Power System Protection - Siemens Power Engineering Guide

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Power System Protection

Introduction
Siemens is one of the worlds leading suppliers of protective equipment for power
systems.
Thousands of our relays ensure first-class
performance in transmission and distribution networks of all voltage levels, all over
the world, in countries of tropical heat or
arctic frost.
For many years, Siemens has also significantly influenced the development of protection technology.
In 1976, the first minicomputer (process

computer) based protection system was


commissioned: A total of 10 systems
for 110/20 kV substations were supplied
and are still operating satisfactorily today.
Since 1985 we have been the first to
manufacture a range of fully numerical
relays with standardized communication
interfaces.
Today, Siemens offers a complete program of protective relays for all applications including numerical busbar protection.
To date (1996), more than 50,000 numerical protection relays from Siemens are
providing successful service, as standalone devices in traditional systems or
as components of coordinated protection and substation control.
Meanwhile, a second-generation innovative series has been launched, incorporating the many years of operational
experience with thousands of relays,
together with users requirements,
(power authority reommendations).
State of the art
Mechanical and solid-state (static) relays
have been almost completely phased out
of our production because numerical relays
are now preferred by the users due to
their decisive advantages:
Compact design and lower cost due to
integration of many functions into one
relay
High availability even with less maintenance due to integral self-monitoring
No drift (aging) of measuring characteristics due to fully numerical processing
High measuring accuracy due to digital
filtering and optimized measuring algorithms

6/8

Fig. 12: Numerical relay range of Siemens


Many integrated add-on functions,

for example, for load-monitoring and


event/fault recording
Easy and secure read-out of information
via serial interfaces with a PC, locally or
remotely
Possibility to communicate with higherlevel control systems

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

21

67N

FL

79

25

SM

ER

FR

BM

85

Serial link to station or personal computer


to remote line end

21
67N
FL
79
25
85
SM
ER
FR
BM

Distance protection
Directional ground-fault protection
Distance-to-fault locator
Autoreclosure
Synchro-check
Carrier interface (teleprotection)
Self-monitoring
Event recording
Fault recording
Breaker monitor

kA,
kV,
Hz,
MW,
MVAr,
Load monitor MVA,

01.10.93

Fault report
Fault record
Relay monitor
Breaker monitor
Supervisory control

Fig. 13: Numerical relays, increased information availability

Modern protection management


All the functions, for example, of a line protection scheme can be incorporated in one
unit:

All relays can stand fully alone. Thus the


traditional protection concept of separate
main and alternate protection as well as
the external connection to the switchyard
remain unchanged.

Distance protection with associated

add-on and monitoring functions


Universal teleprotection interface
Autoreclose and synchronism check

Protection-related information, can be


called up on-line or off-line such as:
Distance to fault
Fault currents and voltages
Relay operation data (fault detector pickup, operating times etc.)
Set values
Line load data (kV, A, MW, kVAr)
To fulfill vital protection redundancy requirements, only those functions which are interdependent and directly associated with
each other are integrated in the same unit.
For back-up protection, one or more additional units have to be provided.

One feeder, one relay concept


Analog protection schemes have been engineered and assembled from individual
relays. Interwiring between these relays
and scheme testing has been carried out
manually in the workshop.
Data sharing now allows for the integration
of several protection and protection related
tasks into one single numerical relay. Only
a few external devices may be required for
completion of the total scheme. This has
significantly lowered the costs of engineering, assembly, panel wiring, testing and
commissioning. Scheme failure probability
has also been lowered.
Engineering has moved from schematic
diagrams towards a parameter definition
procedure. The documentation is provided
by the relay itself. Free allocation of LED
operation indicators and output contacts
provides more application design flexibility.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Metering included
For many applications, the protective-current transformer accuracy is sufficient for
operational metering. The additional metering c.t. was more for protection of meters
under system fault conditions. Due to the
low thermal withstand ability of the meters, they could not be connected to the
protection c.t.. Consequently, additional
metering c.t.s and meters are now only
necessary where high accuracy is required,
e.g. for revenue metering.

6/9

Power System Protection

On-line remote data exchange


A powerful serial data link provides for
interrogation of digitized measured values
and other information, stored in the protection units, for printout and further
processing at the substation or system
control level.
In the opposite direction, settings may be
altered or test routines initiated from a remote control center.
For greater distances, especially in outdoor
switchyards, fiber-optic cables are preferably used. This technique has the advantage
that it is totally unaffected by electromagnetic interference.

Recording

Personal computer

Assigning

Protection

Laptop

Off-line dialog with numerical relays


A simple built-in operator panel which
requires no special software knowledge or
codeword tables is used for parameter
input and readout.
This allows operator dialog with the protection relay. Answers appear largely in plaintext on the display of the operator panel.
Dialog is divided into three main phases:

Recording and
confirmation

Fig. 14: PC-aided setting procedure

Input, alternation and readout of settings


Testing the functions of the protection

device and

to remote control

System level

Readout of relay operation data for the

three last system faults and the autoreclose counter.

Substation
level

Modern system protection


management
A more versatile notebook computer may
be used for upgraded protection management.
The relays may be set in 2 steps. First, all
relay settings are prepared in the office
with the aid of a PC and stored on a floppy
or the hard disk. At site, the settings can
then be transferred from a portable PC into
the relay. The relay confirms the settings
and thus provides an unquestionable
record.
Vice versa, after a system fault, the relay
memory can be uploaded to a PC and
comprehensive fault analysis can then take
place in the engineers office.

Coordinated
protection & control

Modem
(option)

ERTU

RTU

Data
concentrator

Bay level

Relay

Control

Fig. 15: Communication options

6/10

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Relay data management


Analog-distribution-type relays have some
2030 setpoints. If we consider a power
system with about 500 relays, then the
number adds up to 10,000 settings. This
required considerable expenditure in setting the relays and filing retrieval setpoints.
A personal computer-aided man-machine
dialog and archiving program assists the
relay engineer in data filing and retrieval.
The program files all settings systematically in substation-feeder-relay order.

Setpoints

Relay operations

10 000
setpoints
1
system
ca. 500
relays

20
setpoints

system

1
sub

4
flags

1
bay

bay
OH-Line

Fig. 16: System-wide setting and relay operation library

1000
Adaptive relaying
Numerical relays now offer secure, convenient and comprehensive matching to
changing conditions. Matching may be initiated either by the relays own intelligence
or from the outside world via contacts or
serial telegrams. Modern numerical relays
contain a number of parameter sets that
can be pretested during commissioning of
the scheme (Fig. 17). One set is normally
operative. Transfer to the other sets can be
controlled via binary inputs or serial data
link. There are a number of applications for
which multiple setting groups can upgrade
the scheme performance, e.g.
a) for use as a voltage-dependent control
of o/c relay pick-up values to overcome
alternator fault current decrement to below normal load current when the AVR
is not in automatic operation.
b) for maintaining short operation times
with lower fault currents, e.g. automatic
change of settings if one supply transformer is taken out of service.
c) for switch-onto-fault protection to provide shorter time settings when energizing a circuit after maintenance.
The normal settings can be restored
automatically after a time delay.

300 faults p. a.
ca. 6,000 km OHL
(fault rate:
5 p. a. and 100 km)

200
setpoints

Corrective rather than preventive


maintenance
Numerical relays monitor their own hardware and software. Exhaustive self-monitoring and failure diagnostic routines are
not restricted to the protective relay inself,
but are methodically carried through from
current transformer circuits to tripping relay coils.
Equipment failures and faults in the c.t. circuits are immediately reported and the protective relay blocked.
Thus the service personnel is now able to
correct the failure upon occurrence, resulting in a significantly upgraded availability of
the protection system.

1200
flags
p. a.

