BL Compilation

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION
CPA Review School of the Philippines
OBLIGATIONS
General Provisions
Meaning of Obligation; Meaning of Juridical Necessity; Nature of Obligations; Essential Requisites;
Form of Obligations; Kinds of Obligation According to Subject Matter (1156)
10. 1st Statement: In alternative obligations, it is the communication of which prestation to perform
made by the debtor shall convert the alternative obligation into a pure or simple one.
2nd Statement: In case of a joint obligation, the co-debtors may be held liable for the share of
an insolvent co-debtor
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Sources of Obligations (1157)
Legal Obligations (1158)
Contractual Obligations, Compliance in Good Faith (1159)
Quasi-Contracts (1160)
Quasi-Contractual Obligations; Kinds of Quasi-Contracts
Civil Liability Arising from Crimes or Delicts; Scope of Civil Liability (1161)
Quasi-Delicts (1162)
Obligations Arising from Quasi-Delicts; Requisites of Quasi-delict; Crime Distinguished from Quasidelict
4. A mango tree in the land of O is reclining towards the road. All of a sudden, without a storm or
an earthquake or even strong wind, the tree falls hitting a car belonging to X causing a
P200,000 damage. The liability of O to X arises from
A. Contract
C. Delict
B. Quasi-contract
D. Quasi-delict
Nature and Effect of Obligations
Specific & Generic Thing (1163)
Meaning of Specific or Determinate Thing; Meaning of Generic or Indeterminate Thing; Specific
Thing and Generic Thing Distinguished; Duties of Debtor in Obligation to Give a Determinate
Thing; Duties of Debtor in Obligation to Deliver a Generic Thing
February 19, 2005
First Pre-board Examination
Fruits (1164)
Different Kinds of Fruits; Right of Creditor to the Fruits; When Obligation to Deliver Fruits Arises
1. S agreed to sell B his land and B agreed to pay P10,000 if X will pass CPA Exams of 2002. X
passed. Meantime, interest earned is P1,200, while the fruits harvested is P2,000.
A. S will deliver the land to B
B. B will pay S the price of the sale
C. Combination of A and B
D. Combination of A and B, together with the fruits and interest
1. The buyer has the right to the fruits of the thing from:
A. Time of delivery
C. Time contract of sale is perfected
B. Time of obligation to deliver it arises
D. Time fruits are delivered
Meaning of Personal Right and Real Right; Personal Right and Real Right Distinguished;
Ownership Acquired by Delivery
Remedies of Creditor in Real Obligation; Responsibility of Debtor who Delays or Has Promised
Delivery to Separate Creditors (1165)
Accessions and Accessories (1166)
Meaning of Accessions and Accessories; Right of Creditor to Accessions and Accessories
Situations Contemplated in Art. 1167; Remedies of Creditor in Positive Personal Obligation;
Performance by Third Person (1167)
Remedies of Creditor in Negative Personal Obligation (1168)
Delay (1169)
Meaning of Delay; Kinds of Delay or Default
2. The delay of the part of the creditor to accept the performance of an obligation
A. Dolo incidente
C. Dolo causante
B. Mora accipiendi
D. Mora solvendi
No Delay in Negative Personal Obligation; Requisites of Delay or Default by the Debtor; Effects of
Delay; When Demand is Not Necessary to Put Debtor in Delay
2. Rose obliges herself to give Jack 1 dozen of eggs on January 15, 2003. When the date
arrived, Rose failed to deliver despite repeated demands from Jack. Jacks remedy is:
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Compel Rose to deliver the eggs plus damages.

Compel Rose to pay the amount of the eggs.
Rescind the contract.
Ask a 3rd person to deliver the eggs to him but chargeable to Rose.
2. Debtor obliged himself to deliver to creditor 100 cavans of rice on June 1, 2001. On said date,
D failed to make delivery despite repeated demands by C. In this case:
A. C has no remedy under the law
B. C can compel D to deliver 100 cavans of rice plus damages
C. C may ask a third person to deliver 100 cavans of rice to him, the value recoverable from
D plus damages
D. None of the above.
4. D obliges himself to pay C P100,000 in 30 days plus a penalty of P20,000 if A fails to pay the
obligation in due time. D failed to pay his obligation in 30 days. C can demand from D
A. The principal amount of P100,000 plus the penalty of P20,000 plus interest.
B. The principal amount of P100,000 plus legal interest.
C. The principal amount of P100,000 plus the penalty of P20,000, plus interest, plus
damages.
D. The principal amount of P100,000 plus the penalty of P20,000.
7. Paula obliged herself to give to Cathy her BMW car on October 10, 2004 but she failed to
deliver on that date. On the following day, a lighting completely destroyed the car.
A. Paula is still liable for she is in default already.
B. Paula is no longer liable there being no demand, there is no delay and the thing is lost
due to fortuitous event
C. Cathy can demand for a substitute.
D. Paula is not liable even if she is in default.
4. R bought her diamond ring to a jewelry shop for cleaning. The jewelry shop undertook to
return the ring by February 1, 2001. When the said date arrived, the jewelry shop informed R
that the job was not yet finished. They asked her to return five days after. On February 6,
2001, R went to the shop to claim the ring, but she was informed that the same was stolen by
a thief who entered the shop the night before. Later, the ring was found in the possession of
T, the thief.
1st Statement: The jewelry shop is not liable because the lost of the ring is due to force
majeure. The right of R is to proceed against T, the theft.
2nd Statement: The right of R is to proceed against the jewelry shop owner and ask for the
February 19, 2005
value of the ring plus damages because there was a breach of contract. The shop cannot
escape liability because there was delay.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Grounds for Liability; Fraud and Negligence Distinguished (1170)
2. A, B and C are obliged to give X, Y and Z a specific car valued at P600,000. On due date, X,
Y, and Z demanded delivery from A but A did not deliver. The following day, the car is lost due
to fortuitous event.
A. The obligation is extinguished because the loss is due to fortuitous event
B. The obligation is extinguished because the debtor are guilty of default, but instead
converted into money consideration
C. the creditor can require the debtor to deliver another car but more valuable
D. Answer not given
3. Christine obliged herself to give to Conrad her BMW car on October 10, 2003 but she failed to
deliver on that date. On the following day, a lightning completely destroyed the car.
A. Christene is still liable for she is in default already.
B. Christene is no longer liable there being no demand, there is no delay and the thing is lost
due to fortuitous event.
C. Conrad can demand for a substitute.
D. Christene is not liable even if she is in default.
Responsibility Arising from Fraud Demandable; Waiver of Action for Future Fraud Void; Waiver of
Action for Past Fraud Valid (1171)
1. In the execution of obligations, liability for malice or bad faith
A. Extends not only to results intended but also to their foreseen consequences.
B. Is demandable in all obligations but may be renounced in advance.
C. Extends only to results intended but excluding exemplary damage
D. Extends to natural consequences even if they exceed the debtor's expectations.
1. 1st Statement: Negligence in the performance of a pre existing contract or culpa contractual is
one of the sources of obligations.
2nd Statement: Waiver for a future fraud is void but a waiver for a fraud done (past fraud) is
valid.
A.
B.
C.
D.
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1st Statement
2nd Statement
True
True

False
False
False
True
True
False
Negligence (1172-1173)
Responsibility Arising from Negligence Demandable; Validity of Waiver of Action Arising from
Negligence; Kinds of Negligence According of to Source of Obligation; Effect of Negligence on the
Part of the Injured Party
Meaning of Fault or Negligence; Factors to be Considered; Measure of Liability for Damages;
Kinds of Diligence Required
5. Which of the following is not a ground for damages?
A. Promising to deliver the same thing to two different persons not having the same interest
therein.
B. Performance of an act which impairs the strict and faithful fulfillment of the obligation.
C. Non-performance of an obligation with respect to time.
1. The standard of care that a person obliged to give something must observe in the preservation
of the specific thing subject matter of an obligation.
A. That diligence of a good father of a family
B. That diligence which the parties have stipulated on
C. That diligence which the law provides
D. All of the above
1. The initial standard of care that a person is obliged to give something must observe in the
preservation of the specific thing subject matter of an obligation.
A. That diligence of a good father of a family.
B. That diligence which the parties have stipulated on.
C. That diligence which the law provides.
4. X a passenger of a bus plying the Manila-Baguio route, sustained serious physical injuries
brought about by the reckless driving of Y, the designated bus driver, when the bus rammed
into a concrete wall at around 11:00 pm that day. In a criminal case against the driver, the
latter was acquitted. Thereafter, X filed a case against the bus company for culpa contractual.
Will the suit prosper?
A. No, this would constitute double jeopardy
February 19, 2005
B. Yes, provided he can prove the negligence of Y, the driver

C. No, the dismissal of the criminal case against Y carries with it the dismissal of the civil
aspect which was not reserved
D. Yes, so long as he can prove the existence of a contract of common carriage between him
and the bus company at the time he sustained the injuries.
2. A person is entitled to adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as
he has duly proved, except as provided by law or by stipulation. Such payment is referred to
as
A. Nominal damages
C. Liquidated damages
B. Compensatory damages
D. Monetary damages
Fortuitous Event (1174)
Meaning of Fortuitous Event; Fortuitous Event Distinguished from Force Majeure; Kinds of
Fortuitous Events; Requisites of a Fortuitous Event; Rules as to Liability in Case of Fortuitous
Event
Loan, Usury, Interest (1175)
Meaning of Simple Loan or Mutuum; Meaning of Usury; Requisites for Recovery of Interest
Presumption (1176)
Meaning of Presumption; Two Kinds of Presumption; When Presumptions Do Not Apply
Remedies Available to Creditors for the Satisfaction of their Claims (1177)
Transmissibility of Rights (1178)
Comprehensive
5. 1st Statement: Mr. X waived in advance his right to sue Mr. A, if A will cause him injury due to
As negligence. The waiver is void.
2nd Statement: Dolo incidente or fraud in the celebration of contacts is a ground to annul the
obligation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Different Kinds of Obligations
Pure and Conditional Obligations (1179)
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Meaning of Pure Obligation; Meaning of Conditional Obligation; Meaning of Condition;

Characteristics of a Condition; Two Principal Kinds of Condition; Distinctions beween Suspensive
and Resolutory Conditions; When Obligations is Demandable at Once; Past Event Unknown to the
Parties
8. A promissory note signed by D and dated March 15, 2002 is worded as follows, I promise to
pay C the sum of Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000) provided that if she should fail in the
October, 2002 CPA Examination, she shall return to me said amount. The above note gives
rise to an obligation with
A. Suspensive condition
C. Resolutory condition
B. Casual condition
D. None of the above
Where Duration of Period Depends Upon the Will of Debtor (1180)
Effect of Happening of Condition (1181)
Classification of Conditions (1182)
Potestative Condition; Where Suspensive Condition Depends upon Will of Debtor; Where
Suspensive Condition Depends upon Will of Creditor; Where Resolutory Condition Depends upon
the Will of Debtor; Casual Condition; Mixed Condition; Where Suspensive Condition Depends
Partly upon Will of Debtor.
3. DR promised to give DE, his grandson, a car if the latter will pass the bar examinations. When
his grandson passed the said examinations, which of the following statements is true?
A. DR may refuse to deliver because the condition is purely a potestative one.
B. The obligation is valid because the condition depends upon the sole will of the donor.
C. Both the obligation and the condition are ineffective because they depend upon the sole
will of the donor.
D. The obligation is valid although potestative because they depend upon the sole will of the
donee.
Impossible Conditons (1183)
Two Kinds of Impossible Conditions; Effect of Impossible Conditions
4. 1st Statement: I will give you a specific car if you will not marry X this year (1999). If by the end
of 1999, both parties are alive and no marriage has taken place, my obligation is extinguished.
2nd Statement: I will give you P10,000 if you cannot make a dead man alive. This is impossible
condition, obligation not demandable.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
February 19, 2005
2nd Statement

True
False
False
True
Positive Condition (1184)

Negative Condition (1185)
Constructive Fulfillment of Condition (1186)
Constructive Fulfillment of Suspensive Condition; Constructive Fulfillment of Resolutory Condition;
Retroactive Effect of Fulfillment of Condition (1187)
Retroactive Effects of Fulfillment of Suspensive Condition; Retroactive Effects as to Fruits and
Interests in Obligations to Give
Rights Pending Fulfillment of Suspensive Condition (1188)
Loss (1189)
Requisites for Application of Article 1189; Kinds of Loss; Rules in Case of Loss, Deterioration, or
Improvement of Thing During Pendency of Suspensive Condition
Fulfillment of Resolutory Condition (1190)
Effects of Fulfillment of Resolutory Condition; Applicability of Article 1189 to Party with Obligation to
Return)
Art. 1191
Kinds of Obligation According to the Person Obliged; Remedies in Reciprocal Obligations; Court
may Grant Guilty Party Term for Performance; Remedies are Alternative; Limitations on Right to
Demand Rescission; Rescission Without Previous Judicial Decree
Breach (1192)
Where Both Party are Guilty of Breach
Comprehensive
Obligations with a Period (1193)
Meaning of Obligation with a Period; Meaning of Period or Term; Period and Condition
Distinguished; Kinds of Period or Term
9. Conrado will continue giving Pedro the latters meal allowance until the end of this year, is an
obligation subject to:
A. a resolutory period
C. a resolutory condition
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B. a suspensive condition

D. a suspensive period
2. Which of the following is not an obligation with a period?

A. Obligation payable within 2 years
B. Obligation payable within a reasonable time
C. Obligation payable on or before a given date in the future
5. 1st Statement: To Maria, my true love, I obliged myself to give you my one and only horse
when I feel like it.
2nd Statement: To Perla my true sweetheart, I obliged myself to pay you the P500.00 I owe
you when I feel like it.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
Void
Valid
Void
Valid
2nd Statement
Void
Valid
Valid
Void
6. 1st Statement: To Maria, my true love, I obliged myself to give you my one and only horse
when I feel like it.
2nd Statement: To Perla my true sweetheart, I obliged myself to pay you the P500.00 I owe
you when I feel like it.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
Enforceable
Not Enforceable
Enforceable
Not Enforceable
2nd Statement
Enforceable
Not Enforceable Not Enforceable
Enforceable
Effect of Loss, Deterioration, or Improvement before Arrival of Period (1194)
Payment before Arrival of Period (1195-1198)
Debtor Presumed Aware of Period; No Recovery in Personal Obligations; Presumption as to
Benefit of Period
16. On July 1, 1997, A signs a promissory note and binds himself to pay X P100,000 plus 15% per
annum interest on June 30, 1999
A. Before June 30, 1999. X can demand payment
B. If on June 30, 1998 A is paying X, X cannot refuse the payment
C. Because the period is for the benefit of the debtor A can compel creditor X to accept
payment any date before June 30, 1999
D. Because the period is for the benefit of the debtor and creditor, X can refuse any tendered
payment before June 30, 1999.
February 19, 2005
2. A sold to B the formers horse for P5,000. No date is fixed by the parties for the performance of
their respective obligation. The obligation of A is
A. To deliver the horse immediately as there is a perfected contract
B. To deliver the horse within a reasonable time of two months from the contract date
C. To deliver the horse upon payment by B of P5,000
D. To rescind the contract as there is no time fixed for the delivery and payment
Exceptions to the General Rule; Computation of Term or Period
Court Generally Without Power to Fix a Period; Exceptions to the General Rule; Legal Effect
Where Suspensive Period/Condition Depends upon the Will of Debtor; Period Fixed Cannot be
Changed by the Courts
3. 1st Statement: If the obligation does not fix a period, but from its nature and the circumstances,
it can be inferred that a period was intended, the court may fix the duration thereof. Once it is
fixed by the court, the parties cannot change the fixed date for performance.
2nd Statement: I will give you P10,000, as soon as possible. This is an obligation with a period
for the benefit of both the debtor and creditor.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
When Obligation Can be Demanded Before Lapse of Period
3. When the period is "on or before a date", the debtor has the benefit of the period. This benefit
is lost and the obligation becomes demandable when:
A. the debtors attempts to abscond.
B. after contracting the obligation, the creditor suspects the debtor to becoming
insolvent.
C. the guarantee given by the debtor is not acceptable to the creditor.
D. demand by the debtor could be useless.
Alternative Obligations (1199-1206)
Kinds of Obligation According to Object; Meaning of Alternative Obligation
Right of Choice, as a Rule, Given to Debtor; Right of Choice of Debtor Not Absolute
Communication of Notice that Choice has been Made
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Effect when only one Prestation is Practicable

