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    Substation Comms Intro

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    Neelakandan Masilamani
    Substation communications protocols allow utilities to retrieve data, control equipment, and exchange information between devices. Traditional serial protocols have limitations due to slow speeds, proprietary designs, and a lack of standardization. The development of Ethernet and advances in technology enable new standards like IEC 61850 that support faster, more flexible, and interoperable communications using common protocols and data models. IEC 61850 aims to achieve communications interoperability between devices from different vendors to exchange information and control substation equipment.

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    Substation Comms Intro

    Uploaded by

    Neelakandan Masilamani
    146 views23 pages
    Substation communications protocols allow utilities to retrieve data, control equipment, and exchange information between devices. Traditional serial protocols have limitations due to slow speeds, proprietary designs, and a lack of standardization. The development of Ethernet and advances in technology enable new standards like IEC 61850 that support faster, more flexible, and interoperable communications using common protocols and data models. IEC 61850 aims to achieve communications interoperability between devices from different vendors to exchange information and control substation equipment.

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    Substation Comms Intro

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    Substation communications protocols allow utilities to retrieve data, control equipment, and exchange information between devices. Traditional serial protocols have limitations due to slow speeds, proprietary designs, and a lack of standardization. The development of Ethernet and advances in technology enable new standards like IEC 61850 that support faster, more flexible, and interoperable communications using common protocols and data models. IEC 61850 aims to achieve communications interoperability between devices from different vendors to exchange information and control substation equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    146 views23 pages

    Substation Comms Intro

    Uploaded by

    Neelakandan Masilamani
    Substation communications protocols allow utilities to retrieve data, control equipment, and exchange information between devices. Traditional serial protocols have limitations due to slow speeds, proprietary designs, and a lack of standardization. The development of Ethernet and advances in technology enable new standards like IEC 61850 that support faster, more flexible, and interoperable communications using common protocols and data models. IEC 61850 aims to achieve communications interoperability between devices from different vendors to exchange information and control substation equipment.

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    of 23

    Substation Communications:

    Introduction

    Communications : Why use it ?


    Why would utilities/industry use communications to substation
    equipment?
    To get power system data into a remote SCADA / DCS system
    To set IEDs, aid commissioning and extract data for analysis (local
    access)
    Remote control of plant

    Communication Requirements
    Retrieval
    Measurements
    Plant status
    Trip information
    Fault location
    Setting files
    Fault, event & disturbance records
    Maintenance information
    Change settings
    Plant control (CB, disconnector, Tap Position, etc.)
    Peer-to-peer communications

    Digital Communications : Definitions


    PROTOCOL:
    Rules and procedures that communications networks
    use to communicate on the communications medium
    XHARDWARE CONNECTIONS
    Physical shape
    Electrical characteristics

    Protocols / Formats

    XDATA FLOW
    Control transmitter/receiver rate
    Detection of data corruption
    XDATA CODING
    Code information

    Language

    Serial Transmission : Definitions

    Transmitter

    11101010

    00001101

    Receiver

    SERIAL TRANSMISSION
    XSIMPLEX
    Transmission in one direction only
    XHALF DUPLEX
    Two way means of transmission but data can
    only travel in one direction at a time
    XFULL DUPLEX
    Transmission in both directions simultaneously

    Transmission Systems
    XSYNCHRONOUS

    Bit periods controlled by synchronizing the clocks at the


    transmitter and at the receiver
    Framing bits are added to blocks of data
    XASYNCHRONOUS

    Tansmitter and Receiver clocks run at approximately the


    same rate
    Framing bits are added to raw data bits

    Transmission Medium
    XEIA 232
    - 9/25 pin D connector
    (was RS232) - Maximum data rate ~19200 bps
    - Maximum distance 15m
    XEIA 485
    - 2 or 4 wires
    (was RS485) - Maximum data rate ~19200 bps
    - Maximum distance 1000m
    XOptical fibre - Immunity to electrical interference
    - Advantages in distance and speed
    XEthernet

    - Electrical and fibre media


    - Data rate 10Mbps, 100Mbps

    Data Security
    Noise corruption of data
    Parity bit check
    Checksums
    Cyclic redundancy check
    Unauthorized access cybersecurity
    Password protection
    Modem dial back
    Firewalls
    Encryption
    Authentication

    Transmission Definitions : Client/Server


    XMASTER/SLAVE

    Slave (IED) can only send when it receives a


    request from the Master (e.g. RTU)
    Slave sets flags to indicate functions need servicing
    by the Master
    XCLIENT/SERVER

    same relationship as Master/Slave


    but can have multiple Clients!