1000
1000
1000
1100
1200
1500
2800
3900

Parameter

1100
ParameterLine data

1100
Line data O/C Phase settings
1200
Parameter

1100
Line data O/C Phase settings
1200
Parameter
1500
O/C Earth settings
A
Line
data
1200
O/C PhaseO/C
settings settings
1500
2800 EarthFault
Recording
O/C
Phase
settings
1500
O/C EarthFault
settings
2800
3900 Recording
Breaker Fall
O/C Ground
settings
2800
Fault
Recording
3900
Breaker Fall
Fault recording
3900
Breaker Fall
Breaker fail

Fig. 17: Alternate parameter groups

d) for autoreclose programs, i.e. instantaneous operation for first trip and delayed
operation after unsuccessful reclosure.
e) for cold load pick-up problems where
high starting currents may cause relay
operation.
f) for ring open or ring closed operation.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

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Power System Protection

PC interface
LSA interface

Meas. inputs

Input filter

Current inputs
(100 x /N, 1 s)

Amplifier

Input/output
ports

V24
O. F.
Serial
interface

Binary
inputs

Alarm
relay

Command
relay
Voltage inputs
(140 V
continuous)

100 V/1 A, 5 A
analog

Processor
system

A/D
converter
0001
0101
0011

10 V
analog

Memory:
RAM
EEPROM
EPROM

Input/
output
units

digital

LED
displays

Input/output contacts

Fig. 18: Block diagram of numerical protection

Mode of operation
Numerical protection relays operate on the
basis of numerical measuring principles.
The analog measured values of current and
voltage are decoupled galvanically from the
plant secondary circuits via input transducers (Fig. 18). After analog filtering, the
sampling and the analog-to-digital conversion take place. The sampling rate is, depending on the different protection principles, between 12 and 20 samples per
period. With certain devices (e.g. generator
protection) a continuous adjustment of the
sampling rate takes place depending on
the actual system frequency.
The protection principle is based on a cyclic calculation algorithm, utilizing the sampled current and voltage analog measured
values. The fault detections determined by
this process must be established in several
sequential calculations before protection
reactions can follow.
A trip command is transferred to the command relay by the processor, utilizing a
dual channel control.
The numerical protection concept offers a
variety of advantages, especially with regard to higher security, reliability and user
friendliness, such as:

6/12

High measurement accuracy:

The high ultilization of adaptive algorithms produce accurate results even


during, problematic conditions
Good long-term stability:
Due to the digital mode of operation,
drift phenomena at components due to
ageing do not lead to changes in accuracy of measurement or time delays
Security against over- and underfunction
With this concept the danger of an undetected error in the device causing protection failure in the case of a network fault
is clearly reduced when compared to conventional protection technology. Cyclical
and preventive maintenance services have
therefore become largely obsolete.
The integrated self-monitoring system
(Fig. 19) encompasses the following areas:
Analog inputs
Microprocessor system
Command relays.
Setting of protection relays
Numerical protection devices are able to
handle a number of additional protection
related functions, for which additional devices were required in the past.

A compact numerical protection device can


replace a number of complicated conventional single devices.

Protection functions, configurations and


marshalling data are selected by parameter
setting. Functions can be activated or deactivated by configuration.
By marshalling internal logic alarms (which
are produced by certain device functions
on the software side) to light-emitting
diodes or to alarm relays, an allocation
between these can be made (Fig. 20).
The same also applies to the input contacts.
A flexible application according to the
specific requirements of the plant configuration is possible thanks to the extensive
marshalling and configuration options.
All set values are stored in E2PROMS.
In this way the settings cannot be lost as
a result of supply failure.
The setting values are accessed via 4-digit
addresses.
Each parameter can be accessed and altered via the integrated operator panel or
an externally connected operator terminal.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

The display appears on an alphanumeric


LCD display with 2 lines with 16 characters
per line. A code word prevents unintentional changes of setting values.
Some relays allow for the storage of
4 different sets of protection settings. Via
binary inputs or via the operator panel a
particular set of setting values can be activated (switching of settings groups).

Plausibility check of input quantities


e.g. iL1 + iL2 + iL3 = iE
uL1 + uL2 + uL3 = uE

Check of analog-to-digital conversion


by comparison with
converted reference quantities

Fault analysis

Microprocessor
system

Hardware and software monitoring of


the microprocessor system incl. memory,
e.g. by watchdog and
cyclic memory checks

Relay

Monitoring of the tripping relays


operated via dual channels

1 operational event memory

Tripping check or test reclosure by local


or remote operation (not automatic)

Fig. 19: Self-monitoring system

Logical signal
Start L1
Start L2
Start L3
Start E
Trip
Autoreclosure
.
.
.
LED No.

...

LED
7

LED
6

LED
5

LED
4

LED
3

LED
2

The evaluation of faults is simplified by numerical protection technology. In the event


of a fault in the network, all events as well
as the analog traces of the measured voltages and currents are recorded.
The following types of memory are available:

LED
1

Alarms that are not directly assigned to


a fault in the network (e.g. monitoring
alarms, alternation of a set value, blocking of the automatic reclose function).
3 fault-event histories
Alarms that occurred during the last
3 faults on the network (e.g. type of
fault detection, trip commands, fault location, autoreclose commands). A reclose cycle with one or more reclosures
is treated as one fault history. Each new
fault in the network overrides the oldest
fault history.
A memory for the fault recordings for
voltage and current. Up to 8 fault recordings are stored. The fault recording
memory is organized as a ring buffer, i.e.
a new fault entry overrides the oldest
fault record.
1 earth-fault event memory (optional for
isolated or resonant grounded networks)
Event record of the sensitive earth fault
detector (e.g. faulted phase, real component of residual current).
The time tag attached to the fault-record
events is a relative time from fault detection with a resolution of 1 ms. In the case
of devices with integrated, battery back-up
clock the operational events as well as the
fault detection are assigned the internal
clock time and date stamp.
The memory for operational events and
fault record events is protected against failure of auxiliary supply with battery back-up
supply.
The integrated operator interface or a PC
supported by the programming tool DIGSI
is used to retrieve fault reports as well as
for the input of settings and marshalling.

Fig. 20: Marshalling matrix, LED control as an example

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/13

Power System Protection

A further source of information is the indication via LEDs and alarm relays, as was
the case with traditional relays. The LEDs
can be selected on an individual basis to
provide the indication stored or unstored,
depending on what information they represent. In the case of devices with internal
battery back-up, the LED indications are
restored following an auxiliary power supply failure. The alarm relays in these devices provide N0-type contacts, some of
them changeover contacts.
Operation of numerical protection
devices
The DIGSI operation software enables convenient and transparent operation of the
numerical protection devices using a PC.
The new DIGSI V3 version operates under
WINDOWS and can therefore make use
of all advantages of this internationally accepted user interface.
DIGSI V3 uses protocol-secured data exchange between PC and protection device.
This data exchange also meets the standard recommendations for the interface between protection equipment and station
control equipment (IEC 870-5-103).

Fig. 21: Operation of the protection relays using PC and DIGSI V3 software program

Application
DIGSI V3 is a WINDOWS PC program,
with which numeric protection relays can
be conveniently operated under menu
guidance using the serial interface of a PC
(see Fig. 21). The PC can thus be directly
connected with the protection device via a
V24 (RS232) interface cable. The isolated
connection version using optoelectrical
converter and fiber-optic cable is recommended, particularly if the protection device is in operation in the substation.
Hardware and software platform
PC 386 SX or above, with at least

4 Mbytes RAM
DIGSI V3 requires about 10 Mbytes

Fig. 22: Parameterization using DIGSI V3

harddisk space
Additional hard-disk space per installed
protection device 2 to 3 Mbytes
One free serial interface to the protection device (COM 1 to COM 4)
One floppy disk drive 3.5", high density
with 1.44 Mbytes (required for installation)
MS DOS 5.0 or higher
WINDOWS version 3.1 or higher

6/14

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Operation features
The DIGSI V3 user interface is structured
in accordance with the SAA/CUA standard
used for WINDOWS programs (see Fig. 22).
The selection of a system, a feeder and a
protection device is implemented in DIGSI
V3, using system, bay and protection unit
addresses. Consistent use of this principle,
which will be supported in future both in
protection devices and DIGSI file management, prevents incorrect allocation of protection units within a system.
DIGSI V3 supports the complete parameterization and marshalling functionality of
the numeric Siemens protection relays.
Parameterization and routing of a protection device can be done in file mode.
All advanced storage media for management and archiving of this data (e.g. memory cards, exchangeable hard disks, optodisks, etc.) are provided. Device files of a
protection unit created in the office can be
transferred subsequently with protocolsecurity into the protection unit. Data consistency is ensured, for example, by automatic comparison of data stored on a file
and in the device.
DIGSI V3 permits the readout of operational and fault events from a protection device which are stored with a 1 millisecond
realtime resolution. This enables effective
and rapid fault analysis, which contributes
to optimization of protection in network
operation. Archiving and printout are conveniently supported. The polling procedure
is defined as a standard.
Likewise, measured load values of a protection device can be read out on-line and
recorded. Integration of extensive test
functions facilitate the PC-guided commissioning and testing of a protection device.
Printer, plotter, networks
DIGSI V3 uses the full WINDOWS interface functionality. All common printers and
plotters for which WINDOWS drivers are
available can be used with DIGSI V3. The
user is therefore not faced with any restrictions when purchasing printers or plotters
as long as WINDOWS drivers are available.
Even transmission of information via fax
from DIGSI V3 can be implemented.
Linking into the PC network and remote
access to DIGSI V3 via communication networks (e.g. ISDN) are part of the framework as supported by the WINDOWS operating system.