When Debtor may Rescind Contract
Effect of Loss of Objects of Obligation; Basis of Indemnity
6. D obliged to give C, either object No.1 valued P15,000 or object No. 2 valued P10,000; or
object No. 3 valued P5,000. All the objects were lost due to Ds fault in the following order
stated.
A. Ds obligation is extinguished
B. Ds obligation is to pay the value of object No.1 plus damages
C. Cs right id to demand the value of any of the object plus damages
When Right of Choice belongs to Creditor; Rules in Case Loss before Creditor has Made Choice;
Rules Applicable to Personal Obligations
4. A obliged himself to deliver to B his dog, his cow, his carabao, his elephant or his crocodile
and gave B the right of choice. The first two were lost due to fortuitous event and the last
three were lost due to As fault.
A. Creditor, B may convert to cash any of them plus damages.
B. Debtor A may convert to cash the value of the last one lost plus damages.
C. A may rescind the contract plus damages.
D. Creditor, B may convert to cash any of the last three plus damages.
Meaning of Facultative Obligation; Effect of Loss; Alternative and Facultative Obligations
Distinguished
7. Effect of the loss of the thing in a facultative obligation. Which is incorrect?
A. Before substitution: if the principal thing is lost due to fortuitous event, there is no more
obligation.
B. Before substitution: if the substitute thing is lost due to debtor's fault, there is no more
obligation.
C. After substitution, if the principal thing is lost, the debtor is no longer liable even if it was
lost due to his fault.
Joint and Solidary Obligations (1207-1222)
Meaning of Joint and Solidary Obligations; When Obligation Solidary; Words Used to Indicate
Solidary Liability; Kinds of Solidarity
February 19, 2005
3. A, B, and C secured a loan from X. The promissory note which evidences the obligation states
that: I promise to pay and signed by A, B, and C. Here, the obligation is
A. Divisible.
C. Indivisible.
B. Joint.
D. Solidary.
Kinds of Obligations According to the Number of Parties; Collective Obligation Presumed to be
Jointl Presumption Subject to Rules on Multiplicity of Suits; Words Used to Indicate Joint Liability;
Solidarity not Presumed
Joint Indivisible Obligation
Indivisibility and Solidarity Distinguished
Kinds of Solidary Obligation According to the Legal Tie; Solidarity not Affected by Diverse
Stipulations
Act of Solidary Creditor Prejudicial to Others
Assignment by Solidary Creditor of His Rights
Payment to Any of the Solidary Creditors
Liability of Solidary Creditor in Case of Novation, Compensation; Confusion; or Remission; Effect
of Novation, etc. where Obligation Joint
Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Any Solidary Debtor
2. X, Y and Z executed a promissory note for P18,000.00 payable to the orders of A, B and C. At
maturity, can the creditors proceed to collect from X alone for the payment of the entire debt?
A. Yes, since the note is silent as to the nature of the liability of the debtors, the obligation is
presumed to be solidary.
B. No, each creditor is entitled to collect only P2,000 from X.
C. Yes, any of A, B or C can collect P18,000 from X
D. No, each creditor can collect only P6,000 from X
3. X and Y bound themselves solidarily to deliver to A a specific motorboat worth P120,000. The
motorboat was not delivered to A as it was destroyed by fire through the fault of Y. Thereupon
A sued X in court and the court awarded P150,000 in favor of A representing the value of the
boat plus damages. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is correct?
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A. X can be compelled to pay A only P60,000 as his share in the obligation, and refuse to
pay the penalty because it should be charged against Z, the guilty party
B. If X pays A P150,000, he can collect from Y the entire amount of P150,000
C. If A successfully collects from X P150,000, X in turn, can collect P90,000 from Y
D. A has to collect P60,000 from X and P90,000 from Y
7. Debtors A, B, C and D are liable to creditors E, F, G and H in the amount of P200,000.
Assuming passive solidarity exists among A, B, C and D, how much can E and F collect from
A?
A. P 50,000
C. P150,000
B. P100,000
D. P200,000
Assuming passive solidarity exists among A, B, C and D, how much can E and F collect from
A?
A. P100,000
C. P350,000
B. P200,000
D. P400,000
8. Debtors A, B, C and D are liable to creditors E, F, G and H in the amount of P200,000. If the
obligation is joint, how much can E and F collect from A?
A. P12,500
C. P 50,000
B. P25,000
D. P200,000
Suppose the obligation is joint, how much can E and F collect from A?
A. P25,000
C. P100,000
B. P50, 000
D. P400, 000
3. This is the promissory note; "We promise to pay A, B and C the sum of ONE HUNDRED
EIGHTY THOUSAND (P180,000) PESOS within 60 days. Signed: X,Y and Z.
A. X is obliged to pay A P20,000
B. X is obliged to pay A P60,000
C. X Is obliged to pay A P180,000
D. X is obliged to pay A, B and C, P180,000
Effects of Payment by a Solidary Debtor
6. A, B and C are solidary debtors of X for 9,000. Later, C paid X the whole obligation. Which of
the following is considered a false statement as to the effects of C paying X the whole
obligation
A. C becomes a creditor for reimbursement
B. After C paid X the whole obligation, the same is converted into a joint obligation of
reimbursement
C. If the debtor A becomes insolvent C can collect from B P6,000
2. Guillermo, Hilario and Apolinario owed in solidum (solidarily) P75,000 to Conrado as
evidenced by a promissory note due on September 29, 1990. The note prescribed on
September 30, 2000. On October 1, 2000, however, Apolinario paid the entire obligation to
Conrado. In this case, Apolinario is:
A. not entitled to reimbursement from his co-debtors for the shares of the latter as there is no
more obligation to pay
B. entitled to collect P25,000 each from Hilario and Guillermo
C. entitled to recover from Conrado as it was already a natural obligation
D. entitled to recover from Conrado based on quasi-contract on solution indebiti
Effect of Payment after Obligation has Prescribed or Become Illegal; Prescriptive Periods of Action
2. Debtors A, B, C, D and E are liable to creditors F, G, H, I & J in the amount of P50,000. How
much can F, G & H collect from A & B (total amount)?
A. P12,000
C. P15,000
B. P18,000
D. P 6,000
3. Debtors A, B, C, D and E are liable to creditors F, G, H, I & J in the amount of P50,000. If
active solidarity exists how much can F, G and H collect from A & B?
A. P20,000
C. P15,000
B. P 6,000
D. P12,000
Effect of Remission of Share after Payment

No Right to Reimbursement in Case of Remission
Rules in Case Thing has been Lost or Prestation has become Impossible
Defenses Available to Solidary Debtor
Comprehensive
February 19, 2005
Page 7 of 48
5. A & B are joint debtors of C, D, & E solidary creditors in the amount of P100,000. How much
can E collect from A?
A. 100,000
C. 25,000
B. 50,000
D. none of the above
8. W, X, Y, Z solidarily liable to A, B, C, joint creditors for P30,000. How much can A and B collect
from X?
A. P10,000
C. P20,000
B. P2,500 only
D. P15,000
7. X and Y are solidary debtors of A, B and C, joint creditors to the amounts of P30,000. How
much can B collect from X?
A. B can collect P30,000 from X. B in turn has to give A and C P10,000 each
B. B can collect P10,000 from X.
C. B can collect P15,000 from X.
D. B can collect P30,000 from X. X in turn can recover from Y the amount of P15,000
Divisible & Indivisible Obligations (1223-1225)
Meaning of Divisible and Indivisible Obligations; Test for the Distinction; Applicability of Article;
Kinds of Division; Kinds of Indivisibility; Where There is Only One Creditor and One Debtor;
Effect of Noncompliance by a Debtor in a Joint Indivisible Obligation
Obligations Deemed Indivisible; Obligations Deemed Divisible; Divisibility or Indivisibility in
Obligations Not to Do
Obligations with a Penal Clause (1226-1230)
Meaning of Principal and Accessory Obligations; Meaning of Obligation with a Penal Clause;
Meaning of Penal Clause; Purposes of Penal Clause; Penal Clause and Condition Distinguished;
Kinds of Penal Clause; Penalty Substitutes for Damages and Interests; When Creditor may
Recover Damages when Penalty may be Enforced
Penalty not Substitute for Performance; Penal Clause Presumed Subsidiary; When Penal Clause
Joint
Penalty Demandable Without Proof of Actual Damages; Damages Recoverable in Addition to
Penalty must be Proved
February 19, 2005
When Penalty May be Reduced by the Courts

Effect of Nullity of the Penal Clause; Effect of Nullity of the Principal Obligation
Comprehensive
4. Which of the following obligation is void?
A. Obligation payable within a reasonable time
B. Obligation payable if the debtor cannot make a circle at the same time a square
C. Obligation payable of the debtor cannot make a dead man alive
1. I will give you this book provided that if I like to have it back, you will return the same to me
A. The obligation is void, because the fulfillment depends upon the will of the debtor
B. The obligation is void, because the fulfillment depends upon the will of the creditor
C. The obligation is valid because the condition merely causes the loss of rights already
acquired
D. Combination of A and B
18. Statement 1: In alternative obligations, it is the communication of which pre-station to perform
made by the debtor shall convert the alternative obligation into a pure or simple one.
Statement 2: In case of a joint obligation, the co-debtors may be held liable for the share of an
insolvent co-debtor.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement 1
True
False
True
False
Statement 2
True
False
False
True
Extinguishment of Obligation
Causes of Extinguishment of Obligation (1231)
12. Which of the following is not a ground for the extinguishment of an obligation?
A. Remission
D. Death of either debtor or creditor
B. Merger
E. None of the above
C. Compensation
10. Which of the following is not a ground for the extinguishment of an obligation?
A. Remission
D. Death of either debtor or creditor
B. Merger
C. Compensation
Page 8 of 48
Payment or Performance (1232-1259)

Meaning of Payment
When Debt is Considered Paid
2. This is a classification of obligations where there are several prestations due and the complete
performance of all shall extinguish the obligation. Identify this.
A. Facultative obligation.
C. Alternative obligation.
B. Conjoint/conjunctive obligation.
D. Obligation with a penal clause.
Recovery Allowed in Case of Substantial Performance in Good Faith; Requisites for the Application
of Art. 1234
Person to Whom Payment Shall be Made; Meaning of Any Person Authorized to Receive it.
Effect of Payment to an Incapacitated Person; Effect of Payment to a Third Person; When Benefit
to Creditor Need not be Proved by Debtor
Payment to Third Person in Possession of Credit
When Payment to Creditor not Valid
Every Prestation Due Must be Complied with; When Prestation may be Substituted
Special Forms of Payment; Meaning of Dation in Payment; Governing Law
Recovery Allowed when Incomplete or Irregular Performance is Waived; Requisites for the
Application of Art. 1235
Persons from whom the Creditor must Accept Payment; Creditor may Refuse Payment by a Third
Person; Effect of Payment by a Third Person
14. A owes B P5,000. C is the guarantor of A. A was able to pay B P3,000, thus leaving P2,000
unpaid. X, against the will of A and without the knowledge of the partial payment made by A,
paid B the sum of P5,000. How does this payment affect the obligation?
A. The obligation is extinguished. X, however, cannot recover any amount from A since the
payment was made against will of A. Instead, A can demand payment from C, the
guarantor to the amount of P5,000.
B. The obligation is extinguished. X however, can demand only P2,000 from A as this is the
amount which benefited A. Instead, A can demand payment from C, the guarantor, to the
amount of P5,000.
C. The obligation is extinguished. X can demand P2,000 from A, but if A cannot pay, X
cannot ordinarily proceed against guarantor C because having paid against the will of A, X
is not entitled to subrogation
D. Xs payment, having been made against the will of A does not extinguish the obligation.
Right of a Third Person to Subrogation; Subrogation and Reimbursement Distinguished
Payment by a Third Person Who Does Not Intend to be Reimbursed
Meaning of Free Disposal of Thing Due and Capacity to Alienate; Free Disposal of Thing Due
and Capacity to Alienate Required
February 19, 2005
Rule of the Medium Quality

Debtor Pays for Extrajudicial Expenses; Losing Party Generally Pays Judicial Costs
Performance of Obligation Should be Complete; When Partial Performance Allowed
Meaning of Legal Tender; Legal Tender in the Philippines; Payment by Means of Instruments of
Credits
5. After many of years of shopping in the Metro Manila area, housewife HW has developed the
sound habit of making cash purchases only, none on credit. In one shopping trip to Mega Mall,
she got the shock of her shopping life for the first time, a stores smart salesgirl refused to
accept her coins in payment for a purchase worth not more than one hundred pesos. HW was
paying seventy pesos in 25-centavo coins and twenty fives pesos in 10-centavo coins.
Strange as it may seem, the salesgirl told HW that her coins were not legal tender. Do you
agree with the salesgirl in respect for the 10-centavo coins and 25-centavo coins the legal
tender is up to P50.00 only.
1st Statement: No, because for the 10-centavo coins and 25-centavo coins the legal tender is
up to P50.00 only
2nd Statement: All coins issued by the Central Bank in any amount are considered legal
tender.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1ST Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Meaning of Inflation and Deflation; Basis of Payment in Case of Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation.
Page 9 of 48
Place where Obligation Shall be Paid
Prior Notice to Persons Interested Required; Consignation Must Comply with Provisions on
Payment
Meaning of Application of Payments Requisites of Application of Payments; Application as to Debts

not yet Due; Rules of Application of Payments
Consignation must be with Proper Judicial Authority; Notice to be Given to Interested Parties of the
Consignation Made
Interest Earned Paid Ahead of Principal

Creditor Bears Expenses of Consignation; When Consignatoin Deemed Properly made
Legal Application of Payments; When a Debt More Onerous than Another; Where Debts Subject to
Different Burdens
Meaning of Payment by Cession; Requisites of Payment of Cession; Effect of Payment by
Cession; Dation in Payment and Cession Distinguished
18. Requisites of application of payment, except
A. Debts are all due
C. Two or more debts
B. Debts are of different kinds
D. One debtor and one creditor
9. When the debtor abandons and assigns all his properties in favor of his creditors for the latter
to sell and satisfy their credits, this is:
A. Application of payment
C. Dacion en pago
B. Assignment in favor of creditors
D. Expromission
10. When the debtor abandons and assigns all his properties in favor of his creditors for the latter
to sell and satisfy their credits, this is:
A. Payment by cession
C. Dacio en pago
B. Application of payment
D. Expromission
9. When the debtors property are not enough at the moment to pay all his debt in full. This
conditions is called:
A. Antichresis
C. insolvency
B. Pactu commissorio
D. suspension of payment
Withdrawal by Debtor of Thing or Sum Deposited

Effect of Withdrawal with Authority of Creditor
Loss of the Thing Due (1260 -1269)
When a Thing is Considered Lost; When Loss of Thing will Extinguish an Obligation to Give; When
Loss of Thing will not Extinguish Liability
6. A obliged himself to deliver to B his 7650 Nokia cellphone or as a substitute he may deliver his
cute kitten. After substitution was made, the former was lost due to As fault.
A. A is liable and must pay damages.
B. A will simply deliver his cute kitten plus damages for the loss of the cellphone.
C. The loss has no effect to the obligation.
D. Obligation was extinguished.
Effect of Loss of a Generic Thing
Effect of Partial Loss of a Specific Thing
Presumption of Fault in Case of Loss of Thing in Possession of Debtor
When Presumption not Applicable
Effect of Impossibility of Performance; Kinds of Impossibility
13. Insolvency of the debtor is required in:

A. Dation in payment
B. Payment by cession
C. Tender of payment and consignation

D. Application of payment
Effect of Difficulty of Performance

Effect of Fortuitous Event Where Obligation Proceeds from a Criminal Offense
Meaning of Tender of Payment; Meaning of Consignation; Requisites of a Valid Consignation;

When Tender of Payment not Required; Requirements for Valid Tender of Payment
February 19, 2005
Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Third Persons

Page 10 of 48
Condonation or Remission of Debt (1270-1274)

Meaning of Condonation or Remission; Requisites of Condonation or Remission; Kinds of
Remission; Effect of Inofficious Remission
Presumption in Case of Voluntary Delivery of Document of Indebtedness by Creditor; Payment, not
Remission of Debt
30. In here, C can set up compensation (or cum pondere) on December 25, and this is called:
A. Legal
C. Judicial or "set-off"
B. Partial
D. Facultative
8. Type of compensation which arises from a proven counterclaim is called
A. Facultative compensation.
C. Voluntary or conventional compensation.
B. Judicial compensation.
D. Legal compensation .
Effect of Renunciation of the Principal Debt of the Accessory Obligation
20. In three of the following cases, facultative compensation shall prosper.

exception?
A. gratuitous support
C. mutuum
B. civil liability arising from crime
D. depositum
Presumption in Case Thing Pledged Found in Possession of Debtor
Requisites of Legal Compensation
Confusion or Merger of Rights (1275-1277)

Confusion or Merger Meaning, Reason or Basis, Requisites
Compensation Benefits Guarantor
Presumption in Case Document Found in Possession of Debtor
Which is the
Total and Partial Compensation

Effect of Merger in the Person of (1) Principal Debtor or Creditor; (2) Guarantor
Voluntary Compensation
Confusion in a Joint Obligation, Confusion in a Solidary Obligation
Judicial Compensation
Compensation (1278-1290)
Meaning of Compensation; Compensation and Confusion Distinguished; Kinds of Compensation
19. D owes C P10,000 payable on December 25, while C owes D P10,000 payable on December
30. In here, C can set up compensation (or cum pondere) on December 25, and this is called:
A. Legal
C. Judicial or set-off
B. Partial
D. Facultative
Compensation of Rescissible or Voidable Debts

Where Compensation has Taken Place before Assignment; Where Compensation has Taken Place
after Assignment
Compensation where Debts Payable at Different Places (1286)
9. D deposited his car to C as he would go to the U.S. to visit his father. In the meantime, D
owed C a specific car. In case of a facultative compensation, which statement is correct?
A. Only C may raise facultative compensation in this case.
B. Only D may raise facultative compensation to set off his obligation to D with the latters
obligation.
C. Either or both C and D may raise compensation to set off the two obligations
D. There cannot be a case of facultative compensation in this case.
15. D owes C P10,000 payable on December 25, while C owes D P10,000 payable on December
February 19, 2005
Instances when Legal Compensation is not Allowed by Law (1287-1288)

Rules on Application of Payments Apply to Order of Compensation (1289)
Consent of Parties not Required in Legal Compensation (1290)
Comprehensive
6. 1st Statement: D owes C P10,000 due on December 25, C owes D P6,000 on December 25.
Ds obligation is guaranteed by G. On the due date if D is insolvent G is liable to C for
Page 11 of 48
P10,000, the latter (G) cannot set up compensation because he is not a principal debtor.
2nd Statement: D owes C P10,000 payable on December 25. Later, D through intimidation,
was able to make C sign a promissory note stating that C is indebted to D for the same
amount. In here, D cannot be required to pay C P10,000 because he (D) can set up
compensation against C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Novation (1291-1299)
Meaning of Novation; Dual Function of Novation; Kinds of Novation
Requisites of Novation; Novation is not Presumed; Test of Incomparability between Two
Obligations or Contracts
Kinds of Personal Novation; Kinds of Substitution; Right of New Debtor who Pays
10. When the third person assumes the payment of the obligation without the knowledge or
against the will of the debtor but with the consent of the creditor, there is
A. Delegacion
C. Subrogation
B. Expromission
D. Novation
Effect of New Debtors Insolvency or Nonfullment of the Obligation in Expromision
11. A owes B P10,000. Without the consent of A, B agreed with Cs proposal (C is suitor of A) to
answer for As obligation for which A vehemently objected to but could not do anything. The
following week all of Cs properties were destroyed by fire, hence he could no longer pay the
P10,000 obligation.
A. As obligation is revived.
C. A must answer for of the obligation.
B. As obligation is not revived.
D. B cannot collect at all.
Effect of New Debtors Insolvency or Non-fulfillment of the Obligation in Delegacion
15. On October 4, 1997, A is indebted to B for P50,000 for a 20-day period. A proposed to B that
X will pay As debt, and that A will be free from all liabilities. B and X agreed to the proposal.
On October 25, 1997, when B tries to collect from X, he finds that X is insolvent. At the time of
delegation, X was already insolvent but this was not known to A. The insolvency is not of
public knowledge. So B sues A on the ground that it was A who made the proposal and that A
really guaranteed Xs solvency. Decide.
A. A is liable because he is pressured to have guaranteed Xs solvency
February 19, 2005
B. A is not liable, because A does not know the insolvency of X at the time of delegation and
neither was the insolvency of public knowledge.
C. A is liable because he did not exercise due diligence in determining the insolvency of X.
D. A is liable because X agreed to the proposal to make himself solidary liable for the
obligation
Effect of Novation on Accessory Obligations
Effect where the New Obligation Void; Effect where the New Obligation Voidable
Effect where the Old Obligation Void or Voidable
Presumption where Original Obligation subject to a Condition
Comprehensive
16. In novation, which of the following is incorrect?
A. If the new obligation is void, original obligation shall subsist.
B. In expromission, the insolvency of the new debtor shall not revive the action of the creditor
against the original debtor.
C. If the original obligation is subject to a suspensive condition, the new obligation is not
subject to the same condition unless stated
D. While if the condition is resolutory the new is also resolutory condition, unless otherwise
stated.
Subrogation (1300-1304)
Kinds of Subrogation
Consent of all Parties Required in Conventional Subrogation
Cases of Legal Subrogation
Effect of Total Subrogation
Effect of Partial Subrogation
Comprehensive
5. Which of the following is not a special mode of payment?
A. Tender of payment
C. Dacion en pago
Page 12 of 48

