
from the column settling tests which provides the same efficiency should be
halved.
Table fj.7 contains all the correlation factors for various depths of
settling columns.
A Least Squares Method was used to derive a general formula such as,
S.F. =2.7014 - 0.0277 x he

(5.17)

6
Correlation factor for the method is 90.84% and he is the depth of the
settling column. Figure. 5.12 shows the plot of equation (5.17).
Table 5.8 shows the comparison of the results of present study with
some other past researches. YA0 (1979) recommended that the safety factor

3 -

(o/o) * fouapwB

- 44 -

TAELL

3.7
E t r e c t o r i t r t t i i n o Ltv.-T.ii Upon
Upon t i u C o f . r e x u n o : ; F a c t o r
i

;icttiino

(CJIJ

Drfpta

Correlation

10 .U

2,b

jO.O

!C*b

52.0

1 .ii

72. u

0.5

u . 175

luu.u

TAOLL

i'actcc

5.6
UfcSio.'i l i a t b t y F a c t o r r o c o v i n i a * a u t c
cy Coiu.un S t t l i r . y t o t , i c Ttiue s s t t i e r

I
|

AUtaOC

1
I

3dUC:

oZ

. , . . . . ,
. i r . r . e r |:Xarf

| YAO
| (1^7^)

| :i.. t a r u i
| .iutdC

|
I

:;.. w

(ictcl

I'UX ii-LQA t /

i:;TU)

r-toviaea
System

. ,
|DeDta

, .
_
(iartty

I (c.aj

,
FaCtOt'l

j
|

luO - i b u
la^y-otut)

| / o
|

|
|

2.0

|
|

|
1

m
- 70
i^ept-r.ov)

| 7c
I

|
|

2.0

|
|

|
|

I Jnc:)ni_;ui^t'.-u
| i'/taaetic.

|
j

10u -

| '/c

I
|

I
^.0

I
(

| luo
| lOo
| loo

|
|
|

1.0
1.4
2.0

|
|
|
1
|
J

|
|
l

z.y
^.0
1.5
1.2
0.5
0.17

ifij

i(.jt = r

J PA^MlLL-t-| i ; n t ; i c t i c
| S^LVJ^i
| iioccuicaja
|(V.'u;)
| tat.ee

I
I
1

|
|i>uw
| ( llJbi)
|
I
|

|
j
I
1
1
1

| .in t a r ux
1 r'locciuntcj
I ,i"t.-r
1
1
1

2csu

leu
1<.0
ou
<-- -

JO

ID
izi
JO
3^.^
/^
100

1
1
|

J
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |

- 45 -

3.0

I
i
o Experimental Value

I
U.

SF = 2.7014 - 0.0277 h
o
a
o

A Regressed Value

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Settling Column Depth,(h c = cm)

Fig. 5.12 - Safety Factor vs Settling Column Depth

Column
o 10 cm Square

;V\

o 10 cm Circular
-

X 90
>
o
c
a>

*-C^^-^o

UJ

85o

80

..

12
16
20
3
Overflow Rate, ( m / m ^ d)

24

28

Fig. 5.13 Efficiency vs Overflow Rate for Square & Circular Column

- 46 -

of 2 should be applied for natural unflocculated water and synthetic unflocculated water using settling column of 78 cm. PANNEERSELVAM (1982)
also concluded that a safety factor of 2 was adequate for synthetic flocculated water using settling column of depth 106 cm. From this study, to
provide a safety factor of 2, a column of settling depth of 25 cm can be
employed.
Settling depth imparts a great influence upon the flocculation and
clarification process of the natural flocculated water. Therefore, when
selecting the settling column depth, one needs to realise that the overflow rate can be provided by various combinations of settling depth and
detention time, for example:
Vsc = 1 m/h for he = 1 cm and time = 1 h,
Vsc = 1 m/h for he = 10 cm and time = 0.1 h = 6 min
Configuration of column does have effect upon the settling process.
Fig. 5.13 shows the comparison of the results for settling column of 10 cm
deep with circular and square type. Evidentally, square configuration does
provides less residual current and as expected, it provides higher settling
performance than that of the circular column. Thus, when specifying the
design safety factor, one should also indicates the settling column depth
and its configuration.
5.7

Practical Problem Encountered

From the experiment, it was observed that after 30 hours of continuous

operation, the floes start to clinge on to the tube surface and after 50 hours,
the sludge begin to discharge to the effluent chamber and deteriorate the
clarified water. In practice, several methods are available to overcome
such circumstances. One method of removing this accumulation is by occasionally dropping the water level of the basin ben'fthth the top of the tubes.
The floe particles are then dislodged and fall to the bottom of the basin.
This method of cleaning besets with practical problem since it is impossible in some cases to remove the basin from service in order to drop the level.
Another cleaning technique involves the installation of a grid of diffused
air headers beneath the tubes. To use this system, the influent is stopped
and the air turned on and allowed to rise through the tubes, scrubbing any
attached floe from the tubes. A quiescent period of 15-25 minutes follows
before the basin is placed back in service. Such system demands a separate
air supply system and thus discourage its wide application. Apart from the
above mentioned methods, installation of a submerged water jet headers directly on;top of the tubes appears to be the most attractive technique. In
this system, sufficient turbulence is created on the edge of the tubes by
the jet, thus loosen all the deposited material adhered to the top of the
tubes.

- 47 -

5.8

Recommended Design Criteria and Numerical Example

To illustrate the applicability of the results obtained from the present

study, the following design criteria and procedures are recommended and a
numerical example is presented to aid in the understanding and use of the
results.
Table 5.9 shows the recommended design values for overflow rate and
flow velocity for various probable effluent qualities. If the effluent
quality of 5 NTU is insisted, then the overflow rate of 8.0 m 3 /m 2 -d or flow
velocity of 2.43 m 3 /m 2 -h can be used.

TABLE 5 . 9

|3aw dater
(Turbidity
| (NTU)

Design TdDie I n d i c a t e s t n e aecodiiflendeu V a l u e s t o r O v e r f l o w

Hate and flow V e l o c i t y and I t s P r o b a o l e E f f l u e n t T u r b i d i t y
i

A lu m

i .. .. . .... _.
Etficiency

Dose
(ag/l)

<%)

l
,
uv^mow
Kate
(ai-V** d) |

Flow
Vexoci ty

(aV^

ir

Probable

Etfluent
Turbidity
(NTU)

4)

2.Jb
7.3b
b.75
12.75
1y .00

0.72
2.24
2.04
J.b7
5.77

2.5
4.6
5.0
t>-1
7.5

75.0U

7.0o
b.3b
12.3b
Id. 50
2b.25

2.13
2.55
3.7o
5.43
7.97

4.6
5.0
6.3
7.9
9.o

90.00
b5.00
bj.00
bU.OO
75.00

1.75
o.75
b .ou
12.13
18.50

0.53
2.04
2.43
3.ob
5.62

90.00
85. 00
|

25-37

2b

au.oo
bO.uo
75.00

| 3o - 45

9O.0O
89.dO
b5.00

32

ao.oo

25-37

22
|

|
!

|
|

2.2
4.6
5.0
b.7
y.O

Table 5.10 and Table 5.11 are the design table which can be used to
calculate the t o t a l number of tubes required for flow velocity at 2.43
m3/m2-h and 3.87 m3/m2-h r e s p e c t i v e l y . Table 5.12 aAvl Table 5.13 indicate
the t o t a l plenum depths needed for various frequencies of desludging and
plenum lengths.
EXAMPLE;

A tube s e t t l e r system i s to be designed to serve a population of

10,000 people with per capita consumption of water amount to
100 X./cd. The influent t u r b i d i t y i s around 25 NTU to 40 NTU and
i t i s preferable that the c l a r i f i e d water should not be more than
5 NTU.