Fig. 23: Display and evaluation of a fault record using DIGSI V3

Evaluation of the fault recording

Data security, data interfaces

Readout of the fault record from the protection device by DIGSI V3 is done by
fault-proof scanning procedures in accordance with the standard recommendation
for transmission of fault records.
A fault record can also be read out repeatedly. In addition to analog values, such as
voltage and current, binary tracks can also
be transferred and presented.
DIGSI V3 is supplied together with the
DIGRA (Digsi Graphic) program, which
provides the customer with full graphical
operating and evaluation functionality like
that of the digital fault recorders (Oscillostores) from Siemens (see Fig. 23).
Real-time presentation of analog disturbance records, overlaying and zooming of
curves, visualization of binary tracks (e.g.
trip command, reclose command, etc.) are
also part of the extensive graphical functionality as are setting of measurement
cursors, spectrum analysis and R/X derivation.

DIGSI V3 is a closed system as far as protection parameter security is concerned.


The security of the stored data of the operating PC is ensured by checksums. This
means that it is only possible to change
data with DIGSI V3, which subsequently
calculates a checksum for the changed
data and stores it with the data. Changes
in the data and thus in safety-related protection data are thus reliably detected.
DIGSI V3 is, however, also an open system. The data export function supports export of parameterization and marshalling
data in standard ASCII format. This permits
simple access to these data by other programs, such as test programs without endangering the security of data within the
DIGSI program system.
With the import and export of fault records
in IEEE standard format COMTRADE
(ANSI) a high performance data interface
is produced which supports import and
export of fault records into the DIGSI V3
partner program DIGRA.
This enables the export of fault records
from Siemens protection units to customer-specific programs via the COMTRADE
format.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/15

Power System Protection

Remote relay interrogation


The numerical relay range 7**5 of Siemens
can also be operated from a remotely located PC via modem-telephone connection.
Up to 254 relays can be addressed via
one modem connection if the star coupler
7XV53 is used as a communication node
(Fig. 24).
The relays are connected to the star coupler via optical fiber links.
Every protection device which belongs to
a DIGSI V3 substation structure has a
unique address.
The attached relays are always listening,
but only the addressed one answers to the
operator command which comes from the
central PC.
If the relay which is located in a station
is to be operated from a remote office,
then a device file is opened in DIGSI (V3.2
or higher) and protection dialog is chosen
via modem. After password input, DIGSI
establishes a connection to the protection
device after receiving a call-back from the
system.
In this way secure and timesaving remote
setting and readout of data are possible.
Diagnostics and control of test routines are
also possible without the need for visiting
the substation.

Office
Analog
ISDN
DIGSI V3
PC, remotely located

Modem

Substation
Star coupler
DIGSI V3
PC,centrally located
in the substation
(option)

7XV53

Modem,
optionally with
call-back function

Signal converter
opt.
RS485 Bus

RS485

7SJ60

7SJ60

7**5

7**5

7SJ60

Housing and terminal system


The protection devices and the corresponding supplementary devices are available mainly in 7XP20 housings (Fig. 26).
The dimension drawings are to be found
on 6/24 and following pages. Installing of
the modules in a cubicle without the housing is not permissible.
The width of the housing conforms to the
19" system with the divisions 1/6, 1/3, 1/2
or 1/1 of a 19" rack. The termination module is located at the rear of devices for
panel flush mounting or cubicle mounting
(Fig. 26 left). Each termination may be
made via a screw terminal or crimp contact. The termination modules used each
contain:
4 termination points for measured voltages, binary inputs or relay outputs
(max. 1.5 mm2) or
2 termination points for measured currents (screw termination max. 4 mm,
crimp contact max. 2.5 mm 2) or
2 FSMA plugs for fiber-optic termination.
For mounting of devices into cubicles, the
8MC cubicle system is recommended. It is
described in Siemens Catalog NV21.

6/16

Fig. 24: Remote relay communication

The standard cubicle has the following


dimensions:
2200 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm (HxWxD).
These cubicles are provided with a 44 U
high mounting rack (standard height unit
U = 44.45 mm). It can swivel as much as
180 in a swing frame.
The rack provides for a mounting width of
19", allowing, for example, 2 devices with
a width of 1/2 x 19" to be mounted. The
devices in the 7XP20 housing are secured
to rails by screws. Module racks are not
required.
To withdraw crimp contact terminations,
the following tool is recommended:
extraction tool No. 135900 (from Messrs.
Weidmller, Paderbornstrasse 157,
D-32760 Detmold).
In the housing version for surface mounting, the terminations are wired up on terminal strips on the top and bottom side of
the device (max. terminated wire cross
section 7 mm 2). For this purpose two-tier
terminal blocks are used to attain the required number of terminals (Fig. 26 right).

According to IEC 529 the degree of protection is indicated by the identifying IP, followed by a number for the degree of protection. The first digit indicates the
protection against accidental contact and
ingress of solid foreign bodies, the second
digit indicates the protection against water.
7XP20 housings are protected against access to dangerous parts with a wire, dust
and dripping water (IP 51).

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

1/6

1/3

1/2

1/1 of 19" width

Fig. 25: Numerical protection relays in 7XP20 standard housings

Fig. 26 left: Connection method for panel flash mounting including fiber-optic interfaces; right: Connection method for panel surface mounting

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

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Power System Protection

Autoreclose +
Synchrocheck

Synchronizing

7VK512

7VE51

7SV512

7RW600

21

Distance protection, phase

21N

Distance protection, ground

24

Overfluxing

25

Synchronism check

Synchronizing

7SJ60
7SJ511
7SJ512
7SJ55
7SJ531

7SA511
7SA513
7SD24
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512

Protection functions

Breaker failure

Differential
7VH80
7UT512
7UT513
7SS50/51
7VH83

Zero speed and underspeed dev.

Type

Overcurrent

14

Distance

Motor protection

Voltage, Frequency

Generator protection
7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516

7SJ551
7SJ60

Fiber-optic current
comparison

Pilot wire differential

Relay Selection Guide

ANSI Description
No.*

Undervoltage

27/59/ U/f protection


81

32

Directional power

32F

Forward power

32R

Reverse power

37

Undercurrent or underpower

40

Field failure

46

Load unbalance, negative phase


sequence overcurrent

47

Phase sequence voltage

48

Incomplete sequence, locked


rotor, failure to accelerate

49

Thermal overload

49R

Rotor thermal protection

49S

Stator thermal protection

50

Instantaneous overcurrent

50N

Instantaneous ground fault


overcurrent

51G

Ground overcurrent relay

27

* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers

Fig. 27a

6/18

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Overcurrent

Motor protection

Differential

Generator protection

Autoreclose +
Synchrocheck

Synchronizing

Breaker failure

Voltage, Frequency

7SJ60
7SJ511
7SJ512
7SJ55
7SJ531

7SJ551
7SJ60

7VH80
7UT512
7UT513
7SS50/51
7VH83

7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516

7VK512

7VE51

7SV512

7RW600

51

Overcurrent with time delay

51N

Ground-fault overcurrent
with time delay

59

Overvoltage

59N

Residual voltage ground-fault


protection

64R

Rotor ground fault

67

Directional overcurrent

67N

Directional ground-fault
overcurrent

67G

Stator ground-fault, directional


overcurrent

68/78 Out-of-step protection

79

Autoreclose

81

Frequency relay

85

Carrier interface

86

Lockout relay, start inhibit

87G

Differential protection, generator

87T

Differential protection, transf.

87B

Differential protection, bus-bar

87M

Differential protection, motor

87L

Differential protection, line

87N

Restricted earth-fault protection

92

Voltage and power directional rel.