B. Cession

7. Which does not result in the extinguishment of obligations?

A. Rescission.
C. Arrival of resolutory period.
B. Happening of suspensive condition.
D. Compromise.
9. Which statement is correct about extinguishment of obligation?
A. Condonation is generally gratuitous.
B. Prescription is a primary mode of extinguishing an obligation.
C. Agency wherein novation is effected must be in writing and thru a Special Power of
Attorney.
D. Confusion or merger rights may occur in the person of a guarantor.
5. On January 15, 2002, D purchased on credit construction materials worth P50,000.00 from the
lumber and hardware store owned by C. At maturity date on March 5, 2002, D could not pay
despite repeated demand coming from C. X, Ds brother and a good friend of Cs, voluntarily
offered to assume his brothers obligation to the latter as soon as his (Xs) application for a
loan is approved by a bank and asked that he be given until April 5, 2002. C accepted the
offer of X and agreed to the period. At maturity date, X did not pay C as his application loan
was disapproved. Given this scenario, which statement is correct?
A. Ds obligation to C was extinguished by novation thru expromission, and thus, there can
be no revival when X did not pay.
B. Ds obligation subsists because the creation of the new obligation of X to C by
expromission is subject to a suspensive condition that did not happen.
C. X is liable to C as the new debtor because the formers assumption of Ds laiability was
accepted and consented to by C.
D. Ds obligation was extinguished by a valid delegacion to X. Ds obligation cannot be
revived because there was no showing that X was insolvent and it was of public
knowledge.
17. Statement 1: "I promise to pay within 2 years" is an obligation with a period, the creditor having
a right to demand payment within 2 years from the date of the instrument.
Statement 2: Ten sacks of corn cannot be compensated (legal compensation) by ten sacks of
rice.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement 1
True
False
True
False
Statement 2
True
False
False
True
February 19, 2005
13. Statement 1: Payment by cession does not totally extinguish the whole obligation.
Statement 2: In obligation with penal clauses, it is necessary for the creditor to show proof of
actual damages suffered by him on account of the non-performance of the obligation by the
debtor.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement 1
True
False
True
False
Statement 2
True
False
False
True
26. 1st Statement: The creditor may be compelled to accept payment in checks as long as the
check is negotiable
2nd Statement: An obligation payable should the client die of diabetes is an obligation
subject to a period
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
24. 1st Statement: In case of extra-ordinary inflation, the basis of payment is the value of the
obligation at the time it was constituted
2nd Statement: After substitution, the loss of the principal object through the fault or
negligence of the debtor shall render him liable for damages.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
17. 1st Statement: Payment made by a third person who does not intend to be reimbursed by the
debtor is desired to be a donation, which requires the debtors consent. If the debtors consent
is not given the obligation is not extinguished
2nd Statement: If the debtors consent or permission is not given, but the third person paid the
creditor his right is to proceed against the creditor for reimbursement and not against the
debtor
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
4. 1st Example D promised to give C a specific car valued P100,000 after C has killed X. Later
after the killing the contract was novated instead of giving C a specific car he will just give a
specific land to be delivered on February 28, 1998. Meantime, both parties died. In here, the
Page 13 of 48
heirs of C may compel the execution of the second contract, that is, the delivery of the specific
land.
2nd Example S sold to B a specific residential house situated in Bulacan for P1M, unknown
to both parties one (1) hour before the sale, the property was totally gutted by fire caused by
electrical defect. In here, B can be required to pay the price of the sale, because the subject is
determinate Ss obligation to deliver is extinguished, while Bs obligation remain to subsist.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Example
True
False
True
False
2nd Example
True
False
False
True
9. Statement 1: Just before the obligation became due and demandable, the debtor proposed to
the creditor that he would give him a specific car instead of paying P150, 000.00, and which
proposal was accepted by the creditor. Here, there is extinguishment of an obligation by way
of dacion en pago.
Statement 2: After substitution in facultative obligations, the loss of the principal through the
fault or negligence of the debtor shall render him liable for damages in favor of the creditor.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement 1
True
False
True
False
Statement 2
True
False
False
True
Comprehensive
1. S and M agreed in print that S, debtor for P3,000, will work as a servant of M without pay until
she could find money with which to pay her debt. Meantime, S absconded her obligation and
failed to comply with her promise. Under this promise, which of the following statements is
correct?
A. The agreement to work as a servant is void because it is immoral
B. To act as a servant without pay is unconstitutional because this is equivalent to involuntary
servitude.
C. The obligation to pay is enforceable because this is in accordance with law
D. All of the above
71. Which is not correct?
A. A check, even if good when offered, maybe refused by a creditor in satisfaction of his
demand because it does not meet the requirements of legal tender
B. The Phil. Peso bills when attempted to be exported, as when carried in excess of that
allowed by the Central Bank maybe deemed to have been taken out of domestic
circulation as legal tender and thus maybe treated as commodity
February 19, 2005
C. If the obligation of a debtor is to pay in dollars it shall be discharged in Phil. Currency

measured at the prevailing rate of exchange at the time the obligation is incurred
D. Payment of the debtors obligation maybe made by a third person even without the
knowledge and consent of the debtor
10. D owes C P10,000. X wrote C a letter stating that he would be the one to take care of Ds debt
as soon as X had made a shipment of logs to Indonesia. X did not pay C. In this example,
which statement is incorrect?
A. Yes, X is liable because there is personal novation of obligation by way of expromission.
B. X is not liable because there was no novation as C never consented to the offer of X.
C. The offer made by X is subject to a suspensive condition which was not fulfilled, the
liability never became effective.
1. 1st Statement: The loss or deterioration of the intended substitute, prior to substitution, through
the negligence of the obligor, shall render him liable for damages.
2nd Statement: In alternative obligations, all objects are due.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
20. Statement 1: The creditor may be compelled to accept payment in checks as long as the
check is negotiable.
Statement 2: An obligation payable "should the client die of diabetes" is an obligation subject
to a period.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement 1
True
False
True
False
Statement 2
True
False
False
True
23. 1st Statement: I promise to pay within 2 years is not obligation with a period, the creditor
having a right to demand payment within 2 years from the date of the instrument
2nd Statement: Ten sacks of corn cannot be compensated (legal compensation) by ten shacks
of rice.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Page 14 of 48
12. 1st Statement: An obligation subject to potestative resolutory condition based on the debtor
will is void.
2nd Statement: Political agreement wherein FPJ promised not to prosecute CHAVITs liability
for graft and corruption if FPJ becomes a president, one day is an unenforceable contract.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
1. 1st Statement: An obligation subject to potestative suspensive condition based on the debtors
will is void.
2nd Statement: Political agreement wherein Dolphy promised not to prosecute FVRs liability for
graft and corruption if Dolphy becomes a president, one day is an unenforceable contract.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
True
False
False
2nd Statement
True
False
True
False
11. 1st Statement: The defense that a contract is unenforceable is subject to 4 year prescriptive
period.
2nd Statement: In a joint divisible obligation, a joint debtor can be compelled to answer for the
obligation of the other debtor.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
True
False
False
2nd Statement
True
False
True
False
zzz
CONTRACT
General Provisions
Contract Defined (1305)
Meaning of Contract; Contract and Obligation Distinguished; Contract and Agreement
Distinguished
Criteria (1306)
Freedom of Contract Guaranteed; Limitations on Contractual Stipulations: Contract must not be
Contrary to Law, Contract must not be Contrary to Morals; Contrary must not be Contrary to Good
Customs; Contract must not be Contrary to Public Order; Contract must not be Contrary to Public
Policy
February 19, 2005
8. Which of the following is not a valid stipulation?

A. A stipulation that the mortgagor cannot enter into a second mortgage without the consent
of the first mortgagee and such violation will make the obligation due and demandable
B. A stipulation in chattel mortgage on installment sale where the object sold is mortgaged
back to the seller to answer for the unpaid installments or upon failure to pay any
installment due, all installment shall become due and payable, the mortgagee is given the
right to foreclose and sell the property at public auction to recover the unpaid balance.
C. A stipulation in a mortgage or real property authorizing the mortgagee to have the
mortgaged property sold without the necessity of an action in court.
Classification (1307)
Classification of Contracts According to its Name or Designation; Kinds of Innominate Contract;
Reasons for Innominate Contracts; Rules Governing Innominate Contracts
Contract Binds Both Contracting Parties (1308)
Determination of Performance by a Third Person (1309)
Effect where Determination is Inequitable (1310)
Persons Affected by a Contract (1311)
Cases when Strangers or Third Persons Affected by a Contract; Meaning of Stipulation Pour
Autrui; Classes of Stipulations Pour Autrui; Requisites of Stipulation Pour Autrui
Third Persons are Bound by Contracts; Creating Real Rights (1312)
Right of Creditor to Impugn Contracts Intended to Defraud Them (1313)
Liability of Third Person for Breach of Contract (1314)
Perfection of Contract (1315-1316)
Classification of Contracts According to Perfection; Stages in the Life of a Contract; How Contracts
are Perfected; Effect of Perfection of the Contract;
Unauthorized Contract
Unauthorized Contracts are Unenforceable; Unauthorized Contracts Can be Cured Only by
Ratification; When a Person is Bound by the Contract of Another (1317)
Page 15 of 48
Essential Requisites of Contracts

Classes of Elements of a Contract (1318)
13. Neither an essential nor accidental element of a contract
A. Cause or consideration
C. Warranty against eviction
B. Consent
D. Penal cause in a contract
12. Neither an essential nor natural element of a contract
A. Cause or consideration
C. Warranty against eviction
B. Consent
D. Penal cause in a contract
Consent (1319)
Meaning of Consent; Meaning of Offer; Offer Must be Certain; Meaning of Acceptance; Acceptance
of Offer Must be Absolute
4. Contracts must bind both parties and their efficacy or validity cannot be left to the sole will of
any one of them.
A. Freedom or liberty of contracts
C. Relativity of Contracts
B. Consensual nature of contracts
D. Mutuality of Contracts
Form of Acceptance of Offer (1320)
Effect of Drunkenness and Hypnotic Spell (1328)

Incapacity Declared in Art. 1327 Subject to Modifications; Other Special Disqualifications May be
Provided by Law (1329)
Characteristics of Consent; Vices of Consent; Causes Vitiating Consent and Causes of Incapacity
Distinguished (1330)
Meaning of Mistake or Error; nature of Mistake; Mistake of Fact to which Law Refers; Mistake of
Fact Which Does Not Vitiate Consent; Effect of Simple Mistake of Account (1331)
Burden of Proof in Case of Mistake or Fraud (1332)
Effect of Knowledge of Risk (1333)
Meaning of Mistake of Law; Effect of Mistake of Law; When Mistake of Law Vitiates Consent;
Requisites for the Application of Art. 1334
Matters that May be Fixed by the Offerer (1321)
Nature of Violence or Force (1335)

Nature of Intimidation or Threat; Factors to Determine Degree of Intimidation; Threat to Enforce
Just or Legal Claim
Communication of Acceptance to Agent (1322)
Violence or Intimidation by a Third Person (1336)
When Offer Becomes Ineffective; Other Ground Which Render Offer Ineffective (1323)
Meaning of Undue Influence; Circumstances to be Considered (1337)
Meaning of Contract of Option; Option Period; Option Money; Withdrawal of Offer Where Period
Stipulated for Acceptance; Articles 1324 & 1479 Compared (1324)
Meaning of Causal Fraud; How Causal Fraud Committed; Requisites of Causal Fraud (1338)
Fraud by Concealment (1339)
Business Advertisements Generally Not Definite Offers (1325)

Usual Exaggerations in Trade (1340)
Advertisements for Bidders Generally Not Definite Offers (1326)
Capacity to Given Consent Presumed; Persons Who Cannot Given Consent; Reason for
Disqualification (1327)
Expression of Opinion (1342)

Fraud by a Third Person (1342)
Effect of Misrepresentation Made in Good Faith (1343)
Contracts Entered into During a Lucid Interval (1328)

February 19, 2005
Page 16 of 48
Two Kinds of Fraud in the Making of Contract; Causal Fraud Must be Serious and Unilateral.
(1344)
Meaning of Lesion; Effect of Lesion or Inadequacy of Cause (1355)
Meaning of Simulation of a Contract; Kinds of Simulation (1345 1346)
Comprehensive
27. 1st Statement: A threat to enforce ones claim through competent authority, if the claim is just
or legal, does not vitiate consent
2nd Statement: Contracts entered into during a lucid interval are valid. Contracts agree to in a
state of drunkenness or during a hypnotic spell are binding
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Objects of Contracts (1347 1348)

Concept of Object of a Contract; Kinds of Object of Contract; Requisites of Things as Object of
Contract; Requisites of Services as Object of Contract; Rights as Object of Contract(1347 1348)
Definition of Future Inheritance; Validity of Contracts upon Future Inheritance; Kinds of
Impossibility
Form of Contracts
Form of Contracts Defined (1356)
Meaning of Form of Contracts; When Contract Considered in Written Form; Classification of
Contracts According to Form; Rules Regarding Form of Contracts; Form for Validity of Contract;
Form for Enforceability of Contract
11. Which of the following contracts is enforceable even if not reduced in writing.
A. Representation as to the credit of a third person
B. Agreement for the sale of immovable property
C. Contract executed by one of the parties in a contract
D. Lease of immovable for a period longer than one year
Form for the Convenience of the Parties (1357)
Contracts Which Must Appear in a Public Document (1358)
Quantity of Object of Contract Need not be Determinate
Reformation of Instruments
Meaning of Reformation; Reason for Reformation; Requisites of Reformation; Reformation
Distinguished from Annulment (1359)
Cause of Contracts
Meaning of Cause; Cause Distinguished from Object; Classification of Contracts Accounting to
Cause (1350)
Principles of the General Law on Reformation (1360)
Meaning of Motive; Cause Distinguished from Motive (1351)

Requisites of Cause; Effect of Absence of Cause; Effect of Failure of Cause; Effect of Illegality of
Cause; Effect of Falsity of Cause (1352 1353)
Cause Presumed to Exist and Lawful (1354)
28. In a contract, as written, D promises to pay C P10,000 on September 15, 1997. The
consideration received by D is not stated in the contract.
A. The contract is valid because the cause is always presumed to exist
B. The contract is valid so long as it is in writing
C. The contract is valid because cause is not essential to a contract
D. The contract is void because cause is not stated
February 19, 2005
Mutual Mistake as Basis for Reformation (1361)

Mistake on One Side, Fraud or Inequitable Conduct on the Other (1362)
Concealment of Mistake by the Other Party (1363)
Ignorance, etc. on the Part of Third Person (1364)
Mortgage or Pledge Stated as a Sale (1365)
Cases when Reformation Not Allowed (1366 1367)
Party Entitled to Reformation (1368)
Page 17 of 48
Procedure for Reformation (1369)

Interpretation of Contracts
Interpretation of Contracts (1370)
Meaning of Interpretation of Contracts; Literal Meaning Controls when Language Clear; Evident
Intention of Parties Prevails over Terms of Contract
12. In which case is the right of rescission not available?

