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    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

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    Ananda Preethi
    Plant growth regulators are organic compounds other than nutrients that influence plant growth, differentiation and development. The commonly used plant growth regulators in tissue culture include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote root formation and cell division, while cytokinins promote cell division and shoot formation. The ratio of auxins to cytokinins determines whether roots or shoots are formed. Other growth regulators such as gibberellins, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines and salicylic acid also influence various plant growth and developmental processes. Testing different growth regulator types, concentrations and mixtures is important for developing tissue culture protocols for

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    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

    Uploaded by

    Ananda Preethi
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    Plant growth regulators are organic compounds other than nutrients that influence plant growth, differentiation and development. The commonly used plant growth regulators in tissue culture include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote root formation and cell division, while cytokinins promote cell division and shoot formation. The ratio of auxins to cytokinins determines whether roots or shoots are formed. Other growth regulators such as gibberellins, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines and salicylic acid also influence various plant growth and developmental processes. Testing different growth regulator types, concentrations and mixtures is important for developing tissue culture protocols for

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    Plant growth regulators are organic compounds other than nutrients that influence plant growth, differentiation and development. The commonly used plant growth regulators in tissue culture include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote root formation and cell division, while cytokinins promote cell division and shoot formation. The ratio of auxins to cytokinins determines whether roots or shoots are formed. Other growth regulators such as gibberellins, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines and salicylic acid also influence various plant growth and developmental processes. Testing different growth regulator types, concentrations and mixtures is important for developing tissue culture protocols for

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    26 views3 pages

    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

    Uploaded by

    Ananda Preethi
    Plant growth regulators are organic compounds other than nutrients that influence plant growth, differentiation and development. The commonly used plant growth regulators in tissue culture include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote root formation and cell division, while cytokinins promote cell division and shoot formation. The ratio of auxins to cytokinins determines whether roots or shoots are formed. Other growth regulators such as gibberellins, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines and salicylic acid also influence various plant growth and developmental processes. Testing different growth regulator types, concentrations and mixtures is important for developing tissue culture protocols for

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

    Plant growth regulators (PGR):


    These

    are

    organic

    abscission, rooting etc., In tissue


    culture auxins have been used for

    compounds, other than nutrients,

    cell

    which

    differentiation. The commonly used

    influence

    growth,

    differentiation and multiplication.


    They

    required

    quantity

    in

    in

    very

    the

    minute

    media.

    The

    requirement for these substances


    it

    also

    depends

    on

    their

    available

    synthetic

    root

    1. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)


    2. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
    3. Naphthalene

    acetic

    acid

    (NAA)
    4. Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,
    4-D)

    endogenous level. There are many


    commercially

    and

    auxins in tissue culture are

    varies considerably with the tissue


    and

    division

    Auxins are usually dissolved in

    substances that mimics the PGR

    either ethanol or dilute NaOH.

    specific to certain species. Testing

    2. Cytokinins:
    These

    of various types, concentrations

    hormones

    and mixtures of growth substances

    essential

    during the development of a tissue

    modification of apical dominance,

    culture protocol for a new species

    shoot differentiation etc., In tissue

    is essential before using a new PGR

    culture

    in plant tissue culture.

    incorporated

    There are different groups of

    for

    cell

    are

    media,

    division,

    division,

    cytokinins

    mainly

    for

    are
    cell

    differentiation

    of

    PGRs commonly used in the media.

    adventitious shoots from callus and

    They

    organ

    are

    auxins,

    cytokinins,

    gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic

    &

    shoot

    proliferation.

    Commonly used cytokinins are

    acid. Additional substances gaining

    1. Benzylamino purine (BAP)

    recognition as hormones in plant

    2. Isopentenyl adenine (2-ip)

    tissue

    3. Furfurylamino

    culture

    jasmonates,

    are:

    salicylic

    polyamines,
    acid

    and

    (kinetin)
    4. Zeatin

    brassinosteroids.

    Cytokinins are generally dissolved

    1. Auxin:
    this

    purine

    In nature, the hormones of

    in dilute HCl or NaOH.

    group

    Auxin - Cytokinin Interaction:

    are

    elongation

    of

    tropism,

    apical

    involved

    stem,

    with

    internodes,
    dominance,

    1. High auxin and low cytokinin


    ratio:

    Initialize

    root

    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

    formation,

    embryogenesis

    and callus formation.

    whereas the same process was


    inhibited in Hevea brasiliensis.
    5. Abscisic acid:

    2. Low auxin and high cytokinin


    ratio: Induce formation of
    adventitive

    or

    axillary

    shoots.

    A plant hormone involved in


    abscission,
    and

    regulating

    also essential for chloroplast


    formation

    and

    other

    processes.

    for

    normal

    stages

    of

    growth

    and

    development of somatic embryos


    and promotes morphogenesis.
    6. Brassinosteroids:

    3. Gibberellins:
    hormones

    early

    dormancy

    embryo development. It is required

    3. The auxin-cytokinin ratio is

    Naturally

    enforcing

    It promotes shoot elongation


    occurring

    involved

    in

    plant

    internode

    elongation, enhancement of flower,


    fruit and leaf size, germination and
    vernalization in plants. Among the
    20 known gibberellins, GA 3 is used
    widely. Compared to auxins and
    cytokinins, gibberellins are used
    very rarely. They stimulate normal
    development of plantlets from in
    vitro formed adventitious embryos.
    They are soluble in cold water.
    4. Ethylene:
    A gaseous plant hormone
    involved
    in
    fruit
    maturation,
    abscission, and senescence. All
    kinds of plant tissue cultures
    produce ethylene and the rate of
    production increases under stress
    conditions.
    Use
    of
    ethylene
    precursor (2-chloroethylphosphonic
    acid) in tissue culture may be
    promotory or inhibitory for the
    same process in different species.
    For example, it promoted somatic
    embryogenesis
    in
    Zea
    mays

    at low concentrations and strongly


    inhibits

    root

    development.

    growth
    It

    also

    and

    promotes

    ethylene biosynthesis and epinasty.


    7. Jasmonates:
    Jasmonates are represented by
    jasmonic acid and it is a methyl
    ester. Jasmonic acid is considered
    to be a new class of plant growth
    substance.

    It

    inhibits

    many

    processes such as embryogenesis,


    seed

    germination,

    pollen

    germination, flower bud formation,


    chlorophyll formation. It is involved
    in differentiation, adventitious root
    formation,

    breaking

    of

    seed

    dormancy and pollen germination.


    8. Polyamines
    There is some controversy as
    to whether these compounds
    should be classified with hormones.
    They appear to be essential in
    growth and cell division.

    ABT 401 Agrl Biotech/NM Boopathi/Plant Growth Regulators

    9. Salicylic Acid:
    It is thought to be a new
    class of plant growth substances. It
    promotes
    flowering,
    inhibits
    ethylene biosynthesis and reverses
    the effects of ABA.

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