- 48 -

TABLE 5.10'

Design Table f o r Tne T o t a l Nuaioer of Tunes Required

= 2.4 3 m-/ia2 h
= 5 . 0 KTD
='25 - 4 5 NTU
= 27 - jJ C
= 24 Hours

Flow Velocity
Probaole Efflueat
Haw Hater Turbidity
Temperature
Operation period

Per Capita tfater Consumption

T

Population

50

10,000

3,440

20,000

o,

6D0

1U0

22-32mg/l
60
0.9 a
0.5cm x 0.5ca

Alum Dose
Angle
TuDe lengtn
Tune Size

(1/c.ci)

150

200

250

o ,6oo

10,290

U,720

17,150

13,720

20,560

27,440

34,300

30,000

10,290

20,570

30,870

41,160

51,440

40,000

U,720

27,4 40

41, 160

54,870

66,590

50,000

17,150

J4,J00

51,440

b6,5y0

65,740

60,000

20,560

41 , 1 o \j

61,730

62,J10

102,b60

70,000

24,020

4a,0^0

72,020

9b,030

120,030

80,000

:7,440

5n,ti70

62,310

10^,740

137,160

90,000

JO,S70

o1,/J0

92,b00

12J,460

154,J30

100,000

34,300

oo,5y0

102,b90

137, 160

171,470

- 49 -

TABLE 5 . 1 1
D e s i g n T a o l e r o c The T o t a l
Flow V e l o c i t y
Probaole E i r i u a n t
Raw H a t e r T u r o i i i t y
Temperature
Operation p e n o a
i

3.87 a - y ^ a
o . 1 - b . 7 NTU
2 5 - 4 5 MTU
27 - 33 C
24 Hours

Alum Oose
Angle
Tuoe iengtn
Tune Size

Hequired

22-j2ag/l
o0
0 . 9 in
0 . 5 c a x 0.5cra

" Per

IPopulation

Numoer of Tunes

Capita

Woi t e r

C o n s u m e) t i o n

( 1 / c .. d )

50

luO

1t>0

200

b,4b0

d,b20

10, /7o

250

10,000 :

*., 1 6 0

4,310

l
|

20,0U0 ;

4,310

b ,t>/0

12,^20

17,230

21,540

30,000

b,4b0

1 2 , 9 20

iy,3b0

25,84U

32,300

b , o20

17,iJU

25,40

34,460

43,070

1 , 4 0 , 0 00 ;

5o,uoo:

10,770

21,540

32,300

4 3,07 0

bJ,fa40

60,0u0|

1zI,!:>2U

^5,d40

3d,7o0

5l,bo0

D4,o00

70,000

15,0fc0

J0

45,^20

bo,300

75,370

5l,oo0

bd,9!0

b o , 140

,150
i
i

b0,OUO

17,/30

_>4 , 4 b U

yo,uuO

1y,JtiO

Jb,7o0

5 b , 140

77,520

9o,900

1100,ouo

^1,5^0

4j,o70

b5,b00

bo,140

107,670

1
I

- 50 -

TABLE 5 . 1 2
Design T a b l e f o r t n e T o t a l Plenum D e p t h s
Plow V e l o c i t y
Probabie Hfiluent
Haw Water T u r o i d i t y
Teaperatuie
Tube Wiath (a)

= 2.43 m3/in n
= 5 . 0 NTU
= 2 5 - 4 5 NTU
= 27 - J 3 C
= 4 in

Alum Dose
Angle
Tune length
Tuoe Size

=
=
=
=

22-32mg/l
60
O.y ui
0.5C31 x 0.5ca

I
i

L o n g i t u a x n a i c'l^auui Length

( Lp (m) )

I F r e g u e n c y of | S J J I D O I
(Operation
|
1 (day)
I

i
I
1

0.5

1
|
1

I
|
1

i
|
1

I
|
1

3.0

1
I
1

|
|,

| Mlx = 0
| *HX=Lp

I
|

0.70 |
l.lb |

0.43 |
0.b2 |

0.34 |
0.44 |

0.30 l
0.35 |

0.2b
0.2b

i
1

i
1

i
1

I
1

i
1

t
1

|
|

|
|

dx=u
Hx=Lp

|
|

1.23
2.28

|
|

'
I

|
|

Ux=0
Hx = Lp

|
|

1.75 |
J.Jb |

0.9o |
1.73 |

l
1

I
1

I
1

i
|

|
|

|
|
'

*rix = 0
2hx=L;

tix = U
Hx = Lp

|
|
i

|
|

1.0

*.zb |
4.4* |
i

0.70
1.1b

J
|

1
|

1.2J

2.2b
i

1.5

0.52
O.bl

|
l

2.0

i
I

|
|

0.35
0.44

j
|

0.70 |
1.11 |

0.57 |
0 .'JO |

0.43
0.6J

I
1

i
1

U.bb |
1.55 |

0.44
0.62

0.70
l.lb

\:a) - t o t a l plenum a e p c n a t e n t r a n c e
(m)
t o t a i pienuni a e p t n a t a i n s t a n c e x = Lp

|
J
<

|
i
1

0.52
0.B1

|
J
i

- 51 -

TA.ELE 5 . 1 3
D e s i g n T a b l e t o e t n e 1'ocdi Plenum
Flow V e l o c i t y
Probaole Effluent
Raw Water T u r o i u i t y
Temperature
Tube H i a t a (a)

3.6/ i V
6.1-b.7
25 - 45
27 - J j
4 ai
,

Alum Dose
aiiylfe

KU
STU
C

Tube ienyta
TuDe Size

22-32ag/l
60
o.y m
0.5ca x u . S c a

I
i

Ucptns

L o n g i t u d i n a l Plenuni L e n q t n

( Lp (m) ) I

I
|
|

0.5

1
|
|

1.0

1
I
l

1.5

I
|
|

2.0

I
|
|

3.0

rix=0
Hx=L?

|
|

O.dy
l.ol

|
|

0.53
0.65

|
|

0.4^ |
O.bO |

0.36
0.47

|
|

0.30
0.35

| F r e q u e n c / ot| Symbol
|Operation
I
1 (aay)
|
1

I
J

|
|

|
|

|
|

Hx=U
Hx=Lp

J
|

1.60
3.14

|
|

0.89
1.62

J
|

0.65
1.11

|
|

0-53
0.76

|
|

0.42
0.51

|
|

1
|

Hx=0
Hx=Lp

|
1

2.31
4.65

|
|

1.25
2.37

l
|

0.09
1.62

|
|

0.71
1.24

|
|

0.53
0.85

|
|

|
|

Hx=0
Hx = Lp

|
|

3.02 1
b.17 |

0.89 |
1.o2 |

0.65
1.10

Hx = 0 (!)
*tix = Lp (a.)

SOLUTION:

total
total

1.60 |
3.1J j

1.13 |
i2.12 |

1'

plenum d e p t h a t e n t r a n c e
plenum d e p t n a t a a i s ^ n c e

_L

x = Lp

From Table 5 . 9 , flow v e l o c i t y of 2.43 m3/m2-h w i l l provide an

effluent q u a l i t y of 5 NTU. For t h i s flow v e l o c i t y , Table 5.10
gives the t o t a l number of tubes required, i . e . 6,860 (tube d i mensions: 5 cm x 5 cm x 90 cm).

j
i
;

Say, if daily desludging is feasible and a plenum length of 1 m

can be allocated, then the total plenum depth of 1 m (see Table
5.12) is adequate with a safety factor of 38%.

'

- 52 -

VI

6.1

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Introduction

Many developing countries are at present trying to achieve fast social

and economic development with the problem of limited available resources.
Since these resources are scarce and at any moment their availability is
limited in the sense that if a resource is used for one purpose, it is denied
to another which therefore will be forgone. Such situation demands the
determination of design alternatives which could provide the desirable cost
effective system. Economic analysis therefore can be used as a tool to
assess the creditability of each alternative.
6.2

Need of Cost Estimation

Sedimentation is one of the most commonly used process in the field of

water and wastewater treatment. It was estimated that about 1/3 of the total
capital investment is spent on this unit operation, for this reason, economical alternatives should be considered in the modern water and wastewater
treatment systems.
Many authors claimed that tube settler could provide same or even better
performance than that of the conventional sedimentation tank with relatively
low cost, therefore this section will be devoted to the cost estimation of
both the systems and to compare their cost-effectiveness.
6.3

Design Assumptions

In designing the conventional sedimentation tank and the tube settler,

the following assumptions will be used:
(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10

Population served = 10,000

Daily water demand = 150 /cd
Plant operation period = 24 h/d
Check list presented in Table 6.1 is applicable
For tube settler, 80% efficiency is acceptable
Cost of form work includes nail, wood etc,
Cost of equipments is not included
'
Cost of excavation is not included
Operation and maintenance costs are excluded
Expected life-span for the sedimentation unit, tube settler and
the plywood tube is 15 years, 15 years and 5 years, respectively.