A. The ability to restore what he has received by virtue of the contract.
B. The property must have passed to the hands of a third person who bought the same in
good faith and for value.
C. Bought within the proper prescriptive period.
Payments Made in a State of Insolvency (1382)
Contemporaneous and Subsequent Acts Relevant in the Determination of Intention (1371)

Nature of Action for Rescission (1383)
Special Intent Prevails over a General Intent (1372)
Extent of Rescission (1384)
Interpretation of Stipulation with Several Meanings (1373)
Interpretation of Various Stipulations of a Contract (1374)
Rescission Creates Obligation of Mutual Restitution; Obligation of Third Person to Restore; When
Rescission Not Allowed (1385)
Interpretation of Words with Different Significations (1375)
Contracts Approved by the Courts (1386)
Resort to usage or Custom as Aid in Interpretation (1376)
When Alienation Presumed in Fraud of Creditors; Circumstances Denominated as Badges of Fraud

(1387)
Interpretation of Obscure Words (1377)

Liability of Purchases in Bad Faith (1388)
Rules in Case Doubts Impossible to Settle (1378)
Period for Filing Action for Rescission; Persons Entitled to Bring Action (1389)
Principles of Interpretation in the Rules of Court Applicable (1379)
Comprehensive (1370 1379)
Rescissible Contracts
Rescissible Contracts Defined (1380)
Meaning of Rescissible Contracts; Binding Force of Rescissible Contracts; Meaning of Rescission;
Requisites of Rescission
Cases of Rescissible Contracts (1381)
12. D is indebted to C in the sum of P10,000. For the purpose of avoiding the claims of C, D
donated all his properties worth the same amount to X.
A. The contract is absolutely simulated
C. The contract is merely voidable
B. The contract is rescissible
D. The contract is void
February 19, 2005
Voidable Contracts
Voidable Contracts Defined (1390)
Meaning of Voidable Contracts; Binding Force of Voidable Contracts; Meaning of Annulment
Period for Filing Action for Annulment (1391)
Meaning and Effect of Ratification (1392)
8. In three of the following defective contracts, ratification cleanses the defects. Which is not
susceptible of ratification?
A. Both parties are incapable of giving consent
B. Sale of land thru an agent where the authority is orally given
C. Sale of immovable or any interest therein orally entered into
D. Contracts entered into by a person who has been given no authority
Page 18 of 48
Kinds of Ratification; Requisites of Ratification (1393)

Who May Ratify? (1394)
Conformity of Guilty Party to Ratification Not Required (1395)
Effect of Ratification Retroactive (1396)
Partly Entitled to Bring an Action to Annul; Right of Strangers to Bring Action; Guilty Party Without
Right to Bring Action (1397)
Duty of Mutual Restitution Upon Annulment (1398)
Void or Inexistent Contracts Defined (1409)

Meaning of Void Contracts; Meaning of Inexistent Contracts; Characteristics of a Void or Inexistent
Contract; Instances of Void or Inexistent Contracts
13. One is a void and inexistent contract.
A. Those which are absolutely simulated or fictitious.
B. Those which are outside the commerce of man.
C. Those contrary to law.
D. Those which contemplate an impossible service.
14. The following, except one, are void or inexistent contracts.
A. Those which are absolutely simulated for fictitious.
C. Those whose cause or object did not exist at the time of transaction.
D. Those which contemplate a very difficult service.
Restitution by an Incapacitated Person (1399)

Effect of Loss of Thing to be Returned (1400)
Extinguishment of Action for Annulment (1401)
13. The following, except one, are void or inexistent contracts. Which is it?
A. Those which are absolutely simulated or fictitious.
C. Those whose cause or object did not exist at the time of transaction.
D. Those which contemplate a possible service.
Effect Where a Party Cannot Restore What He is Bound to Return (1402)

Unenforceable Contracts
Unenforceable Contracts Defined (1403)
Meaning of Unenforceable Contracts; Binding Force of Unenforceable Contracts; Kinds of
Unenforceable Contracts; Meaning of Unauthorized Contracts; Statute of Frauds; Agreements
Within the Scope of the Statute of Frauds)
Modes of Ratification Under the Statute (1404 1405)
Right of a Party Where Contract Enforceable (1406)
When Unenforceable Contract Becomes a Voidable Contract; When Unenforceable Contract
Becomes a Valid Contract (1407)
Right of Third Persons to Assail an Unenforceable Contract (1408)
Void or Inexistent Contracts
February 19, 2005
11. A, a person of legal age and an agent of X, sold 10 grams of shabu to B who is a minor of 16
years. The shabu was sold for P600 which is actually less than its actual market value of
P1,000 thereby incurring a loss of P400 on the part of X. Worse, the contract of sale was not
reduced into writing. What is the status of the contract?
A. The contract of sale is voidable because one party is a minor.
B. The contract is rescissible because of lesion.
C. The contract is unenforceable considering it was orally done.
D. The contract is void.
9. The following are void contracts. Which is the exception?
A. an agreement that will compel x to work for Y without compensation until the latters debt
is fully paid;
B. an agreement where married man X would have carnal knowledge with the single and
beautiful Y for a consideration of P5,000;
C. a provision in the lease agreement that will enable the lessor to sue for ejectment against
the lessee in case of nonpayment of rentals;
D. an amicable settlement whereby the heirs of A will not prosecute B for having killed A in
Page 19 of 48
consideration of P1 Million
Restitution by Minor After Annulment of Contract (1426)
Action or Defense is Imprescriptible (1410)
Delivery by Minor of Money or Fungible Thing in Fulfillment of Obligation (1427)
Rules Where Contract is Illegal and the Act Constitutes a Criminal Offense (1411)
Performance After Action to Enforce Civil Obligation has Failed (1428)
Rules Where Contract is Illegal But the Act Does Not Constitute a Criminal Offense (1412)
Payment by Heir of Debt Exceeding Value of Property Inherited (1429)
Recovery of Usurious Interest (1413)
Payment of Legacy After Will Has Been Declared Void (1430)
Recovery Where Contract Entered into for Illegal Purpose (1414)
Comprehensive
9. Mutual promise to marry between would-be husband and wife, orally entered into is
A. A validable contract
C. Unenforceable contract
B. A void contract
Recovery by an Incapacitated Person (1415)

Recovery Where Contract Not Illegal per se (1416)
Recovery of Amount Paid in Excess of Ceiling Price (1417)
Recovery of Additional Compensation for Service Rendered Beyond Time Limit (1418)
Recovery of Amount of Wage Less Than Minimum Fixed (1419)
Effect of Illegality Where Contract Indivisible/Divisible; Divisible Contract Distinguished from
Divisible Obligation (1420)
Persons Entitled to Raise Defense of Illegality or Nullity (1421)
Void Contract Cannot be Novated (1422)
Natural Obligations
Natural Obligations (1423)
Concept of Natural Obligations; Civil and Natural Obligations Distinguished; Enumeration Not
Exclusive
Performance After Civil Obligation Has Prescribed (1424)
Reimbursement of Third Person for Debt that has Prescribed (1425)
February 19, 2005
5. Which of the following is the most defective contract among the following?
A. A and B both minor entered into a contract of sale involving chocolate worth P400.
B. Contract of sale wherein a car worth P1M is contributed but not reduced in a public
instrument.
C. A contract of sale wherein one party sold to the other his hereditary rights under the pain
of being raped.
D. A compromised agreement between two government officials to settle an ANTI-GRAFT
CASE
5. Which is the most defective contract among the following?
a. A & B, both minors entered into a contract of sale involving chocolate worth P400.
b. Contract of partnership wherein a car worth P1M is contributed but not reduced in a public
instrument.
c. A contract of sale wherein one party sold to the other his hereditary rights under the pain
of being raped.
d. A compromise between Senator Lacson and Pre. GMA to hide the evidence against Jose
Pidal, to achieve peace and reconciliation for the country.
7. S agreed to sell B 100 cases of napkins with the name of Bs restaurant on the napkins. In the
enforceable contract, it was specified that delivery will take place on April 15, 2000 which is
one (1) month after S and B signed the contract. B wanted the napkins by April 15 because
the grand opening of the restaurant was scheduled for April 17. On April 11, S tells B that the
has too many orders and will not be able to deliver the napkins. What options does B have?
Page 20 of 48

I.
II.
III.
A.
B.
Treat it as a present breach of contract and cancel the contract

Wait for a reasonable time to see if S will deliver
Ask a third person to perform the obligation at the expense of S but no damages
I only
C. Either I or II
II only
D. Either I or II or III
6. Which of the following contracts is enforceable even if not executed in writing?

A. Sale of immovables
B. Lease of real property for a period of more than one year
C. Lease of personal property for a period of two years
D. Donations made in consideration of marriage
7. Which of the following statements is legally correct?
A. An action for rescission of the contract shall prescribe in four years from the discovery of
lesion
B. An action to declare a contract void or inexistent does not prescribe
C. An action to enforce a natural obligation judicially prescribes in four years from maturity of
the obligation
D. An action to annul a contract does not prescribe
30. 1st Example: The husband by intimidation, was able to obtain the consent of his wife, with
regards to the sale of a piece of land belonging to the wife for P1M. The contract is voidable
because there was intimidation
2nd Example: In the above example, the right of the wife is to go to court and file a motion for
annulment within four (4) years from the time intimidation ceased
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Example
True
False
True
False
2nd Example
True
False
False
True
15. 1st Statement: The defense that a contract is unenforceable is subject to prescription.
2nd Statement: In solution indebiti the contract violated is the premature payment of the
obligation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
14. 1st Statement: The guardian sold to a minor his car for P200,000 although its FMV is
February 19, 2005
P400,000 or lesion.
2nd Statement: A lawyer purchased the property of his friends client pending litigation in the
court where both lawyers are practicing for P700,000 but with a FMV of P1,000,000. The
contracts are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
Valid
Rescissible
Void
Voidable
2nd Statement
Valid
Void
Void
Valid
4. 1st Statement: A contract whose cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction is a
detective contract which cannot be remedied by providing a cause or object as the case may
be in the contract.
2nd Statement: The nullity of the accessory obligation of the penal clause does not carry with it
the nullity of the principal obligation which remains in force and demandable. Determine
whether
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
True
False
False
2nd Statement
True
False
True
False
PARTNERSHIP
Introduction to partnership
Particular partnership
14. Which of the following is not a particular partnership
A. A partnership formed by two lawyer for the practice of law profession
B. A partnership formed for the purpose of constructing a building
C. A partnership formed for the acquisition of immovable property and reselling it for profit
Choosing the form of business organization
Brief history of partnership
Meaning of partnership delectus personas
Characteristics of partnerships as a business organization and as a contract
Partnerships distinguished from co-ownership
Partnership distinguished from corporation
Form of partnership contract
Juridical personality
Page 21 of 48
Articles of partnership
Universal partnership
7. Alma, Booba and Carla formed a Universal Partnership of profits. The partners are the owners
of the following: a) Alma, a passenger jeepney; b) Booba, a Tamaraw FX Taxi; and c) Carla, A
Corolla Taxi. The parties agreed that the use and fruits of the objects contributed shall pertain
to the partnership. Which of the following statements is False?
A. The partnership, upon delivery, shall become the owner of the objects contributed;
B. Upon dissolution, the objects shall be converted into cash and the proceeds shall be
divided equally among the partners including the fruits;
C. During the term of the partnership, the contributing partner remains to be the naked owner
of the object contributed by him, but upon dissolution all objects contributed are to be
converted into cash and the proceed shall be divided equally among the three partners
D. All of the above
Comprehensive
6. The following are effects of unlawful partnership, except:
A. The profits shall be confiscated in favor of the government
B. The instruments or tools and proceeds of the crime shall be forfeited in favor of the
government
C. The contribution of the partners shall be confiscated in favor of the government
D. The contract is void ab initio and the partnership never existed in the eyes of the law.
Elements & Kinds
Essential Elements
General Partnership
Limited Partnership
Silent Partner
Secret Partner
Dormant Partner
13. A partner who does not participate in the management of the affairs of the partnership and
whose connection with it is not made known to the public is called:
A. Silent-secret partner
C. Dormant partner
B. Nominal partner
D. Silent-ostensible partner
Partners Contributing Usufructuary Rights
Liquidating Partner
Comprehensive
8. A, B, and C wish to go into the business together to bottle mineral water. Each contributed
February 19, 2005
P50,000, but C wanted to limit his liability to the extent of his contribution, and his name to
appear in the partnership name. Which form of partnership as business organization should
they choose?
A. General partnership
B. Limited partnership
C. No partnership organization is available
D. Limited partnership, but C must be a general and limited partners at the same time
6. Statement No. 1: The sharing in the net returns is a prima facie evidence of the existence of a
partnership.
Statement No. 2: In a universal partnership of all present properties, the partnership is
dissolved when a specific thing contributed by a partner is lost after delivery to the partnership.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
Formalities required
15. Every contract of partnership having a capital of P3,000 or more in money or property shall
appear in a public instrument which must be recorded in the Securities and Exchange
Commission. Failure to comply with said requirements
A. Will not affect the liability of a partnership and the members thereof to third persons
B. Will render the partnership void
C. Will not give the partnership a legal personality
D. Will give the partnership a de facto existence
24. A, B, and C formed a Limited Partnership, each contributing P10,000. However, the articles of
partnership was not recorded or registered with the SEC. Which of the following is an incorrect
statement.
A. Not valid as a limited partnership
B. It is considered as a general partnership
C. The partnership still possessed of juridical personality distinct and separate from the
partner
31. Statement 1: For failure to register the Certificate of Limited Partnership with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC), any and all contracts entered into by such partnership with
third persons shall be considered void. There was, absolutely, no partnership at all to speak of.
Statement 2: When an unlawful partnership is dissolved by a judicial decree, all the
Page 22 of 48

contribution as well as the profits shall be confiscated by the State
A.
B.
C.
Statement 1
True
False
True
Statement 2
True
False
False
D.
False
True
Management of a partnership
Relations established in a partnership
11. The duty to deliver the fruits of the promised contribution of things or money to the partnership
common fund:
A. Arises from the perfection of the contract of partnership without need of demand;
B. Arises when the duty to deliver the promised contribution arises upon demand;
C. Arises from the perfection of the contract of partnership upon demand
D. Arises when the duty to deliver the promised contribution arises without need of demand;
Obligations of partners to the partnership
34. A, B and C are partners where C as a capitalist partner is engaged in the same business in
which the partnership is engaged in. In this situation,
A. the partnership may oust C from the partnership and at the same time avail of Cs profit in
her separate business
B. the partnership may oust C from the partnership
C. the partnership may avail of Cs profits in her separate business
D. the partnership has nothing to do with C since it is her right to engage in any business
Profit and loss sharing
31. K is an industrial partner. Besides his services, he also contributed capital to the partnership.
There is no agreement or stipulation as to the profits or losses. The share of K in the profit is
A. the remaining partners will determine his share in profits
B. combination of C and D below
C. such share as may be just and equitable under circumstances
D. Pro-rata to his contributions
14. A, B and C formed a partnership, with A and B as general partners and C as limited partner.
The firms name is A & B Partnership. After one (1) year of operation, the partnership incurred
a loss of P12,000. X is the creditor. X can collect:
A. P6,000 from A
C. Nothing from C
B. P12,000 from A or B
D. P12,000 from A, B, and C
19. A, B and C partners. Their contributions are as follows: A, P60,000; B, P40,000; C, services.
February 19, 2005
The partners did not agree on how to divide profits and losses. If there is a loss of P10,000,
how should the said loss of P10,000, how should the said loss of P10,000 be shared by the
partners?
A. A, P6,000; B, P4,000 C, nothing
C. A, 3,500; B, 3,500 C, 3,000
B. A, 3,000; B, 2,000 C, P5,000
D. A, 3,500; B, 2,500 C, 4,000
23. K is an industrial partner. Besides his services, he also contributed capital to the partnership.
There is no agreement or stipulation as to the profits or losses. The share of K in the profit is
A. The remaining partners will determine his share in profits
B. Combination of C and D below.
C. Such share as may be just and equitable under circumstances
D. Pro-rata to his contributions.
14. The partnership suffered heavy losses in the first year of its operation and is on the brink of
bankruptcy. X, a capitalist partner, cannot contribute further because he became insolvent,
while Y and Z are willing, able and ready to give additional contribution to save the business of
the partnership. Can he be obliged to sell his interest to the other partners by reason of such
refusal to give additional contribution?
A. Yes, provided he is paid the value of his interest
B. Yes, because his refusal to give additional contribution speaks of his lack of interest in the
continuance of the partnership.
C. No, because his refusal is justified.
D. Answer not given.
Appointment of a managing partner
Stipulations on exercises of management power
Rights and liabilities of partners
Right of partner to associate with another
10. A, B, and C formed a general partnership. Later, C shared his interest with X in the
partnership. In here, X is considered:
A. An associate of a partner
C. Sub-partner
B. Stranger to the partnership
D. all of the above
Other rights property, rights
7. One or more but less than all the partners have no authority to perform the following, EXCEPT:
A. Renounce a partnership claim
B. Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration
Page 23 of 48
C. Convey partnership property in the ordinary course of partnership business

D. Do any act, which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of the
partnership
Effects of assignments or attachment of partners interests
11. C, a partner in C partnership, assigns his interest in Y partnership to X, who is not made a
partner. After assignment, X asserts the right to
1. Participate in the management of Y partnership
2. Cs share in the surplus profit
3. May compel the other partners that he (X) becomes a partner
A. 1 and 3
C. 2 only
B. 3 only
D. 2 and 3
Admission or representation of partners
Notice to partners
Solidary liability of partners
16. Which of the following statements is (are) usually correct regarding general partners liability
I. All general partners are jointly and severally liable for partnership torts.
II. All general partners are liable only for those partnership obligations they actually
authorized.
A. I only
C. Both I and II
B. II only
D. Neither I or II
9. Which of the following statements is correct concerning liability when a partner in a general
partnership commits a tort while engaged in partnership business?
A. The partner committing the tort is the only party liable.
B. The partnership is the only party liable.
C. The partnership and each partner are jointly and severally liable.
D. Each partner is liable to pay an equal of any judgment.
Partnership by estoppel
25. A, B and C are partners in ABC Company. D introduced himself as a partner in ABC Company
to X, who in the belief of such introduction extended a P60,000 credit to ABC Company.
These facts are known by A who did not oppose. Who shall be held liable to X?
A. Since X extended the credit to ABC Company, a partnership liability exists, thus, partner
A, B and C and D are liable
B. Only A, who knows the transaction and D are partners by estoppel are liable pro-rata to X.
February 19, 2005
C. D who represented himself as partner in ABC Company is liable