BF

Breaker failure

Type
Protection functions

Fiber-optic current
comparison

51GN Stator ground-fault overcurrent

Distance

7SA511
7SA513
7SD24
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512

Pilot wire differential

Power System Protection

ANSI Description
No.*

* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers

Fig. 27b

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/19

Power System Protection

Protection relays
Siemens manufactures a complete series
of numerical relays for all kinds of protection application.
The series is briefly portrayed on the following pages.
7SJ60
Universal overcurrent
and overload protection
Phase-segregated measurement and

indication (Input 3 ph, IE calculated)


All instantaneous, i.d.m.t. and d.t.

characteristics can be set individually


for phase and ground faults
Selectable setting groups
Integral autoreclose function (option)
Thermal overload, unbalanced load
and locked rotor protection
Suitable for busbar protection with
reverse interlocking
With load monitoring, event and fault
memory

* only with 7SJ512


50

50N

49

48

50

50N

BF

51

51N

46

79

51

51N

67

67N
*

79

*
*

7SJ511
Fig. 28: 7SJ60

Fig. 29: 7SJ511/512

Universal overcurrent protection


Phase-segregated measurement and

indication (3 ph and E)
I.d.m.t and d.t. characteristics can be set
individually for phase and ground faults
Suitable for busbar protection with
reverse interlocking
With integral breaker failure
protection
With load monitoring, event and fault
memory

7SJ512
Digital overcurrent-time protection
with additional functions
the same features as 7SJ511, plus:
Autoreclose
Sensitive directional ground-fault protection for isolated, resonant or high-resistance grounded networks
Directional module when used as
directional overcurrent relay (optional)
Selectable setting groups
Inrush stabilization

7SA511
Subtransmission line protection
with distance-to-fault locator
Universal distance relay for all networks,
with many additional functions, amongst
others
Universal carrier interface (permissive

and blocking procedures programmable)


Power swing blocking or tripping
Selectable setting groups
Sensitive directional ground-fault deter-

mination for isolated and compensated


networks
Ground-fault protection for earthed networks
Single and three-pole autoreclose
Synchrocheck
Free marshalling of optocoupler inputs
and relay outputs
Line load monitoring, event and fault
recording
Thermal overload protection

21

25

67N

68

49

21N

85

51N

78

79
47

Fig. 30: 7SA511

6/20

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

7SA513
Transmission line protection
with distance-to-fault locator
Fast distance protection, with operating

times less than one cycle (20 ms at


50 Hz), with a package of extra functions
which cover all the demands of extrahigh-voltage applications
Universal carrier interface (permissive
and blocking procedures programmable)
Power swing blocking or tripping
Parallel line compensation
Load compensation that ensures high
accuracy even for high-resistance faults
and double-end infeed
High-resistance ground-fault protection
Back-up ground-fault protection
Overvoltage protection
Single- and three-pole autoreclose
Synchrocheck option
Breaker failure protection
Free marshalling of a comprehensive
range of optocoupler inputs and relay
outputs
Selectable setting groups
Line load monitoring, event and fault
recording
High-performance measurement using
digital signal processors
Flash EPROM memories

21

25

67N

BF

79

21N

59

85

68

78

Fig. 31: 7SA513

7SD511
Current-comparison protection
for overhead lines and cables
With phase-segregated measurement
For serial data transmission

(19.2 kbits/sec)
with integrated optical transmitter/
receiver for direct fiber-optic link up
to approx. 15 km distance
or with the additional digital signal
transmission device 7VR5012 up to
150 km fiber-optic length
or through a 64 kbit/s channel of available multipurpose PCM devices, via
fiber-optic or microwave link
Integral overload and breaker failure
protection
Emergency operation as overcurrent
back-up protection on failure of data link
Automatic measurement and correction
of signal transmission time, i.e. channelswapping is permissible
Line load monitoring, event and fault
recording

87L

51

49

BF

50

Fig. 32: 7SD511

87L

51

60

49

BF

79

Fig. 33: 7SD512

7SD512
Current-comparison protection
for overhead lines and cables
with functions as 7SD511, but additionally
with autoreclose function for single- and
three-pole fast and delayed autoreclosure.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/21

Power System Protection

7UT512
Differential protection for machines
and power transformers
with additional functions, such as:
Numerical matching to transformer ratio
and connection group (no matching
transformers necessary)
Thermal overload protection
Back-up overcurrent protection
Measured-value indication for commissioning (no separate instruments
necessary)
Load monitor, event and fault recording
7UT513
Differential protection
for three-winding transformers
with the same functions as 7UT512, plus:
Sensitive restricted ground-fault
protection
Sensitive d.t. or i.d.m.t. ground-fault
o/c-protection
7SS5
Numerical busbar protection

87 T

49

Fig. 34: 7UT512

50/51

87T

50G

49

50/51

87 *
REF

* 87REF or 50G

Fig. 35: 7UT513

With absolutely secure 2-out-of-2 meas-

urement and additional check zone, each


processed on separate microprocessor
hardware
With fast operating time (< 15 ms)
Extreme stability against c.t. saturation
Completely self-monitoring, including c.t.
circuits, isolator positions and run time
With integrated circuit-breaker failure
protection
With commissioning-friendly aids (indication of all feeder, operating and stabilizing currents)
With event and fault recording
Designed for single and multiple busbars, up to 8 busbar sections and 32 bays

7UM511/12/15/16
Multifunctional devices
for machine protection
With 10 protection functions on average,

with flexible combination to complete


protection systems from the smallest to
the largest motor generator units
With improved measurement methods
based on Fourier filters and the evaluation of symmetrical components (fully
numeric, frequency compensated)
With load monitoring, event and fault
recording

6/22

Fig. 37: Protection operation with the PC operator


program DIGSI

87
BB
Fig. 36: 7SS5

BF
See separate reference list for machine
protection.
Order No. E50001-U321-A39-X-7600

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

7VE51
Paralleling device
for synchronization of generators and
networks
Absolutely secure against faulty switching due to duplicate measurement with
different procedures
With numerical measurand filtering that
ensures exact synchronization even in
networks suffering transients
With synchrocheck option
Available in two versions: 7VE511 without, 7VE512 with voltage and frequency
balancing
Combined bay protection and control
unit 7SJ531

50

50N

79

49

59

27

49R

51N

51

51N

67N

49LR

27

37

50

59

48

51

64

BF

46

37

46

50G

86

49

51G

Line protection

Non directional time overcurrent


Directional time overcurrent
IEC/ANSI and user definable TOC curves
Overload protection
Sensitive directional ground fault
Negative sequence overcurrent
Under/Overvoltage
Breaker failure
Autoreclosure
Fault locator

Motor protection

Thermal overload
Locked rotor
Start inhibit
Undercurrent

Control functions
Measured-value acquisition
Signal and command indications
P, Q, cos and meter-reading calculation
Measured-value recording
Event logging
Switching statistics
Feeder control diagram with load indication
Switchgear interlocking

Fig. 38: 7SJ531

Fig. 39: 7SJ551

up to 2 heating time constants for the


stator thermal replica
separate cooling time constants for
stator and rotor thermal replica
ambient temperature biasing of thermal replica
Connection of up to 8 RTD sensors
Multi-curve overcurrent and ground-fault
protection:
four selectable i.d.m.t. and d.t. curves
for phase faults, two for ground-faults
customized curves instead of standard
curves can be programmed to offer
optimal flexibility for both phase and
ground elements
Real-Time Clock: last 3 events are stored
with real-time stamps of alarm and trip
data

87L

50

7SD502

49

51

Pilot-wire differential protection for

7SJ551
Universal motor protection
and overcurrent relay
Thermal overload protection

separate thermal replica for stator


and rotor based on true RMS current
measurement

lines and cables (2 pilot wires)

Fig. 40: 7SD502/503

Up to about 25 km telephone-type pilot

length
With integrated overcurrent back-up

7SD503

and overload protection


Also applicable to 3-terminal lines
(2 devices at each end)

Pilot-wire differential protection for lines

and cables (3 pilot wires)


Up to about 15 km pilot length
With integrated overcurrent back-up

and overload protection


Also applicable to 3-terminal lines

(2 devices at each end)

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/23

Power System Protection

Cutout and drilling dimensions


Case 7XP20 for relays 7SJ600, 7RW600
Back view

Panel cutout

Side view

70

7.3

71+2

56.50.3

5
or
M4
244

266

2550.3

245+1

6
75

37

29.5

172

Fig. 41

Case 7XP2030-2 for relays 7SD511, 7SJ511/12, 7SJ531, 7UT512, 7VE51


Panel cutout

Side view

Front view
145

30

172

29.5

7.3
13.2

244

245

266

or
M4

255.8

1.5

231.5

150

5.4

10
Optical
fibre
interface

131.5
105

146

Fig. 42

Case 7XP2040-2 for relays 7SA511, 7UT513, 7SD512, 7UM5**, 7VE512, 7SD502/503
Front view
220

Side view
Optical fiber interface
30
172

Panel cutout
29.5

7.3
13.6

206.5
180

5.4

5
266 245
1,5

10

225

231.5

or
M4
6

221

255.8

All dimensions in mm.