Plant capacity

10,000 x 150/(24 x 1,000) (m3/h)

62.5 m3/h

o
- 53 -

TASL 6.;1 ChecK List (1yd2 - lybJ bangKok's Market Price)

1

I
|
|
J
|

6.4

_ , - . . - . . . . ,

Itttoi

.__. .

Concrete
For'is WOEK
Plywood (u mm)
Steel

Cost

_. _

(Tnai b a n t )

1,025 b a n t / a 3
25 Baht/.s < !
yo b a h t / a ^
y baht/Kvj

[
|
|
|

j
[
[
|
|

Design of Sedimentation Tank and Its Cost Estimation

The detention time for the clarifier at Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant
is 113 minutes. GLUMRB Standards recommended that the detention time for
suspended solid contact clarifier should be greater than or equal to 2 hours.
Let choose the detention time of 2 hours for the design.
Detention time
Horizontal velocity
Volume of the tank

= 2 h
* 10 m/h
= 62.5 x 2
= 125 m 3

Let the depth

= 4 m + 1 m (free board)

Surface area of tank

= 125/4
= 31.25 m 2

Depth x W x flow velocity = Plant capacity

- 62.5 m3/h

4 x W x 10

W = 1.56 m 2
Say
Length of the tank

W = 1.6 m 2
- 31.25/1.6
= 19.53 m

Say

L = 20 m

Actual surface area of the tank = 20 x 1.6 = 32 m , which is greater

than 31.25 m 2 , the design is acceptable.
Let the wail of the reinforcement concrete be 0.2 m thick,
Volume of concrete required = (20 x 0.2 x 5) x 2 + (1.6 x 0.2 x 5) x 2
+ (20 x 1.6 x 0.2)
= 49.6 m 3
Unit cost of concrete + labour = 1,025 Baht/m3
Total cost of concrete + labour = 50,840 Baht
Steel reinforcement

= 50 kg/m

of concrete

- 54 -

Total steel required

2,480 kg

Unit cost of steel + labour

= 9 Baht/kg I

Total cost of steel + labour

= 22,320 Baht

Area required for form work

= (20 x 5) x ^ + ( 1 . 6 x 5) x 4
- 432 m2

Unit cost of form work + labour

= 25 B a h t / j i 2

Total cost of form work + labour

" 10,800 Baht

Total cost of sedimentation tank

(excluding pipe, equipments)

= 50,840 + 22,320 + 10,800 (Baht)

= 83,960 Baht

Amortized cost

= P(crf)

(HARBOLD, 1980)

where erf is the capital recovery factor.

erf - 10% - 15 years

- 0.131474 (GITTINGER, 1979)

Amortized cost

83,960 x 0.131474

Contigency 10%

- 11,039 Baht (say)

= 8,396 Baht

Final total cost

6.5

103,395 Baht

Design of Tube Settler and Its Cost Estimation

From the experimental result, for 80% efficiency the recommended flow
rate is 3.87 m/h.
Plant capacity

= 62.5 m3/n.

Flow velocity

= 3.87 m/h

Required tube settler area

= 62.5/3.87 (m2)
- 16.15 m 2

Let choose square tube of 5 cm x 5 cm x 90 cm and assuming 80 tubes

per column,
No. of tube required

= (16.15/25) x (100)2

(see Table 5.11)

= 6,460

No. of column of tubes

= 6,460/80
- 81 (say)

Actual total No. of tubes

- 80 x 81
= 6,480 (acceptable)

Length of column

- 81 x 0.05 m

- 55 -

Let the inlet and the outlet chamber total to 1 m width, and the frequency of desludging is 1 day. Therefore, from Table 5.13 the plenum depth
of 1 m is adequate.
Surface area occupied by the tube settler = 1.9 x 4.05
= 7.695 m 2
Volume of concrete = A.05 x 0.2 x 5 + 4.05 x 0.2 x 4 + 0.5 x 0.2 x 4
x 2 + 0.5 x 0.2 x 5 x 2 + 0.5 x 0.2 x 4.05 x 2
+ 4.05 x 1 x 0.2 + 4.05 x 0.9 x 0.2
- 11.44 m 3

,
1

Total cost of concrete + labour = 1025 x 11.4

= 11,726 Baht (dJy)
Total steel required

= 572 kg

Total cost of steel + labour

= 5,148 Baht (say)

Area required for form work

= 4.05 x 5 x 2 + 4.05 x 4 x 2

i
!

+ 0.5 x 5 x 4 + 0.5 x 4 x 2
= 87 m 2 (say)

Total cost of form work + labour =2,175 Baht

Subtotal cost

= 11,726 + 5,148 + 2,175

= 19,04 9 Baht

erf - 10% - 15 years

= 0.131474

Amortized cost

= 19,049 x 0.131474
= 2,505 (say)

Unit cost of plywood = 90 Baht/(2.5 m x 2.5 m x 4 mm)

Effective No. of tube

= (2.5/0.05 x 2) x 2

in one sheet

= 50

No. of sheet needed

= 130

Total cost of plywood

= 130 x 90
= 11,700 Baht

Let the design period be 15 years and the life-span of the plywood be
5 years. The rate of interest is 10% and the inflation rate is 13%, therefore according to THUESEN et al. (1977):
Present cost of plywood

= 11,700 Baht

Cost of plywood in 5 years time

(at inflation rate of 13%)

= 21,557 Baht

Present worth of plywood

(at 10% interest rate)

= 13,387 Baht

- 56 -

Cost of plywood in 10 years time = 35,147 Bant

(at inflation rate of 13%)
Present worth of plywood
(at 10% interest rate)

13,567 Baht

Total present worth of plywood

38,654 Baht

erf - 10% - 5 years

0.263797

Amortized cost

38,654 x 0.263797
101,976 Baht (say)

Total cost of tube settler

(excluding amortized cost)
Contigency 10%
Final total cost

57,703 Baht
5,770 Baht
76,175 Baht

6.6 Summary
From the cost estimation, it is clear that the tube settler system
only required 1/4 of the land needed for the construction of the conventional sedimentation tank. As for the construction cost, the tube settler
can provide a saving of 1/4 of the total cost involves in the construction
of the conventional sedimentation.
O

- 57 -

-JT. LIBRARY

VII CONCLUSIONS
Tube settler can play an important role in the modern water treatment
Its applicability in urban water supply can be validated by the
wing conclusions:
(1) From the jar test experiment, the optimum alum dose for raw water
turbidity of 25-45 NTU was 28 mg/X. to 32 mg/A. Addition of polyelectrolytes, whether they are cationic or anionic have no significant effect upon their settling performance.
(2) In Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant, the Authority has imposed a
stringent criteria such that the clarified water should not exceed
5 NTU so as to ensure no overloading of the filter system. The
tube settler used in the present study does in fact satisfy the
above requirement. For raw water turbidity in the range of 25 NTU
to 37 NTU and working under the optimum alum concentration, maximum overflow rate of 8.75 m3/m2-d can be used to provide effluent
quality of equal or less than 5 NTU. For economic reasons, usually
the "economic" alum dose is used, thus if the tube settler is performing at the 'economic' alum" dose and at 8 m /m2-d, then it
can provide a effluent satisfying the requirement of 5 NTU.
(3)

If 80% efficiency is accepted for practical design, overflow rates

of 12.75 m3/m2-d and 18.5 m3/m2-d for raw water turbidity of 25-37
NTU and 36-45 NTU can be used, respectively. But it is important
to note that higher percent removal does not automatically implies
the effluent could comply with the required standard.