D. A, and C who benefited in the P60,000 credit shall be liable to X
13. A and B formed a general partnership and contributed P500,000 each. C, a brother-in-law of
A, allowed his name to be included in the partnership firm name. The partnership became
insolvent and there remains unpaid partnership obligation to X to the tune of P60,000. X can
compel:
A. Either A or B to pay the P60,000 liability
B. Any of A, B and C to pay the P60,000 liability
C. A and B to pay P30,000 each
D. A, B and C to pay P20,000 each
5. Carlos and Conrado established a partnership each contributing P100,000. Pepito, a third
party, allowed his name to be included in the firm name of the partnership. The partnership
was insolvent and, after exhausting all the remaining assets, there remained a P30,000 liability
in favor of Hermeneglido, a partnership creditor. Hermeneglido can compel:
A. Pepito to pay the remaining P30,000 liability;
B. Carlos, Conrado and Pepito to pay P10,000 each;
C. Carlos and Conrado to pay P15,000 each;
D. Carlos and Conrado to pay the remaining liability, jointly and severally
Liability of incoming partner
12. A and B are the general partners and C the limited partner of X & Co. partnership. After one
year, D was admitted as a new limited partner. If the partnership suffered a loss of P12,000,
who are liable?
A. A and B
C. A, B and D
B. A, B and C
D. All of them
Preference as creditors
18. A, B, and C, capitalist partners, contributing P30,000, P20,000 and P10,000 respectively, and
D, the industrial partner contributed his services. Suppose X, a customer, is the creditor of the
firm to the amount of P180,000. How can X recover the P180,000?
A. X must sue the firm and get P60,000. X can still recover the balance of P120,000 from the
four partners jointly, that is, P40,000 each.
B. X can recover from the firm P60,000. X can still recover the balance of P120,000 from the
capitalist partners only
C. X can recover from the firm P60,000. X can still recover the balance of P120,000 from any
of the partners solidarily
Page 24 of 48
D. X can recover from the firm P60,000 and can no longer recover the balance of P120,000.
38. A, B and C capitalist partners, contributed P10,000 each and D, the industrial partner
contributed his services. Suppose X, is the creditor of the firm to the amount of P90,000 after
getting the P30,000 assets of the partnership
A. X can recover P20,000 each from A, B and C only
B. X can recover P60,000 from either A, B and C only
C. X can recover P15,000 each from A, B, C and D
D. X can recover P15,000 each from A, B and C but D is exempt because he is an industrial
partner
39. A, B and C formed a limited partnership with A, as general partner, B as limited partner and C
as industrial partner. A and B contributed P50,000 each. The partnership failed and after
disposing all its assets to pay partnership debts there still remains a note payable in the sum
of P30,000. Against whom can the creditor demand payment of the note of P30,000?
A. Only A is liable to pay the P30,000 indebtedness
B. A and C are liable to pay P15,000 each
C. A and B are liable to pay P15,000 each
D. A, B and C are liable to pay P10,000 each
30. A, B and C are partners of A and Company. They agreed that in case of loss, the share of A is
50%, B 30% and C 20%. After three years total assets of A and Company is P100,000 as
against total liability of P112,000. If D is the only creditor, D can collect from A
A. P6,000
D. P4,000
B. P12,000
E. P8,000
C. None of the above
receipt.
b. Equal sharing, 50% shall go to Bova and 50% to the partnership.
c. P5,000 should go to Bova and P15,000 should be for the partnership.
d. P6,666,666 should go to Bova and the balance to the partnership.
Comprehensive
32. 1st Statement: A person admitted as a partner into an existing partnership is liable for all the
obligations of the partnership before his admission as though he had been a partner when
incurred and that such liability will extend to his own individual property.
2nd Statement: In the absence of stipulation, the share of each partner in the profits and
losses shall be equal to each other.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
17. 1st Statement: A person admitted as a partner into an existing partnership is not liable for
obligations of the partnership contracted before his admission.
2nd Statement: On dissolution the partnership is not terminated, but continues until winding up
of partnership affairs is completed.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
40. A, B and C are partners of A and Company. They agreed that in case of loss, the share of A is
50%, B 30% and C is 20%. After three years, total assets of A and Company is P100,000 as
against total liability of P112,000. If D is the only creditor, D can collect from A
A. P6,000
D. P4,000
B. P12,000
E. P8,000
C. None of the above
Dissolution of partnership
Meaning of dissolution
Causes judicial and extra-judicial
15. Which of the following is a ground for the court to dissolve a general partnership?
A. Death of a partner
B. Termination of the term
C. Business cannot be carried except at a loss
D. Civil interdiction of a partner
E. All of the above
7. Emong, Jack and Bova are partners with Bova as managing partner. Carla is indebted to Bova
in the amount of P50,000 and P150,000 to the partnership. Both debts are due and
demandable. Carla paid Bova P20,000 and he issued his own receipt.
a. The whole P20,000 should be applied to indebtedness of Carla to Bova as he issue his
8. One is a mode of dissolving partnership that requires decree of court:

A. Death of partner
B. When a specific thing promised by a partner is lost before delivery
C. Business can only be carried on at a loss
February 19, 2005
Page 25 of 48
D. Accomplishment of the purpose of partnership
B. P 15,000
12. Unless otherwise provided in a general partnership, which of the following is correct when a
partner dies?
Deceased partners administrator
His estate would be free
The partnership is
would automatically become partner
from any liabilities
automatically dissolved
A.
Yes
Yes
Yes
B.
Yes
No
No
C.
No
Yes
No
D.
No
No
Yes
9. Unless otherwise provided in a general partnership, which of the following is correct when a
partner dies?
His Administrator Automatically
Extinguishment of all
Dissolution of the
becomes a partner
his Liabilities
Partnership
A.
B.
C.
D.
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Effects of dissolution
13. A, B, C and D partners with A and B as the capitalist partners and C and D as the industrial
partners. In due course of business, the firm incurs a contractual debt in favor of X. After X
has exhausted the assets of the firm a balance of P10,000 remains unpaid. X files an action
against C and D because A and B are already out of the country
A. C and D are not liable because they are the industrial partners
B. C and D may be held liable for P10,000 because they are solidary debtors
C. C and D are liable for P5,000 each because A and B are out of the country
D. C and D are liable for P2,500 each because they are joint debtors
28. A, B, and C formed a general partnership with a gross capital of P90.000. They agree that the
profit and loss sharing is: A 50%; B 25%; C 25%. Upon dissolution and after exhausting
the partnership capital, X has still a collectible amount of P30.000 from the firm. Suppose
there is no profit and loss sharing and A contributed P24.000; B P21,000; C P15,000. How
much is the obligation of C to X?
A. P30,000
C. P 7,500
February 19, 2005

D. P10,000
27. A, B, and C formed a general partnership with a gross capital of P90.000. They agree that the
profit and loss sharing is: A 50%; B 25%; C 25%. Upon dissolution and after exhausting
the partnership capital, X has still a collectible amount of P30.000 from the firm. How much
can X collect from C alone.
A. P 7,500
C. P30.000
B. P15,000
D. P10,000
10. X, Y and Z formed a general partnership decided to contribute P200,000 each. The
partnership and has started its operations although X was able to contribute only P140,000.
They also agreed the X & Y be exempted from losses. Upon dissolution there was an
outstanding obligation to Mr. A in the amount of P720,000. A exhausted the capital of
P540,000, leaving a P180,000 balance. Which statement based on the foregoing is true?
A. The share of X is nothing based on the agreement.
B. The share of X is 1/3 of P180,000 or P60,000 being a general partner.
C. Z will have to absorb the whole P180,000 per agreement minus Xs share of P60,000.
D. X is liable for P60,000 to the partnership and P40,000 to Mr. A.
9. X, Y and Z formed a general partnership decided to contribute P200,000 each. The
partnership and has started its operations although X was able to contribute only P140,000.
They also agreed the X & Y be exempted from losses. Upon dissolution there was an
outstanding obligation to Mr. A in the amount of P720,000. A exhausted the capital of
P540,000, leaving a P180,000 balance, if X is a limited partner in their partnership named Z
and Co. which is correct?
a. X has no share in the balance being a limited partner
b. X will only have to pay his unpaid contribution of P60,000
c. Z will have to absorb the whole P180 per agreement minus Xs share of P60,000
d. X is liable for P60,000 to the partnership and P40,000 to Mr. A
10. A, B, C and D are partners. Their contributions are as follows: A P50,000; B P30,0000; C
P20,000; D services. The partnership incurred obligations to third persons which the firm was
unable to pay. After exhausting all the assets of the partnership, there still is an unpaid balance
of P10,000? How much should each partner be liable for?
A. A - P5,000; B - P3,000; C - P2,000; D - none
B. A - P2,500; B - P2,500; C - P2,500; D - P2,500
C. A - P4,000; B - P3,000; C - P2,000; D - P1,000
D. A - P4,000; B - P4,000; C - P4,000; D - none
Page 26 of 48
9. Jay, Jane, James and Joy formed the Four Js Partnership with Jay, Jane and James as
capitalist partners, and Joy as an industrial partner. The partnership suffered heavy losses
and its remaining assets amounted to only P100,000 and the partnership is still indebted to
one of its suppliers, Mr. Red, P130,000. After getting P100,000 from the partnership, how
would Mr. Red recover the balance of P30,000?
A. Mr. Red suffers as his loss the balance of P30,000;
B. Mr. Red can recover from all the three (3) capitalist partners, jointly
C. Mr. Red can recover the balance of P30,000 from all the four (4) partners, jointly, including
the industrial partner;
D. Mr. Red can recover the balance of P30,000 from all the four (4) partners, jointly and
severally, including the industrial partner
Rights of partners among themselves
Relation of partner to third persons for contract after dissolution
Liability of partners
Liquidating partners
Rights of partner
Comprehensive
35. A, B and C formed partnership engaged in appliance business. A and B were general partners
while C was a limited partner. Later, B and C got married, and afterwards A sold his interest to
B. Based on the facts presented, is the partnership dissolved?
A. No, the marriage of B and C will not dissolve the partnership unless there is judicial
approval
B. The selling of As interest to B will not dissolve the partnership because the spouses can
enter into a particular partnership
C. No, the marriage of B and C and the selling of As interest to B converts the partnership
into a universal partnership
D. Yes, when B acquired the interest of A it became a sole proprietorship therefore the
partnership is dissolve
20. 1st statement: The arrival of the term of a partnership with a fixed term or period shall not
dissolve the partnership but such partnership may be terminated anytime dependent in the will
of the continuing partners.
2nd statement: The general rule is that the loss of the specific thing contributed to the
partnership dissolves the partnership when only the use of the thing is contributed by the
partner and such thing after its transfer to the partnership which used the same form sometime
was subsequently lost, the partnership is not dissolve. Which is correct?
February 19, 2005
st
1 Statement
2nd Statement

A.
False
False
B.
True
True
C.
True
False
D.
False
True
21. A, B and C are partners in X Partnership. The partnership is dissolved by As death. B,

thereafter transacts business with D, a third person.
1st Statement: If the transaction is designed to complete transactions began but unfinished at
the time of dissolution, the partnership is bound.
2nd Statement: If D had extended credit prior to the dissolution and had no knowledge or notice
of dissolution, the partnership is bound.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Liquidation of partnership
Methods of liquidation
Rights of creditors after dissolution
Rights of accounting
Requisites of limited partnership
Distinctions between limited and general partners
Powers of general partners
Limited partnership
Rights of limited parties to share for profits, return of contribution
25. A substituted limited partner is
A. A buyer of right of the deceased partner
B. A person admitted as a limited partners by the other partners
C. An assignee admitted to all the rights of the assignor
D. A legal representative of a limited partner
26. Which of the following is not correct? In a limited partnership composed of A, B and C, the
contribution may be as follows:
A. A property (limited partner); B services (general partner); C cash (general partner)
B. A cash (limited partner); B property (general partner); C services (general partner)
C. A services (limited partner); B - cash (general partner); C services (general partner)
D. A cash (limited partner); B cash (general partner); C services (general partner)
Page 27 of 48
15. As regards a limited partner, which statement is correct?

A. He cannot be allowed to transact business directly with the partnership of which he is a
member as this would result into conflict of interest;
B. He is automatically the agent of the partnership with general authority to bind the
partnership to contracts with third persons;
C. He can only contribute money and property but not services;
D. He has no liability to partnership creditors even if he takes part in the management of the
partnership.
Liability
Death of limited partner
Settlement of accounts after dissolution
Amendment and cancellation of certificate
Comprehensive
8. Conrado, Pedro and Carlos formed a limited partnership with Conrado as managing partner;
Pedro as industrial partner; and Carlos as limited partner. Conrado contributed P100.000
while Carlos contributed P150,000. The partnership became a failure. After all its assets have
been disposed to pay partnership debts, there still remains a note, executed by Conrado in his
capacity and authority as managing partner, payable to the order of Guillermo, a partnership
creditor, in the sum of P60,000. Against whom can Guillermo enforce his claim of P60,000?
A. Against Conrado and Carlos, the capitalist partners, jointly
B. Against Carlos only or any of his legal representative
C. Against Conrado and Pedro only, jointly
D. Against Conrado only
Comprehensive
27. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. A partnership contract is not covered by statute of fraud
B. A limited partnership is one having at least one general partner or one limited partner and
the limited partner shall not be liable for the obligations of the partnership
C. A limited partner who contribute industry to the firm becomes liable as a general partner
D. The contract of partnership is void is it contains a stipulation which exclude a partner from
sharing in the profits of the firm
12. All are correct except:
a. Limited partner cannot be an industrial partner too.
b. A managing partner is always a general partner.
February 19, 2005
c. Persons not allowed to donate to each other cannot form Universal Partnership.
d. As to liability to creditors of the partnership an industrial partner is considered a general
partner.
9. In partnership which of the following is incorrect?
A. Stipulation exempting any kind of partner in a partnership from profit and loss sharing is
void as to third person
B. Unlawful partnership is dissolved by court decree, the capital contribution of the partners
shall be confiscated in favor of the state.
C. In case of tie in a joint management in a partnership, the matter will be decided by the
controlling interest.
D. All of the above
7. One of the following statements is false:
A. Limited partner cannot be an industrial partner
B. A managing partner is always a general partner
C. Persons not allowed to donate to each other cannot form Universal Partnerships
D. As to liability to creditors of the partnership an industrial partner is considered a general
partner.
12. 1st Statement: A newly admitted partner shall be liable for all obligations which the partnership
incurred prior to the time of his admission, but the same shall only be satisfied out of his
personal and separate property.
2nd Statement: Article of Universal Partnership entered into without specification as to its
nature is presumed to constitute only universal partnership of profits.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
10. Statement No. 1: A partners right to use specific partnership properties may be assigned to
third person-creditor.
Statement No. 2: The death, retirement, insolvency or civil interdiction of a limited partner
dissolves the limited partnership.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
Page 28 of 48
CORPORATION
Introduction to the Corporation Law
Private corporation definition
42. Which of the following is a disadvantage of forming a corporation?
A. The existence of the entity is not affected by the personal vicissitudes or of the individual
stockholder
B. Free and ready transferability or ownership of shares
C. Subservience of minority stockholders to the wishes of the majority subject only to
equitable restraints
D. The shareholders are not liable for the debts of the business
12. Which of the following is the disadvantage of forming a corporation?
A. The free and ready transferability of ownership
B. The shareholders are not liable for the debts of the business.
C. Because of the power of succession, the existence of the entity is not affected by the
personal vicissitudes of the individual stockholders.
D. The subservience of minority stockholders to the wishes of the majority subject only to
equitable restraints.
Theory of corporate entity; piercing the veil of corporate fiction
23. Plaintiffs filed a collection action against X Corporation. Upon execution of the courts
decision, X Corporation was found to be without assets. Thereafter plaintiffs filed an action
against its present and past stockholder including Y Corporation which owned substantially
all of the stock of X Corporation. The two corporation have the same board of directors and
Y Corporation financed the operations of X Corporation. May Y Corporation be held liable
because there was delay.
A. Yes, under the principle of Corporate Opportunity of Interlocking Director
B. Yes, under the principle of Trust Fund Doctrine
C. No, under the doctrine of Separate Entity
D. Yes, under the principle of Piercing the veil of corporate entity
Rights of a Corporation
Distinction from partnership
Classes of corporations
Corporations created by special laws
Corporators; incorporators; members; stockholders
31. This group of persons may not form a corporation and be incorporators in a corporation in the
February 19, 2005
Philippines
A. Fifteen Spanish citizens who are residents of Manila
B. Ten resident aliens and four aliens in Singapore
C. Eleven Filipinos who are residents of San Francisco, California
D. Seven American residing in the Philippines and two Filipinos residents of Hawaii
32. A corporation cannot be an incorporator, because only natural persons may become
incorporators, except
A. Cooperative as incorporator of Rural Bank
B. Eleemosynary corporations
C. Charitable organizations incorporated under the Philippines Laws
D. Corporation sole
19. A, B and C are Filipinos who are residents of the Philippines. D, E and F are Filipinos who are
on-residents, G and H are Japanese nationals residing in the Philippines. I and J are
Japanese who are nonresidents.
A. A, B, D, E and F may form a corporation in the Philippines
B. D, J, I, A and H may form a corporation in the Philippines
C. A, G, H, E and J may form a corporation in the Philippines
18. The Articles of incorporation requires that the names, nationalities and residences of
incorporators be stated to enable the State, through the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) to determine whether:
A. Majority of the incorporators are citizens of the Philippines
B. 2/3 of the incorporators are citizens of the Philippines
C. 2/3 of the incorporators are residents of the Philippines
D. Majority of the incorporators are residents of the Philippines, even if all of them are
foreigners
Classification of shares brief definition
34. Shares deposited by the seller or his agent with a bank or third party to be delivered to the
buyer or subscriber only upon the fulfillment of the stipulated suspensive condition
A. Promotion shares
C. Redeemable shares
B. Founders shares
D. Escrow shares
Cases when non-voting shares can vote
Definition of terms capital stock, share of stock and certificate of stock
Page 29 of 48
Treasury shares; founders shares; redeemable shares

Incorporation of a business
Number and qualification of incorporators
14. Who among the following comply with the minimum requirement of law and, in the process,
form a stock corporation in the Philippines?
Name
Nationality
Residence
Ramon Recto
Filipino
Philippines
Poncito Enrile
Filipino
Canada
Lee, Chin Chih
Taiwanese
Philippines
Luis Cordero
Spanish
Philippines
Renato Mabuhay
Filipino
USA
John Pratts
American
Philippines
Honorato Reyes
Filipino
Hongkong
A. Recto, Enrile, Cordero, Reyes, Mabuhay
B. Recto, Enrile, Mabuhay, Pratts, Reyes
C. Recto, Lee, Cordero, Pratts, Reyes
D. Recto, Enrile, Mabuhay, Lee, Reyes
Steps for incorporation
12. What need not be submitted outrightly to the SEC during incorporation stage.
A. Articles of incorporation
C. Treasurers Affidavit
B. By-laws
D. Bank Certification
Corporate term
Minimum capital stock
15. The required minimum authorized capital stock for stock corporation is
a. Not less than P5,000
b. 25% must be subscribed and 25% must be paid
c. At least 25% must be subscribed and at least 25% must be paid but not less than P5,000
d. None as a rule provided the paid up capital is not below P5,000.
13. The required minimum authorized capital stock for stock corporation is:
A. Not less than P5,000
B. 25% must be subscribed and 25% must be paid
C. At least 25% must be subscribed and at least 25% must be paid but not less than P5,000
D. Correct answer not given
February 19, 2005
Pre-incorporation subscription and paid-up capital