    Transmission Definitions : Point to point


    REMOTE
    LOCAL

    Laptop

    Engineering
    Station
    Modem

    IED
    Modem

    IED

    Transmission Definitions : Shared Access

    Star Network Topology

    Ethernet Standard - 30/05/2012 - P 11

    Token Ring Network Topology Bus Network/Multidrop

    Network Terminology
    Network

    An interconnected group of nodes or


    stations linked by communication channels

    Node

    The interface point where one or more


    functional units are connected

    LAN

    Local area network (<5km)

    WAN

    Wide area network

    Network topology

    Pattern of nodes and their interconnection

    Gateway

    Equipment which makes data from a


    separate subnetwork available to primary
    network

    Transmission Definitions : Network Access


    XCARRIER SENSE METHODS
    CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) /CD (Collision
    Detection)
    Medium Access Control (MAC)
    XTOKEN ACCESS METHOD
    The device that has the Token has access to transmit
    XRESERVATION METHOD
    Each device has a predefined time slot to transmit

    Network Topology (serial communication)

    Modem

    SCADA
    Client

    Engineering
    Station
    Modem

    Modem
    DNP3.0 Level 3
    Gateway
    EIA485
    IED *

    DNP3.0
    Substation
    Level 2
    HMI
    EIA485
    DNP3.0
    EIA485
    Level 2
    IED

    * proprietary protocol

    IED

    Modem

    EIA232
    Front

    Laptop
    Computer

    Gateway

    Network Topology (Ethernet communication)


    SCADA
    Client

    Engineering
    Station
    EIA232

    Ethernet
    Switch

    Gateway
    IEC61850
    EIA485
    IED *

    Terminal
    Server

    WAN

    Terminal
    Server

    Substation
    HMI
    Ethernet
    IED

    * proprietary protocol

    Ethernet
    IED

    EIA232
    Front

    Laptop
    Computer

    Gateway

    Open System Interconnection (OSI)


    7 Layer Model

    Application

    Application Specific Protocols

    Presentation

    Message Format, Language

    Session

    Dialog Between Processes

    Transport

    Network

    2
    1

    Application

    Presentation

    Session

    Transport

    Packets (Routing)

    Network

    Data link

    Error Detection, Frames

    Data link

    Physical

    Tx and Rx of Raw Bits

    Physical

    Flow Control, Message sequence

    Physical transmission medium

    Protocols: Analogy

    Postal
    network
    service
    ZG9948

    Serial Communications Protocols


    Outside the substation
    Standard/independent: IEC60870-5-101,
    DNP3, MODBUS, etc.
    Proprietary RTU protocols
    Master / Slave
    Speed 9.6 to 64 kbps +

    SCADA

    RTU / Bay
    Computer /
    Gateway

    Within the substation


    Standard/independent: IEC60870-5-103,
    DNP3, MODBUS, Profibus, etc.
    Proprietary: Courier, SPA-Bus, etc.
    Master / Slave
    Speed 1200bps to 64 kbps

    IEDs

    Serial protocols : limitations


    Designed 5-20 years ago to:
    minimise the communication bandwidth
    minimise the processor/memory load
    make it implementable for non-communication expert
    Few standards
    Slow communication: need for multiple links
    Difficult connection of a third party application - gateway
    Database absolute address, not flexible, no modelling
    Master-slave: long recovery time in case of master failure
    Peer-to-peer communication usually not possible

    Need for Standardisation


    Lack of commonality between vendors
    Lack of standard SCADA / DCS protocols
    Existing industry protocols (e.g. Modbus, Profibus,..) not well
    suited to protection communications
    Cost of interface / gateway solutions
    Global market

    Changes in Technology
    Processor speeds have been multiplied by 30 (at least) in 15 years
    Cost of Memory has dropped considerably
    Ethernet is widely available
    100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, etc.
    Software technology allows easier implementation of complex
    concepts
    For example, Object Oriented Design enabling the re-use of
    existing software modules

    Recent Developments
    XUCA2

    EPRI ( USA utilities ) project


    Not tied to any particular vendor
    Use of some existing standards (MMS protocol, Ethernet
    medium)
    XIEC 61850
    Based on UCA 2 concepts

    International Standard issued 2004


    Edition 2 now partly issued
    Hundreds of substations commissioned

    Communications Interoperability is...

    Xthe ability of two or more IEDs or applications from the


    same vendor, or from different vendors, to exchange
    information and use that information for correct execution
    of specified functions
    Xthe goal of IEC 61850

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