(4) For practical application, the following formulations can be used

to predict the overflow rate (Vsc) by specifying the required efficiency (E) :
|
In E - 4.52993 - 0.01140 x Vsc

for 25-37 NTU

In E = 4.55008 - 0.00873 x Vsc

for 36<>5 NTU

(5) The recommended overflow rate from this study is 8 m3/m2-d which
is double the recommended overflow rate concluded by PANNEERSELVAM.
(6) Plenum forms an important component of tube settling system. From
the sludge profile, it is clear that the point immediately below
the tube is the most critical due to th>i fact that the sludge accumulated at it maximum rate.
i
(7) For practical plenum design, it is necessary to consider the
height of the settled sludge operate at t hours and the critical
plenum depth for certain flow velocity. If the tube settler has
a plenum of length Lp (cm) and tube thickness of a (cm) and operate
for t hours at velocity V (m 3 /m 2 -h), then the following equations
can be used to calculate the total depth needed immediately below
the tube and at entrance;

- 58 -

Hx = 0 (cm) = hs, x = 0

+hx = 0

Hx = Lp (cm) = hs, x = Lp + hx = Lp
where Ho

= total depth at the entrance

Hx = Lp

= total depth immediately below the tube

hs, x = 0

= depth of settled sludge at entrance

hs, x = Lp = depth of settled sludge at distance x = Lp

hx = 0

rz critical depth of plenum at entrance

hx = Lp

= critical depth of plenum at distance x = Lp

Therefore,
Ho

= 1.28499V0,63917

Hx = Lp = 2.57147V '

(t/8) (32/Lp) (a/33) + 14.92354V * 1357l<

(t/8)(32/Lp)(a/33) +

4.29316V '

(8) From the experiment, for 80% turbidity removal, the recommended
flow velocity for raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU and 36-45 NTU
is 3.87 m /m -h and 5.43 m 3 /m 2 -h, respectively. To comply with
the effluent requirement of 5 NTU working under optimum alum dose,
then velocity of 2.67 m3/m2-h should be used for raw water turbidity of 25-37 NTU.
(9) From the experimental observation, it is recommended that submerged water jet system should be installed and daily jetting
is necessary to prevent the sludge from adhering to the surface
of the tubes.
(10) Column settling results indicate that the trend of overflow rate
versus the percent turbidity removal ressemble very closely to
those computed from the tube settler results. Thus column settling
analysis could be used to provide correlation for the scale-up of
the tube settler system.
(11) The following general formulation can be used to provide the
require depth of the settling column for specified safety factor
(S.F.),
S.F. = 2.7014 - 0.0277 he
where he is the height of the settling column of circular type.
.i

For safety factor of 2, the recommended depth of settling column

of circular type is 25 cm.
O
(12) From the cost analysis, the cost of installing the tube settler
system is 3/4 that of the conventional sedimentation system.
Land requirement for the tube settler system is 1/4 that of the
conventional one.

- 59 -

VIII

RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

1. One of the most Interesting applications now being evaluated is the use
of steeply inclined tube settler directly in the aeration basin of an
activated sludge plant. With proper design and allocation of the baffles, it appears possible to achieve activated sludge solids separation
and return without a secondary clarifier structure, therefore the economic implications in secondary plant construction are indeed significant.
i

'

2.

With the present knowledge about the characteristics of the raw water
in Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant and also the operation parameters of
the tube settler system. Further work can be pursued by installing the
tube into the contact solid clarifier and to evaluate.the creditibility
of upgrading the overloaded clarifier.

3.

From this research, it was observed that sludge deposited on the surface
of the tubes after 30 hours of continuous operation. Therefore, it is
recommended, that submerged water headers should be installed directly
above the tubes so as to create sufficient turbulence to dislodge the
deposited sludge. As for the frequency of cleaning, daily jetting is
necessary but YAO (1971) recommended that weekly cleaning is sufficient,
eventhough he understood that weekly cleaning does momentarily deteriorate the effluent quality while cleaning on daily basis does not substantially deteriorate the effluent quality. To justify the above recommendation, further work can be pursued to determine the design criteria
for the submerged water jet headers and also to find out the frequency
of cleaning that could provide the best result.

- 60 -

REFERENCES
ADAM, C.E., FORD, D.L. and ECKENFELDER, W.W. (1981), Development of Design
and Operation Criteria for Wastewater Treatment, C.B.I. Publication,
91.
AMIN, M.M., (1974), Performance of Tube Settlers in Clarification of Turbid
Tropical Surface Waters, Master's Thesis No. 636, Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
ARIES, R.S. (1955), Chemical Engineering Cost Estimation, McGraw-Hill Book
Co.
BARNES, D. et al. (1978), Chemistry and Unit Operations in Sewage Treatment,
Applied Science Publications Limited, London, 115.
BEACH, W.A. (1972), Fundamentals of Tube Settler Design, 27' Ind. Waste
Conf.i Purdue Univ. Engg. Extn. Series No. 141, 67.
BINH, N.C.j (1975), Optimization of the Inclined Tube Settlers and Anthracite-Sand Filter, Master's Thesis No. 834, Asian Institute of Technology,' Bangkok, Thailand.
BRAHAM, W.L., MATHERNE, J.L. and KELLER, A.G. (1956), Clarification, Sedimentation and Thickening Equipment, A Patent Review, Bulletin No..54,
Eng. Experimental Station, Louisiana State Univ. (Baton, Rouge, La).
CAMP, T.R. (1946), Sedimentation and the Design of Settling Tank, Trans.
ASCE., 3, 895.
CAMP, T.R. (1953), Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design, Sew. Ind. Waste,
25, 1.
CHEN, Y.R. (1979), Design Criteria for Inclined Tube Settlers, Master's
Thesis No. EV-79-29, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
CULP, G.L., et al. (1968), High Rate Sedimentation in Water Works, J. AWWA.
60, 691.
CULP, G.L., HSIUNG, K.Y. and CONLEY, W.R. (1969), Tube Clarification Process,
Operating Experiences, J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. ASCE. 95, 829.
CULP, G.L. and CULP, R.L. (1970), New Concepts in Water Purification, Van.
Nostrand Reinhold.
DANIEL, C. and WOOD, F.S. (1971), Fitting Equations to Data, Computer Analysis of Multifactor Data for Scientists and Engineers, Wiley-Interscience
Publication.
DICK, R.I. (1970), Tube Clarification Process, Operating Experiences, J.
Sanit. Eng. Div., ASCE, 96, 1009.

- 61 -

DRESSER, H.G. (1951), Trays, Nearly Tripple Settling Tank Capacity, Eng.
News Record, V147, No. 29, 32.
ECKENFILDER, W.W. (1966), Industrial Water Pollution and Control, McGrawHill Book Co., 28.
FAIR, G.M. et al. (1968), Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment and
Disposal-Volume 2, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
FISHCHERSTROM, C.N.H. (1955), Sedimentation in Rectangular Basin, Proc.
ASCE., J. Sanit. Eng. Div.
FREI, J.K. (1941), Multiple-Tray Clarification at a Modern Treatment Plant,
J. Sew. Eng. Div., 12, 423.
GITTINGER, J.P. (1979), Compounding and Discounting Tables for Project
Evaluation, EDI, Teaching Materials Series Number 1, Johns Hopkins
University Press, London.
.i

HANSEN, S.P. et al. (1967), Applying Shallow Depth Sedimentation Theory,

J. AWWA., 1134.

(^

i)

HANSEN, S.P. et al. (1969), Some Recent Advances in Water Treatment Technology, Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, 65, 97, 207.
HARBOLD, HIS. (1980), Sanitary Engineering Problems and Calculations for
the Professional Engineers, Ann Arbor Science, 227.
HAZEN, A. (1904), On Sedimentation, Trans. ASCE., 53, 45.
HAZEN, S.Pi and CULP, G.L. (1967), Applying Shallow Depth Sedimentation
Theory, J. AWWA, 59, 1134.
!
HERBERT, E.H., Jr. (1981), Water Clarification Processes, Practical Design
and Evaluation, Van Nostrand, Env. Eng. Series, 146.
HOPKINS, J. (1979), Compounding and Discounting Tables for Project Evaluation,, A. World Bank Publication, EDI Teaching Materials Series, Number 1
HUDSON, H.E. and WAGNER, E.G. (1981), Conduct and Uses of Jar Tests, J.
AWWA., V73, No. 4, 218.
i

LIENGCHARERNSIT, W. (1975), Use of Bamboos and Corrugated Asbestos as Local

Materials for Tube Settler, Master's Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
MORAN, W.D. and CHEYER, T.F. (1975), Bang Khen-Bangkok's Response to a Cri
tical Water Shortage, J. AWWA., V 67, No. 6, 302.
MOSTELLER, F. and TUKEY, J.W. (1977), Data Analysis and Regression, 2
Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

- 62 -

O'CONNOR, J.T. (1975), Environmental Engineering Unit Operations and Unit

Processes, Laboratory Manual, 2 n d Edition, Association of Environmental
Engineering Professors, University of Texas.
PANNEERSELVAM, K.N. (1982), Use of Tube Settlers for Tropical Surface Water
Treatment, Master's Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok,
Thailand.
PEURIFOY, R.L. (1975), Estimating Construction Costs, 3 r
Hill Inc.