14. Suppose SPAGHETTI Corporation has an authorized capital stock of P100,000 divided into
1000 shares of stock with par value of P100 each.
Subscibers
A 100 shares and paid P8,000
D 50 shares and paid P5,000
B 160 shares and paid P 100
E 200 shares and paid P 600
C 250 shares and paid P4,000
Which will qualify the pre-incorporation subscription requirement?
A. Combination of A and E
C. Combination A and B
B. Combination of C and D
D. All of the above
16. Suppose SPAGHETTI Corporation has an authorized capital stock of P100, 000 divided into
1,000 shares of stocks with a par value of P100 each.
A 100 shares and paid P8,000
D 50 shares and paid P5,000
B 160 shares and paid P 100
E 200 shares and paid P600
C 250 shares and paid P4,000
Which will not qualify as pre-incorporation subscription requirement?
a. Combination of A and E
c. Combination of A and B
b. Combination of C and D
d. Combination of B and D
45. Which of the following conditions will allow corporate formation and allow Securities and
Exchange Registration?
Authorized capital
Subscribed capital
Paid-in capital
A.
P200,000
P50,000
P12,500
B.
50,000
12,500
3125
C.
100,000
25,000
6,250
D.
60,000
15,000
6,250
21. Which of the following situations complies with the requirement of the law
for corporate formation and registration?
Authorized Capital
A.
P 50,000.00
B.
P 60,000.00
C.
P100,000.00
D. All of the above
Subscribed Capital
P12,000.00
P15,000.00
P25,000.00
Paid-up Capital
P 5,000.00
P 10,000.00
P 7,000.00
19. Choose the minimum requirement of the corporation to corporate formation:

Page 30 of 48

Authorized Capital
A.
P160,000.00
B.
P400,000.00
C.
P100,000.00
D.
All of the above

Subscribed Capital
P 50,000.00
P150,000.00
P 25,000.00
Paid-up Capital
P 12,500.00
P 38,000.00
P 6,250.00
15. Which of these conditions comply with the minimum requirement of law to form a stock
corporation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authorized Capital
P400,000
P200,000
P100,000
P 64,000
Subscribed Capital
20,000
50,000
25,000
16,000
Paid-up Capital
20,000
10,000
12,500
4,000
By-laws
20. They provide and regulate the internal governance and internal matter of the corporation, such
as the calling of the Board of Directors and Stockholders meeting:
A. The Articles of Incorporation
B. The Board of Directors in the exercise of its corporate powers
C. The By-laws
D. The majority of the Outstanding Capital Stockholders
15. Is a by-law provision of X Corporation rendering ineligible or if elected, subject of removal, a
director if he is also a director in a corporation whose business is in competition with or is
antagonist to said corporation valid and legal
A. Yes, under the principle of corporate opportunity
B. No, under the principle of separate entity
C. Yes, provided it is approved by 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock
D. Yes, under the principle, of vested interest
Articles of incorporation form, contents, disapproval
18. Which of the following must be obtained in a Corporations Articles of Incorporation?
A. Names of stockholders
B. Name of the temporary treasurer
C. Provisions for issuance of par and no par value shares
D. Quorum voting requirement
16. One of the following is a ground for the suspension or revocation of the Article of Incorporation
February 19, 2005
by the SEC.
A. Failure to organize and commence business operation with in 2 years from incorporation.
B. Continuous inoperation or inactivity for 5 years after it has organized and commenced
business transactions for one year.
C. Corporation has commenced its operation and subsequently become continuously
inoperative for 2 years.
D. Corporation has failed to commence and start to operate due to causes beyond its
control.
Revocation of certificate
14. One of the following is a ground for the suspension or revocation of the certificate of
Incorporation by the SEC.
a. Failure to organize and commence business operation with in 2 years from incorporation.
b. Continuous in-operation or inactivity for 5 years after it has organized and commenced
business transactions for one year.
c. Corporation has commenced its operation and subsequently become continuously
inoperative for 2 years.
d. Corporation has failed to commence and start to operate due to causes beyond its
control.
Corporate name
Commencement of corporate existence
Operations of a corporation
De facto corporation; de jure corporation; corporation by estoppel
32. A, B, C, D and E organized a corporation. An article of incorporation was prepared, signed and
acknowledge before a notary public and filet with the SEC. The corresponding certificate of
incorporation was issued. It turned out, however, that A, B, and C are not residing in the
Philippines. What is the status of the corporation?
A. De jure corporation
D. Corporation by prescription
B. De facto corporation
C. Corporation by estoppel
13. A, B , C , D and E prepared and drafted their Article of Incorporation as well as the set of Bylaws for the creation of Five Kings Corporation but were not able to file the same with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. A was temporarily appointed as Treasurer. They
deposited P1 Million to the bank for which a bank certificate was issued to them. They began
transacting business and held themselves out as directors and stockholders of Five Kings
Page 31 of 48

Corporation. In this case, there is:
A. a corporation by prescription
B. a de jure corporation

C. a de facto corporation
D. a corporation by estoppel
Effect of non-use and disqualification

Board of Directors & Officers
17. Which is correct about a B.O.D. member?
a. He is entitled to compensation as a matter of right.
b. He must be a citizen of the Philippines
c. He is disqualified to be one if convicted of the crime of murder before
d. He can be removed by votes representing 2/3 of the outstanding capital stocks in all
cases
49. A was one of the directors of X Corporation. B obtained a judgment against A and had
all of As shares of stock in X Corporation. A meeting was held and both A and B
appeared in said meeting, each claiming the right to participate in the deliberation of the board.
A contended that he had the right to continue as director until the stockholders could elect his
successor.
B on the other hand, contended that having purchased all of As share he had the right to
take the latters place in the board. Under the rule of directorship, which of the following is
false?
A. Both A and B are disqualified to sit as directors in the Board of Directors
B. A cannot qualify as he disposed all his shares. The requirement is that a director must
continuously have at least one share in the corporation
C. B can qualify because a corporation as well as the heirs of stockholders of same
corporation has got a right of succession
D. B cannot also qualify if he claims succession to A. He must have to be elected by the
stockholders. The position is personal and does not allow substitution.
C. Stockholders always have the right to elect a corporation officers

D. An officer of a corporation is required to own at least one share of the corporations stock
Board of Trustees
33. Qualification of trustee of non-stock corporation:
A. Trustees must be member of the corporation
B. Majority of the trustees must be resident of the Philippines
C. Trustees of non-stock corporation may be more than 15 members
D. All of the above.
Method of voting
Quorum
Removal vacancy
Liability and disloyalty of directors
30. A corporation officer or director cannot take advantage for their personal benefit a business
opportunity which the corporation is financially able to undertake
A. Doctrine of corporate fiction
C. Doctrine of corporate opportunity
B. Trust fund doctrine
D. Doctrine of limited capacity
17. Where a director, by virtue of his office, acquired for himself a business opportunity which
belongs to the corporation, thereby obtaining profits to the prejudice of such corporation, he
must account to the latter for all such profits by refunding the same to the corporation. This
pertains to what duty of a director or a corporation?
A. Duty of diligence
C. Duty of loyalty
B. Duty of obedience
D. Duty of honest
50. In no case shall the total yearly compensation of directors, exceed

A. 5% of the net income before income tax during the preceding year
B. 10% of the net income before income tax during the preceding year
C. 10% of the net income after income during the preceding year
D. 10% of the net income before income tax during the current year
35. Directors or trustees who willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently unlawfully act of
the corporation or who are guilty of gross negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of the
corporation or acquire any personal or pecuniary interest in conflict with their duty shall be
liable
A. As a trustee for the corporation
B. Criminally for violation of the corporation code
C. Jointly and severally liable for the damages suffered by the corporation
22. Which of the following statement is correct regarding corporate officers of a stock corporation?
A. An officer may not simultaneously may or not be a stockholder of the same corporation
B. Corporate Secretary may or not be a stockholder of the same corporation
Contracts with interlocking directors

Powers of a corporation (expressed; implied; incidental)
Extension of corporate term
February 19, 2005
Page 32 of 48
Increase or decrease capital stock

Deny pre-emptive right
Sale or disposition of assets
29. The assets of the corporation as represented by its capital stock are to be maintained
unimpaired that there can be no distribution of such assets among the stockholders without
provision being first made for the payment of corporate debts
A. Doctrine of corporate fiction
C. Trust fund doctrine
B. Doctrine of corporate opportunity
D. Doctrine of limited capacity
Acquisition of own shares
Investment in another business
16. Cool Lang Corporation, acting through its Board of Directors, wanted to invest corporate funds
in Sobra-Sobra Corp., and her corporation the primary purpose of which is similar or related to
the primary purpose of the former. What should be the voting requirement?
A. Majority vote of the Board and assented to by 2/3 vote of the OCS
B. Majority vote of the Board and assented to by majority vote of the OCS
C. Majority vote of the Board of Directors only
Declaration of dividends
18. Cash dividends as distinguished form stock dividend
A. Corporate capital is increased
B. Concurrence of the stockholders is required
C. Involves disbursement to the stockholders of accumulated earnings
D. Being part of corporate property, maybe reached by corporate creditors.
40. The following are the requisites, except one, for valid declaration and/or issuance of stock
dividend
A. Existence of original and unissued shares
B. Dividend declaration is made by the Board of Directors and approved by 2/3 of the
outstanding capital stock
C. It is issued to increase the authorized capital
D. Existence of unrestricted retained earnings
23. A distribution by a corporation, to its existing shareholders, of shares of stock held by it in
another corporation is considered as:
A. Stock dividend
C. Sale of treasury shares
B. Property dividend
D. Sale of capital assets
February 19, 2005
22. For past four years of its commercial operation, MY TRUST CO. an insurance company has
been earning tremendously in excess of 100% of the corporations paid in capital. All of the
stockholders want that they share in the profits of the corporation by way of dividends but the
Board of Directors remained unmoved.
1st Question Can the stockholders compel the Board of Directors to declare dividends.
2nd Question If there is a plan for a definite corporate expansion is it true that
the BOD cannot be compelled to declare dividends even if the profit exceed
100% of the paid up capital.
1st Statement
2nd Statement
A.
Yes
Yes
B.
No
No
C.
No
Yes
D.
Yes
No
Management contracts ultra vires

48. To enter into management contracts, as a rule
A. Majority X of the board and majority of the outstanding capital stock or of the members of
both the managing and managed corporations
B. Majority of the quorum of the board and 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the
members
C. Majority vote of the board and majority of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
D. 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members.
Adoption of by laws procedures
Contents
Validity
Amendment
Meetings and Stocks
Kinds, place and time
35. Place of meetings of stockholders and members. Which one is incorrect?
A. Stockholders: City or municipality where the principal office of the corporation is located
B. Members: Any place even outside the principal office of the corporation if stated in the bylaws by must be within the Philippines and stated in the notice of meeting.
C. Members: Any place even outside the principal office of business if stated in the by-laws
but must be within the Philippines even if not stated in the notice of meeting.
D. Stockholders: Meeting held outside the principal place of business is valid except if all
stockholders are present or represented.
Page 33 of 48
37. Which statement is correct?

A. The Board of Directors may hold its meeting outside the municipality or city where its
principal place of business is located and the directors may attend by proxy, while the
stockholders' meeting must by held in the city or municipality where the principal place of
business of the corporation is located and the stockholders may attend personally or by
proxy.
B. The Board of Directors may hold its meeting outside the municipality or city where its
principal place of business is located and the directors must attend personally and not by
proxy; while the stockholders meeting must by held in the city or municipality where the
principal place of business of the corporation is located and the stockholders may attend
personally or by proxy.
C. The Board of Directors must hold its meeting only within the municipality or city where its
principal place of business is located and the directors must attend personally and not by
proxy; while the stockholders' meeting may be held within or even outside the city or
municipality where the principal place of business of the corporation is located and the
stockholders may attend personally or by proxy.
D. The Board of Directors may hold its meeting outside the municipality or city where its
principal place of business is located and the directors may attend by proxy; while the
stockholders' meeting must held in the city or municipality where the principal place of
business of the corporation is located and the stockholders must be in attendance
personally.
Quorum
Right to vote proxies, voting trust agreement
Subscription contract
Pre-incorporation subscription
Consideration for stock
53. Which of the following is (are) valid consideration for the purchase of stocks of a corporation?
I. Real estate
II. A negotiable promissory note in money
III. Monetary consideration for services to be performed
A. I only
C. Both I and III
B. II only
D. Both II and III
Transfer of stock
Issuance of certificate
Stock rights property, management
February 19, 2005
Watered stock; ancilliary rights

Liability unpaid subscription
57. The Manila Cigar Company was organized with a capital stock of P50,000 divided into 500
shares of P100 a share. X subscribed for 20 shares and paid P500 upon his subscription
leaving unpaid account thereof the sum of P1,500. Five years later, the company was
declared insolvent and A was duly appointed assignee who upon assuming his position,
found that X has an unpaid subscription in the amount of P1,500.
Prior to the companys declaration of insolvency, its board of directors, by resolution, released
W (another subscriber) from the payment of his W remaining unpaid subscription. The
assignee brought action to recover from X the amount representing his unpaid subscription
and against W, the recall of the release order. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Insolvency of the corporation makes all unpaid subscription immediately demandable
B. The release of W of his unpaid subscription is void under the Trust Fund Doctrine
C. X is considered released by invoking that W, another subscriber has been released by the
board.
D. The payment of unpaid subscription is immediately demandable whether or not a call
order has been made by the board of directors
Procedures of sale
Highest bidder
Lost or destroyed certificate
Stockholders Rights, Powers & Obligations
Stockholders rights
15. The right given to a stockholder to dissent and demand payment of the fair value of his shares
in all of the following except:
A. In case of merger or dissolution
B. Sale of all corporate assets
C. Shorten corporate term only.
D. Divert corporate funds to another purpose
Pre-emptive Right
41. A shareholders option to subscribe to allotment of shares in proportion to his holdings of
outstanding shares, before new shares are offered to others
A. Voting right
C. Ultra vires act
B. Pre-emptive right
D. Appraisal right
Appraisal right
Page 34 of 48
46. Any stockholder of a corporation shall have the right to dissent and demand payment of the
fair value of his share/s in three of the following corporate acts. Which is the exception?
A. In case of any amendment to the articles of incorporation which has the effect of changing
or restricting the rights of any stockholder or class of shares
B. In case of merger or consolidation
C. In case of sale, lease, exchange, transfer, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or
substantially all of the corporate assets and property of the corporation
D. In case of incurring, creating, or increasing bonded indebtedness
47. In which of the following can a dissenting stockholder exercise the right of appraisal?
A. Amendment of the articles to increase authorized capital stock
B. Amendment of the articles to change corporate name
C. Amendment of the articles to transfer location of the principal office
D. In case of merger
22. In one of the following cases, appraisal right is not available.
A. In case of merger or consolidation.
B. In case of increase or decrease of corporate term.
C. In case of increase or decrease of capital stock.
D. Diversion of Corporate funds for another purpose other than its primary or secondary
purposes.
23. In one of the following cases, appraisal right is not available.
a. In case of merger or consolidation.
b. In case of increase or decrease of capital stock.
c. In case of increase or decrease of corporate term.
d. Diversion of Corporate funds for another purpose other its primary or secondary purposes.
Remedies
Voting Requirements
Majority of the Board
25. In 1999, Corporation A passed a board resolution removing X from his position as manager
of said corporation. The by-laws of A corporation provides that the officers are the president,
general-manager, treasurer and secretary. Upon complaint filed with the SEC, it held that the
general manager could be removed by mere resolution of the board of directors. On motion
for reconsideration, X alleged that he could only be removed by the affirmative vote of the
stockholders representing 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock. Is Xs contention legally
February 19, 2005
tenable?
A. No, the vote required is majority of the board and 2/3 OCS consenting
B. Yes, the voting requirements is only 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock
C. No, the required vote is MBD consented by MOCS
D. No, the voting requirement is only majority of the Board of Directors
21. What is the voting proportion required enabling the corporation to invest, its funds in another
corporation or business for a purpose similar to its primary purpose?
A. majority vote of its Board of Directors
B. majority of its Board of Directors and ratified by a majority of its outstanding capital stock
C. majority vote of its Board of Directors and ratified by 2/3 vote of its outstanding capital
stock
D. majority of its Board of Directors and ratified by 2/3 of its stockholders
Majority of the Stockholders
20. Any director of a corporation may be removed from office by a vote of
A. Majority of the members of the board
B. Majority of the stockholders present
C. 2/3 of the stockholder present
D. 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock
54. To adopt by-laws
A. Majority of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
B. Majority vote of the board and of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
C. 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
D. Majority vote of the board and 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
44. To revoke the power granted to the board to make by-laws.
A. Majority vote of the board and of the outstanding capital stock of the members
B. 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
C. Majority of the quorum of the board and 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the
members
D. Majority of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
Two-thirds of the Stockholders
56. To delegate to the board of directors or trustees the power to amend or repeal the by-laws or
adopt new by-laws
A. Majority of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
Page 35 of 48
B. Majority vote of the board and of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
C. 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
D. Majority vote of the quorum of the board and 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the
members
Majority of the Board & Two-thirds of the Stockholders
18. One of the following corporate acts requires a majority vote of the Board plus 2/3 of
Outstanding Capital Stocks.
a. Declaration of Property Dividends.
c. Election of Corporate Officers.
b. Declaration of Stock Dividends
d. Filling up of Board Vacancy.
18. One of the following corporate acts require a majority of the Board and the vote or written
assent of the stockholders representing at least 2/3 of the Outstanding Capital Stock.
A. Declaration of the stock dividend
B. Amendment of the Articles of Incorporation
C. The power to extend corporate life
D. The power to sell corporate property
42. By the Board of Directors and approval of not less than 2/3 of all stocks, outstanding and
entitled to vote are the prescribed vote in three of the following, which is the exemption?
A. adoption of new by-laws
B. declaration of stock dividends
C. to incur, create or increase bonded indebtedness
D. to amend the articles of incorporation
20. Under the Corporation Code, a majority vote of the Board of Directors and assented to by 2/3
vote of the outstanding capital stockholders, as a rule, is necessary before an act can be
considered a corporate act. Which among the following does not belong to this category?
A. If the corporation would like to merge or consolidate itself with another corporation;
B. If the corporation would invest corporate funds in another corporation the primary purpose
of which is similar or related to the primary purpose of the investing corporation;
C. If the corporation would enter into a management contract with another corporation where
there exists interlocking directorates between the two corporation;
D. If there is a need to declare cash and stock dividends to existing stockholders of the
corporation
Majority of the Board & Majority of the Stockholders
55. To amend or repeal the by-laws or adopt new by-laws
February 19, 2005
A.
B.
C.
D.
Majority vote of the outstanding capital stock or of the members