Fig. 43

6/24

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Case 7XP2020-2
Front view
75

30

Side view
172

Back view
70

29.5

7.3
13.2

Panel cutout
56.3
30
5.4

5
24

or
M4

266

245

255.8

6
71
Fig. 44

7XR9672 Core-balance current transformer (zero sequence c.t.)


M6
14
K

120

96 104

55

102

k l
14.5 x 6.5
200

K
120

Fig. 45

7XR9600 Core-balance current transformer (zero sequence c.t.)


94

12

Diam.
149

80

81
Diam.
6.4
143

54

170
All dimensions in mm.
Fig. 46

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/25

Power System Protection

Case for relay 7SJ551


Back view

Side view

Front view
105

30

172

29.5

244

266

100
86.4

255.9

115
Fig. 47

Case 7XP2060-2 for relay 7SA513


Side view

Front view
450

30

172

29.5

445

266
1.5

266
10

Optical fiber
interface

Panel cutout
7.3

431.5

13.2

405

5.4

5 or M4
245

255.8

6
446

All dimensions in mm.

Fig. 48

6/26

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Typical protection schemes


Application
group

Cables and
overhead lines

Transformers

Motors

Generators

Busbars

Circuit
number

Circuit equipment
protected

Page

Radial feeder circuit

6/28

Ring main circuit

6/28

Distribution feeder with reclosers

6/29

Parallel feeder circuit

6/29

Cable or short overhead line with infeed


from both ends

6/30

Overhead lines or longer cables with infeed


from both ends

6/30

Small transformer infeed

6/31

Large or important transformer infeed

6/31

Dual infeed with single transformer

6/32

10

Parallel incoming transformer feeder

6/32

11

Parallel incoming transformer feeder with bus tie

6/33

12

Small- and medium-sized motors

6/33

13

Large HV motors

6/34

14

Smallest generator < 500 kW

6/34

15

Small generator, around 1 MW

6/35

16

Large generator > 1 MW

6/35

17

Generator-transformer unit

6/36

18

Busbar protection by o/c relays with


reverse interlocking

6/37

19

High-impedance differential busbar protection

6/38

20

Low-impedance differential busbar protection

6/38

Fig. 49

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/27

Power System Protection

1. Radial feeder circuit


Infeed

Notes:

Transformer
protection,
see Fig. 56

1) Autoreclosure 79 only with O.H. lines.


2) Negative sequence o/c protection 46 as
sensitive back-up protection against unsymmetrical faults.

General hints:
The relay at the far end (D) gets the
shortest operating time.
Relays further upstream have to be
time-graded against the next downstream relay in steps of about 0.3 seconds.
Inverse-time curves can be selected according to the following criteria:
Definite time:
source impedance large compared to
the line impedance, i.e. small current
variation between near and far end
faults
Inverse time:
Longer lines, where the fault current is
much less at the end of the line than at
the local end.
Very or extremely inverse time:
Lines, where the line impedance is large
compared to the source impedance
(high difference for close-in and remote
faults), or lines, where coordination with
fuses or reclosers is necessary.
Steeper characteristics provide also
higher stability on service restoration
(cold load pick-up and transformer in
rush currents)

I>, t IE>, t I2>, t

B
Further
feeders

51

51N

46
2)

ARC

7SJ60

79
1)

I>, t IE>, t I2>, t

51

51N

7SJ60

46

Load
I>, t IE>, t I2>, t

51

51N

7SJ60

46

Load

Load
Fig. 50

Infeed
Transformer
protection,
see Fig. 56
52

52

2. Ring main circuit


General hints:
Operating time of overcurrent relays to
be coordinated with downstream fuses
of load transformers.
(Preferably very inverse time characteristic with about 0.2 s grading-time delay
Thermal overload protection for the
cables (option)
Negative sequence o/c protection 46 as
sensitive protection against unsymmetrical faults (option)

7SJ60
52

7SJ60

I>, t IE>, t I2>, t


51

51N

46

>
49

52

I>, t IE>, t I2>, t


51

51N

46

>
49

Fig. 51

6/28

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

3. Distribution feeder with


reclosers

Infeed

General hints:

52

I>>,
I>, t

52

IE>>, I2>, t
IE>, t

50/
51

50N/
51N

7SJ60

46
79

Autoreclose

Further
feeders

Recloser

Sectionalizers

Fuses

The feeder relay operating characteristics, delay times and autoreclosure


cycles must be carefully coordinated
with downstream reclosers, sectionalizers and fuses.
The instantaneous zone 50/50N is normally set to reach out to the first main
feeder sectionalizing point. It shall ensure fast clearing of close-in faults and
prevent blowing of fuses in this area
(fuse saving). Fast autoreclosure is
iniciated in this case.
Further time delayed tripping and reclosure steps (normally 2 or 3) have to be
graded against the recloser.
The o/c relay should automatically
switch over to less sensitive characteristics after longer breaker interruption
times to enable overriding of subsequent cold load pick-up and transformer
inrush currents.

Fig. 52

4. Parallel feeder circuit


General hints:

Infeed
52
52

I>, t IE>, t
51

51N

>

I2>, t

49

46

52

7SJ60

67

67N

Protection
same as
line or cable 1

O.H. line or
cable 2

O.H. line or
cable 1

51

51N

This circuit is preferably used for the


interruptionfree supply of important consumers without significant back-feed.
The directional o/c protection 67/67N
trips instantaneously for faults on the
protected line. This allows the saving
of one time-grading interval for the o/crelays at the infeed.
The o/c relay functions 51/51N have
each to be time-graded against the
upstream located relays.

7SJ512

52
52
52
52

52

Load

Load

Fig. 53

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/29

Power System Protection

5. Cables or short overhead lines with


infeed from both sides

Infeed

Notes:

52
52

1) Autoreclosure only with overhead lines


2) Overload protection only with cables
3) Differential protection options:
Type 7SD511/12 with direct fiber-optic
connection up to about 20 km or via a
64 kbit/s channel of a general purpose
PCM connection (optical fiber, microwave)
Type 7SD502 with 2-wire pilot cables
up to about 20 km
Type 7SD503 with 3-wire pilot cables
up to about 10 km.

52

7SJ60

79

1)

52
2)

51N/
51N
Line or
cable

49

87L

7SJ60

7SD5**
Same
protection
for parallel line,
if applicable

3)

51N/
51N

49

87L

7SD5**
2)

79

52

52

1)

52
52

52

52

Load

Backfeed

52

Fig. 54

6. Overhead lines or longer cables with


infeed from both sides

Infeed

Notes:

52

1) Teleprotection logic 85 for transfer trip


or blocking schemes. Signal transmission via pilot wire, power-line carrier,
microwave or optical fiber (to be provided seperately). The teleprotection
supplement is only necessary if fast
fault clearance on 100% line length is
required, i.e. second zone tripping
(about 0.3 s delay) cannot be accepted
for far end faults.
2) Directional ground-fault protection 67N
with inverse-time delay against highresistance faults
3) Single- or multishot autoreclosure 79
only with overhead lines.

52
52

52
21/
21N

67N

85

79

2)

7SA511

3)
Line or
cable

Same
protection
for parallel line,
if applicable

1)
85
21/
21N

79

3)

7SA511

2)
67N

52

52
52

52

52

Load

Backfeed

52

52

Fig. 55

6/30

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

7. Small transformer infeed


HV infeed
52

General hints:
I>>

I>, t

IE>

> I2>, t

50

51

50N

49

63

Ground-faults on the secondary side are


detected by current relay 51G which,
however, has to be time graded against
downstream feeder protection relays.
The restricted ground-fault relay 87N can
optionally be provided to achieve fast
clearance of ground-faults in the transformer secondary winding.
Relay 7VH80 is high-impedance type
and requires class X c.t.s with equal
transformation ratio.
Primary breaker and relay may be replaced by fuses.