Edition, McGraw-

RICH, L.G. (1973), Environmental Systems Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

336.
SCHMITT, E.A. and VOIGT, O.D. (1949), Two Storey Flocculation Sedimentation
Basins for the Washington Aqueduct, J. AWWA., V. 41, No. 9, 837.
SLECHTA, A.F. and CONLEY, W.R., (19 ) , Recent Experience in Plant Scale
Application of the Settling Tube Concept, J. WPCF., 43, 1724.
TARIQ, M.N. (1976), A Laboratory Study on Tube Settling, Ins. of Public
Health Eng. and Research, Univ. of Eng. and Technology, Pakistan.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. (1979), Wastewater Engineering : Treatment Disposal and
, Reuse, Metcalf and Eddy Inc., McGraw-Hill Pub., 201.
y THANH, N.C., CHEN, Y.R. and LOHANI, B.N. (1979), Practical Design Criteria
for Inclined Tube Settlers, 2 n d Regional Conf. on Water Supply, Taipei,
Environmental Eng. Div., Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok,
Thailand.
I
THUESEN, H.G. (1977), Engineering Economic, Prentice Hall Inc., 123.
VAN VLIET, B.M. (1977), The Efficiency of Inclined Tube and Plate Modules
in a High Rate Clarification Process, Water Research, V 11.
VASANADILOKLERT, P. (1978), Use of Inclined Tube-Settlers in Water Treatment System, Master's Thesis No. 1403, Asian Institute of Technology,
Bangkok, Thailand.
WALPOLE, R.E. and MYERS, R.H. (1978), Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists, 2nd Edition, Collier Macmillan International
Editions, 280.
^WILLIS, R.M. (1978), Tubular Settlers - A Technical Review, J. AWWA., 331.
YAO, K.M. (1970), Theoretical Study of High Rate Sedimentation, J. Wat.
Pollut. Cont. Fed., 72, 218.
YAO, K.M. (1973), Design of High Rate Settlers, J. Env. Eng. Div., Proc.
ASCE, 621.

- 63 -

YAO, K.M. (1975), Extended Plain Sedimentation, Proc. ASCE., Env. Eng.,
Div. 101, 413.
YAO, K.M. (1976), Theoretical Study of High Rate Sedimentation, J. WPCF,
72, 218.
YAO, K.M. (1979), Colume Settling Test and Tube Settling, J. AWWA, 71, 109.
"Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant", Jan. 1981, Metropolitan Water Works
Authority, Bangkok, Thailand.
"Drinking Water and Sanitation, 1981-1990, A Way To Health", WHO, Switzerland.
"The Application of Inclined Tubes or Plates to Sedimentation Tanks in
Wastewater Treatment", 1975, Water Research Centre, No. 68.
"Tube Settlers Up Clarifier Throughput", April 1972, Env. Sc. and Technology, V 6, 312.

o
- 64 -

APPENDIX

JAR TEST EXPERIMENTATION

- 65 -

TABLE A 1-1
Determination of Optimua Alua Concentration
Haw Water Turbidity
:
Optimum Alum Concentration :

25 HTD
28 g/l

Jar Number
Alum Concentration (mg/i))
Besidual | 10 sin
Turbidity | 30 a m
(NT0)
|

Settling
Settling

14.0

18.0

7.4
6.0

5.1
4.6

14
15
-i
i
22.0 |2b.U |28.0

30.0

3.9 | 3.3 | 3.0

3.1 I 2.b | 2.2
i
I
i

3.1
2.3

TABLE A1-2
Determination of Optiiaua Alum Concentration
Haw Water Turbidity
: 40 STU
Optimum Alu Concentration : 28 mg/1 is sufficient
( J a r Number
h
lAlua C o n c e n t r a t i o n

I 1

(ag/1)

+J 14.0

I 2
H

I 3

I
-\

|18-0 | 2 2 . 0 J26.0
1

+|2d.O +| 3 0 . 0-i|

IBesidual Turbidity (TU)

| 2.0 J 1.2 | 1.1 |0.86 10.82 {0.70|

I 6

I 5

1
1

'

TABLE A1-3
Determination of Optimum Alum Concentration
Saw Water T u r b i d i t y
Optiiaua Alum C o n c e n t r a t i o n
| J a r Nuaoer
h
|Alua C o n c e n t r a t i o n

:
:
I

56 NT0
34 g / l
1

12

I 1
_,

I 5

<>

(ag/i)

+| 1 8 . 0 +| 2 2 - 0

28.0 |32-0 +
|3b.O +
|40.0|

|Residual Turbidity (MTU)

| 7.5 +
| 6.0

4.5 +
| 3.3 +
[ 3.3 +
| 3.61

t.

l-

- 66 -

TABLE A2-1
To Determine the Effect of Cationic Polyelectrolyte
OpoQ the Hesiduai Turbidity
Raw water Turbidity
: 25 NTO
Optimum Alum Concentratioa : 28 mg/1
Polyelectrolyte
: CA-T-PLOC T
|Jar
I

Number

| P o l y e l e c t r o l y t e (ag/1)
I
IBesidual Turbidity (NT0)

I
1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I
h
H
h
0 0 d I . 0 0 6 | . 0 U 4+
| . 0 0 2 ( . 0 0 1 5 | . 0 0 1 0 1+. 0 0 0 5 I-00031

+ 2.6|+ 2.8 +| 3.0 +| 3.2 +| 3.3 |

+ 4.b|+ 2-8|
6.9|
i

O
TABLE A2-2
To Determine the Effect of Anionic Polyelectrolyte
Opon the Hesiduai Turbidity
Haw Water Turbidity : 30 NTQ"
Polyelectrolyte
: SOPEfiPLuC
|Jar Number

I
J

| Alum Concentration (mg/1)

14.0 | lb.0 | 18.0

I
(Residual Turoidity (MTO)

7.1 |

b.O |

5-6

I
1-

20.0 | 22.0 | 24.0 |

1
1
1
4.6 | 4.3 | 3.1 |

|Jar dumber

|Alum Concentration (mg/1)

20.0

20.0

20.0

20.0

20.0

|Polyelectrolyte (ag/1)

.000

.050

.060

.0b5

,070

5.7

5.5

4.9

4.7

5.1

IBesidual Turbidity (NT0)

i

j
20.0 |

,080 I
1
5.1 I

. .

|Jar number

H
|Alum Concentration (mg/1)

| Polyelectrolyte (mg/1)

I
(Hesiduai Turbidity (NT0)

22.0

22.0

22.0

22.0

22.0

22.0 |

.000

.050

.060

.065

,070

.080 |

4.5

4.5

4.2

4.5

4.6

*.5 |

- 67 -

Table

&3-1
To E v a l u a t e t h e A p p i i c a o i l i t y
and . P l o c c u l a t i o n P r o c e s s
Raw Mater

|Jar

Turbidity
-

Concentration

Coagulation

: 31 NTO
1

Hunber

|A1UIB

.-

o r PAC on

(uig/1)

.. ., _ ,
1
14-0

1 **

1 5

I fa

16.0

18.0

|20.0

5.o

4.8

I 3.6

122.0

|24.0

-r
1
1l

1
(NTU)
Ifiesidual T u m i d i t y
1
|PAC C o n c e n t r a t i o n ( a g / 1 )

fa.7
6.0

b.O

; 10.0

J12.0

IHesidual

Turbidity

8.1

(MTU)
i

* PAC = P o l y A l u m m u *

3.4

3.0

..

5.8
1L - _ .

,_.

4.2

3.5

1
| 14.0
11 3 . 1

| 16.0
|

2.7
i

Chloride

<L>

- 68 -

APPENDIX

TUBE SETTLER PERFORMANCE

i)

- 69 -

TABLE B1-1
Percoriance of the inclined Tube Settler for Baw rfater
Tumidity of 25 NTU to 37 NTO
Flow
: 2 1/min
,
Average Effluent Tumidity: 2.8 NTO
Flow Telocity : 0.8 n/h
Average Efficiency
: 69.63 *
Overflow Hate : 2.68 a^/a* d Aluat Concentration
: 2B ag/i

. ,
i

,. , . . . .
_,
(Operatxng | Raw Water
Etixuent
j iiffxciency
Flocculated
|
Tiaie
J Turoidity \
Hater
| Tumidxty |
1
()
i
(NTU)
|
(N TO)
(NTU)
r

29

19

6.5

29

1b

29

Temperature|

70.69

32

7.5

74 . 1 4

32

17

6.7

7 b . 90

32

29

Id

5-5

B1-04

33

29

IB

5.0

62.14

33

33

17

4-2

B7.27

33

35

lb

^-d

89-14

30

27

16

3.4

67.41

30

2b

1b

3-0

Bd.50

30

10

2B

17

3.0

89.29

30

11

2b

17

12

27

13

1".