Majority vote of the board and majority of the outstanding capital stock of the members
2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
Majority vote of the board and 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock or of the members
19. What is the voting proportion required to enable the corporation to enter into a management
contract with another corporation if there is no interlocking directorate between the two
corporation?
A. majority vote of its Board of Directors
B. majority vote of its Board of Directors and ratified by a majority of its outstanding capital
stock
C. majority vote of its Board of Directors and ratified by 2/3 vote of its outstanding capital
stock
D. majority vote of its Board of Directors and ratified by 2/3 of its stockholders
21. In the matter of managing the business of the corporation, the exercise of corporate power and
handling of corporate properties, this is supreme:
A. 2/3 approval of the stockholders of the corporation
B. majority vote of the outstanding capital stockholders of the corporation
C. majority vote of the Board of Directors
D. the President of the corporation
24. In which of the following corporate acts/powers, as exercised by the Board of Directors, is the
consent of, ratification or approval by the outstanding capital stockholders (OCS) of the
corporation necessary?
A. The power to invest corporate funds in another corporation where the primary purpose of
the two (both) corporations are similar or related to each other.
B. The power to declare cash dividends only
C. The power to change the par value of shares of the corporation
D. The power to re-acquire the corporations own shares
Other Topics
Corporate Mergers and Consolidations
How exercised
Cost of appraisal
Non-stock corporation
28. Any profit which it may earn shall be used for the furtherance of the purpose for which the
Page 36 of 48
corporation was organized as such profit is not distributable to its members

A. Close corporation
C. Private educational corporation
B. Stock corporation
D. Non-stock corporation
Close corporations and religious corporations
45. A corporation where vacancies in the Board of Directors are filled only by the remaining
members of the board is:
A. Open corporation
C. eleemosynary corporation
B. Corporation sole
D. close corporation
11. Three of the following may not incorporate as close corporations. Which is the exception?
A. Insurance companies
C. Telecommunication companies
B. Homeowners association
D. Schools or universities
17. Three of the following of institutions, using strict compliance with the provisions of the
Corporation Code, cannot incorporate as close corporations. Which is an exception?
A. A corporation to engage in the business of providing electricity to the public;
B. A corporation to engage in the business of producing, bottling, selling and distributing
beers and softdrinks;
C. A corporation to engage in the business of gold mining;
D. A corporation to engage in the business of secondary and tertiary level education
46. Features of transfer restriction of shares in close corporation
A. For the restriction on the right to transfer, the same shall be stated in the Articles of
Incorporation, By-Laws and Certificate of Stock
B. The restriction shall not be more onerous than granting the existing stockholders of the
corporation the option to purchase the shares of the transferring stock with such
reasonable terms, conditions or period stated therein
C. The transfer therefore, shall only be made to the close corporation or to the stockholders
of the close corporation or to the stockholders of the close corporation
D. All of the above
Dissolution
18. There of the following, except one, are involuntary grounds for dissolution of corporations.
Which is the exception?
A. Failure to organize and commence business transaction within two years from the grant of
certificate of incorporation;
B. Expiration of the terms for which it was lawfully organized;
February 19, 2005
C. The shortening o the corporate terms as approved by the Board, assented to by the CCS
and approved by the SEC.
D. By the repeal of the law which created the corporation
Causes; methods
Foreign corporations
43. Foreign corporation
A. Are organized under laws of countries other than the Philippines
B. Are not permitted to transact business in the Philippines until after they have obtained a
license for the purpose from SEC
C. If found to be engaged in business without any license, they are not permitted to sue in
any court or administrative agency of the Philippines but may be used
D. Are bound by all laws, rules and regulation applicable to domestic corporation of the same
class but governed by laws of the country of incorporation as to creation, formation,
organization, dissolution or such as fix the relations, liabilities, or duties of stockholders,
members or officers of corporation to each other or to the corporation
E. All of the above
Promotion
17. Not a legal but business term, usefully summing up in a single word a number of business
operation familiar to the commercial world by which a company is generally brought into
existence
A. Incorporation
C. Commencement of business transaction
B. Organization
D. Promotion
Comprehensive
19. Only one of the following statements is correct.
A. Stockholder can inspect corporate books anytime he wants.
B. The rule that no dividends can be declared w/o unrestricted retained earnings is not
absolute.
C. Pre-emptive right may not denied by the corporation
D. A stockholder declared delinquent losses absolutely all his rights.
38. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Stock dividend cannot be issued to a person who is not a stockholder in payment of the
services rendered
B. A stipulation that no stockholder shall transfer any share to any other person without
Page 37 of 48
notifying the corporate secretary in writing is void

C. An ultra vires act of a corporation can be ratified with the consent of the majority of all
stockholders when the rights of the state or of the creditors are not involved
D. A stipulation that the corporation shall have the right to acquire for itself, under the same
condition, the shares intended to be transferred is valid under the "doctrine of first refusal"
24. 1st Statement: The corporate secretary may be a director of the same corporation.
2nd Statement: Corporate director can vote by proxy in stockholders meeting.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
38. 1st Statement: Stocks issued by a corporation in excess of the amount prescribed or limited by
its Articles of Incorporation are void except in the hands of a bona fide purchaser for value.
2nd Statement: Treasury shares are part of the outstanding capital stock of a corporation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
23. Corporation Law:
1st Statement: Stockholders in a corporation by estoppel are liable even to the extent of their
separate property, as if they were partners in a general partnership
2nd Statement: Subscribers for stock shall be liable to the corporation for interest from the date
of subscription even if not stated in the by-law.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
22. 1st Statement: A stock corporation cannot be converted into a non-stock corporation without
dissolving the former.
2nd Statement: A limited partnership can be converted to a general partnership by amending its
Certificate or Articles of Partnership
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
True
False
False
2nd Statement
True
False
True
False
February 19, 2005
48. 1st Statement: All the issued stocks, exclusive of treasury stocks, of a close corporation shall
be held of record by not more than 20 stockholders.
2nd Statement: Foreign corporations transacting business in the Philippines without license
may not sue but may be sued in our courts.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
22. Statement No. 1: A corporation can be held liable for personal indebtedness of its
stockholders, especially if he is the Chairman of the Board.
Statement No. 2: Under all circumstances, directors serve at the pleasure of the stockholders
of the corporation, and thus, may be removed with or without just cause.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
21. Statement No. 1: Delinquent stockholders are entitled to dividend distribution minus the
unpaid subscription.
Statement No. 2: Treasury shares are not part of the outstanding capital stock of the
corporation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Statement No. 1
True
False
True
False
Statement No. 2
True
False
False
True
39. 1st statement: No cash dividends can be declared out of principal surplus as this could amount
to declaration of dividend out of capital.
2nd statement: If the surplus profits of the stock corporation exceeded the level equal to its
paid-up capital, the SEC may compel the corporation to declare dividends otherwise it will be
liable for a surtax on improperly accumulated profits. Which of the following is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
False
True
False
True
2nd Statement
True
True
False
False
24. 1st Statement: Under the Corporation Code, an executive committee if composed by at least 3
BOD members has the power to fill up vacancy in the Board of Directors.
2nd Statement:: If an instrument payable to order 30 days after sight, but undated, was
delivered without endorsement, the transferee may require endorsement from the transferor,
Page 38 of 48

and if endorsed, only then is the holder considered as a holder in due course.
A.
B.
C.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
2nd Statement
True
False
False
D.
False
True
17. Statement No.1: The preemptive right of stockholders in close corporations shall extend to all
shares to be issued, including re-issuance of treasury shares, unless the Articles of
Incorporation so provide.
Statement No.2: Non-voting shares like preferred shares have no right to vote in the
amendment of by laws if provided in the Articles of Incorporation.
A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Statement No. 1 is true while statement No. 2 is false
D. Statement No. 1 is false while statement No. 2 is true
36. 1st Statement: Membership in a non-stock corporation, and all rights arising therefrom cannot
be transferred even if provided in the articles of incorporation or by laws, because membership
and the rights arising therefrom are personal and non-transferable.
2nd statement: Treasury stock sold for less than their par or issued value are considered
watered stock and as such as prohibited by law. Which is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
47. 1st Statement: Management of a corporation may be delegated to an executive committee,
composed of not less than 3 members of the board to be appointed by the board provided the
creation of such executive committee is provided in the by-laws.
2nd Statement: Stockholders or members meetings shall be held in the city or municipality
where the principal office of the corporation is located and if practicable, in the principal office
of the corporation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
zzz
February 19, 2005
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Introduction
Applicability of the Negotiable Instruments Law
Function and importance of negotiable instruments
Characteristics or Features of negotiable instruments
Common forms of negotiable instruments
Instruments with limited negotiability
Form and Interpretation
Formal requirements of negotiability in general
Negotiable instrument defined
Formal requirements explained
Non-negotiable instrument defined
Promissory note defined
Original parties to a promissory note
Bill of exchange defined
Original parties to a bill of exchange
Theory of a bill of exchange
Certainty of sum payable
Sum to be paid with interest
50. B received an instrument from A on March 31, 2000. How much can B collect on April 30,
2000. Pay to order amount only five thousand pesos (P5,000) with 12% interest.
A. P5,000 plus 30 day interest
B. B cannot collect because the instrument is defective
C. P5,000 only
D. P5,000 plus interest
Sum to be paid by stated installments
Sum to be paid by stated installments with acceleration clause
Sum to be paid with exchange
Exchange applicable only to foreign bills
Sum to be paid with costs of collection or an attorneys fee
When promissory note contains a promise to pay
When bill of exchange contains an order to pay
Indication of a particular fund out of which reimbursements is to be made
49. 1st Statement: An order or promise to pay is unconditional though coupled with an indication of
particular fund out of which reimbursement is to be made, or particular account to be debited
with the amount.
Page 39 of 48
2nd Statement: An order or promise to pay out a particular fund is not unconditional.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
Indication of a particular account to be debited with the amount
Statement of transaction which gives rise to instrument
Certainty of time of payment
Acts in addition to payment of money
Effect of omission of date
Effect of omission of value
Effect of omission of place
Effect of presence of seal
Effect of particular kind of current money payable
When instrument payable on demand
When instrument payable to order
Effect where payee not named or described
When instrument payable to bearer
Substance criterion of negotiability
Presumption as to date
Date on instruments payable at a fixed future date
Date in instruments payable on demand
Meaning of ante-dating and post-dating
Effect of ante-dating and post-dating
When date may be inserted
Effect of insertion of wrong date
Steps in issuance of negotiable instrument
Application of Section 14, 15 and 16
Rules where instrument incomplete but delivered
Rules where instrument incomplete and undelivered
Rules where instrument mechanically compute by undelivered
Rules of construction in case of ambiguity or omission
Persons liable on an instrument; Signing in a trade or assumed name
Signature by an authorized agent
27. A promissory note is signed in behalf of the principal by an agent as follows:
Juan dela Cruz
Per Procuration: Manuel S. Canet
This operates as notice that the agent has:
February 19, 2005
A. Unlimited authority to sign for and in behalf of the principal

B. A limited authority to sign, and the principal is bound only in case the agent in so signing
noted within the actual limits of his authority
C. A limited authority to sign, but the principal is bound even in case the agent in so signing
acted outside the actual limits of his authority
D. Answer not given
When agent may escape personal liability
Use of descriptive words without disclosure of principal
Meaning of procuration; Effect of signature by procuration
Effect of endorsement by a minor; Effect of endorsement by a corporation
Forgery explained Application of Section 23; Cases of forgery in general; Extent of the effect of
forgery; Exceptions to the general rule; Persons precluded from setting up the defense of forgery;
Rights of parties in cases of forged endorsements
Non-negotiable Instruments
Examples of Negotiable Instruments
26. B bought a used cellphone from S. S preferred cash but B is a friend so S accepted Bs
promissory note for P10,000.00. S thought of converting the note into cash by indorsing it to
his brother X. The promissory note is a piece of paper with the following hand-printed
notation: B WILL PAY S OR HOLDER TEN THOUSAND PESOS IN PAYMENT FOR HIS
CELLPHONE 1 WEEK FROM TODAY. Below this notation is Bs signature with 8/1/00 next
to it, indicating the date of the promissory note. When S presented Bs note to X, the latter
said it was not a negotiable instrument under the law and so could not be a valid substitute for
cash. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The instrument is non-negotiable because it is not sign by the maker.
B. The instrument is non-negotiable because the cause or consideration paid is not stated in
the instrument.
C. The instrument is negotiable because the requisites of negotiability are present.
D. The instrument is non-negotiable because it is not payable to order or bearer
Examples of Non-negotiable Instruments
45. Item No1: "To X: Pay to P on demand the amount of P5.000.00 and reimburse yourself from
the proceeds of the sale of my car which is still in your possession. "Sgd.: Drawer"
Item No. 2: "I promise to pay X the amount of P5.000.00 on demand." Sgd.: M.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Item No. 1
Negotiable
Non-negotiable Non-negotiable
Negotiable
Item No. 2
Negotiable
Non-negotiable
Negotiable
Non-negotiable
Page 40 of 48
46. Which of the following examples is not negotiable?

A. To X: PLEASE pay to the order of Y P5,000.00 on demand. Sgd.: D
B. To X: Pay to the order of yourself the amount of P50,000 in two EQUAL MONTHLY
INSTALLMENTS beginning May 31, 2002. Sgd.: D
C. Pay to P or bearer the amount of P50,000 on June 25, 2002 or deliver to him ten (10) pigs
AT HIS ELECTION. Sgd.: D
D. I promise to pay X or order P5,000 AS SOON AS I HAVE MONEY. Sgd.: M
51. I promise to pay to the order of Pedro San Pedro only the sum of $10,000. (Sgd.) M. The
words Pedro San Pedro only are written in the handwriting of M. The instrument is
A. Negotiable, convert dollars into legal tender
B. Non-negotiable, because the instrument is payable in dollars
C. Non-negotiable, indorsement is restrictive
D. Non-negotiable, payable only to a specified person.
52. 1st Statement: I promise to pay B the sum of P20,000, three (3) days from date, Sgd. A (The
instrument is not dated)
2nd Statement: I promise to pay to the order of B or C the sum of P50,000. Sgd. A.
A. Both are negotiable
B. Both are not-negotiable
C. First is not negotiable while second is negotiable
D. First is negotiable while second is not
Consideration
Meaning of consideration in general; Presumption of consideration
Adequacy of consideration; Antecedent or pre-existing debt
What constitutes holder of value
Where a holder has lien on instrument
Meaning of absence or want of consideration; Meaning of failure of consideration
Liability of accommodation party
Meaning of without receiving value therefore
Kinds of accommodation party
Accommodation party and regular party distinguished
Negotiation
Meaning of negotiation
Methods of negotiation
February 19, 2005
Payment of instrument by drawee not negotiation;

Meaning of assignment
Negotiation and assignment distinguished
Can there be a negotiation to a payee?
Endorsements
Meaning and nature of endorsement; Form of endorsement; Place of endorsement
Endorsement must be of entire instrument
Endorsement to two or more indorsees severally
When partial endorsement is allowed
Special endorsement and Blank endorsement
Conversion of blank endorsement to special endorsement
Restrictive endorsement, Effect of absence of words of negotiability
Rights of indorsee in restrictive endorsement
Qualified endorsement and its effect
Conditional and absolute endorsements; Different combinations of endorsements
30. M, maker, P payee. Instrument is indorsed to pay A, if he passes the CPA exams. Which of
the following is incorrect?
A. The conditional indorsement will not affect the negotiability of the instrument
B. Before the release of the result of the exams M may pay the holder
C. Before the result of the exams, M may refuse to pay the holder because the condition is
not yet fulfilled
53. Identify the following indorsement
Pay to A, without recourse Sgd. P
A. Qualified
B. Blank
C. Special Qualified indorsement

D. Qualified restrictive
54. Identify the following indorsement.

Pay to A if he completes work today, without recourse, Signed P.
A. Qualified indorsement
B. Special and qualified indorsement
C. Restrictive and qualified
D. Special, conditional and qualified endorsement
55. 1st Statement: Where a negotiable instrument is indorsed conditionally, the person liable on the
instrument may disregard the condition and legally pay the same.
Page 41 of 48
2nd Statement: An instrument which is negotiable in origin continues to be negotiable unless

restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
True
False
True
False
2nd Statement
True
False
False
True
28. This instrument was written on the negotiable instrument itself: Pay to Juan San Juan, or
order, provided he passes the CPA examination 2003. Sgd. Pedro San Pedro. This kind of
indorsement is called
A. Conditional indorsement
C. Special indorsement
B. Restrictively indorsement
D. Combination of A and C
Effect of special endorsement where instrument originally payable to bearer; Application of Sec. 40
Endorsement where instrument payable to two or more payees or indorsees; When joint
endorsement by all payees or indorsees not required
63. One of the following indorsement is a valid negotiation
A. Pay to A P6,000 (amount of the instrument is P10,000)
B. Pay to A P7,000 and to B, the balance (amount of the note is P10,000)
C. Pay to A P8,000 out of the amount of P10,000 of this note
D. Pay to A and B P10,000
Endorsement where instrument drawn or indorsed to a person as cashier
Endorsement where name misspelled, etc.
Endorsement in representation capacity
Presumption as to time of endorsement
Presumption as to place of endorsement
Continuation of negotiable character of originally negotiable instrument
When holder may strike out endorsement
Effect of transfer without endorsement; Effect of endorsement after transfer
51. C issues a bill payable to the order of R. Later R without endorsing the bill transfer for a
consideration said bill to M. The following, except one, are the valid effects of the transfer
A. M becomes a holder
B. M acquires the right to have the endorsement of R
C. The transfer vests in M such title as R had thereon
D. The bill is merely assigned and not negotiated.
Right of prior party to negotiate; Limitations on negotiation
Comprehensive
February 19, 2005
29. Negotiable instruments; effects of indorsement

1. Pay to A P6,000 and B P4,000
2. Pay to A and B P10,000
A. Both indorsement are valid
C. Both are invalid
B. No. 1 is valid; No. 2 is invalid
D. No. 1 is invalid; No. 2 is valid
58. M makes a negotiable note in favor of P payable on December 25, 1997, with the following
successive indorsements. P to A, A to B, B to C, C to D. On the due date M is paying D, but D
extends the payment up to December 25, 1998. Which of the following is incorrect.
A. If M become insolvent on December 25, 1998, P, A, B, C are discharged of their obligation
B. If the indorsers consented to the extension of time, and M become insolvent the
indorsers are still liable
C. If before the extension date, D cancels the signature of P as indorser, P, A, B, C and the
instrument are discharged
64. C issues a bill payable to the order of R. Later R without endorsing the bill transferred for a
consideration said bill to M. The following except one is the valid effects of the transfer
A. M becomes a holder
B. M acquires the right to have the endorsement of R
C. The transfer vest in M such title as R had thereon
D. The bill is merely assigned and not negotiated
47. One of the following indorsements is a valid negotiation
A. Pay to A P6.000 (amount of the instrument is P10,000)
B. Pay to A P7.000 and to B, the balance (amount of the note is P10,000)
C. Pay to A P8.000 out of the amount of P10,000 of this note
D. Pay to A and B P10,000
48. Under the Negotiable Instrument Law, which of the following statements best describes the
effect of a person endorsing a check "without recourse"?
A. The person has no liability to prior endorsers
B. The person makes no promise or guarantee of payment on dishonor
C. The person gives no warranty protection to later transferees
D. The person converts the check into order paper.
31. Three of the following are requisites before a person is considered irregular or anomalous
indorser. Which of the following is the exception?
Page 42 of 48