7SJ60

46

Optional resistor or
reactor

RN

I>>
87N
51G
52

7VH80

7SJ60

IE>
Distribution bus

52
Fuse

o/crelay

Load

Load
Fig. 56

8. Large or important transformer


infeed
HV infeed

High voltage, e.g. 115 kV


52

I>>

I>, t

I E>

>

I2>, t

50

51

51N

49

46

Notes:

7SJ60

2)
51G

7SJ60

63
1)
87N

52

I>, t

IE>, t

51

51N

87T

7UT513

1) Three winding transformer relay


type 7UT513 may be replaced by twowinding type 7UT512 plus high-impedance-type restricted ground-fault relay
7VH80. However, class X c.t. cores
would additionally be necessary in this
case. (See small transformer protection)
2) 51G may additionally be provided,
in particular for the protection of the
neutral resistance, if provided.
3) Relays 7UT512/513 provide numerical
ratio and vector group adaption.
Matching transformers as used with
traditional relays are therefore no more
applicable.

7SJ60
Load bus, e.g. 13.8 kV

52

52

Load

Load

Fig. 57

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/31

Power System Protection

9. Dual-infeed with single transformer


Notes:
1) Line c.t.s are to be connected to separate stabilizing inputs of the differential
relay 87T in order to guarantee stability
in case of line through-fault currents.
2) Relay 7UT513 provides numerical ratio
and vector group adaption. Matching
transformers, as used with traditional
relays, are therefore no longer applicable.

Protection line 2
21/21N or 87L + 51 + optionally 67/67N
52

Protection line 1
same as line 2
52

7SJ60
I>>

I>, t

IE>, t

50

51

51N

46

49

I2>

>

63

87N

7SJ60

87T

7UT513

51G

I>>

IE>

51

51N

7SJ60

52
52

52

Load
bus

52

Load
Fig. 58

10. Parallel incoming transformer


feeders

7SJ60

HV infeed 1

Note:

52

1) The directional functions 67 and 67N


do not apply for cases where the transformers are equipped with transformer
differential relays 87T.

I>>

I>, t

50

51

HV infeed 2

IE>, t >
51N

52

I2>, t

49

46
Protection

63
51G

IE>, t

I>, t IE>, t
51

7SJ60

same as
infeed 1

7SJ512
I>
67

51N

IE>
67N

1)
52

52
Load
bus
52

52
Load

52
Load

Load

Fig. 59

6/32

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

11. Parallel incoming transformer


feeders with bus tie

7SJ60

Infeed 1
I>>

I>, t

50

51

Infeed 2

IE>, t >
51N

I2>, t

49

46
Protection
same as
infeed 1

51G

7SJ60

7SJ60

I>, t IE>, t

IE>, t I>, t

51

51N

51N

Note:
1) Overcurrent relays 51, 51N each connected as a partial differential scheme.
This provides a simple and fast busbar
protection and saves one time-grading
step.

51

7SJ60

52

52
52

52

52
Load

Load

Fig. 60

12. Small- and medium-sized motors


< about 1 MW
52

I>>

IE>

>

50

51N

49

Locked
rotor
49
CR

a) With effective or low-resistance


grounded infeed (IE I N Motor)

I2>
46

7SJ60

General hint:
Applicable to low-voltage motors and
high-voltage motors with low-resistance
grounded infeed (IE IN Motor).

M
Fig. 61a

b) With high-resistance grounded infeed


(IE IN Motor)
52

7XR96
1)
60/1A

I>>

>

50

49

IE>
51G

Locked
rotor
49
CR

I2>

I<

46

37

2)

Notes:

7SJ531 or
7SJ551

1) Window-type zero sequence c.t.


2) Sensitive directional ground-fault protection 67N only applicable with infeed
from isolated or Peterson-coil grounded
network.

67G

M
Fig. 61b

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/33

Power System Protection

13. Large HV motors > about 1 MW


Notes:

7SJ531 or
7SJ551

1) Window-type zero sequence c.t.


2) Sensitive directional ground-fault protection 67N only applicable with infeed
from isolated or Peterson-coil grounded
network.
3) This function is only needed for motors
where the run-up time is longer than the
safe stall time t E.
According to IEC 79-7, the tE -time is the
time needed to heat up a.c. windings,
when carrying the starting current I A,
from the temperature reached in rated
service and at maximum ambient temperature to the limiting temperature.
A separate speed switch is used to
supervise actual starting of the motor.
The motor breaker is tripped if the motor
does not reach speed in the preset time.
The speed switch is part of the motor
delivery itself.
4) Pt100, Ni100, Ni120
5) 49T only available with relay type 75J551

52

I>>

>

50

49

IE>
7XR96
1)
60/1A

51G

Locked
rotor
49
CR

46

27

37

67G

Start-up
49T
supervisior 3)
3)
Speed
switch

U<

Optional

I<

2)

I2>

7UT512

87M

RTD's 4)
optional

Fig. 62

14. Smallest generators < 500 kW


LV

I>, IE>, t

I2>

>

51
51N

46

49

I>, IE>, t

I2>

>

51
51N

46

49

7SJ60

Fig. 63a: With solidly grounded neutral

MV

G1

Generator 2

RN =

7SJ60

VN
3 (0.5 to 1) Irated

Fig. 63b: With resistance grounded neutral

6/34

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

15. Small generator, typically 1 MW


Note:
1) Two c.t.s in V-connection also sufficient.

52

1)

Field

64R

I>, t

32

51

L.O.F

I2>

7UM511

40

46

IE>, t
51G

Fig. 64

16. Large generator > 1 MW


MV

Notes:

52
3)
51

2)
87

O/C
v.c.

7SJ60

I
IG
87G

27

U<

81

f>

59

U>

1)

64R
Field

1)

RE Field<

I>, t

I2>

L.O.F.

51

32

46

40

IE>, t

>
49

1) Functions 81 und 59 only required


where prime mover can assume excess
speed and voltage regulator may permit
rise of output voltage above upper limit.
2) Differential relaying options:
7UT512: Low-impedance differential
protection 87
7UT513: Low-impedance differential 87 with integral restricted groundfault protection 87G
7VH83: High-impedance differential
protection 87 (requires class X c.t.s)
3) 7SJ60 used as voltage-controlled o/c
protection.
Function 27 of 7UM511 is used to
switch over to a second, more sensitive
setting group.

7UM511

51G

Fig. 65

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/35

Power System Protection

17. Generator-transformer unit


Notes:

52

Transf. fault press

63

Unit
trans.

71

87
TU

Oil low

51
TN
87U

1) 100% stator ground-fault protection


based on 20 Hz voltage injection
2) Sensitive field ground-fault protection
based on 1 Hz voltage injection
3) Only used functions shown, further
integrated functions available in each relay type (see Relay Selection Guide,
Fig. 27).

Transf. neut. OC

Unit aux.
back-up

Unit diff.
51
Oil low
Transf.
fault press

71
63

Over volt

Unit
aux.

59
81N
78

Loss of
sync.

Volt/Hz

Trans.
diff.
32

E
87G

Reverse
power

Relay
type

Gen.
diff.

2)
64
R2

64R

Field
grd.

Field
grd.

87T

Loss of
field

49S

Trans.
neut.
OC

24
40

Stator
O.L.

51
TN

Over freq.

46
Neg.
seq.

51 1)
GN

Functions 3)

Number
of relays
required

7UM511

40

46

59

81N

7UM516

59
GN

32

21

78

7UM515

24

51
GN

7UT512

87G

87T

7UT513

87U

7SJ60

51N

49

64R

21
Sys.
back-up

59
GN
Gen.
neut. OV

1)

64
R2

2)

and optionally

1
87
TU

2
optionally
3
1

51

Fig. 66

6/36

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

18. Busbar protection by O/C relays


with reverse interlocking
General hint:
Infeed

Applicable to distribution busbars without


substantial (< 0.25 x IN) backfeed from the
outgoing feeders

reverse interlocking
I>, t0
50
50N

I>, t
51
51N

7SJ60

52
t0 = 50 ms

52
I>

I>, t

50
50N

51
51N

52
I>

I>, t

50
50N

51
51N

7SJ60

7SJ60

52
I>

I>, t

50
50N

51
51N

7SJ60

Fig. 67

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/37

Power System Protection

19. High impedance busbar


protection
General hints:

Transformer
protection

Normally used with single busbar


and 1 1/2 breaker schemes
Requires separate class X current transformer cores. All c.t.s must have the
same transformation ratio

51
51N

7VH83
87
BB

86
52

52

52

Feeder
protection

Feeder
protection

87
S.V.

Alarm

Feeder
protection

Load

Fig. 68

20. Low-impedance busbar protection


Infeed

General hints:
Preferably used for multiple busbar
schemes where an isolator replica is
necessary
The numerical busbar protection 7SS5
provides additional breaker failure protection
C.t. transformation ratios can be different, e.g. 600/1 A in the feeders and
2000/1 at the bus tie
The protection system and the isolator
replica is continuously self-monitored by
the 7SS5
Feeder protection can be connected to
the same c.t. core.