-' 2 - 7
|

2.6

90.3b

30

90.37

30

- 70 -

TABLE B1-2
Performance of the Inclined Tube Settler for Baw Hater
Turbidity of 25 MTU to 37 NTO
Plow
:|5 l/in
Average Effluent Tumidity: 4.5 NTU
Flow Velocity : 2 . 0 u/ii
Average Eifxcxency
: 86.72 %
Overflow Rate : 6.70 IB 3 /"* d Alua Concentration
: 2d ag/1
1"

'

lOperating
|
Tiae
1
(A)

r_

., , .. n

' " 1

Raw ; Water
Turbidxty
|
(NTO)

flocculates
Water
(tfTU)

Effluent
Turbidxty
(NTO)

T "

| L'f f i c i e u c y I Tea ^ > e r a t u r e |

*

32

17

3.4

69.39

28

32

1b

7.3

77.19

28

29

20

6.3

7 8 . 28

28

37

21

5.0

84.32

28

33

20

5.1

84.55

29

36

21

4.B

86.6 7

30

36

21

5.0

86.11

31

lb

4.1

87.19

32

17

4-3

88.38

33

&

32

37

10

31

I
l

17

3.9

67.42

33

- 71 -

TABLE B1-3
Performance of the Inclined Tube Settler for Raw water
Turoidity of 25 NTU to 37 HTO
\
Flow
: 10 1/ain
Average Effluent Turbidity: 6.5 NTO
Plow Telocity\: 4.0 m/h
Average Efficiencyo
: 79.21 %
overflow Hate :13.3b a3/ia^ d Alua Concentration
: 28 og/1
1

"

1 " ;-

|Operating | aaw Water JPlocculatea [Eifluent

|Efficiency JTeaperature|
| Time
| Turbidity |
Water
| Tumidity |
|
I (h)
| (NTU)
|
(UTU)
| (NTO)
|
%
|
C
|
|

31

22

4.0

87.10

30

I i 31

22

6.6

7b.7b

29

| ! 29

24

7.2

75.17

29

25

20

4.2

83.20

29

| .27

21

5.6

79.26

29

I : 33

23

7.8

76.3b

28

31

24

8.2

73.55

2b

34

23

8.5

75.00

27

30

22

4.2

8b.00

27

10

32

23

4.5

85.94

27

- 72 -

TABLE B1-4
Perrormance of tne Inclined Tuoe Settler for Haw Mater
Turbxdity of 25 NTO to 37 NTU
Flow
: 15 i/xn
Averaye Effluent Tumidity: 7.3 NTO
Flow Velocity : b.O a/n
Average Efficxency
: 76.75 %
Overflow Bate : 20.07 o V 2 d Aiua Concentration
: 28 ag/1
1

ii

lOperatxng
i
Tiae

Raw R a t e r
Turbidity
(NTU)

Flocculated
Water
(MTO)

fiffiuent
Turoiaxty
(MTU)

<M

33

27

4.9

33

30

12.0

29

19

11.0

29

19.5

7.2

32

20

37

',

....
.,
Temperaturt
Efficiency
%
65.15

27

63.64

27

62.07

2b

75.17

28

7.5

7 6 . 5o

2b

22

7.0

81.06

29

30

21

7.6

74.67

29

J 2

28

7.2

77.50

29

ii

29

2b

7.1

|
I

75.52

30

- 73 -

A.I.T. LIBRARY
TABLE B 1 - 5

Perioraiance . ot toe Inclined Tuue Settler for Raw tfater

Turbxdxty of 25 NTU to 37 NTO
Flow
: 20 l/xa
Average Effxuent Turoiaity: 8.9 NTU
Plow Velocity : 8.0 a/a
Average Efficxency
: 68.33 %
Overflow ftate :2fa.7b m-*/m* d Axuai Conceotratxon
; 2b ag/l

(Operating
|
Txae
I
(h)
i
i
|
1
1
|
2
i
i
I
3
i
l
|
4
I
I
|
5
i
l
1 -
1 6

Jfiaw w a t e r
J'furoxdxty
|
(NTO)
i
|
27
1
1
1
2b
i
l
28
l
|
27
I
| , 30
l
1
1
28

JFioccuxateri
|
Water
|
(MTU)

t
I
|

I
|

8
-

28
I
j 27

13

21

19

25

2b

I
t

20

20

25
23

i
|

: 28

l
|

'

(Affluent
ITuroidxty
|
(dTO)
i
l
I
7.2
1
| . 7.1
I
I
<
a.9
I
I
|
b.7
I
I
|
y.O
i
i
I
|
o.9
t
|
|
i

I
|

9.0
b.b
9.0

|ffxcxency
|
|
%
l
|
73.33
I
|
72.70
|

bd.21

b7.78

70.00

i
|

b8.2l

| | 68.8b
i
|Ob7.4l
i
l
I

. . . . _ ! _

67.8b

|Teaperature|
J
j
|
C
|
1
J
30
|
i
I
|
30
|
t
1
J
30
|
i
i
|
30
j
i
1
|
30
|
i
l
l
1
|
29
f
|
1
|
I
i
|

............

29
28
26

|
i
|
l
t
I

- 74 -

TABLE B2-1

P e r f o r m a n c e of
Alua d o s e

t n e Tur>e S e t t l e r a t

Econoaxcal

Flow
: fa.O 1 / i i D
A v e r a g e E f f l u e n t T u r D x ' d i t y : 4 . 8 5 NTU
Flow V e l o c i t y : 2-4 a / a
Average E f f i c i e n c y
: 87.19 i
Overflow B a t e : 8 . 0 3 inV ffl2 d Alua C o n c e n t r a t i o n
: 22 g / l
r

- ' !

.....
,l "
Baw Water F l o c c u l a t e d
Mater
Turoidxty
(H TO)
(NTO)

(Operating
|
Txae

Effluent
Tumidity
(NTU)

-ji

| Efficiency

| Temperature

35

15

5.5

34

lb

b.7

32

lb

b.7

36

19

5.8

84.74

31

3d

14

5.1

6o . 5 b

32

3o

14

4.2

66.J3

S2

3b

17

4.b

67.22

32

37

22

5.Q

86.49

32

10

84.29

60.29
i

79.Oo

30
30

Jl

37

23

4.7

87.30

32

Jb

21

4.b

67.22

31

75

TABLE B2-2
P e r f b r a a n c e of t&e Tube S e t t l e r a t
Alum d o s e

Econoiaxcal

Plow
: 8.0 1/ain
A v e r a g e E f f l u e n t TurbiaLxty: 6 . 4 0 NTO
Flow V e l o c i t y : 3 . 2 a / a
Average E f f i c i e n c y
: 81.45 %
O v e r f l o w S a t e : 1 0 . 7 0 I D 3 / * * & Alua C o n c e n t r a t i o n
: 22 tag/1
f

(Operating
|
Tiae
|
(h)

| Raw Water | F l o c c u l a t e d
ITuroiaity |
Water
|
(NTU)
|
(MTU)

|Effluent
fluroidity
i
(fil'fU)

|Efficiency
|
I
*

|Temperature I
1
|
|
C
|

37

27

6.4

82.70

30

36

25

6.b

81.67

31

37.5

24

0.8

81.67

31

33

29

7.5

77.27

31

35

31

7.1

79.71

32

34

29

7.5

77.94

32

3u

( 2 6

o.6

80.43

32

35

27

6.2

82.41

33

34

25

b-3

81.50

33

1.8
|

. . . . . .

. . . .