A. Not a party to the instrument
B. Person principally liable

C. Signed the instrument in blank
D. Signed the instrument before delivery
71. A issued a negotiable promissory note to the order of B for P10,000 payable after 30days after
date. Later B indorsed it to C. Then X stole the note from C, forged the signature of C and
negotiated it to D, and D to E, E to F, the holder. On maturity of the note, which of the
following statements is not correct and invalid?
A. F cannot collect from C because it was Cs signature which was forged
B. F cannot collect from A because A cannot put up forgery as his defense
C. F can collect from either D or E, because their signatures are genuine and the note is
operative against them
D. F cannot collect from B because B is a party prior to the forgery
35. A issued a promissory note payable to B or bearer. A delivered the note to B. B
indorsed the note to C. C placed the note in his drawer, which was stolen by the janitor X.
X indorsed the note to D by forging Cs signature. D indorse the note to E who in turn
delivered the note to F, a holder in due course, without indorsement. Which of the following
statements is false.
A. A is liable to F despite the forgery committed because F is a holder in due course
B. B is liable to F because as an indorser he warrants that the instrument is genuine
C. C cannot set up forgery because the instrument is payable to bearer negotiable only by
delivery, the forged signature of X is not necessary.
D. C can set up the defense of forgery because his signature is forged by X.
Rights of the Holder
Rights of holder in general; Right of transferee of unindorsed instrument
What constitutes a holder in due course; Payee as holder in due course; Drawee as holder in due
course; Instrument complete and regular upon its face; Holder without notice of dishonor; Holder in
good faith; Holder for value; Holder without notice of infirmity of instrument or defect of title
65. When is a person holder in due course? (Which is false)
A. Complete and regular upon its face
B. He became holder of it after it is overdue
C. He acquired it in good faith and for value
D. If no notice of defect and infirmity
66. Under the Negotiable Instrument Law, which of the following requirements must be met for a
transferee of order paper to become a holder?
February 19, 2005
I.
II.
A.
B.
Transferee in possession of the note

Indorsement of transferor and delivery to the transferee
I only
C. Both I and II
II only
D. Neither I and II
67. The value requirement in determining whether a person is a holder in due course with respect
to a check will not be satisfied by the taking of the check
A. As security for an obligation to the extent of the obligation
B. As payment for an antecedent debt
C. In exchange for another negotiable instrument
D. In exchange for a promise to perform services in the future
61. Under the Negotiable Instrument Law which of the following requirements must be met for a
person to be a holder in due course of a promissory note?
A. The note must be payable to bearer
B. All prior holders must have been holders in due course
C. The holder must be the payee of the note
53. M issued and delivered to P or order a blank promissory note with a specific instruction that
the latter must fill it up for a maximum of P10,000. Upon receipt thereof, P completed the
instrument by putting P100,000 as the sum payable and properly indorsed it to A who qualifies
as a holder in due course. At maturity, which statement is correct?
A. A can get from M P10,000 only as this was the instruction or authority given by M to P.
B. A can get the entire P100,000.00 as this was the amount originally appearing on the face
of the instrument
C. The instrument is invalidated in the hands of A as the same was not completed in
accordance with the strict authority of M
D. A gets nothing
Holder in due course in instrument payable on demand
Effect of notice before full payment
When title of a person defective
What constitutes notice of infirmity or defect
Rights of a holder in due course; Real defenses available against a holder in due course
Comprehensive
59. Holder H altered the amount of a negotiable note from P10,000 to P110,000 then negotiated to
note to P.
Page 43 of 48
A. If P is a holder in due course, he can require the maker to pay P110,000

B. If P is not a holder in due course, he can require the maker to pay only the original sum of
P10,000
C. P cannot require the maker to pay because of forgery whether or not he is a holder in due
course
D. P can require the maker to pay P10,000 if P is a holder in due course
70. M issued and delivered to P or order a promissory note which was complete in all its details
and the amount was for P10,000.00 which the payee P altered to P100,000.00. What will be
the correct statement?
A. A, at maturity, can get from M P10,000 only as this was the original tenor of the instrument
B. A can get the entire P100,000 as this was the amount originally appearing on the face of
the instrument
C. The instrument is validated in the hands of A as the same was not completed in
accordance with the strict authority of M
D. A gets nothing
62. 1st Statement: A holder for value is an endorsee who has both the legal title and the beneficial
interest to the instrument and is subject to both real and personal defenses available against
him.
2nd Statement: A holder in due course is one who possesses both the legal and beneficial
interest to the instrument but is subject to personal defenses.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1st Statement
False
False
True
True
2nd Statement
False
True
True
False
Defense in general
Fraud in factum and fraud in inducement distinguished
Rights of holder not in due course
Rights of purchaser from a holder in due course
When holder presumed a holder in due course
Liabilities of Parties
Classification of parties according to liability
Primary party and secondary party distinguished
Liability of maker
Liability of drawer; Drawer distinguished from maker
February 19, 2005
Liability of acceptor; Liability depends on tenor of acceptance; Warranties of the acceptor

64. Which is not correct? The acceptor by accepting the instrument.
A. Admits the existence of the drawer, the genuineness of signature and his capacity and
authority to draw the instrument
B. Admits the existence of the payee and his capacity to indorse
C. Engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of his acceptance
D. Admits the existence of the indorser, the genuineness of his signature and his capacity
and authority to draw the instrument
When person deemed an indorser; When a person liable as guarantor or surety
When a person an irregular or anomalous indorser; Rules as to liability of irregular or anomalous
indorser; Warranties of irregular indorser
Negotiation by delivery/qualified endorsement; Liability of one negotiating by delivery and of
qualified indorser; Sale of public or corporate securities
57. In case of qualified indorsement, which is not correct?
A. Constitutes the indorser a mere assignor of the title to the instrument
B. It does not impair the negotiable character of the instrument
C. The qualified indorser is not liable if the marker is insolvent
D. At the time of his indorsement, the instrument is valid and subsisting
56. Every person negotiating an instrument by delivery or by qualified indorsement warrants the
following. Which does not belong to the warranties?
A. That at the time of his indorsement the instrument is valid and subsisting
B. That the instrument is genuine and in all respect what it purports to be
C. That he has good title to it and that all prior parties and capacity to contract
D. That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair the validity or the instrument or
render it valueless.
Liability of general or unqualified indorser; Conditions precedent to make indorser liable; Indorser
and drawer distinguished; General indorser and irregular indorser distinguished
Liability of indorser or bearer instrument
Order of liability among indorsers; Liability of joint payees or joint indorsees who indorse
Liability of an agent or broker
Comprehensive
66. A person whose signature does not appear on an instrument is not liable thereon, except.
A. Where a duly authorized agent signed for him
B. Where he forges the signature of another person
Page 44 of 48
C. Where he signs in an assumed or trade name

D. All of the above
69. A executed a bill of exchange in favor of B for P10,000. B, altered the amount to P100,000 and
presented the bill to C, the drawee who accepted the bill. Thereafter the bill was negotiated by
B to C. Which is correct?
A. The acceptor is liable up to P10,000 only
B. The acceptor is not liable because of alteration
C. The acceptor is liable only up to P10,000 except if D is a holder in due course in which
case A is liable up to P100,000
D. The acceptor by accepting the bill is liable according to the tenor of his acceptance, that is
P100,000.
Presentment for Payment
Meaning of presentment for payment; Presentment for payment to person primarily liable not
necessary; Presentment for payment to persons secondarily liable necessary
Date of presentment of instrument
Requisites for a sufficient presentment for payment
Place of presentment
Manner of presentment
Presentment where instrument payable at a bank
Presentment where principal debtor is dead
Presentment to persons liable as partners
Presentment to joint debtors
When presentment not required to charge drawer
When presentment not required to charge indorser
When delay in making presentment excused
When presentment may be dispensed
When instrument dishonored by non-payment
Effect of dishonor by non-payment
Time of maturity of instrument; Instrument falling due or becoming payable on Saturday
Computation of time of maturity
Rule where instrument payable at a bank
Requisites of payment in due course
Notice of Dishonor
Meaning of notice of dishonor; Object of notice of dishonor; Effect of failure to give notice of
February 19, 2005
dishonor; When notice of dishonor not necessary

By whom notice of dishonor given
Authority to give notice not necessary
Effect of notice given by holder
Effect of notice give by party entitled thereto
When and to whom agent may give notice
Form of notice; When notice sufficient
Person to be given notice
Notice where party is dead
Notice to partners
Notice to joint parties
Notice of bankruptcy
Time within which notice must be given
Notice where parties reside in same place
Notice where parties reside in different places
When sender deemed to have given due notice
When notice deemed to have been deposited
Time of notice to subsequent party
Place where notice must be given
Waiver of notice of dishonor
Persons affected by waiver
Effect of waiver of protest
When notice dispensed with
When delay in giving notice excused
When notice to drawer not required
When notice to indorser not required
Effect where notice of non-acceptance already given
Effect of omission to give notice of non-acceptance
When protest required and not required; summary of rules s to notice of dishonor
Discharge of Negotiable Instrument
Meaning and effect of discharge of instrument
Methods for discharge of instrument
33. A makes a negotiable promissory note in favor of B payable on November 1, 2002. B
negotiates the note to C. The note is discharged if
A. B pays C on November 1, 2002
C. A pays C on November 10, 2002
B. A pays C on October 25, 2002
D. Letter B or C
Page 45 of 48
Methods of discharge of secondary parties

34. M makes a negotiable note in favor of P payable on December 25, 2002, with the following
successive indorsements. P to A, A to B, B to C, C to D. On the due date M is paying D, but D
extends the payment up to December 25, 2003. Which of the following is incorrect?
A. If M becomes insolvent on December 25, 2003, P, A, B, C are discharged of their
obligation
B. If the indorsers consented to the extension of time, and M becoming insolvent the
indorsers are still liable
C. If before the extension date, D cancels the signature of P as indorser P, A, B, C and the
instrument are discharged.
Effect of reacquisition by prior party
Effect of renunciation
63. In the renunciation by the holder of his rights against any party to the instrument, which of the
following statements is false?
A. If the instrument, is delivered to the person primarily liable without collecting, it constitutes
oral renunciation
B. If renunciation is made in favor of any party secondarily liable, all parties subsequent to
him are discharged from liability
C. Renunciation will not affect the rights of a holder in due course
D. If the renunciation is made in favor of the party primarily liable it must be made before, at
or after maturity date.
When cancellation inoperative
Meaning of material alteration; Effect of alteration of instrument
When alteration is material
Comprehensive
54. Discharge of promissory notes. Which is the exception?
A. If the holder intentionally shredded and burned the instrument
B. If the instrument is paid to the holder by the party accommodated
C. If the instrument is paid to the holder by the accommodation maker
D. If the maker of the instrument became the holder thereof
32. Which of the following instances does not discharge a negotiable instrument?
A. Payment by the maker of a promissory note before maturity
B. Intentional cancellation of the instrument by the holder
C. Payment by party primarily liable to the holder or his authorized representative
February 19, 2005
D. Voluntary surrender of the instrument by the holder to the maker without collecting
Comprehensive
44. Not a method of transferring commercial papers
A. Assignment
C. Indorsement and delivery
B. Negotiation
BILLS OF EXCHANGE
Form and Interpretation
Bill of exchange and promissory note distinguished
When a promissory note like a bill of exchange;
When a bill of exchange like a promissory note
Other classes of bills of exchange
57. A bill of exchange to which no document is attached when presentment for payment or
acceptance is made
A. Trade acceptance
C. Clean bill of exchange
B. Bank acceptance
D. Documentary bill of exchange
Status of drawee prior to acceptance of payment
Bill addressed to several drawees
Inland and foreign bills of exchange explained; When foreign bill may be treated as inland bill
When bill may be treated as a note
68. Where in a bill the drawer and the drawee are the same person or where the drawee is a
fictitious person, or a person not having capacity to contract, the holder, at his option, may
treat the instrument as
A. Dishonored
B. Bill of exchange
C. Promissory note
D. Either a bill of exchange or a promissory note
Referee in case of need
65. 1st Statement: The referee in case of need is liable on the instrument and if he refuses to pay
he maybe sued in court.
2nd Statement: The avalista is liable on his written obligation and if he refuses to pay he maybe
sued in court.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Page 46 of 48

1st Statement
2nd Statement
True
True

True
False
False
True
Comprehensive
67. Which of the following is not a characteristics of a Bill of Exchange
A. Original parties are the drawer, drawee, and payee
B. Acceptance is generally required
C. Drawer is primarily liable
D. Contains an unconditional order
False
False
Protest
Meaning of protest; Reasons for requiring protest in case of foreign bills
Form and contents of certificate of protest; Purpose of certificate of protest
By whom protest made
When protest to be made
Where protest to be made
Protest both for non-acceptance and non-payment
Protest for better security before maturity
When protest dispensed with
Protest where bill is lost, etc.; Protest and notice of dishonor distinguished
Acceptance
Meaning of acceptance
Object and effect of acceptance
Formal requisites of acceptance
How acceptance made
Right of holder to acceptance on face of bill
Acceptance by separate instrument
when promise to accept equivalent to acceptance
Time allowed drawee to accept
Constructive acceptance
When acceptance may be made
Kinds of acceptance
Right of holder to general acceptance
Acceptance for Honor

Meaning of acceptance for honor; Purpose of acceptance for honor; Requisite of acceptance for
honor
Formal requisites of acceptance for honor
When an acceptance for honor deemed for honor of drawer
Rights and liability of acceptor for honor
Agreement of acceptor for honor
Maturity of bill payable after sight, accepted for honor
Protest for non-payment of bill accepted for honor
when presentment for payment to acceptor for honor made
when delay in making presentment excused
Protest for non-payment by acceptor for honor; Acceptance for honor and ordinary acceptance
distinguished
Presentment for Acceptance

Meaning of presentment for acceptance
When presentment for acceptance necessary
When presentment for acceptance not necessary
Necessity for presentment for acceptance or negotiation within a reasonable time
How presentment for acceptance made
Days when presentment for acceptance may be made
When time for presentment for acceptance insufficient
When presentment for acceptance excused
When bill dishonored by non-acceptance
Duty of holder in case of non-acceptance
Rights of holder where bill not accepted
Payment for Honor

Meaning of payment for honor; who may make payment for honor; Purpose and function of
payment for honor
Requisites of valid payment for honor
Preference of parties offering to pay for honor
Effects where bill is paid for honor
Effect of holders refusal to receive payment
Rights of payer for honor; Payment for honor and acceptance for honor distinguished
February 19, 2005
Bills in Set
Bill in a set defined; Purpose of bills in set
Rights of holders where different parts of a set are negotiated
Liability of indorser of different parts of a set
Page 47 of 48
Liability of acceptor of different parts of a set

Liability of acceptor who pays part of a set
Effect of discharging a part of a set
PLEDGE & MORTGAGE
Promissory Notes and Checks

Note payable to makers order; Special types of promissory notes
Check defined; Check and ordinary bill of exchange distinguished; Special types of checks
When drawer of check discharged form liability; Discharge of drawer and indorser in case
presentment delayed
Effects of certification of checks; Purpose of certifying checks
Effect where holder procures certification of check; Effect where certification obtained not by holder
Right before acceptance or certification of check; When check operates as assignment of drawers
funds; Cases when bank may refuse payment; Relation between depositor and bank
Comprehensive
72. 1st Statement: A check must be presented for payment within a reasonable time after its last
negotiation.
2nd Statement: A Bill of Exchange must be presented for payment within a reasonable time
after its last negotiation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
st
1 Statement
True
True
False
False
2nd Statement
True
False
True
False
26. Which of the following is true?
A. If a check is not dates it is not negotiable
B. If a bill of exchange states that it is payable after its date and the date is left off, it is not
negotiable.
C. One receiving negotiable promissory note payable to order by delivery is called an
assignee.
D. Instrument is payable to John Doe or order is an instrument payable to bearer.
xxx
CONTRACT OF SALE
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
AGENCY
February 19, 2005
Page 48 of 48

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BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

First Pre-board Examination

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Compel Rose to deliver the eggs plus damages.

First Pre-board Examination

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

First Pre-board Examination

B. Yes, provided he can prove the negligence of Y, the driver

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Meaning of Pure Obligation; Meaning of Conditional Obligation; Meaning of Condition;

First Pre-board Examination

Positive Condition (1184)

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

2. Which of the following is not an obligation with a period?

First Pre-board Examination

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Effect when only one Prestation is Practicable

First Pre-board Examination

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

First Pre-board Examination

Effect of Remission of Share after Payment

February 19, 2005

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

First Pre-board Examination

When Penalty May be Reduced by the Courts

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Payment or Performance (1232-1259)

First Pre-board Examination

Rule of the Medium Quality

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Place where Obligation Shall be Paid

First Pre-board Examination

Meaning of Application of Payments Requisites of Application of Payments; Application as to Debts

Interest Earned Paid Ahead of Principal

Withdrawal by Debtor of Thing or Sum Deposited

13. Insolvency of the debtor is required in:

C. Tender of payment and consignation

Effect of Difficulty of Performance

Meaning of Tender of Payment; Meaning of Consignation; Requisites of a Valid Consignation;

Right of Creditor to Proceed Against Third Persons

BUSINESS LAW & TAXATION

CPA Review School of the Philippines

Condonation or Remission of Debt (1270-1274)

First Pre-board Examination

Effect of Renunciation of the Principal Debt of the Accessory Obligation

20. In three of the following cases, facultative compensation shall prosper.

Presumption in Case Thing Pledged Found in Possession of Debtor

Requisites of Legal Compensation

Confusion or Merger of Rights (1275-1277)