Transformer protecton
50
50N
52

52

Isolator
replica

Bus tie
protection

87
BB

52

52
Feeder
protection
Load

7SS5

86
Feeder
protection

BF

Back-feed

Fig. 69

6/38

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Protection coordination

Peak value of inrush current

Relay operating characteristics and their


setting must be carefully coordinated in
order to achieve selectivity. The aim is basically to switch-off only the faulted component and to leave the rest of the power
system in service in order to minimize supply interruptions and to guarantee stability.

^
IRush
^
IN

12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0

Sensivity

8.0

Protection should be as sensitive as possible to detect faults at the lowest possible


current level.
At the same time, however, it should
remain stable under all permissible load,
overload and through-fault conditions.

7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0

Phase-fault relays
The pick-up values of phase o/c relays are
normally set 30% above the maximum
load current, provided that sufficient shortcircuit current is available.
This practice is recommmended in particular for mechanical relays with reset ratios
of 0.8 to 0.85.
Numerical relays have high reset ratios
near 0.95 and allow therefore about 10%
lower setting.
Feeders with high transformer and/or
motor load require special consideration.

2.0
1.0
2

Ground-fault relays
Residual-current relays enable a much
more sensitive setting, as load currents do
not have to be considered (except 4-wire
circuits with single-phase load). In solidly
and low-resistance grounded systems a
setting of 10 to 20% rated load current is
generally applied.

100
400
Rated transformer power [MVA]

Time constant of inrush current

Transformer feeders
The energizing of transformers causes
inrush currents that may last for seconds,
depending on their size (Fig. 70).
Selection of the pick-up current and assigned time delay have to be coordinated
so that the rush current decreases below
the relay o/c reset value before the set
operating time has elapsed.
The rush current typically contains only
about 50% fundamental frequency component.
Numerical relays that filter out harmonics
and the DC component of the rush current
can therefore be set more sensitive. The
inrush-current peak values of Fig. 70 will
be nearly reduced to one half in this case.

10

Nominal power
[MVA]

0.5 . . . 1.0

1.0 . . . 10

>10

Time constant
[s]

0.16 . . . 0.2

0.2 . . . 1.2

1.2 . . . 720

Fig. 70: Transformer inrush currents, typical data

High-resistance grounding requires much


more sensitive setting in the order of
some amperes primary.
The ground-fault current of motors and
generators, for example, should be limited
to values below 10 A in order to avoid iron
burning.
Residual-current relays in the star point
connection of c.t.s can in this case not be
used, in particular with rated c.t. primary
currents higher than 200 A. The pick-up
value of the zero-sequence relay would
in this case be in the order of the error
currents of the c.t.s.
A special zero-sequence c.t. is therefore
used in this case as earth current sensor.
The window type current transformer
7XR96 is designed for a ratio of 60/1 A.
The detection of 6 A primary would then
require a relay pick-up setting of 0.1 A
secondary.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

An even more sensitive setting is applied


in isolated or Peterson-coil grounded networks where very low earth currents occur
with single-phase-to-ground faults.
Settings of 20 mA and less may then be
required depending on the minimum
ground-fault current.
Sensitive directional ground-fault relays
(integrated in the relays 7SJ512, 7SJ55
and 7SA511) allow settings as low a 5 mA.

6/39

Power System Protection

Differential relays (87)


Transformer differential relays are normally
set to pick-up values between 20 and 30%
rated current. The higher value has to be
chosen when the transformer is fitted with
a tap changer.
Restricted ground-fault relays and high-resistance motor/generator differential relays
are, as a rule, set to about 10% rated
current.

Time in seconds
10000
1000
100
10
1

Instantaneous o/c protection (50)


This is typically applied on the final supply
load or on any protective device with sufficient circuit impedance between itself and
the next downstream protective device.
The setting at transformers, for example,
must be chosen about 20 to 30% higher
than the maximum through-fault current.
Motor feeders
The energizing of motors causes a starting
current of initially 5 to 6 times rated current (locked rotor current).
A typical time-current curve for an induction motor is shown in Fig. 71.
In the first 100 ms, a fast decaying assymetrical inrush current appears additionally.
With conventional relays it was current
practice to set the instantaneous o/c step
for short circuit protection 20 to 30%
above the locked-rotor current with a short
time delay of 50 to 100 ms to override the
asymetrical inrush periode.
Numerical relays are able to filter out the
asymmetrical current component very fast
so that the setting of an additional time
delay is no longer applicable.
The overload protection characteristic
should follow the thermal motor characteristic as closely as possible. The adaption is
to be made by setting of the pick-up value
and the thermal time constant, using the
data supplied by the motor manufacturer.
Further, the locked-rotor protection timer
has to be set according to the characteristic motor value.
Time grading of o/c relays (51)
The selectivity of overcurrent protection
is based on time grading of the relay operating characteristics. The relay closer to
the infeed (upstream relay) is time-delayed
against the relay further away from the infeed (downstream relay).
This is shown in Fig. 73 by the example of
definite time o/c relays.
The overshoot times takes into account
the fact that the measuring relay continues
to operate due to its inertia, even when
the fault current is interrupted. This may

6/40

.1
.01
.001
0

10

Current in multplies of full-load amps


Motor starting current

High set instantaneous o/c step

Locked rotor current

Motor thermal limit curve

Overload protection characteristic

Permissible locked rotor time

Fig. 71: Typical motor current-time characteristics

Time
51

51

51

Main
0.20.4 seconds
Feeder

Maximum feeder fault level

Current

Fig. 72: Coordination of inverse-time relays

be is high for mechanical relays (about


0.1 s) and neglectable for numerical relays
(20 ms).
Inverse time relays (51)
For the time grading of inverse-time relays,
the same rules apply in principle as for the
definite time relays. The time grading is
first calculated for the maximum fault level
and then checked for lower current levels
(Fig. 72).

If the same characteristic is used for all


relays, or when the upstream relay has
a steeper characteristic (e.g. very over
normal inverse), then selectivity is automatically fulfilled at lower currents.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Operating time
52 M
51
M

52 F

52 F
51
F

51
F

0.20.4
Time grading

Fault
Fault
inception detection
t51F

I>

Set time delay

Interruption of
fault current
t52F
Circuit-breaker
Interruption time
Overshoot*
tOS
Margin tM

I>
t51M

* also called overtravel or


coasting time

t51M t51F = t52F + tOS + tM


Time grading tTG

Example 1
Mechanical relays: tOS = 0.15 s
Oil circuit breaker t52F = 0.10 s
Safety margin for measuring errors,
etc.: tM = 0.15

tTG = 0.10 + 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.40 s

Example 2
Numerical relays: tOS = 0.02 s
Vacuum breaker:
Safety margin:

t52F = 0.08 s
tM = 0.10 s

tTG = 0.08 + 0.02 + 0.10 = 0.20 s

Fig. 73: Time grading of overcurrent-time relays

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/41

Power System Protection

Calculation example
The feeder configuration of Fig. 74 and the
assigned load and short-circuit currents are
given.
Numerical o/c relays 7SJ60 with normal
inverse-time characteristic are applied.
The relay operating times dependent on
current can be taken from the diagram or
derived from the formula given in Fig. 75.
The IP /IN settings shown in Fig. 74 have
been chosen to get pick-up values safely
above maximum load current.
This current setting shall be lowest for
the relay farthest downstream. The relays
further upstream shall each have equal or
higher current setting.
The time multiplier settings can now be
calculated as follows:

Example: Time grading of inverse-time relays for a radial feeder


Load
F4

F3

F2

51 7SJ60

Station

Max. Load
[A]

51 7SJ60

51 7SJ60

Iscc. max.*
[A]

CT ratio

Ip/IN **

Load

Iprim***
[A]

I /Ip =

300

4500

400/5

1.0

400

11.25

170

2690

200/5

1.1

220

12.23

50

1395

100/5

0.7

70

19.93

523

For coordination with the fuses, we

*) Iscc.max. = Maximum short-circuit current


** Ip/IN
= Relay current multiplier setting
*** Iprim
= Primary setting current corresponding to Ip/IN

The relay in B has a back-up function for


the relay in C.
The maximum through-fault current of
1.395 A becomes effective for a fault in
location F2.
For the relay in C, we obtain an operating
time of 0.11 s (I/I P = 19.9).
We assume that no special requirements
for short operating times exist and can
therefore choose an average time grading
interval of 0.3 s. The operating time of the
relay in B can then be calculated:
t B = 0.11 + 0.3 = 0.41 s
Value of IP /I N = 1395 A = 6.34
(see Fig. 74).
220 A
With the operating time 0.41 s
and I P /IN = 6.34,
we can now derive TP = 0.11
from Fig. 75.