- 76 -

TABLE B2-3

<j
Performance of the Tube Settler at Economical
Alum dose

Flow
:12.0 l/in
Average Eftluent Turbidity: 8.20 NTU
Flow Velocity :;4.8 a/a
Average Efficiency
: 7b.b9 %
Overflow Rate :16.0b a 3 /a 2 d Alua Concentration
: 22 ag/1
r

. . . . , _ .

|Hawi w a t e r
ITurbidity
I
(NTU)

(Flocculated
|
Water
(
(MTO)

(Efiiueut
(Turoidity
(
(NTU)

(Efficiency
|
I
%

jTemperature!
|
(
|
C
|

35

20

7.2

79.43

31

34

22

9.0

73.53

31

( 3

3b

25

9.2

74.44

30

( 4

35

18

b.9

74.57

30

( 5

34

23

8.7

74.41

30

(Operating
( Tiae
|
(Q)

35

[ 2 0

6.3

7b.21

30

3b

29

b.2

77.22

2y

35

23

6.2

7b.57

29

- 77 TABLE B3-1
Performance of the Inclined Tur>e Settler for Haw Water
Turbidity of 36 MTU to 45 WTO
Flow
: 8.0 1/mxn
Flow Velocity : 3.2 s/h
Overflow Bate : 10.70 m*/**

Avrerage Effluent Turoidxty: 5.8 NTU

Average Efficxency
: 85.78 %
a Alum Concentration
: 32 ag/l

,_
JOperatxng
|
Txae
I
(M

i
,
| Raw W a t e r | F l o c c u l a t e d
Water
Turbxdity
(UTO)
(NT0)
|
|

37

13

I
I

| Effluent
i Turoxdxty
(Z4TD)

j Efficiency

| Temperature 1

33

33

26

7.0

81.08

28

5.4

87.44

41

29

5.6

6b.34

33

bO

28

5.0

91.67

32

41

27

5.4

32

, 38

29

5.5

31

31

, ! 66.83
85.53
11)

; 37

30

5.0

60.49

~1

: 39

2y

b.O

84.62

30

<

| 42

28

5.5

86.91

30

3b

26

b.2

83.bo

29

10

3b

27

b.O

84.21

29

J9

26

O.I

64.3o

|
1

26

r
|

85.00

27

b.3

85.00

27

25

b.O

8b.67

27

4U

29

b.2

84.50

28

36

24

O.I

83.06

28

17

40

29

o.O

65.00

29

1"

40

Z3

19

41

24

20

a3

21

11

12

40

2y

b.O

13

42

29

14

45

15

1t>

42

1
|

28
20

b.O
5.2

|
|
|

o.O

85.00

29

87.32

30

8b.05

30

65.71

30

. . .
o.O

- 78 -

TABLE B3-2
Performance of the Inclined Tune Settler for fcaw Water
Turbidity of 3b UTU to 45 T0
Flow
:15.0 1/ain
Average Effluent Turoidity: 7.7 NTU
Flow Velocity : b.O m/n
Average Efficiency
: 80.3b %
Overflow Hate :20.07 a 3 /* d Alum Concentration
: 32 ag/1
r
(Operating
|
Tiae

(M

| Raw W a t e r
| Tumidity
|
(HTU)
i

I
|
11

36

..... . _..
Flocculated
Water
(HTU)

Effluent
Turbiaity
(SITU)

Teaperatur

| Efficiency

2b

19.0

50.00

27

37

29

9.0

75.bb

27

40

29

7.5

61.25

28

36

21

7.3

79.72

2d

2b

7.0

84.44

29

27

7.1

d2.25

29

81.54

29

1
1
1
j

45

,,

1
j
j
i
1
1
I1
|
|
!
i
i

|
i

40

39

2b

29

7.0

60.00

30

40

29

b.O

80.00

30

27

9.0

7b. y2

31

35

d.O

2d

40
1

60.00

31

- 79 -

TABLE B3-3
P e r f o n a n c e of tue Inclined Tube Settler tor Raw Water
Turbxdity of 36 JJTO to 45 NTO
Plow
:20.U 1/iain
Average Effluent TurDidity: 9.8 NTU
Plow Velocity : b.O u/h
Average Efficiency
: 74.41 %
Overflow Rate :2b.7b a^/a^ d Aiua Concentration
: 32 ay/1

Operating
Time
<h)

Saw Mater
Turbidity
(NTU)

Flocculated
Water
(NTU)

Effluent
lEfficiency
TurDidity |
(NTO)
|
*

Temperature

C
32

41

2b

12.5

b9.5l

37

29

10.0

72.97

32

36

2a

9.5

75.00

32

39

27

9.5

75.bu

33

39

2b

9.0

7b.92

33

39

2b

10.a

74.36

33

39

26

10.0

74.3b

33

3d

27

10.o

73.bb

32

36

2b

1o.5

72.37

32

H-

o
- 80 -

TABLE B4-1
Performance of tne Inclined Tuoe Settler at Different
Overflow Bate and at Different Alum Concentration
Temperature: 27-33 C
r

~t

-i

- - -

. , - - . .

- ,

(Saw a t e r | A l u m D o s e | O v e r t l o w R a t e
| (NTO)
|
( a g / 1 ) J ( a s / r g i d)

|Efficiency|Effluent
Turijidityl
|
(%)
|
(STU)
|

I
i

|
|
|

87.19
61.45
76.69

|
|
|

I
| 25-37
|
i

|
|
|
l

|
|
| 25-37
|
|
1i

|
| 3b-45
|

22
l

|
|
|
|
|
l

|
|
|

|
|
|

8.03
10.70
lb.0b

28

|
I
|
|
|

32

|
|
|

2.6d
b.70
13.36
20.07
2b.7b

|
|
|
|
i
1I

10.7(J
20.07
2b.7b

|
|
|

89.63
86.72
79.24
76.75
bb.33

|
j
|
|
|

65.76 |
80.3b |
74.41 1

4.85
6.40
8.20

|
|
|
i

2.80
4.50
6.50
7.30
6.90

|
|
|
I
|
it

5.80
7.70
9.80

|
|
|

- 81 -

TABLE B5-1
LEAST SQOAHES METHODS Of ANALYSIS i
Regression of Vsc Vs % Tumidity Removal for Tumidity of 25-37 NTO
i-

y '

I
|
1
|

189.63
186.72
|79.24
168.33 :

y=ln y'

1i

4.4957
2.60
20.2113
4.4627 I 19.9157 I 6.70
4.3725
13.38
19.1188
4.2244
26 .76
17.0456
17.5553

77.0913

7.1624 |
44.6900 |
179.024m
71e.0976|

12.0485 |
29.9001 |
58.5041 I
113.0049|

49.52

947.19441

xy

213.4976|

12.3800
4.3888
-0.01140
4.52993

Xa7
Yav
B1
Bo

Equation: ' In E = 4.52993 - 0.01140 x

r
r2

i
(

|Sum|

x*

Vsc

= 0.99147
= 96.30 %

TABLE B5-2
LEAST SQUARES METiiODS OE ANALYSIS
Regression of Vsc Vs & Tumidity Reaofai for Turbidity of 36-45 NTU
1 -

ii

i
1

|
|
I

\i

|85.7b | 4.4518
|80.36 | 4.3665
|74.41 | 4.3096

....

| y=in y

19.6164
19.2415
18.5726

x*

10.70
20 .07
26.76

xy

114.49
402.8049
716.0976

47.63411 |
86.03740 |
113.3246 |

1233.392

250.99613|

1
1
| Sum |

I 13.1479

57.53

57.63^5
i

Xav
lav
B1
Bo

=
=
=
=

Eq uation:
r

r*

19.1767
4.38263
-0.006732
4.55006
in E = 4 .55006 - 0.00873 x Vsc

=1(.9862
= 97.65 %

- 82 -

TABLE 86-1
Performance ot tae Inclined TuDe Settler at Different
Flow Velocity and at Different Alba Concentration
Teaperature: 27-33 C

O
|Baw rfater|Alum D o s e | P i o w V e l o c i t y
| (NTU)
|: ( a g / 1 ) |
(m3/i2
fl)

| E f f i c i e n c y | isf f l u e n t T u r o i d i t y |
j
{%)
|
(NTO)
J

|
| 25-37
|

1;
\\
I;

I
I
|
|
| 25-37
j
|

1:
|!
|!
li
|

|
\ 3b-45
|

22

|
|
1

2.40
3.20
'-bO

|
|
|

8 7.19
81.45
7b.69

|
|
l

4.85
b.40
b_20

|
|
|

28

|
|
|
|
|

0.80
2.U0
4.00
fa.00
B.UO

I
|
|
|
|
|

89.b3
db.72
79.24
7b.75
o&.33

1
|
|
|
|
|

2.80
4.50
b.50
7.30
b.90

i
|
|
|
|
|

32

1
|
1

3.20
o.OO
8.00

85.78 |
80.36 |
74.41 |

5.80
7.70
9.80

|
|,
1

|
|
|

|
|
|

- 83 -

APPENDIX

COLUMN SETTLING ANALYSIS

- 84 -

TABLE C1-1
Column Settling Analysis
Type of Column
Settling Depta
Correlation Factor
1