1.0 MVA
5.0%

B
C

F1

L.V.

Station B:

Fuse: D
160 A

Load

13.8 kV

Station C:
consider the fault in location F1.
The short-circuit current related to
13.8 kV is 523 A.
This results in 7.47 for I /I P at the o/c
relay in location C.
With this value and TP = 0.05
we derive from Fig. 75
an operating time of tA = 0.17 s
This setting was selected for the o/c relay
to get a safe grading time over the fuse on
the transformer low-voltage side.
The setting values for the relay at station C
are therefore:
Current tap: IP /I N = 0.7
Time multipler: TP = 0.05

13.8 kV/
0.4 kV

Iscc. max.
Iprim

Fig. 74

The setting values for the relay at station B


are herewith
Current tap: IP /I N = 1.1
Time multiplier TP = 0.11
Given these settings, we can also check
the operating time of the relay in B for a
close-in fault in F3:
The short-circuit current increases in this
case to 2690 A (see Fig. 74). The corresponding I/IP value is 12.23.
With this value and the set value of
TP = 0.11
we obtain again derive from Fig. 75
an operating time of 0.3 s.
Station A:

t [s]
100
50
40
30
Tp [s]

20
10

3.2
5
4
3

1.6

0.8

0.4

0.50
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

We add the time grading interval of

0.3 s and find the desired operating time


tA = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 s.
Following the same procedure as for the
relay in station B we obtain the following
values for the relay in station A:
Current tap: IP /I N = 1.0
Time multiplier: T P = 0.17
For the close-in fault at location F4 we
obtain an operating time of 0.48 s.

0.05

0.1
0.05
2

6 8 10

Normal inverse
0.14
. Tp [s]
t=
(I/Ip)0.02 1

20
I/Ip [A]

Fig. 75: Normal inverse time characteristic of


relay 7SJ60

6/42

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Imax = 4500 A

Iscc = 2690 A

I 0.4 kVmax
= 16.000 kA
Iscc = 1395 A

t [s]

t [min]

Power System Protection

Setting range

IN
A

Ip = 0.10 4.00 xIn


I>>
I>, t 7SJ600 Tp = 0.05 3.2 s
I>>= 0.1 25. xIn

400/5 A

100
1

Setting

Ip = 1.0 xIn
Tp = 0.17 s
I>>=

52
2
Bus-B

10
5

200/5 A

2
1

52

IA>,t

IB>,t

.1

IC>,t

Ip = 0.10 4.00 xIn


I>>
I>, t 7SJ600 Tp = 0.05 3.2 s
I>>= 0.1 25. xIn

Ip = 1.1 xIn
Tp = 0.11 s
I>>=

Bus-C
Ip = 0.10 4.00 xIn
I>>
I>, t 7SJ600 Tp = 0.05 3.2 s
I>>= 0.1 25. xIn

100/5 A

5
2

Ip = 0.7 xIn
Tp = 0.05 s
I>>=

52

.01
5

TR

13.8/0.4 KV
1.0 MVA
5.0%

fuse

VDE 160

fuse

2
.001
10
I [A]

1000 2

100 2

5 1000 2

5 10 4 2

5 10 4
13.80 kV
0.40 kV
5 10 5 2

HRC fuse 160 A

Fig. 76: O/c time grading diagram

The normal way

Note:

To prove the selectivity over the whole


range of possible short-circuit currents, it is
normal practice to draw the set operating
curves in a common diagram with double
log scales. These diagrams can be manually calculated and drawn point by point or
constructed by using templates.
Today computer programs are also available for this purpose. Fig. 76 shows the relay coordination diagram for the example
selected, as calculated by the Siemens
program CUSS (computer-aided protective
grading).

To simplify calculations, only inverse-time


characteristics have been used for this example. About 0.1 s shorter operating times
could have been reached for high-current
faults by additionally applying the instantaneous zones I>> of the 7SJ60 relays.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

6/43

Power System Protection

Coordination of o/c relays with fuses


and low-voltage trip devices
The procedure is similar to the above described grading of o/c relays. Usually a
time interval between 0.1 and 0.2 seconds
is sufficient for a safe time coordination.
Very and extremely inverse characteristics
are often more suitable than normal inverse curves in this case. Fig. 77 shows
typical examples.
Simple consumer-utility interrupts use a
power fuse on the primary side of the supply transformers (Fig. 77a).
In this case, the operating characteristic of
the o/c relay at the infeed has to be coordinated with the fuse curve.
Very inverse characteristics may be used
with expulsion-type fuses (fuse cutouts)
while extremly inverse versions adapt better to current limiting fuses.
In any case, the final decision should be
made by plotting the curves in the log-log
coordination diagram.
Electronic trip devices of LV breakers have
long-delay, short-delay and instantaneous
zones.
Numerical o/c relays with one inverse time
and two definite-time zones can be closely
adapted (Fig. 77b).

Time

MV
Inverse relay

51

other
consumers

Fuse

n
a

LV bus

0.2 seconds

Fuse
a)

Maximum fault available at HV bus

Current

Time

MV bus
50
51

o/c relay
I1>, t1

Secondary
breaker

I2>, t2

n
a
0.2 seconds

LV bus

I>>
b)
Maximum fault level at MV bus

Current

Fig. 77: Coordination of an o/c relay with an MV fuse and a low-voltage breaker trip device

6/44

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power System Protection

Grading of zone times


Operating
time
Z3A

t3
Z2A

t2
Z1A

t1

Z1B
ZLA-B

Z2B
Z1C
ZLB-C

B
Load

Z1A = 0.85 ZLA-B

ZLC-D

Load

Load

The first zone normally operates undelayed. For the grading of the time intervals
of the second and third zones, the same
rules as for o/c relays apply (see Fig. 73).
For the quadrilateral characteristics (relays
7SA511 and 7SA513) only the reactance
values ( X values) have to be considered
for the reach setting. The setting of the
R values should cover the line resistance
and possible arc or fault resistances. The
arc resistance can be roughly estimated
as follows:

Z2A = 0.85 (ZLA-B+Z1B)


Z3A = 0.85 (ZLA-B+Z2B)

RArc

Fig. 78: Grading of distance zones

IArc
=
Iscc Min =

IArc x 2kV/m
Iscc

Min

arc length in m
minimum short-circuit current

Fig. 80

Typical settings of the ratio R/X are:

X3A

Short lines and cables ( 10 km):


R/X = 2 to 10
Medium line lengths < 25 km: R/X = 2
Longer lines 25 to 50 km: R/X = 1

X2A

B
X1A

Shortest feeder protectable by


distance relays
The shortest feeder that can be protected
by underreach distance zones without the
need for signaling links depends on the
shortest settable relay reactance.
R1A

R2A

R3A

XPrimary Minimum =
= XRelay Min x

Fig. 79: Operating characteristic of Siemens distance relays 7SA511 and 7SA513

Coordination of distance relays


The reach setting of distance times must
take into account the limited relay accuracy
including transient overreach (5% according to IEC 255-6), the c.t. error (1% for
class 5P and 3% for class 10P) and a security margin of about 5%. Further, the line
parameters are normally only calculated,
not measured. This is a further source of
errors.
A setting of 8085% is therefore common
practice: being 80% used for mechanical
relays while 85% can be used for the
more accurate numerical relays.

Where measured line or cable impedances


are available, the reach setting may also be
extended to 90%. The second and third
zones have to keep a safety margin of
about 15 to 20% to the corresponding
zones of the following lines. The shortest
following line has always to be considered
(Fig. 78).
As a general rule, the second zone should
at least reach 20% over the next station to
ensure back-up for busbar faults, and the
third zone should cover the largest following line as back-up for the line protection.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Imin =

VTratio

[Ohm]

CTratio

XPrim.Min [Ohm]
XLine [Ohm/km]

[km]

Fig. 81

The shortest setting of the numerical


Siemens relays is 0.05 ohms for 1 A
relays, corresponding to 0.01 ohms for
5 A relays.
This allows distance protection of distribution cables down to the range of some
500 meters.

6/45

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