: Square
: 10 cm
: 2.8

1i

ITiae
1 (h)

Effective aexgnt
(ci)

Raw Water Turoidity

Alum Concentration

Effluent Turoid xty

(NTU)

: 30 STU
: 28 mg/i

Overflow |
Rate (a/d)|

|* Turuxdity
|
Removal

I 0.10

10.0

4.6

84.o7

24.00

I 0.17

9.7

3.8

87.33

13.90

| 0.25

9.4

3.4

88.o7

9.02

| 0.50

9.1

2.5

91.b7

4.37

| 0.75

8.8

2.4

92.00

2.62

| 1.00

8.5

2.3

92.33

2.04

I 2.00

8.2

2.1

93.00

0.98

I 3.00

7^9

1.95

93.50

0.63

| 4.00

7.b

1.9

93.o7

0.4b

1.8

94.00

0.35

7,3

| 5.00
t

iL

- 85 -

TABLE C1-2
Column Settling Analysis
Type of Coluan
Settling Depth
Correlation Factor

Baw Water Turoidity

Alua Concentration

'

- -

|Time
I (n)

| Effective height
|
(en)

--

: Circular
: 10 cm
: 2.8

|
I
|
I
|
1
|

0.17 |
I
0.25 |
I
0.50 |
1
0.75 |
I

1.00

| 2.00
I

9.7
9.a
9.1
8.8
8.5

|
|

\% T u r o i d i t y
|
Reaoval

5.0

4.0

3.6

3.0

2.8

83.33
1
66.o7
i
88.00
1
90.00
i
9 0 . t>7

2.6

91.33

7.9

|
1
|

2.3
2.1

92.33
1
93.00

|
l

7.6

1.7

94.33

I
I
| 5.00

7.3

1
|

1.5

I
95.00

. .

|
1
|
1

0.63

4.00

. . . . . . . . . . .

0.98
1

|
l

|
1
|
l
|
1
|
l
|
1

2.04

24.00
1
|
13.90
l
|
9.02
1
|
4.37
l
[
2.82

8.2

|0\rerfiow
|
|ttate (a/d) |

|
I
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
i

| j.00
|

10.0

|Kffiuent Tumidity
|
(MTU)
i

| O.lt) |
I

: 30 NTO
: 28 ag/i

0.4b

0.35

I
|
1

- 86 -

TABLE C1-3
Colusa Settling Analysis
Type of Coluan
j
Settling Depth
Correlation Factor
r

: Circular
: 30 ca
: 1.5
-

Raw Hater Tumidity

Aiua Coaceatratioa

i-

: 43 NTO
: 28 g/i

-,

JTiae
I (h)

J Effective height
|
(ca)

jEffiuent Tumidity
|
(NTO)

j %Tumidity
|
Beaoval

jOverflow
|
jtiate ( a / d ) |

| 0.25

30.0

11.0

7 4 . 49

28.80

| 0.50

2y.7

7.5

82.5o

14.2b

| 0.75 |

29.4

b.O

86.05

9.41

1.00

29.1

5.0

89.77

6.98

J 2.00

28.b

3.9

91.bb

3.4b

| 3.00

28.5

3.3

92.79

2.28

| 4.00

28.2

2.95

93.14

| 5.00

27.9

2.6

93.95

1.69
i

|
t

1.34

- 87 -

TABLE C1-4
Column Settling Analysis
Type of Column
Settling Depta
Correlation Factor
r

(Time
1 (n)

ir

Circular
52.5 c
1.2
-

| Effective heignt
(ca)
1

0.75

52.5
i
52.2

1.00

51.4

| 2.00

51.IJ

I 3.00
| 4.00

| 0.50'

ii

Baw Hater Turbidity

Alum Concentration

O
-

'

\ Effluent Turbidity
|
(NTU)
6.5
1

: 33 MTU
: 28 ag/i

j * Turbidity
tienoval
|
i

74.^4

Overflow [
Bate (m/d) |
i

25.20

6.9

79.10

16.70

'

5.9

B2.12

12.46

5.0

84.85

6.19

51.J

4.0

87.86

4.10

51.0

3.1

90.b1

3.06

5.00 ,

50.7

2.9

91.21

2.43

6.00

50.14

2.7

91.82

2.02

7.00

50.1

2.0

93.94

1.72

I b.oo I

49.0

1-7

94.85

1-49

I 9.00 [

49.5

1.32

l.b

95.15

- 88 -

TABLE C1-5
Column Settling Analysis
Type of Column
Settling Deptn
Correlation Factor
1

: Cxrcuiar
: 72.0 cm
: 0.5

' - 1

ITxae
1 (h)

Raw Water Turbidity

Aiaa Concentration

: 46 HTU
: 28 ing/1

Effective
(CJ)

aeignt

E f f l u e n t T u m i di t y
(NTU)

% Turcidity
Beaoval

Overflow
|
Sate ( a / d ) |

0.70

71.7

lfa.O

65.79

24.58

1.00

71^4

13.0

'71.74

17.14

2-00

71.1

10.0

6 6 . o7

8.53

2.70

70id

y.5

68.33

6.29

|
1

75.U0

4.23
3.37

1
|
|

7.0

76.67

2.80

b.O

bO.00

2.78

4.00

70iS

b.O

73.J3

5.00

70.2

7.5

| 6.00
1
| 7.33 i

by.9
6 9 -b

- 89 -

TABLE C1-6
Coluan Settling Analysis
Type of Coluan
Settling Depth
Correlation Factor

: Circular
: 100 cm
: 0.17b

ime
(h)

Effective heiynt
(ca)

1.00

99.7

2.00

Bav Hater Turbiuxty

Aluia Concentration

Effluent Turoidity
(NTU)

: 30 NTU
: 28 ag/1

* Tumidity
Reaovai

| Overflow
itate ( A / a )

12.0

60.00

23.93

99.4

10.0

bo . o 7

11.93

3.00

99.1

9.3

b9.00

7.93

4.00

98.8

b.4

72.00

5.9J

5.00

98.5

7.9

73.bb

4.73

fa.00

98.2

7.b

74.bb

J.93

7.00

97.9

7.1*

75.33

3.3b

: 7b.00

2.93

97. o

8.00
8.48
I

7.2

97.3

7.0

07b.b7

2.75
i

APPENDIX

PLENUM DESIGN

- 91 CD

FIGURE D 1 : To Snow t h e D x a e n s x o n s or t h e Pienuai

Influent
Ban Water

->

7\
I

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- 101 -

TABLE K1-4

|
|
1
I

jSettling
| Depth
1 (y^cm)

II

|
I
|

| 7.84

i
1

i
1

i1

| 1.2

| J0.O
1
| 52.5

1 2.25
1
| 1.44

|
1
|

|
l

|
lI

| 2.6

1
|

y2

| S.ir".
1 (X)
i
l

Using LEAST S^OAiiiiS tUKTUQD t o find t h e C o r r e l a t i o n

P a c t o r For Various Column S e t t l i n g Depths

1.5

| 0.5
lI

|
| 0.175
I
I1
1
|Sum| 6 . 1 7 5

| 72.0

| 0.25

Ii

lI

100.0

|
t

| u.Jl

i1

i1

I1

| 2D4.5

11.611

|
|
|

100.0

| 28.0
I

900.0
2756.25

I 45.0
1
| 6J.0
i

5164.00

| 3b.0
l

10000.0

|
II

I
1
|
t

|
1i

| 17.5
I
I
- ir
16940.2S| 16y.5 |
I

Therefore,
S.F.

xy

1
I

X2

l
1

10.0

I
|

=2.7014-0.02772hc

- 101 -

(it

TABLE K1-4

Usiay LEAST sgOAUiiS HiiTHOb t o f i a a

F a c t o r J*or V a r i o u s Column S e t t l i n g
S.F.
(X)

y2

1 2.b

10.0

7.84

1 1.5

30.0

1 1-..2

|
|

|Settling
JDepth

1 (y=rCIB)

*2

xy

100.0

28.0

2.25

900.0

45.0

52.5

1 .44

2 7 5 6 . 25

63.0

0.5

72.0

0.25

5 l f a 4 . 00

36.0

0.175

100.0

O.J1

10000 . 0

17.5

| S u a | b - 175

2c>4 .5

1 1.811

18940 . 2 5

1by.5

Therefore,
S.F. = 2.7014-0.02772hc

the Correlation
Depths